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Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat Utilization of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Macrocercus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan

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Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat Utilization of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Macrocercus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan Journal of Bioresource Management Volume 7 Issue 2 Article 6 Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat Utilization of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Macrocercus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan Muhammad Bilal Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected] Zeeshan Khalid WWF-Pakistan, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan, [email protected] Ali Hasnain Mosvi Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Amir Naseer Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Bilal, M., Khalid, Z., Mosvi, A. H., & Naseer, A. (2020). Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat Utilization of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Macrocercus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan, Journal of Bioresource Management, 7 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.0202.0131 ISSN: 2309-3854 online (Received: May 5, 2020; Accepted: May 8, 2020; Published: Jun 1, 2020) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Bioresource Management by an authorized editor of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat Utilization of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Macrocercus) in Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan Cover Page Footnote ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are highly thankful to all those who assisted in the present study, and provided revision of the manuscripts. Special thanks to Haris Mughal, Noman Ali, Shahzaib Ahmed and Tayyab Shehzad, who assisted in field activities and data collections. © Copyrights of all the papers published in Journal of Bioresource Management are with its publisher, Center for Bioresource Research (CBR) Islamabad, Pakistan. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes provided the original work and source is appropriately cited. Journal of Bioresource Management does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or Journal of Bioresource Management’s prior written permission. This article is available in Journal of Bioresource Management: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/jbm/vol7/ iss2/6 Bilal et al. (2020). Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat utilization of Black Drongo J Biores Manag. 7 (2): 47-56 FEEDING ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOUR AND HABITAT UTILIZATION OF BLACK DRONGO (DICRURUS MACROCERCUS) IN POTHWAR PLATEAU, PAKISTAN MUHAMMAD BILAL1*, ZEESHAN KHALID2, ALI HASNAIN MOSVI3 AND AMIR NASEER3 1Department of Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan 2WWF-Pakistan, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan 3Department of Wildlife Management, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Black Drongo is an insectivorous bird native to Pakistan. The present study focused on its feeding preferences, behaviour, ecology and habitat relationships. The study was carried out from first week of December, 2019 to the second week of April, 2020 in the two villages of Rawalpindi named as Daultala (Location-I) and Nata Gujarmall (Location-II). Observations were made by point count method on foot using line transect method. Air (52.27%) was the most commonly used feeding substrate. Aerial feeding mode (52.27%) is preferred over plant or tree gleaning (n=58) and ground feeding (n=47). Most common perching site was man made obstacle, wire (37.72%). Thirteen indigenous tree species and two exotic trees including Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Bottle brush (Callistemon citrinus) were used as perching site by Black Drongo throughout the study. Black Drongo remained solitary (36.36%) during feeding rituals and shared (63.63%) its intimate habitat with other birds. At Location-I and Location-II, habitat was shared with 12 and 16 bird species, respectively. The mean time of prey capturing attempt was lower at Location-I (1.93±0.17 min) than Location-II (2.16±0.16 min). The time range of prey capturing attempt was (0.1±0.16 min) to (11.5±0.17 min). Black Drongo captured prey successfully by first attempt (59.54%), maximum attempts noted were 6. After preying attempts Black Drongo came back to same perch site (67.27%); which is a representative of resource abundance. Keywords: Black Drongo, feeding, behaviour, ecology, habitat INTRODUCTION number of attempts for successful capture and second perch site (after attack) of Black Drongo (Dicrurus Black Drongo in agriculture landscapes of macrocercus: family Dicruridae) is an Pothohar plateau (Punjab, Pakistan). insectivorous bird, found in South Asia and the Indian subcontinent (Grimmett et MATERIALS AND METHODS al., 2009). It is native to Pakistan, present in farms and open grasslands in Sindh and Study Site Punjab (Grimmett et al., 2009; BirdLife Present study was carried out at International, 2020). It is major constituent two villages of Pothohar plateau, viz. of agricultural ecosystem and check the Daultala (33°11’33’’NL, 73°08’25’’E: build-up of harmful insects of agriculture scarce vegetation and trees) and Nata crops (Kaur and Kler, 2018). Finding a Gujarmall (33°10’21’’NL 73°09’34’’E) species’ resource preference is essential to (District Rawalpindi: Punjab, Pakistan). basic and applied ecology (Charmantier et Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), al., 2008). pomegranate (Punica garanatum), sukh Present study sought out to find chain (Pongamia pinnata), sacred fig foraging behaviour, perch site, perch (Ficus religiosa), bottle brush height, inter and intraspecific behaviour, (Callistemon rigidus), guava (Psidium time of recurrent attack to capture prey, guavaja), dhrek (Melia azendarach), beri 47 Bilal et al. (2020). Feeding Ecology, Behaviour and Habitat utilization of Black Drongo J Biores Manag. 7 (2): 47-56 (Ziziphus mauritiana), keekar (Acacia Sahi, 2012). Only dominant vegetation and nilotica), phulai (A. modesta), Cypress vegetation used by Black Drongo either spp., Java plum (Syzygium cumini), neem directly for perching or indirectly for (Azadirachta indica), sheesham gleaning was recorded and all others were (Dalbergia sissoo), giant milkweed excluded. To minimize vegetation (Calotropis gigantea) are important tree sampling bias, only the first used species. vegetation was recorded. Data Collection Statistical Analysis Two workers walked (Jhonson, For statistical analysis Past 4.01 n.d.) on foot from 06:30 to 10:30 a.m. and was used. Student’s t-test was carried out from 14:30 to 18:30 p.m. (Verner, 1985) to on the average perching site and average twice a week between November 2019 and perching height of Black Drongo to find April 2020 actively searching Black whether there was any significant Drongo until observations on foraging difference between the perching heights of behaviour (aerial, plants/ trees or ground), both locations (Kaur and Kler, 2018) and perch site, perch height, time of recurrent for the time of recurrent attack. The values attack to capture prey, second perch site obtained are represented in Mean ± SE. and number of attempts for a successful Results were tabulated (Sidra et al., 2013) capture were recorded in the field on data and charts were made by using Microsoft sheet. Black Drongo was observed with Excel 2010. naked eyes (Ali, 2002) and by using Russian Tecno Sehfeld Military RESULTS AND DISSCUSIONS Binoculars (20x56) without disturbing the A total of 220 observations were animal. Perching height of Black Drongo recorded, 110 from each location and was found using stick method (Hairiah et following results were obtained: al., 2001) and measuring tape to find out distance between observer and perch. Foraging Behaviour Photographs were also taken with the help of camera. Black Drongo used 3 main Whenever and wherever Black foraging substrates named as air, plant or Drongo was spotted, the behaviour of tree and ground at both locations Black Drongo with conspecifics and with collectively shown in Figure 1. At other species present in the vicinity (10 m) Location-I air (n=54) was used more than and aforementioned parameters were other two substrates with a total of 49.09% recorded (Verner, 1985; Kaur and Kler, times. It was the most used substrate when 2018). When a Black Drongo was found it at the site of feeding there were was observed for a maximum of 10 disturbances in crops or grasses, which minutes. Observations with respect to caused insects to fly. After aerial feeding other birds (either sharing same perch site the most used foraging substrate was or feeding substrate) were recorded within ground (n=35) that is 38.81%, it may be 5 m of radius. The data was collected only due to the reduced cultivation of fields and once per bird to exclude prejudices, one of presence of only grasses, which are them was noted. Within a radius of 10 m roosting and feeding sites for insects. At no other observations were made to make Location-I ground feeding and insect observations independent of each other. picking
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