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Historical Medical Value of Donguibogam

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Historical Medical Value of Donguibogam ISSN 2093-6966 [Print], ISSN 2234-6856 [Online] Journal of Pharmacopuncture 2016;19[1]:016-020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2016.19.002 Review article Historical Medical Value of Donguibogam Bong-Keun Song1, Jin-Hee Won1, Sungchul Kim2* 1Department of Internal Medicine, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea 2Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea Key Words 1. Introduction Donguibogam, Heo jun, Korean medicine, oriental medi- cine Oriental medicine originated in China and has a long history extending over 2000 years. It is a traditional medical science, which regards the human body as Abstract a universe and understands body function, health maintenance, and the treatment of disease according Oriental medicine, since its origin in China, has had a to comprehensive and systemic approaches [1]. It, long history extending over 2000 years. Today, it com- therefore, contrasts from contemporary medicine in prises several types of medicine predominately prac- its understanding of human physiology and patholo- ticed in East Asia, including traditional Chinese, tra- gy, in addition to its approach to health maintenance ditional Korean, and Kampo medicine. The distinctive and disease prevention or treatment. medical system of traditional Korean medicine was In the era of highly-advanced contemporary med- established shortly after the publication of Donguibog- icine, Oriental medicine retains its pivotal role as a am by Dr. Heo Jun in 1613. Donguibogam is highly ac- public medical system in East Asia due to its view that claimed across East Asia; in 2009, in light of its historical human beings comprise both body and soul. From medical value, the United Nations Educational, Scien- ancient times to the present day, the basic physiolo- tific, and Cultural Organization registered the book on gy and pathogenesis of human disease have remained its cultural heritage list. Here, we review the historical unchanged. In addition, disease pathogenesis, such as medical value of Donguibogam. The findings confirm emotion, sentiment, weather, environment, bacteria, that Donguibogam developed a unique and independ- viruses, famine, excessive eating, overexertion, and ent form of traditional Korean medicine and innovative- injury, has remained constant during this time. Vari- ly reformed the disease classification system. Moreover, ous medical experiences compiled over thousands of Donguibogam emphasized the importance of disease years are still being utilized with the same efficacy in prevention and medical pragmatism. This book also the treatment of disease today. accelerated the development of folk medicine. Owing Today, Oriental medicine is a collective term for sev- to its historical medical value, Donguibogam is now eral types of medicine predominately practiced in considered the ‘bible’ of Oriental medicine. Its wide East Asia. It comprises traditional Chinese medicine acceptance has contributed to the expansion of Korean (TCM), traditional Korean medicine (TKM), and Kam- medicine utilization among the general public. Dongui- po medicine [2]. In particular, TKM became an estab- bogam has also played an important role in the estab- lished, distinctive medical system following the publi- lishment of traditional Korean medicine as a universally cation of Donguibogam by Dr. Heo Jun in 1613 [3]. valid and original form of medicine, independent of tra- Donguibogam, which literally means “Principles ditional Chinese medicine. and Practice of Eastern Medicine” [4] or “Treasured Paragon of Eastern Medicine” [5], is an encyclopedic source of Oriental medical knowledge and techniques. Received: Aug 25, 2015 Reviewed: Sep 25, 2015 Accepted: Feb 27, 2016 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons *Corresponding Author Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) Sungchul Kim. Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, School of Oriental Medi- which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any cine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandaero, Iksan 54538, Korea. medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tel: +82-62-670-6441 Fax: +82-62-670-6767 E-mail: [email protected] This paper meets the requirements of KS X ISO 9706, ISO 9706-1994 and ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ⓒ 2016 Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute http://www.journal.ac Journal of Pharmacopuncture 2016;19[1]:016-020 http://www.journal.ac 017 The book, published 400 years ago, is a representation of tices and updated disease classifications from pre-existing Oriental medicine and is still widely utilized among tradi- medical books into a system based on essence, Qi, and tional medical doctors today. Dr. Lee Je-Ma, the originator spirit. This was derived from his confidence and principles of Sasang constitutional medicine, a unique medical sys- regarding the universality of Oriental medicine and re- tem in Korean medicine, predicted that the publication sulted in the development of editing principles for subse- of Donguibogam would lead to the inclusion of Oriental quent publications of medical books. In Japan, Miki Sakae medicine in current medical practice [6, 7]. In the preface claimed that Dr. Heo Jun had established an innovative of a book published in Kyoto, Japan in 1724, Minamoto medicine through the incorporation of TKM with various Motoru concluded that Donguibogam could assist in the pre-existing medical theories and practices into modern reduction of mortality and serve as an extensive reference TCM in the Ming Dynasty and that this practical medical of esoteric knowledge for doctors. The Chinese doctor Ling view was embodied in Donguibogam [10]. These com- Yu also praised the value of the book [5]. ments acknowledged the universal validity and originality Donguibogam is highly acclaimed across all nations of of the book [6]. Current diagnostic and treatment charac- East Asia. In consideration of its medical history value, teristics are based on independent Korean medicine, as in 2009, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and opposed to conventional TCM. This paradigm shift is rep- Cultural Organization registered the book on its cultural resented in Donguibogam and is evident from the close re- heritage list [8]. This registration has led to a global ac- lationship between the book and current national medical knowledgement of its value in preventive medicine and examinations [11]. public health care, which was virtually unprecedented up to the 19th century [4]. In this article, we review the histor- ical medical value of Donguibogam, which today exerts a 3. Donguibogam innovatively reformed the prominent influence in the practice of Oriental medicine. disease classification system Donguibogam collated and organized all disease theories 2. Donguibogam developed a unique and inde- and prescriptions available before the Ming Dynasty. The pendent form of traditional Korean medicine book established a new and advanced form of medicine, independent from the TCM of the Jin and the Yuan Dy- Dr. Heo Jun first proposed traditional Korean medicine nasties, which lacked universal validity. This was possi- as a form of Eastern medicine in the publication Dongui- ble because the book formulated an unprecedented and bogam [6]. Following that publication, Eastern medicine, independent disease classification system. This new and which had not been previously utilized, formed traditional innovative system contributed to the universal validation Korean medicine, independent from traditional Chinese of the local medicine of East Asia included in the book. In medicine. Dr. Heo Jun wrote: “Li Dong Yuan is the north- Donguibogam, Qi and spirits were considered basic ele- ern doctor. Luo Qian Fu inherited his teachings and pros- ments of the human body, and disease and pathogenesis, pered in Jiang Su and Zhe Jiang provinces. Zhu Dan Xi is which were related to these elements, were analyzed and the southern doctor. Liu Zong Hou inherited his teachings presented in an easily accessible order. This classification and flourished in Shan Xi province”. This demonstrates the system was different from symptom-based system used in distinction between the northern and the southern medi- China. Only Donguibogam attempted to classify disease by cal schools in China. Because Korea is located on the East- primarily focusing on the body [12]. The book divided dis- ern edge of China and has experienced steady growth over ease according to various internal and external body fac- the centuries, Korean medicine was proposed as Eastern tors, with its rationale based on the essentials of life such medicine [5]. Consequently, the newly-classified Eastern as essence, Qi, and spirit [13]. medicine could compete equally with northern and south- ern medicine. These classifications are based, not only region, but also 4. Donguibogam emphasized the importance on medical tendency and individuality. The definition of Eastern medicine was derived from the belief that it was of preventive medicine a unique medical science, with an independent develop- ment from Chinese medicine, intended to be suitable for In addition to treatment, Donguibogam also recognized Koreans. Although Donguibogam cited a large number of the importance of disease prevention and recommended Chinese medical texts, it was considered to be represent- this as the most effective approach. The idea of preventive ative of Korean medicine
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