LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1-1. Location map of modern 9 1-2. Location map of San Jacinto/ estuary and Ship Channel above Morgans Point 10 2-1. Comparative surveys of entrance to Galveston Bay, from Watt (1905) 12 2-2. Sea-going dredge Gen. C. B. Comstock 13 2-3. Nautical chart of Galveston Bay ca. 1905 21 2-4. Shell volume removed from Galveston Bay, pre-1940 34 3-1. Principal existing channels in Galveston Bay 36 3-2. Principal existing channels in San Jacinto/Buffalo Bayou system 37 3-3. Position coordinates for principal channels 39 3-4. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1945-50 43 3-5. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1951-55 44 3-6. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1956-60 45 3-7. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1961-65 46 3-8. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1966-69 47 3-9. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1970-74 48 3-10. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1975-79 49 3-11. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1980-85 50 3-12. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel from Entrance to Morgans Point, 1986-91 51 3-13. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1945-49 52 3-14. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1950-53 53 3-15. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1954-59 54 3-16. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1960-64 55 3-17. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1965-69 56 3-18. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1970-74 57 3-19. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1975-79 58

XI LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 3-20. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1980-85 59 3-21. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, 1985-91 60 3-22. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and City Channel, 1942-47 ...... 61 3-23. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1948-51 62 3-24. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1952-56 63 3-25. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1957-62 64 3-26. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1963-66 65 3-27. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1967-72 66 3-28. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1973-77 67 3-29. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1978-82 68 3-30. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1983-86 69 3-31. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Galveston Channel and Texas City Channel, 1987-91 70 3-32. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Texas City Channel, 1940-50 71 3-33. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Texas City Channel, 1951-60 72 3-34. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Texas City Channel, 1961-70 73 3-35. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Texas City Channel, 1971-80 74 3-36. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Texas City Channel, 1981-90 75 3-37. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Bastrop Bayou, 1940-50 76 3-38. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Bastrop Bayou, 1951-60 77 3-39. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Bastrop Bayou, 1961-71 78 3-40. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Bastrop Bayou, 1972-82 79 3-41. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, GIWW from High Island to Bastrop Bayou, 1983-91 80

xn LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 3-42. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Anahuac and Channels, 1948-58 81 3-43. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Anahuac and Trinity River Channels, 1959-69 , 82 3-44. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Anahuac and Trinity River Channels, 1970-80 83 3-45. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Anahuac and Trinity River Channels, 1981-91 84 3-46. Dredging in 5000-ft segments, Channel to Liberty 9 x 150 Project 85 3-47. Annual dredging in federal projects, 1945-91: Houston Ship Channel—90 3-48. Annual dredging in federal projects, 1945-91: Houston Ship Channel and Texas City Channel 91 3-49. Annual dredging in federal projects, 1945-91: GIWW and Galveston Channel 92 3-50. Annual dredging in federal projects, 1945-91: Trinity River, Chocolate Bay and 93 3-51. Annual dredging in federal projects, 1945-91: Miscellaneous projects in upper bay 94 3-52. Total federal dredging in Galveston Bay, 1945-91 95 3-53. Cumulative federal maintenance dredging in Galveston Bay since 1945 96 3-54. Current designated and recent (post-WW II) dredged-material disposal areas in Galveston Bay 98 3-55. Current designated and recent (post-WW II) dredged-material disposal areas in upper Houston Ship Channel 99

4-1. DOA (Section 10/404) permitting activity in Galveston Bay region, 1940-91 104 4-2. Section 10/404 permitting since 1940 by region 108 4-3. Annual Section 10/404 permits in Houston Ship Channel region, above Morgans Point Ill 4-4. Annual Section 10/404 permits in Trinity Bay region 112 4-5. Annual Section 10/404 permits in West Bay region 113 4-6. Annual Section 10/404 permits in main body of Galveston Bay (excluding West Bay and Trinity Bay) 114 4-7. Annual Section 10/404 permits by major areas of Galveston Bay 115 4-8. Correlation of annual Section 10/404 permitting (permits per year) between different regions of the bay 116 4-9. Section 10/04 permitting since 1940 by project type 117 4-10. Proportion of Section 10/404 permits for dredging and filling, since 1940 119 4-11. Proportion of Section 10/404 permits for shoreline revetment, dikes and other internal flow barriers, and levees, since 1940 120

Xlll LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 4-12. Proportion of Section 10/404 permits for boat slips and basins, docks and piers, and bulkheads, since 1940 121 4-13. Proportion of Section 10/404 permits for oil & gas, pipelines, and canals and channels, since 1940 122 4-14. NOS data on Atlantic seaboard 404-permit completions ..125 4-15. Subsample permits by project type 127 4-16. Permitting intensity distributed by GBNEP hydrographic segment 130 4-17. Cumulative 404-permitted dredged volumes distributed by GBNEP hydrographic segment 131 4-18. Permitted cumulative dredged area distributed by GBNEP hydrographic area 132 4-19. Frequency of permits by project scale as volume dredged 133 4-20. Frequency of permits by project scale as area dredged 134 4-21. Frequency of permits by project scale as area filled 135 4-22. Project scale as dredged area versus time 136 4-23. Frequency of disposal strategies (nonexclusive) in dredge and fill projects 137 4-24. Project scale using open-bay disposal, as dredged area versus time 137 4-25. Project scale by dredged area, affecting previously altered regions 140 4-26. Project scale by dredged area, affecting aquatic regions 141 4-27. Project scale by dredged area, affecting nearshore and marsh 142 5-1. Cumulative dredged volume in Galveston Bay navigation channels 147 5-2. Cumulative dredged volumes in creation of principal channels over time 148 5-3. Definition sketch for computation of affected width from dimensions of channel 150 5-4. Shell volume removed from Texas coast and from Galveston Bay, post-1940. (Data of Texas Game, Fish & Oyster Commission, compiled by Kerr, ca. 190) 156 5-5. Siltation rates in lower Galveston Bay inside main inlet, showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 158 5-6. Siltation rates in lower Galveston Bay (below Red Fish Bar), showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 159 5-7. Siltation rates in lower Galveston Bay, vicinity of Pelican Island, showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 160 5-8. Siltation rates in lower Galveston Bay (above Red Fish Bar), eastern segment, showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 161 5-9. Siltation rates in upper Galveston Bay (above Red Fish Bar), western segment, showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 162 5-10. Siltation rates in Houston Ship Channel above Morgans Point, showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 163

xiv LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Page 5-11. Siltation rates in various channel systems, showing regression lines of trends for 1945-91 164 5-12. Baywide annual maintenance dredging (million cubic yards) since 1900 166 5-13. Conceptual diagram of modification of ebb currents in Galveston Bay by construction of the 169 5-14. Visible-light high-altitude photograph of lower Galveston Bay during ebb. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 170 5-15. Average concentrations of total suspended solids in Galveston Bay, from Ward and Armstrong (1992) 174

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