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The Transnational Third Space of Contemporary Chinese-Francophone Writers

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The Transnational Third Space of Contemporary Chinese-Francophone Writers City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2016 Crossing Boundaries: The Transnational Third Space of Contemporary Chinese-Francophone Writers Paula S. DelBonis-Platt Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1317 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CROSSING BOUNDARIES: THE TRANSNATIONAL THIRD SPACE OF CONTEMPORARY CHINESE-FRANCOPHONE WRITERS by PAULA S. DELBONIS-PLATT A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in French in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 PAULA S. DELBONIS-PLATT All Rights Reserved ii CROSSING BOUNDARIES: THE TRANSNATIONAL THIRD SPACE OF CONTEMPORARY CHINESE-FRANCOPHONE WRITERS by PAULA S. DELBONIS-PLATT This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in French to satisfy the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________ Date Dr. Francesca Canadé Sautman Chair of Examining Committee ________________________ Date Dr. Francesca Canadé Sautman Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Dr. Yunzhong Shu Dr. Maxime Blanchard Dr. Ali Nematollahy THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract CROSSING BOUNDARIES: THE TRANSNATIONAL THIRD SPACE OF CONTEMPORARY CHINESE-FRANCOPHONE WRITERS by Paula S. DelBonis-Platt Adviser: Francesca Canadé Sautman Over the past two decades, a group of Chinese writers who pen their works in French, their adopted language, have garnered prizes in France and received international acclaim. The transnational voices of these writers have drawn attention to Chinese history, literature, and human-rights issues, as well as to their own diverse intersections with French culture. The four Francophone-Chinese writers studied—François Cheng (b. 1929), Gao Xingjian (b. 1940), Dai Sijie (b. 1954), and Shan Sa (b. 1972)—constitute themselves as subjects at least partially through their Chinese birth and French citizenship or residency and through the production of literary works that range from realist and historiographic to experimental novels and avant-garde theater productions. This study examines the ways they inhabit a world that is “between,” a space resonating with Eastern and Western literary, historical, cultural, and political references, arriving at what Cheng calls a “third way,” or in Homi Bhabha’s words, a liminal “Third Space,” integral to transnational literatures, but especially to those by Francophone writers who are part of the Sinophone diaspora. This study examines the narratives that unfold and subjectivities that are constructed in this enunciative Third Space. It considers the transcultural nature of the literary border crossings of these four writers in their works and their lives, the ways in which these writers and their texts exist in a Third Space, a notion that is sometimes problematic as conceived by Bhabha but which has been productively expanded upon by others, including Benita Parry, Edward W. Soja, Julia Lossau, Karin Ikas, and Gerhard Wagner. Gayatri iv Chakravorty Spivak’s ideas on the tension between borders and borderlessness, viewed through the study of border poetics, encompass the boundary-crossing narratives of writers like Cheng, Gao, Dai, and Sa. This study focuses on the counternarratives that are created through the intertextual use of Western literary works, ranging from Balzac and Romain Rolland to Freud and Lacan, in Dai Sijie’s Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise (2000) and Le Complexe de Di (2003); the avant-garde experimentation of Gao in his plays and novels; and the ex-centric subjectivities constructed in two works concerning the 1989 Tiananmen Square uprising, Gao’s La Fuite (1992) and Sa’s Porte de la Paix céleste (1997). v To the millions of people around the world displaced by war, poverty, and persecution, including my grandparents Maria Civita Saccoccia DelBonis and Biaggio (De Bonis) DelBonis, who left Naples on a ship bound for Boston with $14 and a nine-year-old child, and to their descendants, including my late father, Alfred DelBonis, and my loving children Nathaniel and William Platt vi Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge the tremendous support of my adviser, Dr. Francesca Canadé Sautman, who was one of the first people I met at the City University of New York Graduate Center and who was a mentor and guide through all the years of my doctoral study. Her guidance and patience have endured through my struggles and successes, and many of my achievements would not have happened without her. I could not have completed this dissertation without Dr. Sautman’s wisdom, discernment, empathy, and advice. I am also deeply indebted to Dr. Yunzhong Shu of Queens College, who was an unflagging sounding board and expert on Chinese literature and history from the earliest stages, ready with knowledge and encouragement. Thank you also to my committee member and thoughtful reader, Dr. Maxime Blanchard, who brought his tremendous knowledge of Francophone literature and theory to bear on my project to make it a better work than it otherwise would have been. I am grateful to Dr. Ali Nematollahy who served as a thoughtful fourth reader. I would also like to offer my sincere gratitude to Dr. Domna Stanton, my adviser in the early, formative stages of researching and writing, who helped shape my thinking on many important matters related to the dissertation as well as the form and focus it ultimately took. I owe a debt of gratitude to the many CUNY Graduate Center professors with whom I studied, including the late Dr. Edouard Glissant, who shaped me as a teacher and a scholar and shared his passion for Francophone literature, and Dr. Eve Sourian, whose course on Honoré de Balzac and Georges Sand informed this work. Others who offered crucial advice, guidance, and time at various stages of the process include Drs. Julia Przybos, Nancy K. Miller, Meena Alexander, and Peter Consenstein, all at the CUNY Graduate Center; Dr. Wen Xing at Dartmouth College; and many writers and scholars, including one of the central subjects of this dissertation, Gao Xingjian, along with the inspirational Gayatri Spivak, both of whom made time to speak to me while they were in Boston. vii I am also appreciative of everyone within the Community College System of New Hampshire and at NHTI—Concord’s Community College, where I have worked as a full professor since 2011. My colleagues are truly too numerous to name, but they include Dr. Alan Lindsay, chair of the Department of English, Fine Arts, and Languages; both Lynn Kilchenstein and Dr. Susan Dunton, president emeritus and president of the college, respectively; Dr. Pamela Langley, Vice President of Academic Affairs, and Steve Caccia, Vice President of Student Affairs; my fellow department members and friends Cathy Eaton, Dan Huston (whose sister Nancy Huston is a prominent Francophone writer whose work with Leïla Sebbar in Lettres parisiennes: Histoire d’exil informed my thinking), Dave Edwards, Dr. Anni McLaughlin, Jewel Davis, and Lynn Tilton; Maryanne Adams, who chairs the Professional Development team; Dawn Higgins, Director of Cross-cultural Education and ESOL; librarians Steve Ambra and Sarah Hébert; Dr. Rebecca Dean, director of the Academic Center for Excellence; my “neighbors” in the education department, who have finished or are finishing their doctorates, Dr. Kelly Dunn, Dr. Heather Wood, and soon-to-be-doctor Cynthia Lucero; and others, including Christopher Small and Allison Davis, who assisted with journal publication, proofing, and editing when I was on deadline, and Gail Schilling, Jane Hunt, Kris Lucas, and Perry Seagroves, all sources of support and encouragement, some of whom are also members of my faculty book group and agreed to read Gao Xingjian’s Soul Mountain, not knowing what that would entail. I would like to also thank Dr. Lindsay’s daughter, Jennifer Lindsay, a Fulbright Fellow in Beijing, who shared her work on contemporary and avant-garde art in China. I am also indebted to Lydia Stacy and Alexis Neff, the president and vice president of the literary journal I advise, who took the reins and excelled beyond all expectations; a special thank you goes to Alexis Neff, who patiently helped proofread this work; any misspellings or errors, though, are mine. viii CUNY Graduate Center graduates Drs. John Sorrentino, Amalia Rechtman, Animesh Rai, and Alicia Bralove were important sources of support and encouragement through the years, as were my many colleagues at Macmillan/St. Martin’s Press/Picador, especially Nicole Liebowitz Moulaison, Karen Gillis, and Susan Joseph, all of whom never questioned my need to pause in my work in the Flatiron Building to dart up to the CUNY Graduate Center for my studies and research. I’d like to thank a number of professors in the fields of language, literature, international relations, and human rights, with whom I studied at the University of Montana, who saw my potential and encouraged me to pursue the doctorate, Drs. Michel Valentin, J. Christopher Anderson, and Paul Gordon Lauren, as well as the late Professor Elizabeth “Ma” Barker at Boston University, an inspirational professor and social justice advocate whom I had the pleasure of knowing inside and outside of the classroom. Other formative teachers who inspired my love of literature and languages and expressed confidence in me and my abilities include Susan Rouleau and Ruth Siperstein. Considering the plight of displaced persons over the past ten years has changed my life— and I would like to think, the lives of others—in ways both personal and professional. I would like to thank the many students, who cannot be named here, who fled their homes in the Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Sudan, Nepal, Liberia, Haiti, and elsewhere before I met them in New Hampshire and who openly shared their experiences with me.
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