Aviation Carbon Footprint Global Scheduled Domestic Passenger Flights - 2012

Home , Air Australia, DAT (airline), FlexFlight, Manx2, Pacific Royale Airways, RAK Airways

This report provides a detailed breakdown of CO2 emissions from global scheduled domestic passenger aircraft operations in 2012. The carbon footprint of the operations is disaggregated at the country, airport and airline level. The document also provides a breakdown of the carbon costs and revenues associated with Dave Southgate scheduled domestic passenger operations. Comparisons are made with the carbon footprint of scheduled global international flights to provide a August 2013 picture of the total carbon footprint for global scheduled passenger aviation in 2012. 1

FOREWORD

This is the third book in a trilogy I have published over the past year on the carbon footprinting of aviation. This book, which is focused on global domestic aviation, builds on the earlier work to complete a picture of the carbon footprint of global scheduled passenger flights in 2012.

In order to facilitate cross comparison between the books I have tried as far as possible in this document to retain the style and feel of the earlier books by applying the same data analysis approaches and by presenting the information using similar visualisations.

In common with the second book in the trilogy, the coverage of this book is constrained by data availability and it therefore relates solely to global scheduled domestic passenger operations. It is estimated that this captures about 85% of the total carbon footprint for global domestic aircraft operations.

While this document is focused on global domestic aviation, throughout the text the domestic carbon footprint is compared to the international footprint and the two sectors are combined in many places to provide a picture of aviation’s total carbon footprint. Conventionally, domestic and international aviation footprints are examined separately for jurisdictional reasons – providing an insight on the total footprint gives a useful industry wide perspective.

In common with the earlier books, this document does not suggest policy options for managing aviation’s carbon footprint but rather is intended as a data resource to assist deliberations on options for addressing the issue. One of my key aims in writing the books has been to stimulate thought and discussion on ways in which simple carbon footprinting techniques can be used track and transparently report global aviation’s evolving carbon footprint.

The information in the document has been generated from a publicly available dataset of global scheduled passenger services in 2012. The data analysis and report generation has been carried out using widely available software applications.

Dave Southgate

Canberra August 2013

©dgsouthgate 2013

Any material in this document may be freely reproduced and distributed without acknowledgement.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 CONTEXT OBSERVATIONS INTRODUCTION

Page 4 Page 9

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3

COUNTRIES Page 3 AIRPORTS Page 3

Page 13 Page 39

CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5

AIRLINES MONEY

Page 52 Page 62

CHAPTER 6

COMPUTATION & VALIDATION FOOTPRINT PROFILES

Page 67 Page 81

77 Author

Page 196

[These are live tiles – click a tile to navigate to the desired location]

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Observations/Thoughts on Carbon Footprinting

I have now published three books (including this one) which together provide a picture of the total carbon footprint of global scheduled passenger flights for 20121,2 – I will refer to this as my carbon footprinting trilogy throughout this document. Having got to this point I have included this short chapter to put forward some personal thoughts on the carbon footprinting exercise I have undertaken; in particular I am interested in how ‘simple’ carbon footprinting can be expanded and how it can find a place in the long term management of aviation’s carbon footprint.

The following dot points capture some of my key thoughts – they are not intended to be in any order of priority and I must emphasise they are my own subjective conclusions; the trilogy is not intended to be an academic treatise but rather an attempt to communicate information and trigger ideas which I hope will assist policy development discussions:

 The carbon footprinting of aviation using great circle techniques is not difficult. The input data required to carbon footprint the global aviation system with a reasonable level of confidence is readily available to the public and is not expensive. The computations are straightforward; graphical carbon footprint reports can be rapidly generated using ‘standard’ non-expert software. For most aviation bodies the resources required to carry out a carbon footprinting exercise would be minimal.

 Validation of carbon footprinting is currently difficult due to a range of issues (see the next Section – ‘Current Situation’). Having said that, great circle computation appears to provide carbon footprint results which lie within 5-10% of the ‘true’ answer. Great circle computation techniques are not suitable for determining carbon liabilities in legislated regimes such as emissions trading schemes (ETS) but would appear to be well suited to environmental reporting (eg ongoing reporting of carbon trends, carbon analysis in environmental assessment processes, etc).

 I have found the exercise of producing the three books very instructive and now have a much better grasp of the nature of aviation’s carbon footprint. While much of this new information falls in the territory of ‘background knowledge/understanding’ (essential terrain for awareness of potential carbon management options/impacts) there were a number of issues which caught the attention of both myself and/or the readers; these include:

 the bulk of aviation’s global carbon footprint is generated by a relatively small number of (long haul) flights (this contrasts for example with private motor vehicles where the carbon footprint is primarily generated by a very large number of short trips);

 the bulk of aviation’s global carbon footprint is generated by a very small number of aircraft types;

1 The carbon footprint of aircraft operations in Australia – 2011, D Southgate, 2012: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/02/01/aviation-carbon-footprint-reporting/ 2 Aviation Carbon Footprint: Global Scheduled International Passenger Flights – 2012, D Southgate, 2013: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/04/20/76/

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

 the United States aviation carbon footprint dwarfs that of most other countries (it is almost three times the size of the footprint of the country with the second largest footprint – China); the US aviation footprint makes up about 25% of the total global aviation footprint;

 London (Heathrow) Airport stands out as the prime carbon footprint node of global international aviation (its footprint also dominates the global airport total carbon footprint (domestic + international) hierarchy);

 Australia’s aviation CO2/capita footprint is significantly higher than that for other countries (except for some small nations which are major international aviation hubs), for example while Australia’s domestic aviation CO2/capita footprint is the same as that for the US its total CO2/capita figure is about 25% larger.

 There is a surprising lack of consolidated aviation carbon footprint reports at the country level. While negotiations on finding ways to manage aviation’s carbon footprint are primarily focused on discussions between officials from United Nations member states, these countries for the most part have not been forthcoming in releasing national aviation carbon footprint reports. The notable exception is India3 and its leadership in aviation carbon footprinting is highly commended.

Current Situation

Carbon footprinting underpins the management of aviation’s contribution to climate change. There is likely to be little confidence in any internationally agreed climate change management program if its CO2 outcomes cannot be independently tracked and validated. At the present time the confidence that can be placed in the validation of global aviation’s carbon footprint is weakened due to a number of issues:

 There are no published consolidated reports, derived from a common base of computation, which provide verified carbon footprint information for the global aviation network.

 There are a number of ‘official’ published sources of fuel use and/or CO2 generation for aviation, both international and domestic, but they are not consistent. For example:

 it is often not clear what aviation sub-sectors are covered by the published data – the lack of clarity relates to differentiating between, for example, scheduled and non-scheduled operations, freight and passenger traffic, freight carried in dedicated freighters compared to freight carried in the belly of passenger aircraft, military and non-military aviation;

 some datasets allocate CO2 between ‘domestic’ and ‘international’ on the basis of the ICAO approach (a ‘domestic’ leg of an international flight is treated as ‘international’) while other datasets use the UNFCCC allocation approach (a ‘domestic’ leg of an international flight is treated as ‘domestic’) – the distinction is often not explicitly stated;

 allocation of CO2 between countries is sometimes based on aircraft country of registration and sometimes on the basis of the territory where the fuel is uplifted – again it is often not clear which approach has been used;

 there are significant data gaps which are often not identified – freight, military, business aviation are prime examples;

3 Carbon Footprint of Indian Aviation 2011, Government of India: http://dgca.nic.in/env/carbon_ind.htm

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

 time periods covered by datasets are sometimes based on calendar years sometimes on financial years (which vary from country to country).

Where to from here?

If a carbon management regime for aviation involves the acquittal of financial carbon liabilities this will need to have some form of detailed formal verifiable tracking regime (eg based on fuel sales data). Such verification systems are by necessity complex and have significant time lags between CO2 emission and reporting; they are non –transparent except at an aggregated level (fuel use data is usually ‘commercial in confidence’); and hence they are not open to detailed independent scrutiny. Verification systems solely based on non-transparent reporting are likely to generate mistrust and to ultimately be challenged.

Footprint transparency could be introduced by running some form of parallel carbon footprint reporting/tracking regime based on great circle analysis. This would facilitate open, and rapid, third party verification of aviation carbon footprints. In order for this to take place key aviation bodies would need to play an active role. The following is a listing of the sorts of actions that could be taken by these bodies to develop an open carbon footprinting regime for aviation. Adoption of the suggested actions would be unlikely to involve the outlay of significant resources.

ICAO

Great circle carbon footprinting techniques rely on some form of distance/fuel use conversion table for different aircraft types. ICAO has published such a table4 (the CORINAIR dataset) – this table underpins the carbon computations in this report (the computations also use the great circle adjustment table embedded in the ICAO Carbon Calculator). Against this background, the establishment of a robust global carbon footprinting regime would be greatly assisted if ICAO were to:

 maintain the CORINAIR (or equivalent) dataset on an ongoing basis and make it prominently available on its website;

 develop a carbon footprinting protocol that permits footprinting to be carried out on a standard basis (eg agreed method to allocate the aviation footprint between international and domestic, agreed method to allocate the carbon footprint of freight);

 produce a global aviation carbon footprint report, at least for international aviation, say on a three yearly basis to coincide with the ICAO Assembly.

Countries

National governments are the key players. Countries are leading the discussion within ICAO on the management of international aviation’s carbon footprint and are also imposing climate change management regimes on their own domestic aviation sectors. Actions which national governments could take to advance carbon footprinting include:

 publishing annual comprehensive country carbon footprinting reports (these could feed into the ICAO report);

4ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator Methodology, ICAO, 2012, Appendix C: http://www.icao.int/environmental- protection/CarbonOffset/Documents/Methodology%20ICAO%20Carbon%20Calculator_v5-2012.Revised.pdf

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

 ensuring (whole of flight) carbon footprint analysis becomes part of formal environmental assessment processes for proposed aviation projects (eg new runways, new aircraft types);

 ensuring (whole of flight) CO2 analysis is factored into airport master planning assessment and approval processes.

Airports

Airports are the nodes of an aviation network and an understanding of the quantum of CO2 generation associated with flights from each airport in the network is fundamental to examination of the management of aviation’s carbon footprint. Airports are commonly the interface between the aviation industry and the community and airports are often best placed to establish the collaborative engagements needed to ensure a sustainable aviation industry. Against this background the industry would be well served by airports:

 adopting comprehensive carbon footprint reporting regimes based on whole of flight carbon footprints (whole of flight footprinting is recommended by the Airports Coordination International (ACI)5) – reports could be placed on airport web sites and regularly updated;

 including whole of flight CO2 emissions analyses in both Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and master planning studies.

Airlines

Fuel use data - the ‘gold plated’ information of carbon footprinting – is owned by the airlines. This data is usually confidential and is only released with high levels of aggregation. In recent years some airlines have incorporated carbon footprint reporting in their annual and/or sustainability reports – these reports have been invaluable sources of validation for the three books in the trilogy. This reporting has been a very positive initiative and could be taken further by the airlines:

 being more explicit about the carbon footprints of the airline sub-components (eg the footprint of freight carried in the belly of passenger aircraft versus that carried in dedicated freighters);

 working within ICAO on the continual updating of the distance/fuel use tables (eg the CORINAIR (or equivalent) datasets) which underpin great circle carbon footprint computations.

Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs)

The ANSPs generate and own comprehensive operational datasets which contain details of every flight handled (eg aircraft type; origin/destination; distance travelled; etc). These datasets are fundamental input for the computation of great circle carbon footprints. This data is very important both for generating carbon footprint reports and also for validating carbon footprint information derived from other sources. The ANSPs could play an important role in carbon footprinting by:

 routinely collating and providing operational datasets to government departments for the production of annual footprint reports and to academics and other researchers to improve the knowledge/understanding of aviation network carbon footprints;

 producing real time, or close to real time, aviation system carbon footprint reports and publishing these on ANSP websites.

5 Airports Council International (ACI), p19, para 4.7.6: http://www.aci.aero/Publications/Full-Publications- Listing/Guidance-Manual-Airport-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-Management

PART I

DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Introduction

This report is based on the author’s earlier carbon footprinting books: The Carbon Footprint of Aircraft Operations in Australia – 2011, released in October 20126; and Aviation Carbon Footprinting; Global Scheduled International Passenger Flights-2012, released in April 2013.7 This book is aimed at filling in the gap left by the previous books – the carbon footprint of global scheduled domestic passenger operations. This document therefore completes a trilogy which provides an overview of the total carbon footprint of global scheduled passenger aviation and an example of a country based aviation network carbon footprint report.

To supplement the second book in the trilogy the author has released three ‘carbon footprint profile generators’ which allow the user to interrogate Microsoft Excel pivot tables to gain information on the carbon footprints of all the countries, airports and airlines contained within the global scheduled international passenger flights dataset for 2012.8

This book uses the previous work as a template and hence this document has a similar structure to the other books. An identical great circle carbon footprinting methodology has been used to compute the carbon footprint information in all three documents. As far as possible, in order to facilitate cross referencing between the documents the same form of graphics has been used in all the books and parts of the text are common between the documents where a particular message applies equally across the reports. The broad style of presentation has been retained and the footprint examination from the perspective of identifiable sub-sectors such as country, airport and the airline has also been retained.

Like the earlier books, this document is designed as a data resource for researchers, aviation professionals, decision makers and members of the public. As such it is directed at describing the carbon footprint of global domestic aviation and is not aimed at discussing or promoting particular policy options for managing that footprint.

An important aim of the first book in the trilogy was to test the application and robustness of great circle carbon footprinting techniques to the carbon footprinting of an aviation network. That exercise generated results that gave good agreement with the available validation points at the aggregated level and indicated that great circle techniques can be used to generate a good indicative carbon footprint picture for aviation. While the first report generated confidence in the computational methodology, a key chapter in all the books has been entitled ‘Computation and Validation’ – Chapter 6 in this report. The reader is strongly encouraged to read this chapter to gain an appreciation of the robustness of the data presented throughout this document.

A prime driver behind the production of this report has been the author’s longstanding interest in public access to data and in transparency in environmental decision making. If there is to be an effective response to climate change, decision makers need to be provided with information they can understand and trust. If there is to be public support for those decisions, members of the public

6 The carbon footprint of aircraft operations in Australia – 2011, D Southgate, 2012: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/02/01/aviation-carbon-footprint-reporting/ 7 Aviation Carbon Footprinting: Global Scheduled International Passenger Flights-2012 http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/04/20/76/ 8 Carbon Footprint Profile Generators, D Southgate, 2013: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/05/09/carbon- footprint-profile-generators/

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

need to be in a position which enables them to understand why decisions have been made and to easily track whether the outcomes of decisions are achieving proclaimed goals.

In order to fit in with transparency principles, the work in this report has been based on publicly available data and on the use of inexpensive non-expert data analysis and reporting software (see Chapter 6).

1.1 Differentiating Between International and Domestic Aviation

Given that the previous book in the trilogy looked solely at the carbon footprint of international aviation this book focuses on global domestic aviation in order to complete the picture of the footprint of global aviation.

The rationale for constraining the second book in the trilogy to international operations was explained in Section 1.2 in that book. In essence it is important to differentiate between international and domestic CO2 emissions when carbon accounting since the international aviation emissions fall under the responsibilities of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) while domestic aviation emissions are treated as part of country greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

While the carbon footprint of domestic aviation is not of direct interest in the discussions currently taking place within ICAO on the future management of international aviation’s carbon footprint, it is not unrelated. Many of the initiatives to reduce the carbon footprint of aviation capture both domestic and international aviation (eg more efficient aircraft, improvements in the efficiency of ATM and airports, etc) and many government officials involved in the discussions have responsibilities for both domestic and international aviation. Furthermore, it is useful when discussing the management of international aviation’s carbon footprint to have an understanding of domestic aviation’s carbon footprint to ensure that action in one sub-sector does not adversely affect the other.

While the focus of this book is on global domestic aviation, throughout the report when the domestic CO2 contribution by a particular entity/element is being examined detailed comparisons are, wherever possible, also made with equivalent international CO2 emissions. In particular, the carbon ‘footprint profiles’ (dashboard style presentations used to summarise carbon footprint in all the trilogy books) in this book capture both domestic and international for at least some of the components of the footprint being examined.

Ideally this report would capture all of the carbon footprint of global domestic aviation but, In common with the previous work on footprinting international passenger flights, there are significant data gaps which make this impractical at the present time (see Section 6.4). The analysis in Chapter 6 tentatively suggests that the footprint of scheduled domestic passenger operations makes up about 85% of the total carbon footprint of domestic aircraft operations.

1.3 Methodology

The carbon footprint information in this report has been derived by computing and aggregating the carbon footprints of individual flights contained in a database of global scheduled passenger aircraft operations carried out in 20129. The flight by flight carbon footprints have been computed using a great circle computation tool –TNIP Carbon Counter- developed by the Australian Government

9 The database used for the computations in this report is an updated version of that used to develop the information for international aviation in the second book in the trilogy. This results in minor differences in the quantum of the reported international footprint between this and the earlier book.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Department of Infrastructure and Transport.10 The algorithms in this software tool are based on those contained in the ICAO Carbon Calculator.11

The reader is encouraged to examine Chapter 6 to learn about the methodology adopted to compute the CO2 data in this report and to compare this data against the published validation points.

Input Data

All the CO2 computations in this report are based on a database sourced from Innovata, a provider of data for global aviation.12 This dataset is discussed further in Chapter 6.

Scope

The carbon footprint computations relate only to the CO2 generated by scheduled domestic passenger services in the year 2012. The footprinting does not extend to ground based non-aircraft activities such as the operation of ground service equipment or energy use associated with the operation of airport terminals.

The carbon computations for any given entity (eg country, airport, etc) are confined solely to departing aircraft to avoid double counting of carbon. This methodology, which effectively computes notional global aviation fuel uplifted for scheduled domestic passenger services, is consistent with the UNFCCC carbon reporting regime.13 The UNFCCC carbon accounting regime is based on computing the weight of six greenhouse gases.14 When reporting total greenhouse gases, the six gases are converted to CO2 equivalent (CO2-e). However, the accepted practice within ICAO when carbon footprinting aviation is to only compute and report CO2 emissions since the quantity of the other five UNFCCC greenhouse gases produced by aviation is small compared to the quantity of CO2.

The literature commonly raises the question of whether, or how, to include the non-CO2 impacts of aviation in carbon footprint reporting. These impacts are taken into account by the incorporation of a multiplier, usually referred to as the ‘Radiative Forcing Index (RFI)’, into carbon computations. At the present time there is no agreement on how the RFI should be applied and accordingly the accepted ICAO practice is to use ‘RFI=1’ when carbon footprinting.15 This is the approach adopted in this document. Should the reader wish to incorporate a different RFI value into the results in this report, this can be done simply by multiplying any of the reported CO2 values by the RFI value. Interesting discussion on the RFI can be found in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere.16

10 TNIP Carbon Counter: http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/environmental/transparent_noise/tnip_CC.aspx 11 ICAO Carbon Calculator: http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx 12 Innovata: http://www.innovata-llc.com/ 13 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, p1.6: http://www.ipcc- nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch1ref1.pdf 14 UNFCCC Fact Sheet: http://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/press_factsh_mitigation.pdf 15 ICAO Carbon Calculator. FAQ No 1: http://www.icao.int/environmental- protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/FAQCarbonCalculator.aspx 16 Aviation and the Global Atmosphere. IPCC. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=64

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Limitations It is important that the reader is aware of the limitations of, and the likely confidence that can be placed on, the carbon footprint values reported in this document. This topic is discussed in some detail in Chapter 6. At the top level the broad limitations which are likely to influence the robustness of the reported CO2 values include:

 the reported carbon data is based on computation. Ideally the figures would be based on actual fuel use data for every individual flight in 2012 but this information is owned by the airlines and is commercial in confidence;

 the carbon results are derived from a great circle computation methodology which provides average CO2 information;

 the dataset used to compute the carbon footprint is a scheduled passenger movements dataset and does not contain information on other aviation operations such as unscheduled flights or movements by dedicated freighters – these constiute a significant data gap (see Section 6.4);

 information expressed in ‘per passenger’ metrics (CO2/PAX) relies on assumptions relating to both load factors and seat configurations and has greater uncertainty than the results solely reporting CO2.

1.4 Report Structure

This document provides an example of the type of picture that can be presented of an aircraft operations network carbon footprint through the use of ‘simple’ great circle techniques. It is divided into two Parts. Part I is the main body of the report and contains the discussions and the prime data analysis. Part II essentially contains carbon footprint datasheets for the network components (eg country, airport, airline) introduced in Part I.

In Part I of the report the underlying dataset is filtered to generate subsets which capture the CO2 emissions of the key entities (‘entity’ being country, airport or airline) – notionally termed the ‘top 10’. Depending on the level of disaggregation and the component type, this involves in practice providing footprint information for the top 5 to the top 30 entities. Footprint information on some of the remaining entities is shown in Part II.

The report is structured in a way that progressively examines the carbon footprint of global scheduled domestic passenger flights in 2012 by breaking down the global footprint into layers and then by separately examining the footprint from the perspective of countries, airports and the airlines.

Chapter 2 gives a disaggregated overview of the global domestic carbon footprint at the country level. Chapters 3 and 4 respectively examine the global footprint from the perspective of the airports and the airlines. In keeping with the current interest in Market Based Measures (MBMs) Chapter 5 reports the carbon information presented in the early chapters in terms of monetary values.

Chapter 6 is particularly important as it describes the computational approach used to generate the information in Chapters 2 to 5 and assesses the robustness of the computations by comparison with publicly available validation points.

Part II of the report – entitled ‘Footprint Profiles’ – is a data resource which provides about 110 pages of carbon footprint information for the key entities.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

The Countries

2.1 Introduction

This chapter examines the carbon footprint of global scheduled domestic passenger aviation operations in 2012 at the country level. The discussion also includes comparisons with global scheduled international passenger flights over the same period in order to put the domestic operations in context.

Total CO2 = 584 Mt

Domestic

39% International Sector CO (kt) 61% 2 Domestic 225,716 International 358,538 Total 584,254

Figure 2.1: Domestic/International breakdown of global scheduled passenger flights 2012

Figure 2.1 shows the magnitude of the computed domestic footprint and also its proportion of the total global footprint for scheduled passenger flights in 2012. As indicated in the previous chapter the reader is strongly encouraged to examine Chapter 6 to gain an appreciation of the reliance that can be placed on this and subsequent data which appears throughout the report.

While the overall split between domestic and international aviation at the global level is about 40/60 there is significant variation in this split from country to country. This is discussed in Section 2.2; subsequent sections examine the domestic footprint from the perspective of routes, aircraft type and operation distance. The final section in this chapter examines the global scheduled passenger aviation carbon footprint in terms of CO2 per capita for the top 30 countries in the world ranked by total aviation carbon footprint.

In a similar manner to this book’s sister report on international aviation, carbon footprint overviews are captured using ‘carbon footprint profiles’ – dashboards designed to show snapshots of key discrete elements of the carbon footprint. The carbon footprint profile for the total carbon footprint of global domestic scheduled passenger flights in 2012 is shown in Figure 2.2. In order to provide context, four of the six elements in this profile show footprint information for both domestic and international operations. More details on the footprints of international operations can be found in the second book in the trilogy.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Global Footprint 225,716 358,538 584,254

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000120,000140,000 CO2/capita (kg) 32 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 117 80% A320 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 853 70% International A330 International 60% B747 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 51 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 302 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 2,125 30% DC9 CRJ Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 83 10% CO /PAX (kg) 187 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,237

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Chicago 5,503 CO v Distance Delta Air Lines 19,651 CO (kt) 2 Mvts Atlanta 5,382 2 United Airlines 17,658 100,000 10,000,000 Los Angeles 4,997 Southwest Airlines 15,557 8,000,000 Beijing 4,503 American Airlines 14,946 80,000 6,000,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 4,269 US Airways 9,291 60,000 Denver 3,696 China Southern Airlines 8,152 4,000,000 40,000 San Francisco 3,641 China Eastern Airlines 6,171 2,000,000 Tokyo (Haneda) 3,553 Air China 5,562 20,000 - Shanghai 3,532 All Nippon Airways 5,288 - -2,000,000 Houston 3,130 JetBlue Airways 3,952 Phoenix 3,061 TAM Airlines 3,712 Trip Distance Moscow 2,989 Alaska Airlines 3,617 (km) Las Vegas 2,920 VRG Linhas Aereas 3,392 New York (JFK) 2,764 Qantas Airways 3,314 Washington DC 2,697 Japan Airlines 3,110 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 169,080 Other Airlines 102,344 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 225,716 Total 225,716

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

In addition to repeating the domestic/international split revealed in Figure 2.1, the profile shows that:

 the B737 and A320 families of aircraft dominate the domestic footprint making up about 65% of the global domestic footprint; they also make an approximate 40% contribution to the total footprint (ie domestic + international)

 United States airports dominate the domestic aviation airport hierarchy (11 of the top 15 airports are in the US) – the top 15 airports make up 25% of the total global domestic footprint [the airports in the hierarchy are ‘grouped’ by city – see discussion in Section 6.2]

 in a similar manner, US airlines occupy the top 5 positions in the domestic footprint hierarchy

 the data revealed by the CO2 v Distance element is not unexpected: there are many more domestic operations than international; most of the domestic operations are in the short haul end of the scale but this is not uniform – there is a significant number of international operations in the 500-1000km range while there is also a significant number of domestic operations travelling between 3,000km and 5,000km; the greatest contribution to the domestic footprint comes from flights in the 500-1,000km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows generic information which facilitates interesting cross comparisons between the different elements shown throughout the report – the CO2/capita figure is discussed in Section 2.7; the CO2/PAX and distance/flight indicators are broadly related to the route structures within countries (which are in turn related to country size and geographical location). These indicators should not be used to cross compare efficiencies between say countries or airlines since they are based on generic load factors and (adjusted) great circle distances (see discussion in Section 6.2).

2.2 Country Footprint Overview

Figures 2.3 and 2.4 show hierarchies for the top 30 global airports by carbon footprint size. Figure 2.3 shows the hierarchy for domestic operations and Figure 2.4 is a combined hierarchy for both domestic and international flights ordered by total CO2.

It can be seen that for domestic operations the carbon footprint for the United States far exceeds that for other countries being more than 2.5 times the size of the second country (China) and about nine times the size of the third country (Japan).

The top 10 countries in the domestic operations hierarchy largely represent a suite of countries which occupy large land masses and it is not surprising that there is a broad correlation between land area and domestic carbon footprint. Japan is the exception – it is number 3 in the domestic carbon footprint hierarchy but is only about the 60th country in the world when ranked by land area.17

The top 6 countries make up about 75% of global domestic operations carbon footprint; the top 15 countries make up about 90% of the global domestic operations footprint.

The combined hierarchy (Figure 2.4) shows some interesting relationships between the domestic and international footprints. The Figure reveals that four of the top 5 countries in the domestic hierarchy have domestic footprints that exceed their international footprints (Japan is the

17 Countries of the World. Worldatlas.com¨http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctyareal.htm

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

exception). The domestic footprint in China is about 2.5 times that of its international footprint. By way of contrast there are a number of major aviation countries which have either no, or very small, domestic carbon footprints – the UAE, Hong Kong, Singapore and the Netherlands are prominent examples. About 70 countries in the database effectively have no domestic aviation carbon footprint; in addition to the major hubs cited in the previous sentence these are typically small countries such as island States.

The top 30 countries in the domestic operations hierarchy capture more than 95% of the total domestic footprint. The top 30 countries in the combined hierarchy capture about 85% of the total footprint.

Figure 2.5 is a thematic country map showing the complete global domestic operations carbon footprint hierarchy. It can be seen that almost all countries in Africa have small domestic aviation carbon footprints. Other country groupings with small domestic carbon footprints are Eastern Europe and ‘the Stans’ countries in central Asia.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic CO2/PAX Cumulative Domestic International Country Country Total CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) (kg) % CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) United States 96,956 144 43 United States 96,956 47,871 144,827 China 36,806 121 59 China 36,806 13,899 50,706 Japan 10,533 100 64 United Kingdom 1,487 24,654 26,142 Brazil 9,796 101 68 Japan 10,533 13,956 24,489 Russia 7,500 191 72 Germany 1,796 18,729 20,524 Australia 7,044 121 75 Australia 7,044 9,489 16,534 India 6,267 99 77 France 1,966 13,771 15,737 Indonesia 5,637 99 80 Brazil 9,796 5,929 15,725 Canada 5,489 117 82 United Arab Emirates 7 14,558 14,565 Mexico 3,404 110 84 Canada 5,489 8,378 13,867 Spain 2,765 77 85 India 6,267 7,190 13,456 Italy 2,547 83 86 Spain 2,765 10,592 13,357 Turkey 1,994 77 87 Russia 7,500 5,752 13,251 France 1,966 82 88 Hong Kong 10,386 10,386 Germany 1,796 68 89 Italy 2,547 7,460 10,007 Saudi Arabia 1,725 103 90 Singapore 9,819 9,819 Philippines 1,684 85 90 Thailand 1,464 8,207 9,671 South Africa 1,551 110 91 South Korea 1,247 8,305 9,552 Malaysia 1,511 82 92 Indonesia 5,637 3,064 8,701 United Kingdom 1,487 67 92 Netherlands 1 7,547 7,549 Thailand 1,464 86 93 Mexico 3,404 3,936 7,340 Colombia 1,295 72 94 Turkey 1,994 5,061 7,055 South Korea 1,247 59 94 Malaysia 1,511 4,508 6,019 Norway 1,231 69 95 Saudi Arabia 1,725 3,857 5,582 Vietnam 1,156 94 95 South Africa 1,551 3,611 5,162 Chile 997 121 96 Taiwan 169 4,341 4,510 Argentina 983 121 96 Switzerland 44 4,387 4,431 Iran 900 108 96 Philippines 1,684 2,652 4,335 New Zealand 751 75 97 Qatar 3,900 3,900 Peru 680 106 97 Argentina 983 2,480 3,463 Other Countries 6,551 68 100 Other Countries 13,342 70,250 83,592 Total 225,716 117 Total 225,716 358,538 584,254 Figure 2.3: Country hierarchy – global domestic scheduled Figure 2.4: Country hierarchy – domestic/international footprint 17 passenger movements 2012 comparison global scheduled passenger movements 2012

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 2.5: Country carbon footprints – scheduled domestic passenger flights 2012 This figure is a thematic map giving a visualisation of the global country domestic footprint hierarchy. The colour relates to the quantum of the country footprint – the values are shown in the legend. There are three countries in the first category (> 10,000 kt of CO2); 6 countries in the second category; 16 countries in the third category and 8 countries in the fourth category. The remaining countries, with CO2 emissions of less than 500 kt, are in the last category. 18

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

2.3 Carbon Footprint Profile - Top 5 Countries

This section briefly discusses the carbon footprint profiles for the top 5 domestic emitting countries (ie those countries which have the greatest notional fuel uplift for domestic scheduled passenger operations as shown in Figure 2.3). The profiles are shown in the pages accompanying the discussion.

In the hierarchy boxes in the profiles it is important to be aware that

 airports have been grouped by city – see discussion in Section 6.2

 domestic operations are defined using the UNFCCC definition – a domestic flight is one that lands and takes off within the same country – this means that foreign airlines appear in the ‘Airlines (Domestic)’ hierarchy [in this context ‘domestic’ refers to flights, not to the country of registration of the airline].

United States

The United States carbon footprint profile shows:

 the US footprint for domestic flights significantly exceeds the footprint for international operations – the ratio is about 2 to 1

 the B737 is the dominant aircraft type; single aisle aircraft make up around 90% of the domestic footprint and about 70% of the total footprint

 the top 15 airports make up about 55% of the domestic footprint; there is no dominant domestic hub

 the top 4 airlines have significantly larger footprints than the other airlines – between them they make up about 70% of the domestic footprint

 the CO2 v Distance profile indicates that the domestic footprint is (not surprisingly) concentrated in flights which travel less than 5,000km; there is very little contribution to the international footprint from flights in this range; there is a significant number of flights which travel <500km; flights in the range 3000-5000km make a substantial contribution to the domestic footprint

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box demonstrates the approximate 2:1 domestic/international split when expressed as CO2/capita – while the magnitude of the domestic CO2 footprint swamps that of all other countries the per capita value of 307 kg of CO2 per US inhabitant is the same figure as that for Australia (see Section 2.7 for detailed comparison).

China

The China carbon footprint profile shows:

 an even greater bias in the carbon footprint toward domestic operations than the US with the domestic contribution being over 70% of the footprint

 in a similar manner to the US, single aisle aircraft make up about 85% of the domestic footprint

 the top 3 airports – Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzou - make up about 35% of the footprint; the top 15 airports make up about 65% of the domestic footprint

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) United States 96,956 47,871 144,827

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 CO2/capita (kg) 307 90% B737 International CO /PAX (kg) 144 80% A320 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,044 70% B757 International 60% MD80 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 152 50% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 518 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 3,463 30% Domestic A330 RJ140 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 459 10% CO /PAX (kg) 189 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,228

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Chicago 5,503 Delta Air Lines 19,651 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Atlanta 5,382 United Airlines 17,605 25,000 3,000,000 Los Angeles 4,997 Southwest Airlines 15,557 2,500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 4,269 20,000 American Airlines 14,936 2,000,000 Denver 3,696 US Airways 9,291 15,000 1,500,000 San Francisco 3,641 JetBlue Airways 3,952 10,000 1,000,000 Houston 3,130 Alaska Airlines 3,617 500,000 Phoenix 3,061 AirTran Airways 2,923 5,000 - Las Vegas 2,920 Continental Airlines 2,013 - -500,000 New York (JFK) 2,764 Frontier Airlines 1,622 Washington DC 2,697 Virgin America 1,394 Trip Distance Seattle 2,496 Hawaiian Airlines 1,291 (km) Orlando 2,307 Spirit Airlines 1,142 Newark 2,238 Allegiant Air 991 Minneapolis 2,136 Philippine Airlines 257 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 45,718 Other Airlines 714 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 96,956 Total 96,956 20

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) China 36,806 13,899 50,706

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 CO2/capita (kg) 27 90% B737 International CO /PAX (kg) 121 80% A320 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 1,080 70% B777 International 60% B747 A340 CO2/capita (kg) 10 50% B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 341 40% B767 Domestic Distance/trip (km) 2,711 30% Embraer 170/190 A380 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 37 10% CO /PAX (kg) 147 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,224

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Beijing 4,503 China Southern Airlines 8,152 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Shanghai 3,532 China Eastern Airlines 6,167 16,000 1,000,000 Guangzhou 2,503 Air China 5,562 14,000 800,000 Chengdu 1,794 Hainan Airlines 2,650 12,000 Zhenzhen 1,780 Shenzhen Airlines 2,407 10,000 600,000 Kunming 1,373 Xiamen Airlines 2,249 8,000 400,000 Xi'an 1,354 Sichuan Airlines 1,750 6,000 200,000 Chongqing 1,321 Shanghai Airlines 1,342 4,000 2,000 - Urumqi 1,128 Shandong Airlines 1,328 - -200,000 Hangzhou 1,064 Deer Jet 803 Xiamen 837 Spring Airlines 724 Trip Distance Changsha 793 Grand China Express Air 664 (km) Wuhan 760 Juneyao Airlines 643 Nanjing 758 Lucky Air 442 Zhengzhou 730 China United Airlines 417 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 12,578 Other Airlines 1,505 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 36,806 Total 36,806

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

China (continued)

 there are three dominant airlines which make up more than 25% of the domestic footprint; the top 15 airlines make up more than 95% of the domestic footprint

 the CO2 v Distance profile indicates the domestic footprint is focused in the range 500-2,000km – this is a markedly different profile to the US domestic footprint which contains a significant contribution from flights in the 2,000-5,000km range (presumably driven by differences in distances between major cities in the two countries).

 the CO2/capita figures in the ‘Other Indicators’ box are consistent with the domestic v international split in the total carbon footprint; the per capita value of China’s domestic carbon footprint (27 kg of CO2 per China inhabitant) is broadly comparable to several other countries but the total footprint per capita (37kg of CO2 per inhabitant) only exceeds that of two other countries in the top 30 hierarchy (Indonesia and India).

Japan

The Japan carbon footprint profile shows:

 a somewhat different picture for the domestic/international split compared to the US and China – domestic operations contribute about 40% of the total footprint

 in contrast to the US and China wide bodied aircraft make a significant contribution to the domestic footprint (the B777 + the B767 make up about 50% of the domestic footprint)

 Tokyo (Haneda) is the dominant national hub for domestic operations – about 35% of the domestic footprint is associated with Haneda

 the top 2 airlines generate about 80% of the domestic footprint;

 the CO2 v Distance profile shows that the domestic footprint is very focused on flights in the 500-1,000km range (close to 65% of the domestic footprint) – this presents a very different profile to the US and China (again presumably determined by the geographical location of its major cities)

 the domestic CO2/capita figure of 83 kg of CO2 per Japanese inhabitant is high compared to most countries but significantly less than the US, Australia and Canada; the distance per trip for domestic operations is, not surprisingly, smaller than for the other four countries in the top 5; on the other hand the distance per trip for international operations is significantly greater than the figure for China and is of similar magnitude to the US figure.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Japan 10,533 13,956 24,489

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 CO2/capita (kg) 83 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 100 80% B767 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 674 70% International A330 International 60% B747 A320 CO2/capita (kg) 110 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 427 40% B787 Distance/trip (km) 3,644 30% A380 CRJ Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 194 10% CO /PAX (kg) 178 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,173

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Tokyo (Haneda) 3,553 All Nippon Airways 5,288 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Sapporo/Chitose 1,007 Japan Airlines 3,110 8,000 500,000 Okinawa 973 Skymark Airlines 659 7,000 400,000 Fukuoka 815 Hokkaido International Airlines329 6,000 Itami 553 Japan Transocean Air 303 5,000 300,000 Nagoya 298 Skynet Asia Airways 239 4,000 200,000 Osaka 284 StarFlyer 170 3,000 100,000 Kagoshima 273 Japan Air Commuter 113 2,000 1,000 - Tokyo (Narita) 216 Peach Aviation 76 - -100,000 Kumamoto 186 Fuji Dream Airlines 71 Nagasaki 183 Ibex Airlines 66 Trip Distance Miyazaki 173 Go One Airways 61 (km) Sendai 144 Air Asia Japan 25 Hiroshima 138 Qatar Airways 15 Kobe 134 Oriental Air Bridge 8 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1,601 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 10,533 Total 10,533

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Brazil

The Brazil carbon footprint profile shows:

 domestic operations make up more than 60% of the Brazil footprint

 in a similar manner to the US and China narrow bodied aircraft dominate the domestic footprint (effectively 100% of the domestic footprint) but they only make a small contribution to the international footprint (about 15%)

 there are three dominant airports which make up about 45% of the domestic footprint; the top 15 airports make up about 85% of the domestic footprint

 the top 2 airlines are very prominent and contribute about 70% of the footprint; there are effectively only 7 domestic operators

 the CO2 v Distance chart shows that the domestic footprint arises almost totally from flights up to 2,500km in length with the peak contribution occurring in the 500-1,000km range; in a similar manner to the US there are a significant number of flights of less than 500km

 the numbers in the ‘Other Indicators’ box reflect a lower than global average for CO2/PAX for domestic of around 100kg (global average 117kg) – this is similar to the figure for Japan; the domestic CO2/capita figure of 49 is of a similar magnitude to the figure for Russia; the international distance per trip of greater than 5,000km is significantly further than the distance for the US, China, Japan and Russia - presumably reflecting the relative geographic isolation of Brazil from the main global population centres.

Russia

The Russia carbon footprint profile shows:

 a slight bias in favour of domestic over international (about 55% of the footprint is domestic)

 in line with all the other top 5 countries, except Japan, the B737 and A320 family aircraft dominate the domestic footprint (more than 60% of the domestic footprint); these aircraft types also contribute around 50% of the international footprint

 Moscow (grouped airports) totally dominates the domestic footprint (making up about 40% of the domestic footprint); the top 15 airports contribute about 75% of the domestic footprint

 the top 3 three airlines make up about 45% of the domestic footprint – the top 15 airlines contribute about 90% of the domestic footprint

 the CO2 v Distance relationship is somewhat different to the other four countries; there is virtually no carbon contribution from flights travelling less than 500km; there are significant domestic footprint contributions from flights travelling between 3,000km and 7,000km – this is consistent with the geographic spread of Russia and its major cities

 the numbers in ‘Other Indicators’ box indicates a CO2/PAX for domestic operations that is around twice that of the other countries; the total CO2/capita figure of 93 is relatively low by global standards; the international distance/trip is similar to the figure for China but is significantly lower than the figures for the US, Japan and Brazil – this presumably reflects a focus on Moscow, located in Europe, as the major aviation hub for Russia.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Brazil 9,796 5,929 15,725

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 CO2/capita (kg) 49 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 101 80% International A320 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 815 70% A330 International 60% Embraer 170/190 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 30 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 598 40% B747 Distance/trip (km) 5,004 30% Domestic F100 ATR Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 79 10% CO /PAX (kg) 147 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,055

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Sao Paulo 1,994 TAM Airlines 3,707 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Rio de Janeiro 1,205 VRG Linhas Aereas 3,392 3,500 500,000 Brasilia 1,001 Azul Brazilian Airlines 893 3,000 400,000 Salvador 545 Avianca Brazil 614 2,500 Belo Horizonte 480 300,000 WebJet Linhas Aereas 560 2,000 Recife 456 TRIP Linhas Aereas 488 200,000 1,500 Fortaleza 402 Passaredo 115 1,000 100,000 Porto Alegre 369 United Airlines 15 500 - Campinas 349 LAN Airlines 5 - -100,000 Curitiba 306 American Airlines 5 Manaus 247 Air Italy 1 Trip Distance Belem 234 PLUNA <1 (km) Natal 166 TAP Portugal <1 Cuiaba 162 Aerolineas Argentinas <1 Florianopolis 158 Surinam Airways <1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1,722 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 9,796 Total 9,796

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Russia 7,500 5,752 13,251

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 CO2/capita (kg) 53 90% A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 191 80% International B737 A330 Distance/trip (km) 1,554 70% B767 International 60% B777 B747 CO2/capita (kg) 40 50% B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 264 40% Yak 42 Distance/trip (km) 2,301 30% CRJ Domestic Tupolev 204 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 93 10% CO /PAX (kg) 217 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,785

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Moscow 2,989 Aeroflot Russian Airlines 1,429 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts St. Petersburg 422 S7 Airlines (Siberia Airlines) 1,099 2,500 140,000 Khabarovsk 266 UTair Aviation 1,070 120,000 Vladivostok 258 Transaero Airlines 858 2,000 100,000 Novosibirsk 257 Rossiya - Russian Airlines 389 1,500 80,000 Krasnoyarsk 176 Vladivostok Air 338 60,000 1,000 Yekaterinburg 165 Yakutia Airlines 311 40,000 Krasnodar 163 Ural Airlines 257 500 20,000 - Sochi 158 Yamal Airlines 215 - -20,000 Irkutsk 149 Orenair (Orenburg Airlines) 179 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy 129 Taimyr Airlines 164 Trip Distance Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 119 Aeroflot-Nord 146 (km) Tyumem 105 Aeroflot-Don 138 Ufa 100 VIM Airlines 125 Yakutsk 96 Kuban Airlines 104 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1,948 Other Airlines 676 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International ` Total 7,500 Total 7,500

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

2.4 The Footprint by Route

One option commonly raised as a possible avenue to a global solution for managing aviation’s contribution to climate change is to incrementally implement measures on a route by route basis. For example, the construction of a high speed train or a major motorway may be proposed as a way to reduce the aviation footprint for travel between two, or a number of, cities. Certain market based mechanisms could be trialled on specific aviation routes where there are no issues around competitive distortions. Domestic CO /PAX Route 2 CO2 (kt) (kg) New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 1,334 316 Sapporo/Chitose-Tokyo (Haneda) 1,141 118 Beijing-Shanghai 997 134 Fukuoka-Tokyo (Haneda) 958 131 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 927 334 Tokyo (Haneda)-Okinawa 828 181 Beijing-Guangzhou 786 205 Melbourne-Sydney 748 92 Los Angeles-Chicago 690 246 Los Angeles-Honolulu 675 357 Keku-Seoul 639 65 Vancouver-Toronto 639 283 Cape Town-Johannesburg 637 137 Chicago-San Francisco 633 256 Beijing-Zhenzhen 626 196 Mumbai-Delhi 602 116 Perth-Sydney 568 319 Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City 565 143 Beijing-Chengdu 559 152 Jeddah-Riyadh 555 127 Melbourne-Perth 526 257 Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo 506 66 Zhenzhen-Shanghai 505 119 Guangzhou-Shanghai 469 127 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 468 134 Jakarta-Medan 466 141 Washington DC-Los Angeles 464 317 Atlanta-Los Angeles 463 279 Washington DC-San Francisco 448 306 Itami-Tokyo (Haneda) 434 85 Other Routes 205,860 114 Total 225,716 117

Figure 2.6: Global domestic route hierarchy 2012 Figure 2.6 shows the hierarchy for the top 30 global domestic routes for scheduled passenger services in 2012. It can be seen that the top routes are contained in a range of countries – the top 16 routes in the hierarchy occur in 8 different countries. The routes typically involve city pairs between key commercial centres (eg Beijing-Shanghai, Melbourne-Sydney, Mumbai-Delhi, etc).

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

There is also a noticeable diversity in the type of route – some are short range (eg Keku-Seoul which has a footprint of 65 kg of CO2 /PAX) while others have CO2/PAX footprints which are around 5 times those of the short routes.

Delving a little deeper, Figure 2.7 examines the carbon footprint of the top 15 routes in each of the top 5 domestic countries discussed in the previous section. These are shown in the boxes in the top half of the Figure. The bar graphic under the boxes shows the carbon distribution between airlines on the top 10 domestic routes contained in the boxes.

It is interesting to note the differences between the route hierarchies in the five countries in Figure 2.7. In Russia, Moscow (combined airports) is part of every route, in China, Japan and Brazil one or two key domestic hubs dominate the hierarchy. The situation is somewhat different in the United States were there is a much greater diversity in airports on the top routes. This presumably reflects the greater geographical dispersion of population centres across the United States compared to the other countries where the population centres tend to be concentrated in particular regions.

The route graphic contained in the lower half of Figure 2.7 is an example of the type of information that may be useful, for example, in filtering out routes which may have potential for the application of some form of market based measure (MBM). This graphic gives the reader a rapid appreciation of whether a route is likely to be open to competitive distortion if a differentiated MBM were to be introduced.

The geographic distribution of the top 20 routes for each of the top 5 countries can be seen in the quantity flow diagrams shown in Figure 2.8 to Figure 2.12.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

United States China Japan Brazil Russia

Route CO2 (kt) Route CO2 (kt) Route CO2 (kt) Route CO2 (kt) Route CO2 (kt) New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 1,334 Beijing-Shanghai 997 Sapporo/Chitose-Tokyo (Haneda) 1,141 Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo 506 Vladivostok-Moscow 409 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 927 Beijing-Guangzhou 786 Fukuoka-Tokyo (Haneda) 958 Sao Paulo-Salvador 361 Khabarovsk-Moscow 340 Los Angeles-Chicago 690 Beijing-Zhenzhen 626 Tokyo (Haneda)-Okinawa 828 Brasilia-Sao Paulo 357 Novosibirsk-Moscow 264 Los Angeles-Honolulu 675 Beijing-Chengdu 559 Itami-Tokyo (Haneda) 434 Sao Paulo-Recife 297 St. Petersburg-Moscow 263 Chicago-San Francisco 633 Zhenzhen-Shanghai 505 Kagoshima-Tokyo (Haneda) 332 Fortaleza-Sao Paulo 255 Krasnodar-Moscow 225 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 468 Guangzhou-Shanghai 469 Kumamoto-Tokyo (Haneda) 288 Brasilia-Rio de Janeiro 236 Krasnoyarsk-Moscow 219 Washington DC-Los Angeles 464 Beijing-Kunming 375 Miyazaki-Tokyo (Haneda) 239 Rio de Janeiro-Salvador 195 Irkutsk-Moscow 204 Atlanta-Los Angeles 463 Shanghai-Chengdu 368 Kita Kyushu-Tokyo (Haneda) 235 Belo Horizonte-Sao Paulo 192 Yekaterinburg-Moscow 199 Washington DC-San Francisco 448 Beijing-Urumqi 364 Nagasaki-Tokyo (Haneda) 234 Sao Paulo-Porto Alegre 177 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy-Moscow 197 Las Vegas-Chicago 421 Beijing-Chongqing 289 Hiroshima-Tokyo (Haneda) 220 Rio de Janeiro-Recife 171 Sochi-Moscow 192 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 410 Beijing-Hangzhou 279 Osaka-Sapporo/Chitose 183 Curitiba-Sao Paulo 169 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk-Moscow 187 Boston-San Francisco 385 Guangzhou-Chengdu 273 Fukuoka-Okinawa 180 Porto Alegre-Sao Paulo 147 Mineralnyye Vody-Moscow 144 Los Angeles-Miami 367 Shanghai-Chongqing 265 Oita-Tokyo (Haneda) 178 Florianopolis-Sao Paulo 138 Yakutsk-Moscow 131 Denver-Chicago 344 Beijing-Xi'an 261 Matsuyama-Tokyo (Haneda) 170 Manaus-Sao Paulo 134 Rostov Na Donu-Moscow 125 Chicago-Phoenix 343 Xiamen-Shanghai 253 Osaka-Okinawa 156 Rio de Janeiro-Porto Alegre 134 Moscow-Ufa 120 Total 8,373 Total 6,671 Total 5,776 Total 3,467 Total 3,220 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

New York (JFK)-Los Angeles American Airlines Delta Air Lines JetBlue Airways Qantas Airways United Airlines Virgin America

Sapporo/Chitose-Tokyo… All Nippon Airways Hokkaido International Airlines Japan Airlines Skymark Airlines Spring Airlines Beijing-Shanghai Air China China Eastern Airlines China Southern Airlines Shanghai Airlines Fukuoka-Tokyo (Haneda) All Nippon Airways Japan Airlines Skymark Airlines StarFlyer Juneyao Airlines Hainan Airlines New York (JFK)-San Francisco American Airlines Delta Air Lines JetBlue Airways United Airlines Virgin America

Tokyo (Haneda)-Okinawa All Nippon Airways Japan Airlines Japan Transocean Air Skymark Airlines

Beijing-Guangzhou Air China China Southern Airlines China United Airlines Hainan Airlines

Los Angeles-Chicago American Airlines Southwest Airlines Spirit Airlines United Airlines Virgin America

Los Angeles-Honolulu American Airlines Continental Airlines Delta Air Lines Hawaiian Airlines Philippine Airlines United Airlines

Chicago-San Francisco American Airlines Continental Airlines Southwest Airlines United Airlines Virgin America

Figure 2.7: Domestic route carbon footprint hierarchies for the top 5 countries

The five boxes at the top show the top 15 routes for the 5 countries with the greatest carbon footprint for scheduled domestic passenger operations in 2012. The lower graphic analyses the top 10 routes from the country hierarchies and shows (albeit a little confused) the relative CO2 contribution made by each of the airlines which operated on those routes. 29

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 2.8: United States domestic route carbon footprint hierarchy

This figure shows the top 20 domestic routes by CO2 footprint in 2012 for the US contiguous States (routes to Hawaii are not shown). The thickness of the flow lines is proportional to the quantity of CO2 on the route. The blue lines represent the top 5 routes ranked by carbon footprint; in the next group there are 7 red routes; the 8 green routes have the smallest carbon footprints. The CO2 quantum of the top 15 routes is shown in Figure 2.7. 30

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 2.9: China domestic route carbon footprint hierarchy

This figure shows the top 20 domestic routes by CO2 footprint in 2012 for China. The thickness of the flow lines is proportional to the quantity of CO2 on the route. The blue lines represent the top 5 routes ranked by carbon footprint; in the next group there are 7 red routes; the 8 green routes have the smallest carbon footprints. The CO2 quantum of the top 15 routes is shown in Figure 2.7. 31

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 2.10: Japan domestic route carbon footprint hierarchy

This figure shows the top 20 domestic routes by CO2 footprint in 2012 for Japan (routes to Okinawa are not shown). The thickness of the flow lines is proportional to the quantity of CO2 on the route. The blue lines represent the top 5 routes ranked by carbon footprint; in the next group there are 7 red routes; the 8 green routes have the smallest carbon footprints. The CO2 quantum of the top 15 routes is shown in Figure 2.7.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 2.11: Brazil domestic route carbon footprint hierarchy

This figure shows the top 20 domestic routes by CO2 footprint in 2012 for Brazil. The thickness of the flow lines is proportional to the quantity of CO2 on the route. The blue lines represent the top 5 routes ranked by carbon footprint; in the next group there are 7 red routes; the 8 green routes have the smallest carbon footprints. The CO2 quantum of the top 15 routes is shown in Figure 2.7.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 2.12: Russia domestic route carbon footprint hierarchy

This figure shows the top 20 domestic routes by CO2 footprint in 2012 for Russia. The thickness of the flow lines is proportional to the quantity of CO2 on the route. The blue lines represent the top 5 routes ranked by carbon footprint; in the next group there are 7 red routes; the 8 green routes have the smallest carbon footprints. The CO2 quantum of the top 15 routes is shown in Figure 2.7.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

2.5 Aircraft Type

Figure 2.13 gives an overview of the contribution made by the top 30 aircraft types to the global scheduled aviation carbon footprint. The hierarchy is ranked by decreasing total carbon contribution. The figure breaks the carbon footprint down into the domestic and international operations components. More detailed breakdowns of the aircraft type carbon footprint are provided in the carbon footprint profiles which appear throughout the report. The aircraft types in the Figure have been grouped into families – each family can contain many different versions of the aircraft type. Domestic International Cumulative Aircraft Type Total CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) % B737 80,616 41,969 122,585 21 A320 63,856 52,492 116,347 41 B777 5,460 83,996 89,457 56 A330 4,652 56,229 60,880 67 B747 1,461 39,219 40,679 74 B767 7,506 25,058 32,564 79 A340 333 25,365 25,698 84 B757 13,443 6,983 20,426 87 MD80 11,851 2,264 14,116 89 CRJ 9,460 2,045 11,505 91 Embraer 170/190 7,455 3,687 11,143 93 A380 119 10,662 10,781 95 RJ140 6,317 1,083 7,400 96 Dash 8 3,694 949 4,643 97 B717 2,630 167 2,797 98 ATR 1,530 460 1,991 98 A310 172 1,663 1,835 98 F100 986 757 1,743 99 A300 645 797 1,442 99 BAe 146 333 938 1,270 99 B787 386 608 995 99 Embraer Brasilia 351 12 362 99 Yak 42 337 8 345 99 Saab 340 318 24 343 100 Tupolev 204 200 120 320 100 Beechcraft 233 29 262 100 Iluyshin IL96 16 234 251 100 Tupolev 154 176 60 236 100 F70 19 214 233 100 F50 153 73 227 100 Jetstream 31/32/41 156 13 169 100 Other Aircraft Types 852 358 1,210 100 Total 225,716 358,538 584,254 100

Figure 2.13: Global domestic CO2 footprint by aircraft type

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

It is interesting to note the relatively small number of aircraft types that make up the bulk of aviation’s carbon footprint. It can be seen that the top 5 aircraft types (families) make up about 75% of the total footprint. The top 10 aircraft types make up more than 90% of the footprint.

The top 2 contributors to the footprint (comprising about 40% of the footprint) are narrow bodied aircraft. These two types – the B737 and A320 – not only dominate the domestic aviation footprint but also make a significant contribution to the international aviation footprint.

The top 30 hierarchy contains a number of regional jets and props. It can be seen that the contribution by these aircraft types is not large despite the relatively high number of movements made by regional aircraft. The relationship between aircraft type, number of operations and carbon contribution is discussed in the next section.

2.6 CO2 Emissions v Trip Distance

The carbon footprint profiles which are used as the basic footprint capture tool throughout this report all include a ‘CO2 v Distance’ element. Figure 2.14 shows an expanded view of the domestic component of the CO2 v Distance element in the Global Network profile shown in Figure 2.2.

CO2 (kt) CO2 Aicraft Movements Mvts 70,000 9,000,000

60,000 8,000,000 7,000,000 50,000 6,000,000 40,000 5,000,000 30,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 20,000 2,000,000 10,000 1,000,000 - -

Trip Distance (km)

Figure 2.14: Relationship between CO2 footprint, trip distance and number of operations for domestic operations

This indicator provides a useful insight into which operations/routes are making the greatest contribution to the global domestic carbon footprint. In simple terms there is a trade-off between the number of movements and the distance travelled for any given aircraft type. Commonly a relatively small number of flights (those engaged in long haul operations) will make an apparently disproportionate contribution to the total footprint. This can be seen for example in the 3,000-5,000km range in the Figure. Conversely even a very large number of short haul movements can make a surprisingly small contribution to the carbon footprint.

The data behind the Figure shows that 70% of scheduled domestic movements in 2012 travelled less than 1,000km. These flights made up about 45% of the global domestic carbon footprint. About 40% of the movements travelled less than 500km – these ‘short haul’ flights made up about 15% of the global domestic footprint.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

2.7 CO2 per capita

While consideration of the absolute magnitude of country carbon footprints is the common way to consider the relative carbon contribution of different countries, it is instructive to normalise the absolute data to per capita data to gain a different perspective on the contributions. This type of technique is not uncommon and authoritative bodies such as the World Bank publish carbon footprint information in this form.18

Figure 2.15 converts the top 30 country total carbon footprint hierarchy shown in Figure 2.4 into per capita using country population data generated by the United Nations.19

Domestic International Total Country CO2/capita (kg) CO2/capita (kg) CO2/capita (kg) Qatar - 2,011 2,011 Singapore - 1,868 1,868 United Arab Emirates 1 1,796 1,797 Hong Kong - 1,443 1,443 Australia 307 414 721 Switzerland 6 567 573 United States 307 152 459 Netherlands <1 452 452 United Kingdom 24 393 416 Canada 158 242 400 Spain 59 226 286 Germany 22 228 250 France 31 217 248 Malaysia 52 154 205 South Korea 26 171 197 Saudi Arabia 60 134 194 Taiwan 7 187 194 Japan 83 110 194 Italy 42 122 164 Thailand 21 117 138 South Africa 31 71 102 Turkey 27 68 95 Russia 53 40 93 Argentina 24 60 84 Brazil 49 30 79 Mexico 29 34 63 Philippines 17 27 45 China 27 10 37 Indonesia 23 13 36 India 5 6 11

Figure 2.15: Aviation CO2 per capita – top 30 ‘total footprint’ countries The table shows values for both the domestic and international footprints and is ordered according to decreasing total CO2/capita.

18World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC 19 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm 37

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

It can be seen that the country ordering in the per capita hierarchy is significantly different to the hierarchy based on the absolute footprint size. The top 4 countries in the Figure have significantly greater per/capita total footprints than the other countries. These four countries have relatively small populations and are active international aviation hubs (all of these countries effectively have no domestic carbon footprint).

Australia is the first country in the hierarchy with a significant domestic carbon footprint. The per capita domestic footprints of Australia, the United States, and to a lesser extent Canada, are significantly greater than for any of the other countries. The total per capita aviation footprint for Australia is also much greater than for other, what may be considered broadly comparable, countries. This is presumably due to both the large distances between domestic centres in Australia (which increases the domestic footprint) and also the geographic isolation of Australia from other countries (which increases the international footprint). The relatively small population of Australia is also presumably an important factor.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

The Airports

3.1 Introduction

This chapter provides a breakdown of the global scheduled domestic passenger flights carbon footprint for 2012 from the perspective of the airports. It also puts this information into context by providing a number of comparisons with the carbon footprint of international scheduled passenger movements for the same time period.

The information in this chapter relates to aircraft operations and not to the carbon footprint of the airports themselves. That is, this chapter does not compute or report on the carbon footprint associated with airport buildings, ground transport or non-aircraft emissions. These latter emissions are commonly referred to as ‘Scope 1’ emissions – the emissions directly in control of airport companies.20 It is estimated that Scope 1 emissions for an airport are typically only a small percentage (about 2%) of an airport’s carbon footprint if the whole-of-flight carbon footprint of departing aircraft is taken into account.21

When developing a carbon inventory for an airport, aircraft emissions are referred to as ‘Scope 3’emissions – typically the greenhouse gases emitted in the LTO (landing and take-off) cycle comprise about 8% of the total footprint while the whole-of-flight emissions make up about 90% of the footprint. The ACI (Airports Council International) recommends emissions from entire flights be included in airport inventories for ‘completeness and credibility’.22

When carrying out an aviation network carbon footprinting exercise the airports are the transport nodes and an understanding of individual airport (aircraft flight) footprints is fundamental to an understanding of potential carbon management measures and impacts. From an airport’s perspective it is important that it has a clear understanding of its whole-of-flight departing aircraft carbon footprint for a number of reasons. In particular, when an airport puts forward proposals for new developments (eg a new runway) the decision makers need be able to ascertain the potential increase in Scope 3 emissions that will be induced by the proposed infrastructure upgrade (for example in environmental assessment or master planning processes). Clearly, expanding airport infrastructure (eg a new runway) directly facilitates growth in an airport’s whole of flight carbon footprint.

Reporting Scope 3 emissions is also important from the point of view of transparency and the establishment of community support for airports. Local communities are interested in understanding the full carbon implications of their airports. If airport carbon footprinting is solely restricted to Scope 1 emissions there is likely to be a breakdown in trust - any perceived attempt to grossly understate carbon emissions may act as a trigger for intense, and possibly hostile, public scrutiny of an airport.

20 Greenhouse Gas Protocol: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/ 21 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2006. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. http://www.airportattorneys.com/files/greenhousegas06.pdf 22 Airports Council International (ACI), p19, para 4.7.6: http://www.aci.aero/Publications/Full-Publications- Listing/Guidance-Manual-Airport-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-Management

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

The computation of an aggregated carbon footprint for Scope 3 emissions is very straightforward for an airport that is generating aircraft noise contours using the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Integrated Noise Model (INM) – these contours are commonly generated as part of EIA and Master Planning processes. The INM files for an airport noise forecast contain all the operational information that is required to compute an aggregated carbon footprint for the airport – the aircraft type and stage length data in the INM input data can be translated into CO2 data by reference to the distance/fuel use tables published on the ICAO website. This approach adopts an average distance for each INM stage length rather than computing the actual great circle distance for any given city-pair – this will induce errors but they are not likely to be significant in the context of a traffic forecast (which inherently has large errors).

It is important to be aware that airport naming is deliberately not consistent throughout this report. In some tables and charts airports have been grouped using city names to allow the user to gain an appreciation of the carbon footprint of a city, rather than an airport, when comparing competing transport options (eg when comparing air v rail the interest is usually in the number of passenger movements between a city pair rather than an airport pair). However, throughout this chapter the airports have been individually identified by their IATA codes to enable the user to examine airport specific footprints. There is further discussion on this issue in Section 6.2

This Chapter, and Profile F2 in Part II of the report, provide carbon footprint profiles (essentially whole of flight Scope 3 emissions) for the top 20 airports in the domestic operations carbon footprint hierarchy. In addition, Profile F3 in Part II contains a carbon footprint listing for the top 1,000 global domestic airports.

3.2 Airport Footprint Overview

Figure 3.1 shows the ranking of the top 30 airports in the world by CO2 footprint of departing domestic aircraft. Figure 3.2 puts the airports in Figure 3.1 in perspective by comparing the domestic carbon footprints with the international and total footprints – this figure shows the top 30 airports ranked by total footprint.

The domestic hierarchy is not particularly diverse - 22 of the top 30 airports are in the United States, 6 are in China and there is 1 airport in both Japan and Indonesia. By way of contrast, when considering the top 30 hierarchy for the total footprint eighteen different countries are represented and there are only two United States airports in the top 11. The carbon footprint of many airports appears to be heavily weighted toward either domestic or international operations – this is not necessarily reflected in the numerical split of international/domestic operations since airports often have large numbers of short haul operations which add very little to the total carbon footprint.

The top 30 airports in the domestic hierarchy make up about 35% of the global domestic footprint. The total footprint hierarchy shown in Figure 3.2 clearly demonstrates the dominant carbon position occupied by Heathrow (in both the ‘international’ and ‘total’ hierarchies) – no single airport dominates the domestic hierarchy in the same way.

The maps in Figures 3.3 & 3.4 show the locations of the airports with the greatest carbon footprints in North America and a large part of Asia. These figures show clear differences in the pattern of the distribution of the key airports - in North America the airports are dispersed across the continent while in Asia the top carbon footprint domestic airports are much more geographically concentrated. Fifteen of the top global domestic airports (those with a domestic footprint > 2,000 kt of CO2) are located in North America while only three are located in Asia.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic CO2/PAX Cumulative Domestic International Airport Airport Total CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) (kg) % CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) Atlanta (ATL) 5,382 133 2 London (Heathrow) 193 16,391 16,584 Los Angeles (LAX) 4,997 209 5 Los Angeles (LAX) 4,997 6,870 11,866 Beijing (PEK) 4,297 136 7 Dubai (DXB) 1 10,986 10,986 Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 4,269 160 8 New York (JFK) 2,764 8,027 10,791 Chicago (ORD) 4,139 143 10 Frankfurt (FRA) 222 10,190 10,412 Denver (DEN) 3,696 151 12 Hong Kong (HKG) 10,386 10,386 San Francisco (SFO) 3,641 209 13 Paris (CDG) 206 10,120 10,326 Tokyo (Haneda) 3,553 105 15 Singapore (SIN) 9,819 9,819 Phoenix (PHX) 2,959 158 16 Beijing (PEK) 4,297 5,074 9,371 Las Vegas (LAS) 2,920 163 18 Tokyo (Narita) 216 8,905 9,121 New York (JFK) 2,764 209 19 Bangkok (BKK) 533 7,517 8,050 Guangzhou (CAN) 2,503 127 20 Atlanta (ATL) 5,382 2,428 7,810 Seattle (SEA) 2,495 180 21 Chicago (ORD) 4,139 3,583 7,721 Houston (IAH) 2,438 144 22 Seoul (ICN) 28 7,627 7,655 Newark (EWR) 2,238 167 23 San Francisco (SFO) 3,641 3,797 7,438 Orlando (MCO) 2,206 152 24 Amsterdam (AMS) 0 7,298 7,298 Minneapolis (MSP) 2,136 143 25 Shanghai (PVG) 1,560 4,788 6,348 Charlotte (CLT) 2,001 105 26 Sydney (SYD) 1,415 4,815 6,230 Boston (BOS) 1,972 156 27 Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 4,269 1,629 5,899 Shanghai (SHA) 1,972 121 28 Newark (EWR) 2,238 3,418 5,656 Jakarta (CGK) 1,888 105 29 Madrid (MAD) 729 4,741 5,470 New York (La Guardia) 1,866 130 29 Tokyo (Haneda) 3,553 1,575 5,128 Philadelphia (PHL) 1,861 138 30 Sao Paulo (GRU) 1,232 3,781 5,013 Detroit (DTW) 1,815 130 31 Miami (MIA) 1,572 3,343 4,915 Chengdu (CTU) 1,794 131 32 Toronto (YYZ) 1,237 3,664 4,901 Zhenzhen (SZX) 1,780 128 33 Kuala Lumpur (KUL) 591 4,233 4,824 Honolulu (HNL) 1,622 252 33 Houston (IAH) 2,438 2,014 4,452 Miami (MIA) 1,572 166 34 Istanbul (IST) 567 3,834 4,401 Shanghai (PVG) 1,560 129 35 Guangzhou (CAN) 2,503 1,645 4,148 Fort Lauderdale (FLL) 1,488 162 35 Denver (DEN) 3,696 287 3,983 Other Airports 145,893 105 100 Other Airports 171,497 185,754 357,251 Total 225,716 117 Total 225,716 358,538 584,254

Figure 3.1: Airport hierarchy – global domestic Figure 3.2: Airport hierarchy – domestic/international footprint 41 scheduled passenger movements 2012 comparison global scheduled passenger movements 2012

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 3.3: Domestic carbon footprint by airport – North America This map shows the carbon footprint associated with domestic departures from airports in North America. The airports are identified by the quantum of their carbon footprints – the details are shown in the legend. 42

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Figure 3.4: Domestic carbon footprint by airport - Asia

This map shows the carbon footprint associated with domestic departures from airports in a large part of Asia. The airports are identified by the quantum of their carbon footprints – the details are shown in the legend.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

3.3 Carbon Footprint Profile - Top 5 Domestic Airports

In a similar manner to the previous chapter, this chapter briefly discusses the carbon footprint profiles of the top 5 domestic airports ranked by the whole of flight carbon footprint of departing aircraft. Profiles of the top 20 global airports, ranked by total footprint, are contained in Profile F2 in Part II.

In the hierarchy boxes in the profiles it is important to be aware that

 airports have been grouped by city – see discussion in Section 6.2

Atlanta (ATL)

The carbon footprint profile for Atlanta shows:

 a strong bias toward domestic operations – about 70% of the airport’s carbon footprint is generated by domestic operations

 in contrast to the other aircraft types encountered so far, the MD80 and the B757 dominate the domestic footprint (contributing about 55% of the footprint)

 there is a spread of destination airports, with broadly similar carbon footprints; the top 15 destination airports make up about 40% of the total domestic footprint

 Delta Airlines dominates the airport’s carbon footprint (making up about 75% of the domestic footprint); only a limited number of airlines contributed to the domestic footprint in 2012 – the top 4 airlines constitute about 95% of the domestic footprint

 the CO2 v Distance relationship shows a peak in the carbon footprint in the 500-1,000km range which also correlates with a peak in movement numbers; the domestic footprint contains flights up to the 3,000-5,000km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box indicates a CO2/PAX for domestic that is below the average for the US but somewhat above the global average.

Los Angeles (LAX)

The Los Angeles carbon footprint profile shows:

 a carbon footprint breakdown between domestic and international which approximates to the global split – 60% international and 40% domestic

 the B737, B757 and the A320 dominate the domestic footprint (contributing about 70% of the total); a relatively small proportion of the domestic footprint is carried out in wide bodied aircraft

 New York (JFK), the domestic destination airport with the greatest footprint, has a footprint approaching twice that of the next airport (Chicago); three of the airports in the top 15 domestic destinations are located in the Pacific (Hawaii + Guam); the top 15 airports make up about 65% of the LAX domestic footprint

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Atlanta (ATL) 5,382 2,428 7,810

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Domestic 90% MD80 International CO2/PAX (kg) 133 80% B757 B767 Distance/trip (km) 988 70% B737 60% B777 International CRJ 50% B717 CO2/PAX (kg) 476 40% A330 Domestic Distance/trip (km) 3,994 30% A320 B747 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 171 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,214

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Los Angeles 231 Delta Air Lines 4,159 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (La Guardia) 168 AirTran Airways 758 Las Vegas 159 Southwest Airlines 126 2,500 200,000 Chicago 155 American Airlines 117 2,000 150,000 San Francisco 148 United Airlines 75 Washington DC 143 US Airways 74 1,500 100,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 142 Spirit Airlines 20 Denver 133 Frontier Airlines 20 1,000 50,000 Phoenix 127 Alaska Airlines 18 500 - Seattle 126 Continental Airlines 12 Fort Lauderdale 125 Island Air 2 - -50,000 Houston 118 Pacific Wings 0 Orlando 114 Vision Airlines 0 Trip Distance Boston 107 Asiana Airlines 0 (km) Philadelphia 106 Hainan Airlines 0 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 3,280 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 5,382 Total 5,382 45

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Los Angeles (LAX) 4,997 6,870 11,866

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 209 80% B747 International B737 Distance/trip (km) 1,753 70% B757 60% A320 International B767 50% A380 CO2/PAX (kg) 832 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 6,275 30% A330 CRJ Total 20% Domestic Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 368 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,482

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) New York (JFK) 667 American Airlines 1,261 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Chicago 351 United Airlines 1,154 Honolulu 339 Delta Air Lines 857 3,500 70,000 Atlanta 232 Southwest Airlines 509 3,000 60,000 Washington DC 228 Virgin America 325 2,500 50,000 40,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 207 US Airways 148 2,000 Miami 180 Philippine Airlines 140 30,000 1,500 Boston 162 Alaska Airlines 131 20,000 1,000 Houston 160 JetBlue Airways 110 10,000 Kahului 154 Hawaiian Airlines 90 500 - San Francisco 144 Continental Airlines 70 - -10,000 Newark 140 AirTran Airways 53 Agana 137 Qantas Airways 44 Trip Distance Denver 128 Spirit Airlines 33 (km) Philadelphia 107 Frontier Airlines 32 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1,660 Other Airlines 40 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 4,997 Total 4,997 46

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Los Angeles (LAX) (continued)

 American and United Airlines are dominant – together they contribute about 50% of the domestic footprint; the top 5 airlines make up about 80% of the footprint

 the CO2 v Distance element shows a high number of movements in the up to 500km range (but these only make a small contribution to the domestic footprint); the bulk of the domestic footprint is generated by flights in the 3,000—5,000km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box indicates the relatively long distance of the average domestic flight from LAX (>1,700km); coupled with the long distance for the average international flight (LAX is a hub for flights across the Pacific into SE Asia and Australiasia) gives a total CO2/PAX which is significantly greater than the other top 5 airports and the global average.

Beijing (PEK)

The Beijing carbon footprint profile shows:

 that domestic operations contribute just under half of the airport’s carbon footprint

 narrow bodied aircraft dominate the domestic footprint (together the B737 and the A320 comprise about 65% of the domestic footprint); the A330 makes a significant contribution to the domestic footprint

 the top 3 destination airports make up about 25% of the domestic footprint; the top 15 airports make up about 65% of the domestic footprint

 the domestic footprint of Air China, the top airline, is about twice that of the second airline (China Southern Airlines); relatively few domestic airlines contribute significantly to the domestic footprint – the top 6 airlines make up about 95% of the footprint

 the CO2 v Distance element reveals that the domestic footprint predominantly lies in the range 500-2,500km; there are relatively few operations travelling less than 500km

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows a domestic CO2/PAX value which is somwhat above the global average and similar to the figure for Atlanta.

Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW)

The Dallas-Fort Worth carbon footprint profile shows:

 the airport’s carbon footprint is heavily weighted toward domestic operations – more than 70% of the footprint derives from domestic operations  the MD80 is overwhelming the No 1 aircraft type (about 50% of the domestic footprint); the domestic footprint is almost exclusively generated by narrow bodied aircraft (>95% of the total footprint)  there is a relatively even spread of the domestic carbon footprint between destination airports – the top 15 destination airports make up less than 50% of the footprint  American Airlines dominates the footprint (about 85% of the DFW domestic footprint); effectively only 10 airlines made significant contributions to the airport’s domestic footprint in 2012

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Beijing (PEK) 4,297 5,074 9,371

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Domestic 90% A330 CO2/PAX (kg) 136 80% B737 International B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,265 70% A320 60% B747 International A340 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 504 40% A380 Distance/trip (km) 4,326 30% B757 A300 Domestic Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 225 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,832

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Shanghai 498 Air China 1,790 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Guangzhou 386 China Southern Airlines 891 Zhenzhen 308 China Eastern Airlines 667 2,000 80,000 1,800 70,000 Chengdu 258 Hainan Airlines 439 1,600 60,000 Kunming 188 Xiamen Airlines 129 1,400 50,000 Urumqi 176 Sichuan Airlines 102 1,200 40,000 1,000 Chongqing 139 Shenzhen Airlines 73 30,000 Hangzhou 136 Shanghai Airlines 45 800 600 20,000 Xi'an 133 Shandong Airlines 42 400 10,000 Xiamen 104 Grand China Air 39 200 - Sanya 103 Deer Jet 38 - -10,000 Wuhan 96 Chongqing Airlines 12 Haikou 87 Grand China Express Air 11 Trip Distance Changsha 87 Lucky Air 9 (km) Harbin 84 Spring Airlines 5 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1,513 Other Airlines 5 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 4,297 Total 4,297 48

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 4,269 1,629 5,899

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Domestic 90% International MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 160 80% B737 B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,254 70% RJ140 60% B767 International B757 50% A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 507 40% B747 Domestic Distance/trip (km) 3,341 30% CRJ A330 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 197 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,426

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Los Angeles 203 American Airlines 3,633 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (La Guardia) 165 Delta Air Lines 164 San Francisco 152 United Airlines 127 1,800 90,000 1,600 80,000 Washington DC 149 US Airways 119 1,400 70,000 Chicago 148 Spirit Airlines 93 1,200 60,000 Atlanta 142 Virgin America 47 1,000 50,000 40,000 Boston 110 Frontier Airlines 26 800 Seattle 108 Alaska Airlines 26 30,000 600 20,000 Denver 106 JetBlue Airways 15 400 10,000 Las Vegas 103 Continental Airlines 14 200 - Miami 96 Sun Country Airlines 4 - -10,000 Phoenix 94 Cathay Pacific 0 Philadelphia 93 Trip Distance Newark 92 (km) Charlotte 89 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 2,420 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 4,269 Total 4,269 49

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Dallas-Forth Worth (DFW) (continued)

 the CO2 v Distance element reveals a relatively high number of movements of less than 500km (but only making a small contribution to the domestic carbon footprint); most of the domestic carbon footprint was generated by flights travelling between 500 and 2,500km

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows a domestic CO2/PAX which is broadly of the same magnitude of the other airports (LAX is the exception).

Chicago (ORD)

The Chicago carbon footprint profile shows:

 an almost equal split between domestic and international contributions to the carbon footprint

 the domestic footprint is almost totally derived from narrow bodied aircraft; ORD is the only airport in the top 5 where the carbon footprint generated by the A320 exceeds that of the B737

 there is a fairly even footprint spread across the top 15 destination airports – these airports contribute about 50% of the domestic footprint

 two airlines – United and American – dominate the domestic footprint; together they make up about 85% of the footprint; only 9 airlines made a significant contribution to the airport’s domestic footprint in 2012

 the CO2 v Distance element reveals an interesting bimodal picture with prominent CO2 peaks in the 1,000-1,500km and the 2,500-3,000km ranges; there were a significant number of movements in the less than 500km range but, consistent with most other airports, these made a relatively small contribution to the domestic footprint

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows a domestic CO2/PAX which is broadly of the same magnitude of the other airports (LAX is the exception).

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Chicago (ORD) 4,139 3,583 7,721

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 143 A320 80% International B737 Distance/trip (km) 1,073 70% RJ140 60% B767 International MD80 50% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 639 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 4,051 30% CRJ Domestic A330 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 224 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,373

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) San Francisco 284 United Airlines 1,961 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Los Angeles 278 American Airlines 1,604 New York (La Guardia) 207 Delta Air Lines 151 1,600 140,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 148 Spirit Airlines 119 1,400 120,000 Seattle 142 US Airways 115 1,200 100,000 Washington DC 133 Virgin America 59 1,000 80,000 Las Vegas 128 Alaska Airlines 57 800 60,000 Boston 121 Continental Airlines 45 600 40,000 Phoenix 115 JetBlue Airways 26 400 20,000 Denver 101 Hainan Airlines 1 200 - Miami 100 Air Choice One 1 - -20,000 Houston 93 Frontier Airlines 0 San Diego 91 Iberia Airlines 0 Trip Distance Newark 86 Asiana Airlines 0 (km) Atlanta 86 Korean Air 0 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 2,026 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 4,139 Total 4,139 51

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

The Airlines

4.1 Introduction

This chapter examines the carbon footprint of the scheduled domestic passenger flights from the perspective of the airlines. This chapter adopts the same format and approach as the previous two chapters - focussing on the top 5 airlines and using carbon footprint profiles as the tool to provide some details of the footprints. Profile F4 in Part II contains profiles for the top 20 airlines ranked by total carbon footprint.

Figure 4.1 gives the hierarchy for the top 30 airlines operating on global domestic routes. Figure 4.2 places this information in context by comparing it with the international footprint for the top 30 airlines ranked by total carbon footprint. The entries in Figure 4.2 are ranked in order of decreasing total carbon footprint.

The top 5 airlines make up about 35% of the global domestic footprint, while the top 10 make up close to 50% of that footprint.

When considering the total footprint the top airlines make significant contributions. United Airlines and Delta Airlines, which head the list, would occupy the 3rd and 4th positions in the country hierarchy if they were countries.

The domestic/international comparison in Figure 4.2 shows that while the top 3 airlines have significant domestic and international footprints many of the major international airlines have no, or very small, domestic footprints. By way of contrast, Southwest Airlines has a very significant domestic footprint (no 3 in the domestic hierarchy) but does not operate international services.

It is not the intention of this chapter to compare the relative climate change performance of competing airlines. The high level great circle carbon computation methodology adopted in this report would not allow robust comparisons even if this were a goal. This chapter is simply aimed at presenting a comprehensible picture of the composition of the airline footprints in order to raise awareness, aid understanding and to generate thinking on new approaches to managing aviation’s carbon footprint.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic CO2/PAX Cumulative Domestic International Airline Airline Total CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) (kg) % CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) Delta Air Lines 19,651 137 9 United Airlines 17,658 14,584 32,242 United Airlines 17,658 155 17 Delta Air Lines 19,651 12,527 32,178 Southwest Airlines 15,557 128 24 American Airlines 14,946 9,569 24,516 American Airlines 14,946 165 30 Emirates Airline 17,333 17,333 US Airways 9,291 119 34 Lufthansa 1,162 15,344 16,506 China Southern Airlines 8,152 124 38 British Airways 684 15,769 16,453 China Eastern Airlines 6,171 115 41 Southwest Airlines 15,557 15,557 Air China 5,562 134 43 Air France 1,598 12,347 13,945 All Nippon Airways 5,288 102 46 US Airways 9,291 2,751 12,042 JetBlue Airways 3,952 164 47 China Southern Airlines 8,152 2,690 10,843 TAM Airlines 3,712 114 49 Singapore Airlines 37 10,498 10,535 Alaska Airlines 3,617 153 51 Cathay Pacific 45 10,135 10,180 VRG Linhas Aereas 3,392 97 52 Air China 5,562 4,108 9,670 Qantas Airways 3,314 130 54 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 21 9,072 9,093 Japan Airlines 3,110 102 55 Air Canada 2,899 6,179 9,078 AirTran Airways 2,923 152 56 All Nippon Airways 5,288 3,689 8,977 Air Canada 2,899 134 58 China Eastern Airlines 6,171 2,791 8,961 Hainan Airlines 2,652 128 59 Qantas Airways 3,314 5,181 8,495 Shenzhen Airlines 2,407 123 60 Korean Air 503 7,981 8,483 Xiamen Airlines 2,249 122 61 Ryanair 1,083 6,803 7,886 Lion Air 2,110 97 62 Turkish Airlines 1,266 6,171 7,437 Virgin Australia 2,072 119 63 Qatar Airways 35 7,366 7,402 Continental Airlines 2,015 149 64 Japan Airlines 3,110 3,991 7,101 WestJet 1,889 130 64 Thai Airways International 560 6,308 6,868 Sichuan Airlines 1,750 124 65 TAM Airlines 3,712 2,634 6,346 LAN Airlines 1,709 105 66 Easyjet 898 4,629 5,527 Frontier Airlines 1,622 148 67 Iberia Airlines 1,018 4,200 5,217 Air France 1,598 83 67 Saudi Arabian Airlines 1,598 3,195 4,792 Saudi Arabian Airlines 1,598 103 68 Etihad Airways 2 4,779 4,781 Indigo Airlines 1,484 108 69 JetBlue Airways 3,952 730 4,682 Other Airlines 71,367 96.0 100 Other Airlines 95,945 145,183 241,128 Total 225,716 117 Total 225,716 358,538 584,254

Figure 4.1: Airline hierarchy – global domestic Figure 4.2: Airline hierarchy – domestic/international footprint comparison global scheduled passenger movements 2012 scheduled passenger movements 2012 53

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

4.2 Carbon Footprint Profile - Top 5 Domestic Airlines

This section uses carbon footprint profiles to provide an insight into the carbon footprints of the top 5 domestic airlines by CO2 footprint size (ie the airlines which emitted the greatest amount of CO2 on domestic operations).

In the hierarchy boxes in the profiles it is important to be aware that

 airports have been grouped by city – see discussion in Section 6.2

Delta Airlines

The Delta carbon footprint profile shows:

 about 60% of the Delta carbon footprint derives from domestic operations

 the Delta domestic footprint derives almost totally from narrow bodied aircraft – the B757 and the MD80 are the two leading aircraft types (together they contribute about 45% of the domestic footprint); regional jets also makes a prominent contribution (more than 20% of the footprint)

 the footprint associated with departures from Atlanta makes up about 20% of the Delta domestic footprint; the Atlanta footprint is more than twice the size of the sum of the next two origin airports; the top 15 airports contribute about 65% of the domestic footprint

 12 of the top 15 domestic carbon footprint routes involve flights to/from Atlanta; the top carbon footprint route for Delta - Atlanta-Los Angeles – is significantly larger than the other routes; most of the other routes in the top 15 are of broadly similar magnitude

 the CO2 v Distance element shows peaks in the 500-1,000km and the 3,000-5,000km ranges for domestic flights; the airline operates a significant number of flights which travel less than 500km – these only make a moderate contribution to the domestic carbon footprint

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows a domestic CO2/PAX which is broadly of the same magnitude as the airports (in particular Atlanta – which would be expected given the dominant position Delta occupies at ATL).

United Airlines

The United carbon footprint profile shows:

 domestic operations contribute about 55% of the United total footprint

 the United domestic footprint is predominantly generated by narrow bodied aircraft; there is a small domestic contribution by B777 and B767 aircraft; there is a notable contribution from regional jets (about 25% of the domestic footprint); a turbo prop (the Brasilia) appears in the listing

 the top 7 origin airports are prominent compared to the other airports; collectively these make up about 60% of United’s domestic footprint

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Delta Air Lines 19,651 12,527 32,178

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Domestic 90% B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 137 80% International B767 MD80 Distance/trip (km) 1,018 70% CRJ 60% A320 International A330 50% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 483 40% B777 Distance/trip (km) 3,959 30% Domestic B747 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 190 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,278 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Atlanta 4,159 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Minneapolis 1,604 6,000 800,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines 700,000 Detroit 1,409 5,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 600,000 Salt Lake City 969 4,000 Route CO2 (kt) 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Los Angeles 857 400,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 3,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 300,000 New York (JFK) 791 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 200,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (La Guardia) 733 1,000 100,000 San Francisco 385 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -100,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Las Vegas 369 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Orlando 363 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Memphis 329 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Seattle 325 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Covington 300 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Washington DC 273 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Boston 258 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 6,528 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 19,651 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago55 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) United Airlines 17,658 14,584 32,242

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 155 80% B757 International B737 Distance/trip (km) 1,142 70% A320 60% B747 International RJ140 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 505 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 3,274 30% Embraer 170/190 Domestic Embraer Brasilia Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 226 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,428 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Chicago 1,961 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines San Francisco 1,691 6,000 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Houston 1,648 5,000 400,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 Denver 1,462 4,000 Route CO2 (kt) 300,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Newark 1,319 3,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 200,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Washington DC 1,157 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 100,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Los Angeles 1,154 1,000 - Honolulu 454 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -100,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Cleveland 346 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Boston 311 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Seattle 303 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Las Vegas 296 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 New York (JFK) 247 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 San Diego 231 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Orlando 231 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 4,848 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 17,658 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago56 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

United Airlines (continued)

 the top 15 routes are broadly of the same magnitude; the top 10 United routes involve flights to/from the west coast of the US

 the CO2 v Distance profile shows that United has its highest number of operations in the <500km range but this makes only a small contribution to the domestic footprint; the greatest contribution to the domestic footprint comes from the 3,000-5,000km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows United has a domestic CO2/PAX which is broadly of the same magnitude as American Airlines but somewhat larger than the other 3 airlines in the top 5.

Southwest Airlines

The Southwest Airlines carbon footprint profile shows:

 a carbon footprint that is distinctly different from the other top 5 airlines - the footprint is totally associated with domestic operations

 the airline operates only one aircraft type - the B737

 Chicago (consolidated airports – Southwest flies to Chicago Midway) and Las Vegas are the only airports on the Southwest network where the airline’s departures generate a footprint which is over 1,000kt of CO2; the airline operates out of a broad range of airports across the US

 four of the top 5 routes involves Chicago (Midway); the carbon footprints of the top 15 routes are broadly of the same magnitude

 the CO2 v Departures element shows a peak of operations and carbon footprint contribution in the 500-1,000km range; about 75% of the footprint comes from flights of less than 2,000km; Southwest has a relatively small number of operations in the <500km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows Southwest has an average distance per domestic trip which is broadly similar to that of Delta, United and American but has a domestic CO2/PAX which is lower than the other airlines.

American Airlines

The American Airlines carbon footprint profile shows:

 about 60% of the airlines operations carbon footprint comes from domestic flights

 the airline operates aircraft from 8 aircraft families – the MD80, B737 and the B757 make the major contribution to the domestic carbon footprint (about 75% of the footprint); B767 make a meaningful contribution to the domestic footprint (about 10% of the footprint); regional aircraft make a contribution of about 15%

 Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) dominates as the airline’s operating base – the airline’s domestic footprint associated with DFW is approximately twice that of the next three airports combined; operations from the top 4 airports make up just over 50% of the airline’s domestic carbon footprint

 about half of the top 15 routes involve flights to/from DFW

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Southwest Airlines 15,557 0 15,557

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 Domestic 90% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 128 80% Distance/trip (km) 1,087 70% 60% International 50% Domestic CO2/PAX (kg) 40% Distance/trip (km) 30% Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 128 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,087 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Chicago 1,242 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Las Vegas 1,145 5,000 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Denver 965 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 4,000 400,000 Phoenix 920 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Baltimore 854 3,000 300,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Houston 615 2,000 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Orlando 540 1,000 100,000 Los Angeles 509 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Oakland 418 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 - Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 - San Diego 412 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 St. Louis 407 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Tampa 382 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Dallas Love Field 378 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Nashville 366 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Kansas City 300 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 6,103 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 15,557 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago58 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) American Airlines 14,946 9,569 24,516

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Domestic 90% MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 165 80% International B737 B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,219 70% B767 60% B757 International RJ140 50% CRJ CO2/PAX (kg) 369 40% ATR Distance/trip (km) 2,689 30% Domestic Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 210 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,460 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Dallas-Fort Worth 3,633 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Chicago 1,604 5,000 300,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Miami 1,268 250,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 4,000 Los Angeles 1,261 Route CO2 (kt) 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 3,000 New York (JFK) 626 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 150,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 New York (La Guardia) 441 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 2,000 100,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 50,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 San Francisco 382 1,000 Washington DC 319 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Boston 286 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Las Vegas 228 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Orlando 191 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance St. Louis 170 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Honolulu 166 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 San Juan (US) 164 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Seattle 163 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 4,043 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 14,946 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago59 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

American Airlines (continued)

 the CO2 v Distance element is similar to that for United and US Airways with a relatively high number of operations, but low carbon contribution, in the <500km range; the greatest contribution to the domestic footprint is from flights in the 1,500-2,000km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows a domestic CO2/PAX which is higher than the other airlines in the top 5.

US Airways

The US Airways carbon footprint profile shows:

 the airline is predominantly a domestic operator – about 80% of its operations carbon footprint arises from domestic operations

 the domestic footprint is dominated by the A320 (about 55% of the domestic footprint); regional jets make an important contribution to the footprint;

 the origin airport hierarchy shows three key origin airports make up about 45% of the airline’s domestic footprint

 about half of the top 15 routes involve flights to/from Charlotte

 the CO2 v Distance element shows a relatively high number of operations, coupled with a relatively high carbon contribution, in the <500km range; the 500-1,000km range makes the greatest contribution to the domestic carbon footprint; there is also a peak in the carbon footprint in the 3,000-5,000km range

 the ‘Other Indicators’ box shows a domestic CO2/PAX which is lower than the other top 5 airlines and indicates a focus on shorter domestic routes.

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) US Airways 9,291 2,751 12,042

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Domestic 90% International A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 119 80% CRJ A330 Distance/trip (km) 877 70% Embraer 170/190 60% B737 International B757 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 336 40% Domestic Dash 8 Distance/trip (km) 2,436 30% RJ140 Saab 340 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 139 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 980 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Charlotte 1,754 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Phoenix 1,365 3,000 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Philadelphia 1,179 2,500 400,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 Washington DC 525 2,000 Route CO2 (kt) 300,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Boston 216 1,500 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 200,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 New York (La Guardia) 166 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 100,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Los Angeles 148 500 - Las Vegas 147 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -100,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 San Francisco 144 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Orlando 141 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Dallas-Fort Worth 119 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Chicago 115 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Fort Lauderdale 110 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Tampa 109 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Pittsburgh 106 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 2,945 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 9,291 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago61 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Monetising Carbon

5.1 Introduction

To this point in the document the focus has been on computing and reporting the quantum of CO2 that is generated by aircraft engaged in scheduled domestic passenger operations. This chapter converts the earlier carbon footprint information into monetary terms.

The text in the following paragraphs essentially repeats that in Chapter 7 in the international book in the trilogy since the fundamental principles apply equally to both domestic and international aviation. The monetary information shown has been restricted solely to domestic carbon footprints.

While the focus of international debate has been on the implementation of market based measures (MBM) for international aviation, MBMs have been applied to aviation at the regional or domestic level in recent years in a number of places (eg Europe, Australia and New Zealand).

The basic building block for examination of any potential MBM is knowledge of the quantum of CO2, and the equivalent monetary value, associated with the options being considered. For example, when considering the introduction of a partial MBM the policy developer will need to know, say, the carbon costs associated with particular regions or with one or a small number of routes. What will be the costs for the industry? What will be the costs for the travellers? An understanding of potential carbon revenues from the individual subsectors of aviation is likewise essential if decision makers are to be aware of the magnitude of funds that could be available for climate change expenditure.

The issue of introducing market based measures is clearly complex and will be a matter of ongoing debate. In keeping with the thrust of this document, this chapter is not intended to present arguments either for or against the introduction of these measures but is rather aimed at providing information that will assist the debate.

In broad terms this chapter has been structured in a way that takes selected figures from earlier in the document and simply converts CO2 values to $ values. A carbon price of $20/tonne has been used for the computations as this is a value that is commonly used when considering generic carbon price scenarios. It is recognised that this price significantly exceeds the carbon price in Europe (at time of writing just over $5/tonne) but it is less than the carbon price in Australia of $24.15/tonne which is currently being paid by domestic aviation operators. If desired the reader can readily factor an alternative carbon price into the computations by simple multiplication.

The $ values shown in this chapter show the costs/revenues if some form of carbon charge were imposed on all the CO2 emitted by all aircraft captured under an MBM regime. This situation currently applies in Australia for all domestic aviation under the Australian Government’s carbon pricing regime. However, under other MBM regimes, either mooted or in place, measures such as grandfathered allocations or carbon neutral growth (based on a particular year) result in the carbon charge only being imposed on a portion of the total CO2 emissions.

In order to present a balanced picture, carbon values are shown both in terms of total revenue/costs and per person costs. Quoting total carbon costs typically gives an impression of large financial imposts or revenues while reporting carbon costs on a per passenger basis often suggests relatively small impacts. While this chapter highlights particular aspects of the carbon footprint, any CO2 value in the report can of course be converted into $ terms through simple multiplication. 62

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

5.2 Countries – Monetised Domestic Footprint

Figure 5.1 converts the CO2 values in Figure 2.3 into CO2 monetary values. It shows the total monetary value CO2 Value Country Cost/PAX of the CO2 generated by domestic operations within ($x106) ($) the top 30 countries ranked by domestic footprint. It also shows the carbon costs per passenger. United States 1,939 2.9 China 736 2.4 It can be seen that if a carbon charge of $20/tonne Japan 211 2.0 had been in place for all global scheduled domestic Brazil 196 2.0 passenger aircraft departures in 2012 Russia 150 3.8 approximately $4.5 billion would have been raised. Australia 141 2.4 On average this would have equated to a carbon India 125 2.0 charge of around $2.30 per passenger. Not surprisingly the higher costs per passenger are Indonesia 113 2.0 associated with countries with large land areas and Canada 110 2.3 major economic centres which are relatively widely Mexico 68 2.2 spaced. In 2012 Russia would have had the highest Spain 55 1.5 average cost/passenger ($3.80) and South Korea Italy 51 1.7 the lowest ($1.20). Turkey 40 1.5 France 39 1.6 Germany 36 1.4 Saudi Arabia 34 2.1 Philippines 34 1.7 South Africa 31 2.2 Malaysia 30 1.6 United Kingdom 30 1.3 Thailand 29 1.7 Colombia 26 1.4 South Korea 25 1.2 Norway 25 1.4 Vietnam 23 1.9 Chile 20 2.4 Argentina 20 2.4 Iran 18 2.2 New Zealand 15 1.5 Peru 14 2.1 Other Countries 131 1.4 Total 4,514 2.3

Figure 5.1: Monetised CO2 by country

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

5.3 Airports – Monetised Domestic Footprint

One option that is not frequently canvassed is to introduce climate change action at the airport level. Nevertheless, knowledge of the airport carbon costs and/or revenues enables informed thinking about options.

Figure 5.2, which monetises the carbon CO2 footprint associated with the top 30 airports CO2 Value Airport Cost/PAX shown in Figure 3.1, shows the revenue that ($x106) ($) would have been generated if a carbon charge of $20/tonne had been imposed by Atlanta (ATL) 108 2.7 airports on departing domestic passengers in Los Angeles (LAX) 100 4.2 2012. Beijing (PEK) 86 2.7 Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 85 3.2 Consistent with Figure 5.1, the average cost Chicago (ORD) 83 2.9 per passenger would have been $2.30. The Denver (DEN) 74 3.0 magnitude of the average cost per passenger San Francisco (SFO) 73 4.2 is primarily related to the geographic Tokyo (Haneda) 71 2.1 location of the airport and its distance from Phoenix (PHX) 59 3.2 its major city pairs. Honolulu is the airport Las Vegas (LAS) 58 3.3 with the highest average cost/passenger ($5); a number of the airports have an New York (JFK) 55 4.2 average cost/passenger just over $2. Guangzhou (CAN) 50 2.5 Seattle (SEA) 50 3.6 In 2012 two airports would have generated Houston (IAH) 49 2.9 an income of over $100 million and a further Newark (EWR) 45 3.3 11 would have generated an income of Orlando (MCO) 44 3.0 between $50 and $100 from domestic Minneapolis (MSP) 43 2.9 operations if a carbon charge of $20/tonne Charlotte (CLT) 40 2.1 had been in place. Boston (BOS) 39 3.1

Shanghai (SHA) 39 2.4 Jakarta (CGK) 38 2.1 New York (La Guardia) 37 2.6 Philadelphia (PHL) 37 2.8 Detroit (DTW) 36 2.6 Chengdu (CTU) 36 2.6 Zhenzhen (SZX) 36 2.6 Honolulu (HNL) 32 5.0 Miami (MIA) 31 3.3 Shanghai (PVG) 31 2.6 Fort Lauderdale (FLL) 30 3.2 Other Airports 2,918 2.1 Total 4,514 2.3

Figure 5.2: Monetised CO2 by airport

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

5.4 Routes – Monetised Domestic Footprint

Figure 5.3 converts Figure 2.6 (top 30 routes) into monetary terms. It can be seen that in 2012 more than 20 global domestic routes would each have generated in excess of $10 million dollars if a route based carbon charge of $20/tonne had been in place. The greatest cost/passenger would have been $7.10 (Los Angeles-Honolulu) and the lowest $1.30 (Keku-Seoul and Rio de Janeiro – San Paulo).

Further domestic route monetary values can easily be derived from the alphabetic listing of the footprints of the world’s top 1,000 domestic routes which is shown in ProfileF5 in Part II.

CO2 Value CO2 Cost/PAX Route ($x106) ($) New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 27 6.3 Sapporo/Chitose-Tokyo (Haneda) 23 2.4 Beijing-Shanghai 20 2.7 Fukuoka-Tokyo (Haneda) 19 2.6 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 19 6.7 Tokyo (Haneda)-Okinawa 17 3.6 Beijing-Guangzhou 16 4.1 Melbourne-Sydney 15 1.8 Los Angeles-Chicago 14 4.9 Los Angeles-Honolulu 13 7.1 Keku-Seoul 13 1.3 Vancouver-Toronto 13 5.7 Cape Town-Johannesburg 13 2.7 Chicago-San Francisco 13 5.1 Beijing-Zhenzhen 13 3.9 Mumbai-Delhi 12 2.3 Perth-Sydney 11 6.4 Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City 11 2.9 Beijing-Chengdu 11 3.0 Jeddah-Riyadh 11 2.5 Melbourne-Perth 11 5.1 Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo 10 1.3 Zhenzhen-Shanghai 10 2.4 Guangzhou-Shanghai 9 2.5 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 9 2.7 Jakarta-Medan 9 2.8 Washington DC-Los Angeles 9 6.3 Atlanta-Los Angeles 9 5.6 Washington DC-San Francisco 9 6.1 Itami-Tokyo (Haneda) 9 1.7 Other Routes 4,117 2.3 Total 4,514 2.3

Figure 5.3: Monetised CO2 by route

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

5.5 Airlines – Monetised Domestic Footprint

Current MBMs which capture aviation do so through, in one way or another, imposing the liability on the airlines. Ultimately this carbon charge is passed on to the airlines’ customers.

Figure 5.4 shows the revenue to the airlines (or CO2 CO2 Value conversely the cost to the airlines) that would Airline Cost/PAX ($x106) have resulted if airlines had imposed a ($) $20/tonne CO2 charge in 2012 on domestic Delta Air Lines 393 2.7 operations (say to recoup a government United Airlines 353 3.1 imposed tax). The figure, which monetises Southwest Airlines 311 2.6 Figure 4.1, also shows the average American Airlines 299 3.3 cost/passenger that would have been incurred US Airways 186 2.4 by passengers of the separate airlines. China Southern Airlines 163 2.5 American Airlines and JetBlue Airways would China Eastern Airlines 123 2.3 have had the highest per passenger carbon Air China 111 2.7 charge ($3.30); a number of airlines would had All Nippon Airways 106 2.0 a carbon cost of around $2.00 per passenger. JetBlue Airways 79 3.3 Nine airlines would have generated carbon TAM Airlines 74 2.3 revenues exceeding $100 million in 2012 if a Alaska Airlines 72 3.1 $20/tonne CO2 charge had been in place. VRG Linhas Aereas 68 1.9 Qantas Airways 66 2.6 Japan Airlines 62 2.0

AirTran Airways 58 3.0 Air Canada 58 2.7 Hainan Airlines 53 2.6 Shenzhen Airlines 48 2.5 Xiamen Airlines 45 2.4 Lion Air 42 1.9 Virgin Australia 41 2.4 Continental Airlines 40 3.0 WestJet 38 2.6 Sichuan Airlines 35 2.5 LAN Airlines 34 2.1 Frontier Airlines 32 3.0 Air France 32 1.7 Saudi Arabian Airlines 32 2.1 Indigo Airlines 30 2.2 Other Airlines 1,427 1.9 Total 4,514 2.3

Figure 5.4: Monetised CO2 by airline

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Computation and Validation

6.1 Background

This chapter gives an overview of the methodology and tools used to generate the information contained in this report. In particular, it is directed at providing an indication of the robustness of the computed CO2 values.

One of the key aims of the author in preparing the first book in the trilogy - The Carbon Footprint of Aircraft Operations in Australia – 201123 in 2012 was to test a methodology for carrying out simplified approaches to computing and reporting the carbon footprint of aircraft operations. The outcome of that book led to the same carbon counting methodology being adopted in the second book in the trilogy – Aviation Carbon Footprint: Global Scheduled International Passenger Flights – 2012. Both of these books contain a chapter which discusses the validation of the carbon footprinting methodology used to develop the information in the books. The carbon footprinting approach used in this current document is also based on the methodology used in the first two books. In order to facilitate cross referencing, as far as possible the layout and wording in this chapter is identical or similar to the wording in the validation chapters in the earlier books. The reader is encouraged to look at the validation work in the earlier books (Chapter 6 in the first book and Chapter 8 in the second book) in conjunction with the material contained in this chapter.

All the information in this report has been generated using a standard home computer; publicly available data sets; and the application of free and/or reasonably priced commercially available non-expert software.

The carbon footprinting of aviation is very much aided by the fact that there is a great deal of publicly available data about aircraft operations. However, when examining the carbon footprint at the global level there are many gaps in the data and care needs to be taken in interpreting the applicability of the CO2 data. The data in this book only relates to a subset of the total global domestic aviation carbon footprint, namely scheduled domestic passenger flights in 2012. Section 6.4 contains discussion about the other contributors to the global domestic footprint and provides estimates of the magnitude of the current data gaps.

6.2 Computation and Reporting

Input Data All the information in the report has been derived from an operations dataset for global scheduled passenger aircraft operations for the year 2012. This dataset was purchased from Innovata, a US based company that specialises in ‘…the aggregation, management and distribution of…travel data’.24 The dataset file size is approximately 5MB and was provided as a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet containing 148,734 rows and 6 columns – an extract from the file is shown in Figure 6.1.

23 The carbon footprint of aircraft operations in Australia – 2011, D Southgate, 2012: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/02/01/aviation-carbon-footprint-reporting/ 24 Innovata: http://www.innovata-llc.com/

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Origin Destination Equipment SubEquipment Airline TotalFlts AAA MKP ATR ATR VT 27 AAA PPT ATR ATR VT 10 AAE ALG 737 736 AH 382 AAE ALG 737 738 AH 79 AAE ALG ATR ATR AH 595 AAE CDG 32S 319 ZI 104 AAE LYS 737 738 AH 116 AAE MRS 32S 319 ZI 156 AAE MRS 737 738 AH 181 AAE ORN ATR ATR AH 64 AAE ORY 32S 319 ZI 55 AAE ORY 32S 320 ZI 8 AAE ORY 737 738 AH 169 AAE TOJ SWM SWM YO 25 AAL AAR FRJ FRJ BA 42 AAL AGP 737 73H DY! 53 AAL AGP 737 73W QI 16 AALFigureAMS 6.1: Extract F70from the InnovataF70 KL dataset939 AAL AYT 737 73W QI 9 In order to compute carbonAAL usingBCN a great circle 32Smethodology320, latitude/longitudeVY 69 information is AAL BER 737 73H DY! 12 required for each airport. AALThis informationBLL was32S primarily obtained319 TK from a73 global airports dataset purchased from World AirportAAL Database.BLL 25 Translations737 from738 IATATK to ICAO2 airport codes were also carried out using this database.AAL CHQ 737 73W QI 9 AAL CPH 32S 319 SK 180 AAL CPH 32S 321 SK 193 Carbon Counting AAL CPH 737 733 DY! 18 AAL CPH 737 73H DY! 1717 The derivation of CO2 informationAAL CPH from the Innovata737 aircraft73W operationsQI dataset25 was carried out using TNIP Carbon CounterAAL – a greatCPH circle carbonATR counting AT4applicationQI developed2 by the Australian Government Department of Infrastructure and Transport.26 This software is available for free download from the Department’s website.

TNIP Carbon Counter contains all the information that is required to compute the weight of CO2 generated by a flight between any city-pair. The program automatically computes the great circle distance between two airports based on an airport dataset which contains the geographic coordinates of the aerodrome reference points (ARPs) and applies this to fuel burn algorithms for different aircraft types to derive the amount of fuel used, and CO2 generated, for each flight. The fuel burn algorithms are the same as those contained in the ICAO Carbon Calculator.27 TNIP Carbon Counter also applies the great circle distance adjustment factors that are used in the ICAO Carbon Calculator – these add an increment to the great circle distance designed to reflect the actual distance flown.

TNIP Carbon Counter can directly read in files with the format shown in Figure 6.1 and generate, amongst other things, an output table containing information on a wide range of user selected variables for each operation in the dataset (eg CO2, distance, origin/destination airport, operator, destination State/Country, passenger numbers, etc).

After running TNIP Carbon Counter the output was exported to Microsoft Excel to set up a number of master worksheets. An example of an extract from one of the master worksheets is shown in Figure 6.2.

25 World Airports database: http://www.world-airport-database.co 26 TNIP Carbon Counter: http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/environmental/transparent_noise/tnip_CC.aspx 27 ICAO Carbon Calculator: http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

[The figure has been included in this format for completeness – it is recognised that it is barely legible in a printed copy of the report but it can be readily magnified and read when the report is in its electronic form.]

Airline Name Airline Country Origin Country Origin Country Pop Dest Country Origin A/P A/C Type City Pair City Pair - Apt Names Int/Dom Tot Movements Tot Fuel (kg) Tot Carbon (kg) Tot Carbon (kt) Tot Distance (km) Tot PAX (100% LF) Load Factor (%) Adjusted PAX Distance/trip (km) RPK CO2/PAX (kg) Distance Range (km) Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Palu 732 WAML-WAAA Palu-Ujung Pandang Domestic 364 1006373 3177116 3.177116 168532 37856 80 30284.8 463 14021862.4 104.9079406 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Sampit 100 WAOS-WARR Sampit-Surabaya Domestic 208 485965 1534189 1.534189 99387 20800 80 16640 477.8221154 7950960 92.19885817 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Sampit 100 WAOS-WIII Sampit-Jakarta Domestic 208 672464 2122967 2.122967 163332 20800 80 16640 785.25 13066560 127.5821514 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Sorong 100 WASS-WAAA Sorong-Ujung Pandang Domestic 156 707566 2233784 2.233784 212639 15600 80 12480 1363.070513 17011120 178.9891026 1,000-1,500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Sorong 100 WASS-WASR Sorong-Manokwari Domestic 156 308933 975301 0.975301 50848 15600 80 12480 325.9487179 4067840 78.14911859 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Sorong 732 WASS-WAAA Sorong-Ujung Pandang Domestic 364 1907138 6020833 6.020833 496157 37856 80 30284.8 1363.068681 41280262.4 198.8070913 1,000-1,500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 100 WARR-WAAA Surabaya-Ujung Pandang Domestic 156 506339 1598509 1.598509 123365 15600 80 12480 790.8012821 9869200 128.0856571 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 100 WARR-WAOS Surabaya-Sampit Domestic 208 485965 1534189 1.534189 99387 20800 80 16640 477.8221154 7950960 92.19885817 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 733 WARR-WAAA Surabaya-Ujung Pandang Domestic 728 2761486 8718018 8.718018 575702 94640 80 75712 790.7994505 59873008 115.1471101 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 733 WARR-WADD Surabaya-Denpasar Domestic 364 855025 2699315 2.699315 110558 47320 80 37856 303.7307692 11498032 71.30481298 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 733 WARR-WIIB Surabaya-Bandung Domestic 364 1194386 3770683 3.770683 209653 47320 80 37856 575.9697802 21803912 99.60595414 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 733 WARR-WIII Surabaya-Jakarta Domestic 364 1292313 4079832 4.079832 251451 47320 80 37856 690.7994505 26150904 107.7724007 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 734 WARR-WADA Surabaya-Mataram Domestic 364 842554 2659948 2.659948 140893 53872 80 43097.6 387.0686813 16681731.2 61.71916766 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Surabaya 734 WARR-WADD Surabaya-Denpasar Domestic 364 767545 2423137 2.423137 110558 53872 80 43097.6 303.7307692 13090067.2 56.22440693 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Malaysia Surabaya 734 WARR-WMKK Surabaya-Kuala Lumpur International 364 2222693 7017039 7.017039 606042 53872 78 42020.16 1664.950549 69961488.48 166.9922009 1,500-2,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Tambolaka 100 WADT-WADD Tambolaka-Denpasar Domestic 209 472906 1492962 1.492962 93283 20900 80 16720 446.3301435 7462640 89.29198565 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Tambolaka 100 WADT-WATC Tambolaka-Maumere Domestic 156 316117 997982 0.997982 54026 15600 80 12480 346.3205128 4322080 79.96650641 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Ternate 733 WAMT-WAAA Ternate-Ujung Pandang Domestic 364 1650583 5210897 5.210897 395712 47320 80 37856 1087.120879 41154048 137.6504913 1,000-1,500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Timika 733 WABP-WAAA Timika-Ujung Pandang Domestic 364 2442495 7710958 7.710958 699069 47320 80 37856 1920.519231 72703176 203.6918322 1,500-2,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Timika 734 WABP-WAJJ Timika-Djayapura Domestic 364 909334 2870773 2.870773 166508 53872 80 43097.6 457.4395604 19714547.2 66.61097138 <500 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Ujung Pandang 100 WAAA-WAMW Ujung Pandang-Luwuk Domestic 156 429986 1357465 1.357465 89274 15600 80 12480 572.2692308 7141920 108.771234 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Ujung Pandang 100 WAAA-WARR Ujung Pandang-Surabaya Domestic 156 506339 1598509 1.598509 123365 15600 80 12480 790.8012821 9869200 128.0856571 500-1,000 Merpati Nusantara Airlines Indonesia Indonesia 244769110 Indonesia Ujung Pandang 100 WAAA-WASS Ujung Pandang-Sorong Domestic 156 707566 2233784 2.233784 212639 15600 80 12480 1363.070513 17011120 178.9891026 1,000-1,500

Figure 6.2: Extract from an example master Excel worksheet Data Interrogation

Almost all the data interrogation, the ‘slicing and dicing’, carried out to produce the tables/figures in the report was performed by applying Microsoft Excel pivot tables, and linked slicers, to the data in master worksheets like that shown in Figure 6.2.

Generation of Graphics

The graphics were predominantly produced using the standard chart functions contained in Microsoft Excel. The main quantity flow diagrams (eg Figure 2.8) were produced using a flow diagram software tool – e!Sankey.28 The figures containing geographic coordinate information (eg Figure 3.3) were produced using a GIS application – Maptitude.29

Important Notes

A number of assumptions and/or allocation decisions were made in the generation of the information:

 When carbon counting, the default settings in TNIP Carbon Counter were used – for each operation in the Innovata dataset, for a given aircraft type, the CO2 generated was computed using the default fuel burn profile and aircraft type substitution. Metrics involving ‘per passenger’ computations were based on the TNIP default seat configurations. By default TNIP Carbon Counter uses a factor of 3.157 to convert weight of jet fuel to weight of CO2; the specific gravity of jet fuel is taken to be 0.8.

 Operations and the associated CO2 were allocated to either ‘domestic’ or ‘international’ on the basis of the UNFCCC definition: a flight that takes off and lands in the same country is ‘domestic’; a flight that takes off in one country and lands in another country is ‘international’.

 A load factor of 80% was used for all domestic flights in the database and a load factor of 78% was used for all international flights – these were IATA published worldwide average load factors for global aviation for 2011.30

 IATA uses dynamic codes for airline operators – that is, if an airline operator code is no longer used it is allocated to another operator. Airline companies frequently go out of business and/or are acquired by other airlines and new entrants emerge. The non unique

28 e sankey: www.e-sankey.com/ 29 Maptitude: http://www.caliper.com/maptovu.htm 30 IATA, 2012 Annual Review, p12: http://www.iata.org/about/Documents/annual-review-2012.pdf

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

nature of the codes meant that in several instances the airline name in the standard databases was no longer correct. While the airline names published in this report were ‘cleaned up’ as far as possible, particularly for the major operators, it is highly likely that carbon footprint profiles in Part II contain incorrectly named minor airlines.

 The naming of airports also presented challenges. In many instances an airport is known by a local name (eg Heathrow) rather than the city (or cities) in which it is located. In general throughout the report, both for ease of presentation and to provide a ‘transport’ rather than ‘airport’ perspective of carbon footprints, the airports have been named with city, rather than local, airport names. This has the effect of grouping airports for those cities which have more than one airport. Given the use of hierarchies to filter out smaller airports used in this document, this grouping is useful as it can help cities with significant aviation traffic from ‘falling under the radar’ as the result of the splitting of traffic levels into small parts. The grouping of airports has been applied to all cities except London, New York, Paris and Tokyo where separate airports have been reported using IATA airport codes (placed in parentheses following the city name) or a local name in the case of Newark. In many cases the secondary airports have small carbon footprints, but there are cities where the airports have been grouped and there is more than one significant airport (eg Moscow, Chicago). There are issues about deciding whether an airport is, or is not associated, with a particular city and there are inconsistencies in the report in this area.

By way of contrast, in Chapter 4, which is focused on airports, each individual airport is identified by its IATA code (in parenthases following the city name).

6.3 Validation

Overview

There are a number of published sources of information which can be used to assess the robustness of the CO2 computations contained in this report. At the aggregated level the International Energy Agency (IEA) publishes information on jet fuel use by country and the UNFCCC reports domestic aviation in the greenhouse gas (GHG) reports for Annex 1 countries. A number of governments report energy use by their aviation sector as part of either aviation statistics, or energy/climate change, reporting regimes. Several major international airlines report fuel/CO2 data as part of their annual corporate or sustainability reporting. The ICAO carbon calculator, and other similar on-line tools provided by airlines, can be used to compute CO2 emissions on an individual flight basis.

Unfortunately there are anomalies between what, on the face of it, are authoritative validation points and hence there remain uncertainties in aviation carbon footprinting. Ultimately the ‘real’ data on the carbon footprint of aircraft operations at a disaggregated level (ie the flight by flight fuel use data), is owned by the airlines and given its commercial sensitivity it is unlikely to be made available for public scrutiny.

The validity of input into derived metrics such as CO2/PAX can be examined by using data on passenger numbers published by national transport statistics agencies.

A key area of uncertainty is that generated by ‘data gaps’. Ideally it would be desirable to present a complete picture of the carbon footprint of all global aircraft operations but much important data is not readily available to members of the public (see Section 6.4). This report solely computes the carbon footprint of scheduled domestic passenger operations (and shows comparisons with scheduled international passenger operations) since aircraft operations data is only readily available for scheduled passenger traffic. To present a complete global carbon footprint picture of domestic

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

aviation data would need to be available on other sub-sectors contributing to the carbon footprint such as airfreight, non-scheduled aviation, business aviation, general aviation, etc.

Working with a database of scheduled, rather than actual, operations clearly will introduce errors. In practice scheduled services are cancelled; unscheduled services are introduced; new entrant airlines appear; existing airlines withdraw or are withdrawn. These are recognised weaknesses with the computational method adopted and could be an important source of error.

This section uses the known validation points to draw a picture of the likely robustness of the scheduled international passenger CO2 computations contained in this report.

Robustness of the Core Operations Dataset

All the computations in this report rely, in the first instance, on the accuracy and completeness of the operations database purchased from Innovata. This can be checked by cross comparing the data relating to the number of aircraft and passenger movements contained in, or derived from, the study database with independently reported aviation activity levels.

The Innovata dataset does not contain information on passenger numbers and this was derived by assigning values for both the number of seats in each different aircraft type and for the load factors. As indicated in Section 6.2, the TNIP Carbon Counter default values were used to assign the number of seats and a load factor of 80% was used for all domestic operations and a load factor of 78% was used for international operations. Applying these values to the dataset gave, for global scheduled passenger operations in 2012 (ie domestic + international), the following values:

Total revenue passenger-kilometres = 5,454 x 109 Total passengers carried = 3.12 x 109. In addition, the dataset contains 31.2 x106 departures Figure 6.3 shows ICAO’s published values for global passenger numbers, revenue passenger-kilometres and numbers of departures for 2012.31 It can be seen that the values computed from the Innovata dataset are in very close agreement with those reported by ICAO.

Figure 6.3: ICAO data on global aviation 2012

31 Traffic Statistics for Revenue Scheduled Services, ICAO, 2013: http://www.icao.int/sustainability/Pages/FactsFigures- Data.aspx

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

As a further check, cross comparing the published number of domestic passengers at the top 4 US airports32 with the number of passengers computed via TNIP Carbon Counter gives the values shown in Figure 6.4.

Computed Actual No % Airport No of PAX of PAX Difference (x103) (x103) Atlanta (ATL) 40,563 40,938 -0.9 Los Angeles (LAX) 23,946 23,020 3.9 Dallas-Fort Worth 26,706 25,103 6.0 Chicago (ORD) 28,913 27,008 6.6

Figure 6.4: Comparison between computed and actual domestic passenger numbers at the top 4 US airports ranked by domestic footprint The information in Figures 6.3 and 6.4 gives a good level of confidence in the overall completeness of the Innovata dataset and gives an indication of the robustness of the CO2/passenger data reported in this document. Validation at the Global and Country Level

Published fuel and CO2 data at the global level is almost always directed at presenting a complete picture of energy use (ie it is aimed at capturing all the jet fuel used for aircraft operations). This data is commonly sub-divided into domestic and international; jet fuel used for military purposes is typically identified separately. The most complete database giving country by country information on global aviation fuel use is published by the International Energy Agency (IEA).33 The UNFCCC also publishes similar data for Annex 1 countries – information on the carbon footprint of domestic aviation is provided by Annex 1 countries as part of their annual national reports.34 Figure 6.5 provides a country by country comparison between the published UNFCCC data for domestic aviation and the great circle computed footprint values – the country carbon footprint hierarchy (which includes non-Annex 1 countries) is shown in Figure 2.3. The data in the table relates solely to UNFCCC Annex 1 countries – note this data is for the latest year available 2011.

It can be seen from the figure that, as expected, the computed scheduled domestic passenger footprint values are, for most countries, lower than the reported total domestic aviation footprint. Putting aside uncertainties arising from the use of a great circle methodology, the differences are likely to be primarily due to unaccounted CO2 emissions associated with ‘data gaps’ such as dedicated freight, business, and general aviation and non-scheduled operations (see discussion in Section 6.4).

32 United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics: http://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?pn=1 33 IEA, Statistics and Balances: http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp 34 UNFCCC, Time series – Annex 1: http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/ghg_data_unfccc/time_series_annex_i/items/3814.php

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

While across the whole dataset the level of ‘undercounting’ is about 25% when the UNFCCC CO2 emissions are adjusted to a figure for 2012 (191,460 kt CO2 assuming a footprint growth of 3% per year), for some countries the difference is less than 10%. It may be surmised that in these countries the level of freight and/or other aviation activities not captured in the study dataset is lower than the average.

Another area of potential error is UNFCCC 2011 Computed % Country differences in approach in allocating CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) Difference emissions between the domestic and United States 132,581 96,956 27 international sectors. For example, cross Japan 8,997 10,533 -17 referencing between Figure 6.4 and Russia 9,461 7,500 21 Figure 8.5 in the previous book indicates Australia 7,006 7,044 -1 that for some countries while there is Canada 5,730 5,489 4 good agreement between the total (domestic + international) UNFCCC figure Spain 3,319 2,765 17 and the total computed footprint there Italy 2,278 2,547 -12 are significant variations in the Turkey 3,331 1,994 40 domestic/international splits (eg see the France 4,741 1,966 59 data for Japan). These differences can Germany 1,794 1,796 0 occur, for example, if one party follows United Kingdom 1,871 1,487 21 the UNFCCC approach and reports the Norway 1,195 1,231 -3 domestic leg of an international flight as New Zealand 972 751 23 ‘domestic’ (the approach adopted in this Sweden 517 577 -12 report) while another party adopts the Greece 333 358 -7 ICAO approach and reports the emissions Portugal 352 325 8 as ‘international’. This appears to be an Finland 241 205 15 issue with some of the published airline Ukraine 223 121 46 fuel data (see the discussion relating to Poland 71 87 -24 Figure 6.6) Denmark 200 86 57 The IEA data, which reports fuel use in Romania 282 44 84 many more countries than the UNFCCC Switzerland 132 44 67 (ie fuel use in both Annex 1 and Austria 48 41 15 non-Annex 1 countries) contains a Croatia 88 32 63 number of apparently anomalous values. Iceland 19 18 5 This may be related to the Bulgaria 62 18 71 abovementioned domestic/international Ireland 17 4 75 allocation issue or may relate to some Czech Republic 2 4 -123 countries reporting fuel use based on Netherlands 16 1 92 fuel uplifted while others report based on country of aircraft registration. In some Slovakia 6 1 80 countries the quantum of the reported Total 185,884 144,028 23 international aviation carbon footprint is likely to be significantly influenced by Figure 6.5: CO2 footprint comparison – computed v tankering. UNFCCC 2011 reported values

A good summary of both the IEA and UNFCCC datasets for 2008 can be found in a report published by the International Transport Forum.35

35 ITF, Transport Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2010: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/10GHGCountry.pdf

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

ICAO provides figures on the size of the global carbon footprint for aviation in its 2010 Environmental Report.36 The ICAO report (p32) indicates that in 2006 the global domestic aviation sector consumed 72 Mt of fuel. This is equivalent to the generation of 227 Mt of CO2. If this is adjusted to a 2012 value assuming 3% growth in emissions per year, 227 becomes 271 Mt of CO2 for the global footprint of domestic aircraft operations in 2012. This therefore gives a difference of about 15% between the ICAO figure for the carbon footprint of global domestic operations and the figure computed in this report of 226 Mt CO2 for the carbon footprint of global domestic scheduled passenger operations in 2012. Thus this comparison gives a somewhat smaller difference to that shown between the reported and computed footprints shown in the UNFCCC data in Figure 6.5.

The group coordinating the industry response to climate change – the Air Transport Action Group 37 (ATAG), states that “Worldwide, flights produced 676 million tonnes of CO2 in 2011”. If this is normalised to a 2012 figure by adding 3% growth this is equal to 696 Mt CO2. ATAG also indicates that international operations comprise 62% of the total aviation carbon footprint – therefore the ATAG figure gives a value of 696 x .38 = 264 Mt CO2 for the global domestic aviation carbon footprint in 2012. This figure is in good agreement with the ICAO figure.

The IEA reports that the global consumption of jet kerosene in 2009 was 227,804 kt.38 This equates to 719 Mt of CO2 for the total carbon footprint of aviation in 2009. If the ATAG figure of 62% for the proportion of the total footprint that applies to international aviation is used to convert this into the domestic aviation carbon footprint this equals 273 Mt of CO2 (which equals 298 Mt of CO2 in 2012 if there was growth of 3%/year between 2009 and 2012). Hence the IEA figure for the size of the global domestic operations carbon footprint in 2012 is about 10% higher than for the other two sources (although it does appear that the IEA data may capture some military jet fuel).

India has produced a useful aviation carbon footprint report for activities within its jurisdiction.39 This document reports that 6,755 kt of CO2 were emitted by scheduled domestic aviation passenger services in India in 2011. This gives a figure of 6,960 kt for 2012 for India assuming the standard footprint growth of 3%/year. This figure compares with a computed value of 6,267 kt of CO2 derived from the Innovata database (see Figure 2.3) – the computed value is about 10% lower than the carbon footprint figure reported by the Indian authorities.

The United States Government publishes comprehensive fuel use data for domestic aviation.40 The US statistics show a carbon footprint figure of 99,792 kt CO2 for scheduled domestic operations by aviation companies which have revenues exceeding $20 million/year. The computed figure for the United States domestic carbon footprint reported in Figure 2.3 is 96,956 kt of CO2. While this agreement is within 5% there are some issues. The official reported figure includes carbon contributions from major airfreight companies Federal Express (Fedex) and United Parcel Service (UPS) (and presumably other freight companies). If the contribution from the two major freight companies is removed in order to give a broad comparison between the footprints for passenger services the US official carbon footprint figure becomes 89,820 kt of CO2 (thus now giving an approximate 7% difference between the computed and actual footprints). Preliminary examination of this discrepancy suggests that it is likely to at least partially result from differences in the way the

36 ICAO, Environmental Report 2010: http://www.icao.int/environmental- protection/Documents/Publications/ENV_Report_2010.pdf 37 ATAG, Facts and Figures: http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 38 IEA, Oil in World 2009: http://www.iea.org/stats/oildata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=29 39 The Carbon Footprint of Indian Aviation 2011, Government of India: http://dgca.nic.in/env/Carbon%20Footprint%20Report%202011.pdf 40 United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics: http://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

carbon footprint is allocated between domestic and international services (see discussion associated with Figure 6.6).

Summary

In broad terms the estimates for the carbon footprint of global domestic aviation in 2012 (all figures adjusted to 2012 using an annual footprint growth figure of 3%) discussed in this section are:

ICAO 271 Mt CO2 (approx. 15% greater than the computed vale of 226 Mt)

ATAG 264 Mt CO2 (approx. 15% greater than the computed value of 226 Mt)

IEA 298 Mt CO2 (approx. 25% greater than the computed value of 226 Mt)

It is not possible to provide a UNFCCC global figure for the carbon footprint of domestic aviation as its published data only relates to Annex 1 countries. On average the year adjusted UNFCCC values for country CO2 are about 25% greater than the computed values reported in this document.

Having identified the differences between reported and computed fuel use the question then becomes to what extent are the differences due to the data gaps (see Section 6.4) as opposed to errors/inconsistencies in the computational methodology.

Validation at the Airline Level

Data published by the airlines (or reported by aviation authorities based on statutory energy/fuel use reports provided by airlines) would appear to provide a solid way to test the robustness of the computational methodology. The ‘true’ data, that is the fuel use data on a flight by flight basis, is owned by the airlines and is generally treated as the gold standard for validation purposes.

A number of sources are available for comparing the computed CO2 values with those reported by airlines. Figure 6.6 provides comparisons between the computed and reported carbon footprint values for the top 5 airlines (see Chapter 4). The data in the figure is derived from fuel use information for aircraft operations in 2012 published by the United States Government.41

Computed CO (kt) Reported CO (kt) % Difference Airline 2 2 Domestic International Total Domestic International Total Domestic International Total Delta Air Lines 19,651 12,527 32,178 14,631 14,595 29,227 34 -14 10 United Airlines 17,658 14,584 32,242 15,486 17,129 32,615 14 -15 -1 Southwest Airlines 15,557 0 15,557 16,812 76 16,888 -7 - -8 American Airlines 14,946 9,569 24,516 13,381 9,617 22,999 12 0 7 US Airways 9,291 2,751 12,042 7,834 2,656 10,491 19 4 15

Figure 6.6: CO2 footprint comparison – computed v reported values for the top 5 domestic airlines

Note: The reported CO2 figures include fuel used by dedicated freighters and non-scheduled operations.

41 Airline Fuel Cost and Consumption, United States Bureau of Transportation Statistics: http://www.transtats.bts.gov/fuel.asp

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

It can be seen from Figure 6.6 that while there is respectable agreement between the actual and computed footprints when considering the total footprints for the airlines, there are some large discrepancies between the values when the domestic and international figures are considered separately. It is interesting to note that for the four companies that operate both domestic and international scheduled services the computed value for ‘domestic’ is greater than the ‘real’ value. A likely explanation for this discrepancy is that the airlines are reporting fuel used for domestic legs of international flights (ie legs which have a take-off and landing in the US) as ‘international’ - this is the conventional ICAO aviation statistics reporting approach. On the other hand the computations in this document report the CO2 generated by a flight that takes off and lands in the same country as ‘domestic’ irrespective of its ICAO status (ie this report adopts the UNFCCC approach to carbon allocation).

The first book in the trilogy examined the accuracy of domestic flights operated by Qantas and Virgin in Australia.42 This showed a difference between computed and actual footprint for both airlines of close to 1% for 2011. The actual carbon footprint data for the airlines was sourced from the airlines’ carbon footprint reports to the Australian Government required under that Government’s carbon reporting legislation.43 Figure 6.7 shows the Qantas and Virgin computed and actual figures for 2011 and 2012 (the reported carbon footprints have been reduced by 2% to take account of airline energy use not directly associated with aircraft operations – this adjustment is discussed in the first book). It can be seen that the difference between computed and actual is less than 8% for all the entries.

2011 CO2 (kt) 2012 CO2 (kt) Airline % % Computed Actual Computed Actual Difference Difference Qantas 4,275 4,250 0.6 4,644 4,364 6.0 Virgin 1,858 1,850 0.4 2,072 1,920 7.3

Figure 6.7: CO2 footprint comparison – computed v reported values for Qantas and Virgin Australia Overall there is broad agreement between the computed and actual carbon footprints when assessed at the airline level (say in the range 5-10%). All things being equal, it would be expected that the actual airline carbon footprint would be larger than the computed footprint since the scheduled movements dataset which is used for the computations does not capture a range of additional operations which are undertaken by airlines such as ad hoc charters, maintenance, training, repositioning, etc

42 The carbon footprint of aircraft operations in Australia – 2011, D Southgate, 2012: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/02/01/aviation-carbon-footprint-reporting/ 43 Australian Government, Clean Energy Regulator, National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting: http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/National-Greenhouse-and-Energy-Reporting/published- information/greenhouse-and-energy-information/Pages/default.aspx

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Validation at the Route Level

Carbon footprinting comparisons can be made at the route level by reference to recognised city-pair carbon calculators. Figure 6.8 shows the comparison between the computed footprint and the results of the output of the ICAO carbon calculator44 for the top 10 global domestic routes (see Figure 2.6). It can be seen all the ICAO values are within 20% of the computed value.

The ICAO calculator has been used as it is the only recognised calculator that covers all the cited routes. It would be expected that the ICAO calculator will provide a carbon value less than the computed value since this calculator has a number of features which lower the reported carbon value compared to other calculation approaches. Firstly it provides the user with the option to select a class of travel – the values in the figure report economy class data – while other calculators apportion the total CO2 load equally across all passengers. The calculated CO2/PAX values in this report apportion the carbon across all passengers irrespective of travel class. This means that a lower footprint value would be expected to be reported by the ICAO calculator when reporting the economy class footprint. The CO2 allocation to passengers is further reduced in the ICAO carbon calculator by the application of a freight factor which ascribes a proportion of the fuel burned on each flight to the belly freight carbon footprint. The calculations in this report do not make a similar adjustment.

ICAO Carbon Computed % Route Calculator CO2/PAX (kg) Difference CO2/PAX (kg) New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 316 301 5 Sapporo/Chitose-Tokyo (Haneda) 118 99 16 Beijing-Shanghai 134 111 17 Fukuoka-Tokyo (Haneda) 131 104 20 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 334 329 2 Tokyo (Haneda)-Okinawa 181 150 17 Beijing-Guangzhou 205 166 19 Melbourne-Sydney 92 87 5 Los Angeles-Chicago 246 236 4 Los Angeles-Honolulu 357 337 6

Figure 6.8: CO2 footprint comparison – computed v ICAO carbon calculator values for the top 10 domestic routes

In addition, it is important to bear in mind that the values in the table are expressed in terms of CO2/PAX; the accuracy of these computations depends on assumptions about both aircraft seat configurations and load factors. In this study generic values have been used across all countries and airlines for these two variables – clearly an unrefined approach which is likely to provide a less than robust indication of the total footprint. Nevertheless, the numbers in Figure 6.8 are broadly consistent and do not suggest any gross errors in the computations.

44 ICAO Carbon Calculator: http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Profile F5 in Part II contains CO2 footprint information for the top 1,000 global domestic scheduled passenger routes. The reader can use this listing to make further comparisons between the computed CO2 values shown in this report and the output of published carbon calculators.

6.4 The Data Gaps

The validations shown in this chapter to this point suggest that the great circle computation is giving answers that are generally within the range 5-10% of the true answer. Nevertheless it is useful when examining the domestic aviation carbon footprint to understand what proportion of the footprint is generated by scheduled passenger services compared to the carbon contributions from other sub-sectors such as dedicated freight aircraft, non-scheduled passenger operations, business and general aviation.

The size of the total carbon footprint of global domestic aviation is not clear from published sources. The previously mentioned data produced by ICAO, ATAG and IEA suggests that the computed figure of 225,716 kt CO2 for scheduled domestic passenger services reported in this document is of the order of 15-20% below the actual total global domestic carbon footprint. However, there is some uncertainty about this value as there is no explicit description of what sub-sectors have been taken into account in the compilation of the ICAO/ATAG/IEA figures.

Robust data on the ‘other’ components (freight, business aviation, etc) is not readily accessible to members of the public and these sub-sectors constitute important ‘data gaps’ which weaken our picture of the total carbon footprint for domestic aviation (a similar situation to that for international aviation). In addition, the inclusion, or non-inclusion, of CO2 associated with military operations often confuses the picture since this is commonly not transparently shown and the way it is treated in aviation carbon accounting is frequently inconsistent.

Estimation of the Carbon Footprint Contribution by the ‘Other’ Categories

At the present time consolidated robust data on the carbon footprint of the ‘other’ categories is not available to the public. The following points contain some thoughts and suggest some very preliminary figures for the magnitude of the carbon footprint contribution made by the ‘other’ categories

Dedicated freight: As mentioned earlier, the fuel use data published by the United States government indicates that aircraft operated by the top 2 freight operators in the US make up about 10% of the US domestic footprint. It would be expected that operations by a range of other freight operators would increase this figure but probably not significantly and therefore 10% is probably not an unreasonable indicative number for the carbon contribution by dedicated domestic freighters in the United States. However, it is unlikely that this figure can simply be translated to global domestic services – an indicative figure of 5-10% for the freight contribution to the global domestic footprint would appear to be reasonable.

Non-scheduled: the United States data suggests 1-2% of the domestic footprint is being generated by non-scheduled operations by large companies. This is consistent with the ICAO reference in the second book in the trilogy which stated that non-scheduled passenger traffic ‘…is primarily devoted to international [emphasis added] passenger traffic…’.45 An estimate of a 1-2% contribution to the global domestic footprint by non-scheduled operations would appear to be reasonable.

45 ICAO, Outlook for Air Transport to the Year 2025, p10: http://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/C313_Outlook_En.pdf

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

Business Aviation: business aviation has released a carbon footprint statement which states ‘Business Aviation’s global CO2 emissions are very small, being approximately 2% of all aviation…’. If it is assumed that this contribution is predominantly domestic the 2% translates into about 3-4% of the domestic footprint46.

General Aviation: this category includes a wide range of activities - aerial work, training, helicopters, private flying, etc. These activities are typically intermittent and short range. The ‘CO2 v Distance’ analyses throughout this report indicate that short range aviation is not likely to make a great contribution to the total global domestic footprint – maybe 1-2%.

Summary

This somewhat superficial examination suggests that the ‘data gaps’ constitute about 10-15% of the total global domestic aviation carbon footprint. In the second book in the trilogy the equivalent ‘data gap’ for international operations was estimated as making up about 20% of the global footprint (see Figure 8.9 in that book). If these two estimates are combined, and a value of 5-10% is factored in to take account of uncertainty in the great circle computations, it would not be unreasonable to use an overall adjustment figure of 20% in order to arrive at the global total carbon footprint for aviation.

Combining the computed international and domestic footprints for scheduled passenger movements from books 2 and 3 in the trilogy and applying the assumed adjustment of 20% gives:

The total carbon footprint for global civil aviation in 2012 = 700Mt CO2

[Domestic footprint = 226 Mt CO2; International footprint = 359 Mt CO2. Total = (585 x 1.2) = 700 Mt CO2]

This is consistent with the IATA figure of 689 Mt CO2 for global air transport’s carbon footprint in 2012.47

46 Business Aviation Statement on Climate Change: http://www.ebaa.org/documents/document/20130124112836- bizav_and_climatechangea4_full_statement_(2)_(1).pdf 47 Fact Sheet: Climate Change, IATA, June 2013: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/fact_sheets/pages/environment.aspx

PART II

FOOTPRINT PROFILES

CONTENTS: Observations Introduction Countries Airports Airlines Money Validation Profiles Author

FOOTPRINT PROFILES

This Part of the document contains sets of carbon footprint profiles for the three areas covered in Chapters 3 to 5 – Countries, Airports, and Airlines. There are also carbon footprint listings for the top 1,000 airports and routes used by global scheduled domestic passenger flights in 2012.

Profile F1: Country carbon footprint profiles. Fifty sheets - descending CO2.

Profile F2: Airports carbon footprint profiles. Twenty sheets - descending CO2.

Profile F3: Airports carbon footprint listing. Top 1,000 domestic airports – country/alphabetic

Profile F4: Airlines carbon footprint profiles. Twenty sheets - descending CO2.

Profile F5: Route carbon footprint information. Top 1,000 domestic routes – country/alphabetic.

This Part of the report is purely a data resource and is aimed at extending the information which has been presented in Part I. The broad intent is to capture, as far as possible, information on the vast majority of the carbon footprint for global scheduled domestic passenger flights. The emphasis has been placed on presenting information at the country level since this is the level at which negotiations are carried out within the United Nations. The country footprint profiles contained in Profile F1 capture more than 90% of the total global footprint.

The carbon footprint profile concept is introduced in Section 2.1 and is used throughout the report. The profiles present a dashboard style picture of different aspects of the carbon footprint for the entity being examined (eg a specific country) using a number of different elements. Each element is independent and has a total footprint which equals the total footprint for the entity under consideration. Similarly, it is important to appreciate that each of the profiles presents a picture of the same data but from a different perspective. For example, the airport profiles are independent of the airline profiles; adding data between the two profile types will lead to double counting. The total footprint for any of the high level categories (eg airports, airlines) is equal to 225,716 kt of CO2 for domestic and 358,538 kt of CO2 for international operations.

The ordering of the information in the carbon footprint profiles in this Part of the report is based on total footprint (ie domestic + international) and hence is different to that shown in the second book in the trilogy. There are also minor differences in the quantum of the international footprints between this and the earlier book as the computations for this document are based on an updated operations database.

The level of disaggregation that is contained in the information in this Part inevitably leads to the generation of footprint components that are small. While these are likely to contain high relative errors (given the computation methodology) the absolute errors may not be significant. Due to the assumptions required, the ‘CO2/PAX’ values have a greater level of uncertainty than the ‘CO2’ values.

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Profile F1

Country Footprint Profiles

Profile F1 contains carbon footprint profiles Domestic International Country Total CO2 (kt) for the 50 countries listed in the Figure to the CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) right. The countries are ranked based on the United States 96,956 47,871 144,827 quantum of the total carbon footprint China 36,806 13,899 50,706 United Kingdom 1,487 24,654 26,142 (ie domestic + international) for scheduled Japan 10,533 13,956 24,489 passenger flights in 2012. Germany 1,796 18,729 20,524 Australia 7,044 9,489 16,534 The Innovata database contains entries for France 1,966 13,771 15,737 Brazil 9,796 5,929 15,725 219 countries. A number of these are United Arab Emirates 7 14,558 14,565 external territories of larger countries and are Canada 5,489 8,378 13,867 not normally identified as separate countries. India 6,267 7,190 13,456 Spain 2,765 10,592 13,357 Russia 7,500 5,752 13,251 Hong Kong 10,386 10,386 Italy 2,547 7,460 10,007 Singapore 9,819 9,819 Thailand 1,464 8,207 9,671 South Korea 1,247 8,305 9,552 Indonesia 5,637 3,064 8,701 Netherlands 1 7,547 7,549 Mexico 3,404 3,936 7,340 Turkey 1,994 5,061 7,055 Malaysia 1,511 4,508 6,019 Saudi Arabia 1,725 3,857 5,582 South Africa 1,551 3,611 5,162 Taiwan 169 4,341 4,510 Switzerland 44 4,387 4,431 Philippines 1,684 2,652 4,335 Qatar 3,900 3,900 Argentina 983 2,480 3,463 New Zealand 751 2,200 2,951 Vietnam 1,156 1,714 2,871 Portugal 325 2,494 2,820 Colombia 1,295 1,269 2,564 Norway 1,231 1,269 2,500 Belgium 0 2,471 2,471 Egypt 160 2,310 2,469 Chile 997 1,375 2,372 Sweden 577 1,535 2,112 Peru 680 1,408 2,088 Israel 39 1,952 1,991 Denmark 86 1,893 1,979 Austria 41 1,845 1,886 Pakistan 517 1,282 1,799 Greece 358 1,393 1,751 Finland 205 1,402 1,607 Iran 900 700 1,600 Ireland 4 1,583 1,588 Nigeria 518 1,050 1,567 Morocco 46 1,320 1,366 Other Countries 3,455 37,785 41,239 Total 225,716 358,538 584,254

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) United States 96,956 47,871 144,827

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) China 36,806 13,899 50,706

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) United Kingdom 1,487 24,654 26,142

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 CO2/capita (kg) 24 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 67 80% B747 2 A320 Distance/trip (km) 357 70% B737 International 60% B767 International A330 CO2/capita (kg) 393 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 311 40% A380 Distance/trip (km) 2,069 30% B757 Dash 8 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 416 10% CO /PAX (kg) 258 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,456

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) London (Heathrow) 193 British Airways 441 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Edinburgh 173 Easyjet 423 8,000 300,000 Belfast 169 Flybe 372 7,000 250,000 Glasgow 142 BMI Regional 80 6,000 200,000 London (Gatwick) 142 5,000 BmiBaby 32 150,000 Aberdeen (UK) 82 Eastern Airways 31 4,000 100,000 Manchester (UK) 79 Aer Lingus 23 3,000 50,000 London (Stansted) 44 Ryanair 21 2,000 1,000 - Jersey 42 Blue Islands 16 - -50,000 Newcastle (UK) 42 Aurigny Air Services 13 Bristol 41 Jet2.com 10 Trip Distance Birmingham (UK) 41 Air France 10 (km) Southampton 39 Manx2 6 London (Luton) 39 Biman Bangladesh Airlines 2 London (City) 29 Aer Arann 1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 189 Other Airlines 4 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,487 Total 1,487

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Japan 10,533 13,956 24,489

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Germany 1,796 18,729 20,524

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 CO2/capita (kg) 22 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 68 80% B737 2 B747 Distance/trip (km) 421 70% A340 International 60% A330 International B777 CO2/capita (kg) 228 50% A380 CO2/PAX (kg) 256 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 1,678 30% Embraer 170/190 B757 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 250 10% CO /PAX (kg) 206 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,316

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Munich 352 Lufthansa 1,112 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Berlin 295 Air Berlin 474 4,500 300,000 Frankfurt 222 Germanwings 168 4,000 250,000 Hamburg 214 3,500 InterSky 18 200,000 Dusseldorf 175 Luxair 8 3,000 2,500 150,000 Cologne-Bonn 127 China Eastern Airlines 4 2,000 100,000 Stuttgart 120 TUIfly 3 1,500 50,000 Hannover 52 OLT - Ostfriesische Lufttransport2 1,000 - Dresden 49 Condor Flugdienst 2 500 - -50,000 Nuremburg 49 Flexflight 2 Bremen 35 Avanti Air 2 Trip Distance Leipzig 27 Cirrus Airlines <1 (km) Friedrichshafen 15 Cyprus Airways <1 Munster-Osnabruck 15 Royal Jordanian <1 Saarbrucken 13 Sylt Air <1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 36 Other Airlines 2 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,796 Total 1,796

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Australia 7,044 9,489 16,534

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 CO2/capita (kg) 307 90% A330 CO /PAX (kg) 121 80% B737 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 917 70% International B747 International 60% A320 A380 CO2/capita (kg) 414 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 627 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 5,258 30% Dash 8 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 721 10% CO /PAX (kg) 226 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,416

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Sydney 1,415 Qantas Airways 3,225 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Melbourne 1,290 Virgin Australia 2,072 3,000 250,000 Brisbane 1,043 Jetstar Airways 1,202 2,500 200,000 Perth 1,017 Tiger Airways Australia 209 Adelaide 377 Regional Express Airlines 79 2,000 150,000 Cairns 285 Skywest Airlines 63 1,500 100,000 Coolangatta/Gold Coast 235 Cathay Pacific 45 1,000 50,000 Darwin 193 Skytrans Regional 32 500 - Canberra 139 Airnorth Regional 32 - -50,000 Townsville 93 United Airlines 29 Hobart 85 Philippine Airlines 15 Trip Distance Dampier 64 Brindabella Airlines 7 (km) Mackay 57 Aeropelican Air Services 7 Newcastle (Aus) 51 Air New Zealand 6 Alice Springs 50 Air Australia 6 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 651 Other Airlines 15 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 7,044 Total 7,044

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) France 1,966 13,771 15,737

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 CO2/capita (kg) 31 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 82 80% A320 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 541 70% B737 International 60% A340 International B747 CO2/capita (kg) 217 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 290 40% A380 Distance/trip (km) 1,759 30% CRJ Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 248 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 221 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,269

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Paris (ORY) 473 Air France 1,571 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Paris (CDG) 206 Easyjet 204 4,000 200,000 Toulouse 181 CCM Airlines 54 3,500 Marseille Provence 181 Ryanair 43 3,000 150,000 Nice 177 Airlinair 21 2,500 100,000 Lyon 117 Air Senegal International 17 2,000 50,000 Bordeaux 109 Air Austral 15 1,500 Nantes 74 Twin Jet 8 1,000 - 500 Lille 48 XL Airways France 6 - -50,000 Montpellier 41 Jetairfly 6 Strasbourg 40 Chalair Aviation 6 Trip Distance Ajaccio 40 Eastern Airways 5 (km) Brest 39 Vueling Airlines 4 Biarritz 35 Air Madagascar 2 Bastia 34 Hex Air 2 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 168 Other Airlines 3 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,966 Total 1,966

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Brazil 9,796 5,929 15,725

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) United Arab Emirates 7 14,558 14,565

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 CO2/capita (kg) 1 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 36 80% A330 2 A380 Distance/trip (km) 157 70% A340 International 60% A320 B737 CO2/capita (kg) 1,796 50% International A310 CO2/PAX (kg) 376 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 2,971 30% B747 B757 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 1,797 10% CO /PAX (kg) 374 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Domestic Distance/trip (km) 2,949

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Abu Dhabi 4 RAK Airways 4 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Ras al Khaimah 2 Air India Express 2 6,000 45,000 Dubai <1 Sun Country Airlines 1 40,000 5,000 Al-Fujairah <1 Sudan Airways <1 35,000 4,000 30,000 Sharjah <1 25,000 Al Ain <1 3,000 20,000 15,000 2,000 10,000 1,000 5,000 - - -5,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 7 Total 7

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Canada 5,489 8,378 13,867

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 CO2/capita (kg) 158 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 117 80% B777 2 A320 Distance/trip (km) 666 70% International B767 International 60% A330 Dash 8 CO2/capita (kg) 242 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 353 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 2,132 30% B747 A340 Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 400 10% CO /PAX (kg) 197 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 998

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Toronto 1,318 Air Canada 2,899 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Vancouver 751 WestJet 1,889 2,500 600,000 Calgary 665 Porter Airlines 176 500,000 Montreal 384 2,000 First Air 95 400,000 Edmonton 383 Canadian North 86 1,500 300,000 Ottawa 262 Air North 37 1,000 200,000 Winnipeg 244 Air Inuit 33 100,000 Halifax 200 Calm Air International 30 500 - St. Johns 103 Provincial Airlines 29 - -100,000 Saskatoon 68 Bearskin Lake Air Service 28 Victoria 66 Central Mountain Air 21 Trip Distance Regina 63 Perimeter Aviation 20 (km) Kelowna 60 Air Transat 17 Fort McMurray 48 Pacific Coastal Airline 16 Quebec 48 Hawkair Aviation 16 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 827 Other Airlines 96 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 5,489 Total 5,489

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) India 6,267 7,190 13,456

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 CO2/capita (kg) 5 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 99 80% B737 2 International B777 Distance/trip (km) 810 70% A330 International 60% B747 A340 CO2/capita (kg) 6 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 360 40% ATR Distance/trip (km) 3,131 30% Dash 8 Total Domestic B787 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 11 10% CO /PAX (kg) 161 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,209

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Delhi 1,425 Indigo Airlines 1,484 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Mumbai 1,152 Air India 1,400 2,500 250,000 Bangalore 516 Jet Airways 1,187 200,000 Kolkata 500 Spicejet 926 2,000 150,000 Chennai/Madras 456 JetLite 443 1,500 Hyderabad (HYD) 361 Go Air 443 100,000 1,000 Ahmedabad 181 Kingfisher Airlines 341 50,000 Pune 147 Air India Express 38 500 - Cochin 110 Thai Airways International 2 Guwahati 110 Air Mauritius 2 - -50,000 Goa 107 Trip Distance Jaipur 83 (km) Lucknow 75 Bhubaneswar 75 Nagpur 66 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 902 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 6,267 Total 6,267

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Spain 2,765 10,592 13,357

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 CO2/capita (kg) 59 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 77 80% B737 2 A340 Distance/trip (km) 532 70% A330 International 60% International B767 B757 CO2/capita (kg) 226 50% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 224 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 1,911 30% B747 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 286 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 160 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,232

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Madrid 729 Iberia Airlines 1,006 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Barcelona 546 Vueling Airlines 561 3,000 300,000 Las Palmas 169 Ryanair 534 2,500 250,000 Palma de Mallorca 160 Air Europa 414 200,000 Santa Cruz de Tenerife 155 2,000 Air Berlin 94 150,000 Sevilla 122 Binter Canarias 52 1,500 100,000 Bilbao 111 Spanair 35 1,000 50,000 Malaga 92 Easyjet 24 500 - Santiago de Compostela 75 Islas Airways 15 - -50,000 Lanzarote 68 Helitt Lineas Aereas 9 Eivissa 57 Air Senegal International 8 Trip Distance Granadilla de Abone 50 Iberworld 3 (km) Valencia (VLC) 49 Jetairfly 3 Oviedo/Aviles 49 S7 Airlines (Siberia Airlines) 1 Alicante 44 Meridiana 1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 289 Other Airlines 5 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 2,765 Total 2,765

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Russia 7,500 5,752 13,251

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Hong Kong 0 10,386 10,386

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 CO2/capita (kg) 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 80% A330 2 B747 Distance/trip (km) 70% A340 International 60% A320 B737 CO2/capita (kg) 1,443 50% International A380 CO2/PAX (kg) 365 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 2,902 30% Embraer 170/190 B757 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 1,443 10% CO /PAX (kg) 365 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 2,902

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts 3,000 35,000 2,500 30,000 2,000 25,000 20,000 1,500 15,000 1,000 10,000 500 5,000 - -

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Italy 2,547 7,460 10,007

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 CO2/capita (kg) 42 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 83 80% B737 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 588 70% B777 International International 60% B767 A340 CO2/capita (kg) 122 50% MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 193 40% Embraer 170/190 Distance/trip (km) 1,435 30% B747 CRJ Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 164 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 145 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,058

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Roma 489 Alitalia 887 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Milano 439 Ryanair 477 3,500 180,000 Catania 211 Meridiana 272 3,000 160,000 Palermo 144 Easyjet 228 140,000 2,500 120,000 Cagliari 123 Air One 221 2,000 100,000 Napoli 119 Wind Jet 151 80,000 1,500 60,000 Bari 110 Volare Airlines 80 1,000 40,000 Torino 108 Blue Panorama Airlines 74 20,000 500 Bergamo 100 Alitalia Express 56 - - -20,000 Venezia 82 Air Italy 51 Lamezia Terme 78 Air Senegal International 20 Trip Distance Bologna 69 Korean Air 5 (km) Brindisi 67 Air Alps Aviation 4 Verona 59 Ethiopian Airlines 4 Olbia 51 Flexflight 4 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 297 Other Airlines 12 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 2,547 Total 2,547

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Singapore 0 9,819 9,819

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 CO2/capita (kg) 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 80% A380 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 70% A320 International 60% B747 A340 CO2/capita (kg) 1,868 50% International B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 382 40% B737 Distance/trip (km) 2,902 30% B787 A310 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 1,868 10% CO /PAX (kg) 382 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 2,902

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts 3,000 30,000 2,500 25,000 2,000 20,000 1,500 15,000 1,000 10,000 500 5,000 - -

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Thailand 1,464 8,207 9,671

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 CO2/capita (kg) 21 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 86 80% A330 2 B747 Distance/trip (km) 577 70% A320 International 60% International A340 B737 CO2/capita (kg) 117 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 366 40% A300 Distance/trip (km) 2,954 30% A380 MD80 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 138 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 245 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,705

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Bangkok 692 Thai Airways International 558 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Phuket 208 Thai AirAsia 362 2,500 100,000 Chiang Mai 178 Nok Air 250 80,000 Hatyai 87 Bangkok Airways 203 2,000 60,000 Koh Samui 55 One-Two-GO Airlines 89 1,500 Chiang Rai 44 Business Air 1 40,000 1,000 Udon Thani 40 Jetairfly <1 20,000 Krabi 33 Blue Panorama Airlines <1 500 - Ubon Ratchathni 24 - -20,000 Surat Thani 24 Nakhon Si Thammarat 21 Trip Distance Khon Kaen 15 (km) Trang 15 Nakhon Phanom 5 Phitsanulok 5 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 17 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,464 Total 1,464

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) South Korea 1,247 8,305 9,552

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 CO2/capita (kg) 26 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 59 80% A330 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 371 70% B747 International 60% A320 International A380 CO2/capita (kg) 171 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 336 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 2,690 30% A300 B757 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 197 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 209 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,443

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Seoul 478 Korean Air 493 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Keku 465 Asiana Airlines 272 2,500 200,000 Busan 152 Air Busan 129 Gwangju 33 Jeju Air 108 2,000 150,000 Cheong Ju 28 Eastar Jet 87 1,500 100,000 Daegu 26 Jin Air 82 1,000 50,000 Yeosu 21 Tway Air 66 Ulsan 19 Lufthansa 10 500 - Pohang 12 - -50,000 Chinju 6 Kunsan 4 Trip Distance Wojnu 3 (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,247 Total 1,247

100

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Indonesia 5,637 3,064 8,701

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 CO2/capita (kg) 23 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 99 80% International A330 2 A320 Distance/trip (km) 769 70% B777 International 60% B747 ATR CO2/capita (kg) 13 50% F100 CO2/PAX (kg) 270 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 2,104 30% Domestic A340 BAe 146 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 36 10% CO /PAX (kg) 127 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 942

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Jakarta 1,895 Lion Air 2,107 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Ujung Pandang 524 Garuda Indonesia 1,414 3,000 250,000 Surabaya 497 Batavia Air 728 2,500 200,000 Denpasar 315 Sriwijaya Air 532 Medan 296 Merpati Nusantara Airlines 289 2,000 150,000 Balikpapan 275 Indonesia AirAsia 184 1,500 100,000 Batam 137 Wings Air 147 1,000 50,000 Yogyakarta 137 Citilink 84 500 - Banjarmarsin 125 Trigana Air Service 72 - -50,000 Manado 106 Aviastar 25 Padang 94 KAE 22 Trip Distance Pekanbaru 91 TransNusa Airways 15 (km) Pontianak 82 Mandala Airlines 14 Semarang 78 Pacific Royale Airways 3 Palembang 75 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 909 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 5,637 Total 5,637

101

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Netherlands 1 7,547 7,549

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 CO2/capita (kg) 0 90% B747 CO /PAX (kg) 40 80% B777 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 194 70% B737 International 60% A320 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 452 50% International MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 320 40% Embraer 170/190 Distance/trip (km) 1,820 30% B757 F70 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 452 10% CO /PAX (kg) 320 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Domestic Distance/trip (km) 1,818

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Groningen 1 Transavia Airlines 1 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Rotterdam <1 2,500 80,000 Eindhoven <1 70,000 Amsterdam <1 2,000 60,000 50,000 1,500 40,000 1,000 30,000 20,000 500 10,000 - - -10,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1 Total 1

102

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Mexico 3,404 3,936 7,340

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 CO2/capita (kg) 29 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 110 80% B737 2 International RJ140 Distance/trip (km) 849 70% B747 International 60% B767 B777 CO2/capita (kg) 34 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 280 40% A330 Distance/trip (km) 2,300 30% A340 Total Domestic MD80 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 63 10% CO /PAX (kg) 163 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,234

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Mexico City 1,167 AeroMexico 1,404 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Tijuana 326 Volaris 812 1,600 160,000 Monterrey 284 Interjet 732 1,400 140,000 Guadalajara 282 VivaAerobus 381 1,200 120,000 Cancun 261 Aeromar 68 1,000 100,000 80,000 800 Hermosillo 95 MAYAir 5 60,000 Culiacan 73 Aerolineas Argentinas 2 600 40,000 Merida 70 Air Transat <1 400 20,000 Ciudad Juarez 56 200 - - -20,000 Chihuahua 55 Villahermosa 51 Trip Distance Los Cabos 49 (km) Toluca 47 Mexicali 45 Tuxtla Gutierrez 40 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 504 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 3,404 Total 3,404

103

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Turkey 1,994 5,061 7,055

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 CO2/capita (kg) 27 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 77 80% A320 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 585 70% International A330 International 60% A340 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 68 50% B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 236 40% A310 Distance/trip (km) 2,193 30% Iluyshin IL96 B747 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 95 10% CO /PAX (kg) 149 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,286

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Istanbul 811 Turkish Airlines 1,238 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Ankara 239 Pegasus Airlines 497 1,400 120,000 Izmir 153 Onur Air 160 1,200 100,000 Antalya 109 Atlasjet 96 1,000 80,000 Adana 97 Asiana Airlines <1 800 60,000 Trabzon 85 Ariana Afghan Airlines <1 600 40,000 Bodrum 47 Germania <1 400 20,000 Gaziantep 46 Jetairfly <1 200 - Diyarbakir 44 Luxair <1 - -20,000 Kayseri 39 Transavia Airlines <1 Samsun 35 Transavia France <1 Trip Distance Van 31 (km) Erzurum 27 Elazig 26 Dalaman 25 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 181 Other Airlines 2 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,994 Total 1,994

104

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Malaysia 1,511 4,508 6,019

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 CO2/capita (kg) 52 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 82 80% B777 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 607 70% B737 International 60% International B747 A380 CO2/capita (kg) 154 50% ATR CO2/PAX (kg) 283 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 2,076 30% B767 B757 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 205 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 175 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,146

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Kuala Lumpur 610 AirAsia 866 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Kota-Kinabalu 228 Malaysia Airlines 603 1,400 140,000 Kuching 155 Firefly 38 1,200 120,000 Miri 74 Berjaya Air 3 1,000 100,000 George Town (PEN) 73 80,000 Korean Air <1 800 Johor Bahru 52 Transaero Airlines <1 60,000 600 Langkawi 48 40,000 400 Sibu 47 20,000 200 Tawau 45 - - -20,000 Sandakan 43 Kota Bharu 40 Trip Distance Bintulu 28 (km) Labuan 24 Kuala Terengganu 16 Alor Setar 14 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 14 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,511 Total 1,511

105

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Saudi Arabia 1,725 3,857 5,582

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 CO2/capita (kg) 60 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 103 80% B777 2 B747 Distance/trip (km) 749 70% International A330 International 60% Embraer 170/190 B737 CO2/capita (kg) 134 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 257 40% A300 Distance/trip (km) 2,030 30% A310 A380 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 194 10% CO /PAX (kg) 176 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,270

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Riyadh 553 Saudi Arabian Airlines 1,598 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Jeddah 514 Nas Air 96 1,600 100,000 Dammam 171 BMI Regional 10 1,400 80,000 Medina 121 Lufthansa 9 1,200 Khamis Mushayat 90 Biman Bangladesh Airlines 5 1,000 60,000 Jazan 49 Lion Air 3 800 40,000 Tabuk 40 Singapore Airlines 2 600 20,000 Nejran 28 Korean Air 1 400 200 - Taif 21 Batavia Air 1 - -20,000 Hail 19 Middle East Airlines <1 Gassim 19 Wings Air <1 Trip Distance Jouf 16 Egyptair <1 (km) Al Baha 15 Royal Air Maroc <1 Bisha 14 Guriat 11 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 44 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,725 Total 1,725

106

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) South Africa 1,551 3,611 5,162

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 CO2/capita (kg) 31 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 110 80% A340 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 828 70% International B747 International 60% A330 A380 CO2/capita (kg) 71 50% A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 578 40% MD80 Distance/trip (km) 3,549 30% CRJ Dash 8 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 102 10% CO /PAX (kg) 254 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,469

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Johannesburg 569 South African Airways 639 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Cape Town 488 Comair 243 1,400 70,000 Durban 207 British Airways 243 1,200 60,000 Port Elizabeth 80 Twin Town Leasing 191 1,000 50,000 Lanseria 72 40,000 Mango 155 800 East London 40 Turkish Airlines 26 30,000 600 George 31 Singapore Airlines 18 20,000 400 Bloemfontein 20 Qatar Airways 18 10,000 200 - Nelspruit 14 Velvet Sky 16 - -10,000 Kimberley 7 Etihad Airways 2 Pietermaritzburg 6 Pelican Air Services <1 Trip Distance Upington 4 (km) Richards Bay 4 Hoedspruit 3 Pietersburg 3 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 3 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,551 Total 1,551

107

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Taiwan 169 4,341 4,510

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 CO2/capita (kg) 7 90% A330 CO /PAX (kg) 41 80% B747 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 228 70% B737 International 60% A320 A340 CO2/capita (kg) 187 50% International MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 233 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 1,836 30% Embraer 170/190 Dash 8 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 194 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 198 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,214

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Taipei 56 Uni Air 68 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Kinmen 41 Mandarin Airlines 47 1,400 70,000 Magong 24 TransAsia Airways 30 1,200 60,000 Kaohsiung 18 Far Eastern Air Transport 14 1,000 50,000 Taichung 11 40,000 China Airlines 9 800 Taitung 7 30,000 600 Nangan 3 20,000 400 Hualien 3 10,000 200 Tainan 3 - - -10,000 Matsu 1 Chiayi 1 Trip Distance Hengchun <1 (km) Pingtung <1

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 169 Total 169

108

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Switzerland 44 4,387 4,431

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 CO2/capita (kg) 6 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 55 80% A340 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 211 70% B767 International 60% B737 BAe 146 CO2/capita (kg) 567 50% International B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 207 40% A380 Distance/trip (km) 1,284 30% F100 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 573 10% CO /PAX (kg) 202 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Domestic Distance/trip (km) 1,230

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Zurich 21 Swiss International Air Lines 41 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Geneva 20 Darwin Airline 2 900 100,000 Lugano 3 Royal Jordanian <1 800 80,000 Bern <1 Helvetic Airways <1 700 Tunisair <1 600 60,000 500 40,000 Pegasus Airlines <1 400 300 20,000 200 - 100 - -20,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 44 Total 44

109

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Philippines 1,684 2,652 4,335

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 CO2/capita (kg) 17 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 85 80% B747 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 504 70% International A330 International 60% A340 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 27 50% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 327 40% Dash 8 Distance/trip (km) 2,773 30% ATR Fairchild Dornier Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 45 10% CO /PAX (kg) 155 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 942

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Manila 742 Cebu Pacific 659 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Lapu-Lapu 196 Philippine Airlines 443 1,200 120,000 Davao City 139 Air Philippines 341 1,000 100,000 Cagayan de Oro 70 Zest Airways 173 80,000 Iloilo 63 800 South East Asian Airlines 43 60,000 Puerto Princesa 58 Philippines' AirAsia 22 600 40,000 Tacloban 47 SilkAir 2 400 20,000 Bacolod 43 200 - Kalibo 42 - -20,000 Zamboanga 38 General Santos 34 Trip Distance Tagbilaran 31 (km) Butuan 22 Caticlan 21 Dumaguete 19 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 117 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,684 Total 1,684

110

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Qatar 0 3,900 3,900

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 CO2/capita (kg) 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 80% A330 2 A320 Distance/trip (km) 70% A340 International 60% B737 Embraer 170/190 CO2/capita (kg) 2,011 50% International B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 330 40% B787 Distance/trip (km) 2,691 30% A310 F100 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 2,011 10% CO /PAX (kg) 330 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 2,691

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts 1,400 25,000 1,200 20,000 1,000 800 15,000 600 10,000 400 5,000 200 - -

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0

111

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Argentina 983 2,480 3,463

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 CO2/capita (kg) 24 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 121 80% A340 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 983 70% International A320 International 60% B767 B747 CO2/capita (kg) 60 50% A330 CO2/PAX (kg) 412 40% RJ140 Distance/trip (km) 2,888 30% Embraer 170/190 MD80 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 84 10% CO /PAX (kg) 245 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,596

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Buenos Aires 450 Aerolineas Argentinas 649 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Ushuaia 54 LAN Airlines 288 800 50,000 Mendoza 49 Andes Líneas Aéreas 24 700 40,000 Salta 48 SOL Lineas Aereas 15 600 San Carlos de Bariloche 47 LADE - Lineas Aereas Del Estado 8 500 30,000 Cordoba 46 400 20,000 El Calafate 41 300 10,000 200 Iguacu 39 - Neuquen 29 100 - -10,000 Comodoro Rivadavia 27 Tucuman 27 Trip Distance Rio Gallegos 21 (km) Trelew 17 Bahia Blanca 12 Rio Grande (RGA) 11 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 65 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 983 Total 983

112

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) New Zealand 751 2,200 2,951

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 CO2/capita (kg) 168 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 75 80% B737 2 A320 Distance/trip (km) 395 70% A340 International International 60% Dash 8 B747 CO2/capita (kg) 493 50% A330 CO2/PAX (kg) 455 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 3,807 30% ATR A380 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 662 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 199 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 860

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Auckland 256 Air New Zealand 621 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Christchurch 155 Jetstar Airways 127 1,000 160,000 Wellington 151 Air Chathams 2 140,000 Queenstown 39 Singapore Airlines 1 800 120,000 Dunedin 33 100,000 600 80,000 Nelson 22 400 60,000 Napier/Hastings 16 40,000 Palmerston North 11 200 20,000 New Plymouth 10 - - -20,000 Invercargill 9 Tauranga 9 Trip Distance Hamilton (NZ) 9 (km) Rotorua 7 Blenheim 5 Gisborne 5 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 14 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 751 Total 751

113

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Vietnam 1,156 1,714 2,871

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 CO2/capita (kg) 13 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 94 80% B777 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 705 70% International B737 International 60% B767 ATR CO2/capita (kg) 19 50% CRJ CO2/PAX (kg) 247 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 2,103 30% B747 F70 Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 32 10% CO /PAX (kg) 149 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,116

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Ho Chi Minh City 462 Vietnam Airlines 882 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Hanoi 392 Jetstar Pacific 158 1,000 50,000 Da Nang 110 VietJet Air 80 40,000 Haiphong 35 Pak West Airlines 36 800 30,000 Nha Trang 31 Austrian Airlines <1 600 Hue 29 20,000 400 Vinh City 25 10,000 Dalat 13 200 - Can Tho 10 - -10,000 Buon Me Thuot 10 Qui Nhon 9 Trip Distance Phu Quoc 9 (km) Pleiku 7 Cam Rahn 3 Dong Hoi 3 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 9 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,156 Total 1,156

114

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Portugal 325 2,494 2,820

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 CO2/capita (kg) 30 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 97 80% A330 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 572 70% A340 International 60% B777 International A310 CO2/capita (kg) 233 50% F100 CO2/PAX (kg) 234 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 1,886 30% RJ140 Dash 8 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 264 10% Domestic CO2/PAX (kg) 201 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,498

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Lisboa 120 TAP Portugal 193 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Funchal 65 SATA International 69 900 40,000 Porto 47 SATA Air Acores 24 800 35,000 Ponta Delgada 41 Easyjet 19 700 30,000 Terceira 22 Transavia France 9 600 25,000 500 20,000 Horta 11 Ryanair 8 400 15,000 Faro 11 Air VIP 2 300 10,000 Porto Santo 3 Air Transat 2 200 5,000 Flores Island 2 TAAG Angola Airlines (Linhas Aéreas<1 de Angola)100 - Pico Island 1 Jetairfly <1 - -5,000 Vila Real 1 Trip Distance Santa Maria <1 (km) Sao Jorge Island <1 Graciosa Island <1 Corvo Island <1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 3 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 325 Total 325

115

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Colombia 1,295 1,269 2,564

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 CO2/capita (kg) 27 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 72 80% A330 2 International B737 Distance/trip (km) 389 70% A340 International 60% Embraer 170/190 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 27 50% F50 CO2/PAX (kg) 273 40% Dash 8 Distance/trip (km) 2,144 30% B757 Domestic ATR Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 54 10% CO /PAX (kg) 113 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 663

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Bogota 552 Avianca - Aerovias Nacionales830 de Colombia, S.A. CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Rio Negro 132 LAN Airlines 273 800 180,000 Cartagena de Indias 109 Copa Airlines 120 700 160,000 Cali 102 SATENA 40 140,000 600 120,000 Barranquilla 78 Viva Colombia 18 500 100,000 San Andreas Island 50 #N/A 14 400 80,000 Santa Marta 45 300 60,000 Tiara Air Aruba <1 40,000 Bucaramanga 37 200 20,000 Cucuta 29 100 - - -20,000 Pereira 22 Monteria 19 Trip Distance Valledupar 17 (km) Medellin 14 Pasto 11 Leticia 9 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 65 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,295 Total 1,295

116

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Norway 1,231 1,269 2,500

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 CO2/capita (kg) 248 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 69 80% Dash 8 2 International A320 Distance/trip (km) 342 70% B777 International 60% A330 B757 CO2/capita (kg) 256 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 140 40% MD80 Distance/trip (km) 1,131 30% CRJ Domestic ATR Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 504 10% CO /PAX (kg) 93 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 554

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Oslo 415 Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)570 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Bergen 132 Norwegian Air Shuttle 414 1,000 250,000 Trondheim 124 Wideroe 232 200,000 Tromso 96 DAT Danish Air Transport 9 800 150,000 Bodo 81 Icelandair 2 600 Stavanger 78 DOT LT 2 100,000 400 Alesund 31 Flexflight 1 50,000 Evenes 30 Air Norway <1 200 - Kristiansand 25 Atlantic Airways <1 Sandefjord 20 Condor Flugdienst <1 - -50,000 Kirkenes 18 CHC Norway Trip Distance Alta 17 (km) Haugesund 16 Molde 15 Kristiansund 13 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 120 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,231 Total 1,231

117

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Belgium 0 2,471 2,471

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 CO2/capita (kg) 0 90% A330 CO /PAX (kg) 37 80% B737 2 A320 Distance/trip (km) 170 70% B767 International 60% B777 BAe 146 CO2/capita (kg) 229 50% International Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 202 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 1,435 30% RJ140 Dash 8 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 229 10% CO /PAX (kg) 202 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Domestic Distance/trip (km) 1,434

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Oostende <1 Jetairfly <1 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Liege <1 800 50,000 Brussels <1 700 40,000 600 500 30,000 400 20,000 300 10,000 200 100 - - -10,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0

118

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Egypt 160 2,310 2,469

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 CO2/capita (kg) 2 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 63 80% B737 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 438 70% A330 International 60% B747 International Embraer 170/190 CO2/capita (kg) 28 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 230 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 2,191 30% A300 B767 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 29 10% CO /PAX (kg) 196 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,649

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Cairo 71 Egyptair 154 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Luxor 21 Kuwait Airways 1 800 20,000 Ras Nasrani 20 Jetairfly 1 700 Aswan 19 Air Berlin <1 600 15,000 Hurghada 16 Transavia Airlines <1 500 10,000 Alexandria 6 Niki <1 400 5,000 Abu Simbel 3 Austrian Airlines <1 300 Marsa Alam 3 Belair <1 200 - 100 Assiut 1 Air Arabia <1 - -5,000 Taba <1 Meridiana <1 Mersa Matruh <1 Transavia France <1 Trip Distance Port Said <1 Edelweiss Air <1 (km) Germania <1

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 3 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 160 Total 160

119

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Chile 997 1,375 2,372

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 CO2/capita (kg) 57 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 121 80% B767 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 896 70% International A340 International 60% B777 B747 CO2/capita (kg) 79 50% A330 CO2/PAX (kg) 377 40% Embraer 170/190 Distance/trip (km) 3,199 30% CRJ B787 Total 20% Domestic Other types CO2/capita (kg) 136 10% CO /PAX (kg) 200 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,448

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Santiago de Chile 411 LAN Airlines 709 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Antofagasta 113 Sky Airline 235 600 35,000 Iquique 79 PAL Airlines 52 500 30,000 Puerto Montt 74 PLUNA <1 25,000 Calama 59 LAN Argentina <1 400 20,000 Punta Arenas 43 LAN Peru <1 300 15,000 Concepcion 40 200 10,000 5,000 Copiapo 33 100 La Serena 30 - - -5,000 Temuco 26 Arica 25 Trip Distance Isla de Pascua 24 (km) Balmaceda 20 Valdivia 10 Osorno 6 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 6 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 997 Total 997

120

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Sweden 577 1,535 2,112

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 CO2/capita (kg) 61 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 77 80% A320 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 406 70% BAe 146 International International 60% B747 MD80 CO2/capita (kg) 162 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 152 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 1,157 30% Jetstream 31/32/41 B767 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 222 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 120 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 748

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Stockholm 274 Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)292 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Malmo 53 Malmo Aviation 106 600 100,000 Gothenburg 52 Norwegian Air Shuttle 87 500 80,000 Lulea 51 Golden Air 26 Umea 36 Nextjet 18 400 60,000 Ostersund 14 Skyways Express 17 300 40,000 Skelleftea 13 Direktflyg 10 200 20,000 Angelholm 12 Flexflight 8 100 - Sundsvall-Harnosand 11 Avies 7 Kiruna 11 City Airline 4 - -20,000 Ronneby 8 Blue1 2 Trip Distance Visby 5 Finnair <1 (km) Kalmar 4 Jonkoping 3 Halmstad 3 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 27 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 577 Total 577

121

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Peru 680 1,408 2,088

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 CO2/capita (kg) 23 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 106 80% B767 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 621 70% International B777 International 60% A340 A330 CO2/capita (kg) 47 50% BAe 146 CO2/PAX (kg) 355 40% Embraer 170/190 Distance/trip (km) 3,440 30% B757 Dash 8 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 70 10% CO /PAX (kg) 201 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,390

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Lima 311 LAN Airlines 419 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Cuzco 104 Taca International 90 600 60,000 Arequipa 62 Peruvian Airlines 84 500 50,000 Iquitos 37 Star Peru 77 40,000 Piura 34 400 Aerolinea LC Busre 10 30,000 Tarapoto 20 Iberia Airlines <1 300 20,000 Juliaca 19 200 10,000 Chiclayo 17 100 - Trujillo 15 - -10,000 Tacna 15 Pucallpa 13 Trip Distance Puerto Maldonado 11 (km) Cajamarca 6 Tumbes 6 Ayacucho 3 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 7 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 680 Total 680

122

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Israel 39 1,952 1,991

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 CO2/capita (kg) 5 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 49 80% B747 2 B737 Distance/trip (km) 278 70% B767 International 60% A320 A330 CO2/capita (kg) 254 50% International A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 370 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 3,216 30% ATR A310 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 259 10% CO /PAX (kg) 328 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Domestic Distance/trip (km) 2,566

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Tel Aviv 20 Arkia Israel Airlines 16 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Eilat 20 El Al Israel Airlines 12 800 12,000 Nevatim <1 Israir Airlines 11 700 10,000 600 8,000 500 6,000 400 4,000 300 200 2,000 100 - - -2,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 39 Total 39

123

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Denmark 86 1,893 1,979

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 CO2/capita (kg) 15 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 40 80% A320 2 A340 Distance/trip (km) 198 70% MD80 International 60% B747 A330 CO2/capita (kg) 338 50% International CRJ CO2/PAX (kg) 166 40% B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,115 30% B757 B767 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 354 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 146 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 0% Distance/trip (km) 936

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Copenhagen 43 Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)37 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Aalborg 26 Norwegian Air Shuttle 28 700 80,000 Aarhus 6 Cimber Air 18 600 70,000 Karup 6 60,000 DAT Danish Air Transport 3 500 Billund 2 Turkish Airlines <1 50,000 400 40,000 Bornholm 2 British Airways <1 300 30,000 Sonderborg 1 200 20,000 Esbjerg <1 10,000 100 - - -10,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 86 Total 86

124

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Austria 41 1,845 1,886

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 CO2/capita (kg) 5 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 46 80% B737 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 255 70% B767 International 60% F100 Embraer 170/190 CO2/capita (kg) 219 50% International Dash 8 CO2/PAX (kg) 149 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 1,082 30% F70 A330 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 224 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 142 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 0% Distance/trip (km) 993

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Wien 20 Austrian Airlines 40 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Innsbruck 8 Niki <1 600 70,000 Salzburg 4 Pegasus Airlines <1 500 60,000 Klagenfurt 3 50,000 Graz 3 400 40,000 Linz 2 300 30,000 200 20,000 10,000 100 - - -10,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 41 Total 41

125

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Pakistan 517 1,282 1,799

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 CO2/capita (kg) 3 90% B777 CO /PAX (kg) 114 80% B737 2 A310 Distance/trip (km) 711 70% International A330 International 60% B747 A320 CO2/capita (kg) 7 50% ATR CO2/PAX (kg) 281 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 2,371 30% A340 A300 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 10 10% CO /PAX (kg) 197 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,346

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Karachi 224 Pakistan International Airlines324 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Islamabad 103 Air Indus 71 600 20,000 Lahore 99 Shaheen Air International 60 500 Peshawar 27 Airblue 58 15,000 400 Quetta 19 Bhoja Air 3 10,000 Multan 13 300 5,000 Faisalabad 12 200 Sialkot 5 100 - Sukkur 3 - -5,000 Bahawalpur 2 Skardu 2 Trip Distance Rahim Yar Khan 2 (km) Dera 2 Turbat <1 Gilgit <1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 5 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 517 Total 517

126

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Greece 358 1,393 1,751

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 CO2/capita (kg) 31 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 56 80% B737 2 Dash 8 Distance/trip (km) 283 70% B767 International 60% International A330 B757 CO2/capita (kg) 122 50% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 179 40% BAe 146 Distance/trip (km) 1,761 30% A340 Jetstream 31/32/41 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 153 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 124 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 931

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Athens 144 Aegean Airlines 171 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Thessaloniki 60 Olympic Airlines 142 500 100,000 Heraklion 33 Cyprus Airways 17 80,000 Rhodos 25 Astra Airlines 13 400 60,000 Chania 14 Sky Express 10 300 Mytilene 10 Jetairfly 2 40,000 200 Kerkyra 9 Condor Flugdienst 2 20,000 Santorini 9 Transavia Airlines 1 100 - Alexandroupolis 8 Smart Wings <1 - -20,000 Kos 6 Luxair <1 Mykonos Island 5 TUIfly <1 Trip Distance Samos 5 Air Berlin <1 (km) Chios 5 Niki <1 Sitia 3 Edelweiss Air <1 Lemnos 2 Meridiana <1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 21 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 358 Total 358

127

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Finland 205 1,402 1,607

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 CO2/capita (kg) 38 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 62 80% A330 2 A340 Distance/trip (km) 424 70% B737 International 60% Embraer 170/190 International B717 CO2/capita (kg) 259 50% ATR CO2/PAX (kg) 231 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 1,537 30% B767 Saab 2000 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 297 10% Domestic CO /PAX (kg) 171 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,055

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Helsinki 101 Finnair 126 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Oulu 36 Norwegian Air Shuttle 31 500 35,000 Rovaniemi 17 Blue1 24 30,000 Kittila 10 Flybe 18 400 25,000 Ivalo 7 Air Baltic 2 300 20,000 Kuopio 7 Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)2 15,000 200 Vaasa 6 Nextjet <1 10,000 Kuusamo 4 Direktflyg <1 100 5,000 - Joensuu 3 Flexflight <1 - -5,000 Kemi/Tornio 3 Turku 3 Trip Distance Kokkola/Pietarsaari 2 (km) Kajaani 2 Tampere 1 Mariehamn 1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 3 Other Airlines 2 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 205 Total 205

128

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Iran 900 700 1,600

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 CO2/capita (kg) 12 90% F100 CO2/PAX (kg) 108 80% International MD80 B747 Distance/trip (km) 665 70% A300 International 60% A320 A310 CO2/capita (kg) 9 50% B727 CO2/PAX (kg) 217 40% A330 Distance/trip (km) 1,432 30% B777 Domestic B737 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 21 10% CO /PAX (kg) 138 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 833

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Tehran 312 Iran Air 316 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Mashhad 128 Iran Aseman Airlines 284 700 60,000 Shiraz 72 Iran Air Tours 206 600 50,000 Bandar Abbas 42 Kish Air 69 500 40,000 Ahwaz 40 Caspian Airlines 20 400 30,000 Isfahan 40 Qeshm 2 300 20,000 Kish Island 32 Faraz Qeshm Air 2 200 10,000 Zahedan 25 100 - Tabriz 25 - -10,000 Bushehr 17 Kermanshah 17 Trip Distance Yazd 16 (km) Rasht 13 Ala'Marvdasht 11 Chah-Bahar 11 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 97 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 900 Total 900

129

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Ireland 4 1,583 1,588

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 CO2/capita (kg) 1 90% A320 CO /PAX (kg) 40 80% B737 2 A330 Distance/trip (km) 241 70% B757 International 60% B767 B777 CO2/capita (kg) 346 50% International BAe 146 CO2/PAX (kg) 151 40% ATR Distance/trip (km) 1,178 30% MD80 A310 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 347 10% CO /PAX (kg) 150 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Domestic Distance/trip (km) 1,150

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Dublin 2 Aer Lingus 1 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Killarney/Kerry <1 Flybe 1 500 45,000 Carrickfinn <1 Air Transat <1 40,000 Aer Arann <1 400 35,000 30,000 300 25,000 20,000 200 15,000 10,000 100 5,000 - - -5,000

Trip Distance (km)

Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 2 Other Airlines 1 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 4 Total 4

130

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Nigeria 518 1,050 1,567

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 CO2/capita (kg) 3 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 74 80% A330 2 B777 Distance/trip (km) 465 70% International A340 International 60% B747 B767 CO2/capita (kg) 6 50% MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 408 40% A320 Distance/trip (km) 3,532 30% CRJ Dash 8 Total 20% Other types Domestic CO2/capita (kg) 9 10% CO /PAX (kg) 165 Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 2 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,011

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Lagos 198 Arik Air 218 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Abuja 137 Aero Contractors 160 500 50,000 Port Harcourt 69 Virgin Nigeria Airways 49 40,000 Owerri Imo 21 Dana Airlines 43 400 30,000 Enugu 20 Farnair Netherlands 18 300 Kano 15 Air France 16 20,000 200 Calabar 15 Lufthansa 13 10,000 Benin City 11 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 1 100 - Oron 10 - -10,000 Warri 5 Kaduna 4 Trip Distance Maiduguri 4 (km) Sokoto 3 Yola 3 Jos 2 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 2 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 518 Total 518

131

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Morocco 46 1,320 1,366

Other Indicators Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Domestic 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 CO2/capita (kg) 1 90% B737 CO /PAX (kg) 47 80% A320 2 B767 Distance/trip (km) 351 70% A330 International 60% B777 B747 CO2/capita (kg) 41 50% International A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 212 40% ATR Distance/trip (km) 2,061 30% CRJ A310 Total 20% Other types CO2/capita (kg) 42 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 190 Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) 0% Distance/trip (km) 1,748

Origin Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Casablanca 21 Royal Air Maroc 43 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Agadir 8 Jetairfly <1 450 25,000 Marrakech 7 Luxair <1 400 20,000 El Aaiun 3 Transavia Airlines <1 350 Oujda 2 Edelweiss Air <1 300 15,000 250 Tanger 2 Brussels Airlines <1 10,000 200 Ouarzazate 1 Air Arabia Maroc <1 150 5,000 Nador <1 Transavia France <1 100 - Fes <1 50 Tan Tan <1 - -5,000 Goulimime <1 Trip Distance Al Hoceima <1 (km) Er-Rachidia <1 Rabat <1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 2 Other Airlines 2 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 46 Total 46

132

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Profile F2 Airport Footprint Profiles

Profile F2 contains carbon footprint profiles for the 20 airports listed in the Figure below. The carbon footprint relates to the notional fuel uplifted at an airport (ie the fuel that would have been uplifted from the airport in the absence of tankering).

The 20 airports are ranked by total carbon footprint – these airports capture about 30% of the global carbon footprint for scheduled passenger flights in 2012 (both domestic and international).

The Innovata database identifies 3,534 airports which had a domestic carbon footprint and 1,373 airports that had an international carbon footprint for scheduled passenger flights in 2012. There is an overlap in these numbers - the database contains 3,712 separate airports which hosted either domestic or international scheduled flights in 2012.

The carbon footprint for destination airports shown in the profiles is based on grouped airports.

The profiles are ordered by descending weight of total CO2.

Domestic International Airport Total CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) CO2 (kt) London (Heathrow) 193 16,391 16,584 Los Angeles (LAX) 4,997 6,870 11,866 Dubai (DXB) 1 10,986 10,986 New York (JFK) 2,764 8,027 10,791 Frankfurt (FRA) 222 10,190 10,412 Hong Kong (HKG) 10,386 10,386 Paris (CDG) 206 10,120 10,326 Singapore (SIN) 9,819 9,819 Beijing (PEK) 4,297 5,074 9,371 Tokyo (Narita) 216 8,905 9,121 Bangkok (BKK) 533 7,517 8,050 Atlanta (ATL) 5,382 2,428 7,810 Chicago (ORD) 4,139 3,583 7,721 Seoul (ICN) 28 7,627 7,655 San Francisco (SFO) 3,641 3,797 7,438 Amsterdam (AMS) 0 7,298 7,298 Shanghai (PVG) 1,560 4,788 6,348 Sydney (SYD) 1,415 4,815 6,230 Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 4,269 1,629 5,899 Newark (EWR) 2,238 3,418 5,656 Other Airports 189,615 214,872 404,487 Total 225,716 358,538 584,254

133

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) London (Heathrow) 193 16,391 16,584

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 78 80% B747 A320 Distance/trip (km) 480 70% A340 60% B767 International A330 50% International A380 CO2/PAX (kg) 458 40% B757 Distance/trip (km) 3,280 30% B737 A300 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 434 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 3,005

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Edinburgh 49 British Airways 151 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Glasgow 34 BMI Regional 30 Aberdeen (UK) 34 Aer Lingus 10 6,000 60,000 Manchester (UK) 30 Biman Bangladesh Airlines 2 5,000 50,000 Belfast 29 Asiana Airlines 0 40,000 4,000 Newcastle (UK) 16 30,000 Leeds/Bradford 1 3,000 20,000 2,000 10,000 1,000 - - -10,000

Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 193 Total 193 134

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Los Angeles (LAX) 4,997 6,870 11,866

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Dubai (DXB) 1 10,986 10,986

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 28 80% A330 A380 Distance/trip (km) 117 70% A340 60% B737 International A320 50% International A310 CO2/PAX (kg) 395 40% B747 Distance/trip (km) 3,109 30% B767 B757 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 394 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 3,106

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Abu Dhabi 1 Air India Express 0 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Sudan Airways 0 4,500 30,000 4,000 25,000 3,500 20,000 3,000 2,500 15,000 2,000 10,000 1,500 5,000 1,000 500 - - -5,000

Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1 Total 1 136

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) New York (JFK) 2,764 8,027 10,791

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 209 80% B767 A320 Distance/trip (km) 1,952 70% B747 International 60% A330 International B757 50% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 610 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 5,232 30% A380 CRJ Total 20% Other types Domestic 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 409 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 3,168

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Los Angeles 667 Delta Air Lines 791 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts San Francisco 463 JetBlue Airways 783 Las Vegas 155 American Airlines 626 3,500 40,000 35,000 San Juan (US) 136 United Airlines 247 3,000 30,000 Orlando 100 Virgin America 164 2,500 25,000 Miami 91 US Airways 51 2,000 20,000 Seattle 84 Qantas Airways 44 1,500 15,000 Fort Lauderdale 83 Hawaiian Airlines 37 10,000 1,000 San Diego 73 EVA Air 13 5,000 Salt Lake City 71 Sun Country Airlines 8 500 - Phoenix 70 Iberia Airlines 0 - -5,000 Tampa 46 Atlanta 41 Trip Distance Honolulu 37 (km) West Palm Beach 34 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 614 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 2,764 Total 2,764 137

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Frankfurt (FRA) 222 10,190 10,412

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 58 80% A340 B777 Distance/trip (km) 326 70% A320 60% A330 International A380 50% International B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 382 40% B737 Distance/trip (km) 2,466 30% B757 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 341 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,139

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Berlin 57 Lufthansa 208 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Hamburg 45 Air Berlin 11 Munich 34 China Eastern Airlines 2 3,500 60,000 Dresden 16 TUIfly 0 3,000 50,000 Hannover 15 Royal Jordanian 0 2,500 40,000 Bremen 13 Condor Flugdienst 0 2,000 30,000 Dusseldorf 12 Royal Air Maroc 0 1,500 20,000 Leipzig 8 Cirrus Airlines 0 1,000 10,000 Nuremburg 7 SunExpress 0 Stuttgart 7 Tunisair 0 500 - Munster-Osnabruck 3 Sun Express 0 - -10,000 Friedrichshafen 3 Georgian Airways 0 Westerland 0 Trip Distance Laage 0 (km) Heringsdorf 0 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 222 Total 222 138

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Hong Kong (HKG) 0 10,386 10,386

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 80% A330 B747 Distance/trip (km) 70% A340 60% A320 International B737 50% International A380 CO2/PAX (kg) 365 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 2,902 30% Embraer 170/190 B757 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 365 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,902

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts 3,000 35,000 2,500 30,000 25,000 2,000 20,000 1,500 15,000 1,000 10,000 500 5,000 - -

Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0 139

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Paris (CDG) 206 10,120 10,326

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 86 80% A320 A330 Distance/trip (km) 551 70% A340 60% B767 International A380 50% International B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 387 40% B737 Distance/trip (km) 2,488 30% B757 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 362 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,280

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Nice 35 Air France 170 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Toulouse 33 Easyjet 31 Marseille Provence 30 XL Airways France 3 3,500 60,000 Bordeaux 20 Air Austral 1 3,000 50,000 Lyon 18 Air Madagascar 1 2,500 40,000 Montpellier 15 Smart Wings 0 2,000 30,000 Nantes 10 Flexflight 0 1,500 20,000 Brest 9 CCM Airlines 0 1,000 10,000 Pau Pyrennees 8 Twin Jet 0 Biarritz 7 500 - Strasbourg 5 - -10,000 Clermont/Ferrand Auvergne 5 Ajaccio 5 Trip Distance Bastia 3 (km) Figari 2 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 2 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 206 Total 206 140

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Singapore (SIN) 0 9,819 9,819

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 80% A380 A330 Distance/trip (km) 70% A320 60% B747 International A340 50% International B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 382 40% B737 Distance/trip (km) 2,902 30% B787 A310 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 382 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,902

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts 3,000 30,000 2,500 25,000 2,000 20,000 1,500 15,000 1,000 10,000 500 5,000 - -

Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0 141

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Beijing (PEK) 4,297 5,074 9,371

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Tokyo (Narita) 216 8,905 9,121

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 101 80% B747 B767 Distance/trip (km) 754 70% A330 60% A380 International A340 50% International B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 556 40% A320 Distance/trip (km) 5,051 30% B787 B757 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 502 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 4,153

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Fukuoka 47 All Nippon Airways 61 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Okinawa 44 Japan Airlines 60 Sapporo/Chitose 41 Skymark Airlines 45 4,000 16,000 14,000 Itami 24 Go One Airways 24 3,500 12,000 Nagoya 18 Air Asia Japan 12 3,000 10,000 Osaka 12 2,500 Qatar Airways 8 8,000 2,000 Asahikawa 10 Ibex Airlines 6 6,000 Hiroshima 7 Air New Zealand 0 1,500 4,000 Komatsu 4 1,000 2,000 Sendai 4 500 - Kobe 2 - -2,000 Kagoshima 2 Niigata 0 Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 216 Total 216 143

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Bangkok (BKK) 533 7,517 8,050

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 89 80% B747 A330 Distance/trip (km) 578 70% A340 60% A320 International International B767 50% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 384 40% A300 Distance/trip (km) 3,173 30% A380 B757 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 315 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,394

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Phuket 158 Thai Airways International 273 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Chiang Mai 127 Thai AirAsia 111 Hatyai 51 Bangkok Airways 95 2,500 35,000 30,000 Koh Samui 48 Nok Air 32 2,000 Chiang Rai 32 One-Two-GO Airlines 22 25,000 Krabi 28 Business Air 0 1,500 20,000 Udon Thani 21 15,000 Khon Kaen 15 1,000 10,000 5,000 Surat Thani 14 500 Ubon Ratchathni 12 - Nakhon Si Thammarat 9 - -5,000 Trang 7 Narathiwat 3 Trip Distance Nakhon Phanom 3 (km) Phitsanulok 1 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 5 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 533 Total 533 144

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Atlanta (ATL) 5,382 2,428 7,810

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Chicago (ORD) 4,139 3,583 7,721

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Seoul (ICN) 28 7,627 7,655

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 60 80% A330 B747 Distance/trip (km) 349 70% A380 60% B737 International A320 50% International B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 383 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 3,099 30% B757 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 376 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 3,016

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Busan 15 Korean Air 14 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Keku 9 Asiana Airlines 10 Daegu 4 Lufthansa 5 2,500 35,000 30,000 Gwangju 0 Tway Air 0 2,000 25,000 1,500 20,000 15,000 1,000 10,000 5,000 500 - - -5,000

Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 28 Total 28 147

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) San Francisco (SFO) 3,641 3,797 7,438

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 209 80% A320 International B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,777 70% B757 60% B737 International B767 50% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 842 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 5,984 30% A380 Domestic MD80 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 339 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,296

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) New York (JFK) 463 United Airlines 1,691 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Chicago 320 Virgin America 386 Washington DC 218 Delta Air Lines 385 2,500 70,000 60,000 Boston 190 American Airlines 382 2,000 Honolulu 163 Southwest Airlines 188 50,000 Newark 160 US Airways 144 1,500 40,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 156 JetBlue Airways 121 30,000 Atlanta 148 Philippine Airlines 117 1,000 20,000 10,000 Los Angeles 147 Alaska Airlines 57 500 Philadelphia 123 Continental Airlines 53 - Denver 121 AirTran Airways 45 - -10,000 Agana 115 Hawaiian Airlines 31 Houston 113 Frontier Airlines 30 Trip Distance Seattle 91 Sun Country Airlines 11 (km) Las Vegas 87 Asiana Airlines 0 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 1,025 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 3,641 Total 3,641 148

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Amsterdam (AMS) 0 7,298 7,298

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 21 80% B777 A330 Distance/trip (km) 74 70% B737 60% B767 International A320 50% International MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 337 40% Embraer 170/190 Distance/trip (km) 1,881 30% B757 F70 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 337 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,881

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Eindhoven 0 Transavia Airlines 0 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Rotterdam 0 2,000 80,000 1,800 70,000 1,600 60,000 1,400 50,000 1,200 40,000 1,000 800 30,000 600 20,000 400 10,000 200 - - -10,000

Trip Distance (km) Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 0 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 0 Total 0 149

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Shanghai (PVG) 1,560 4,788 6,348

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 129 80% A320 A330 Distance/trip (km) 1,243 70% A340 60% International B737 International B747 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 418 40% A380 Distance/trip (km) 3,414 30% A300 B757 Total 20% Other types Domestic 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 270 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,092

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Chengdu 143 China Eastern Airlines 555 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Shenyang 100 China Southern Airlines 244 Harbin 99 Air China 189 1,400 45,000 1,200 40,000 Xi'an 96 Shanghai Airlines 161 35,000 Chongqing 96 Juneyao Airlines 161 1,000 30,000 Changchun 88 Spring Airlines 115 800 25,000 Beijing 81 Sichuan Airlines 49 20,000 600 Dalian 80 Hainan Airlines 40 15,000 400 10,000 Zhenzhen 66 Shenzhen Airlines 22 5,000 Sanya 61 Chongqing Airlines 11 200 - Haikou 58 Chengdu Airlines 7 - -5,000 Wuhan 41 Shandong Airlines 5 Guangzhou 36 Grand China Express Air 2 Trip Distance Guilin 29 (km) Qingdao 25 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 462 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,560 Total 1,560 150

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Sydney (SYD) 1,415 4,815 6,230

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 111 80% A330 B777 Distance/trip (km) 807 70% B737 60% International A380 International A320 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 724 40% A340 Distance/trip (km) 6,136 30% Dash 8 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types 10% Domestic CO2/PAX (kg) 322 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,890

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Melbourne 374 Qantas Airways 638 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Perth 284 Virgin Australia 451 Brisbane 194 Jetstar Airways 235 2,000 70,000 1,800 60,000 Adelaide 102 Tiger Airways Australia 45 1,600 50,000 Coolangatta/Gold Coast 96 Regional Express Airlines 18 1,400 Cairns 76 United Airlines 14 1,200 40,000 Darwin 45 Philippine Airlines 6 1,000 30,000 Canberra 29 Aeropelican Air Services 3 800 20,000 600 10,000 Hobart 24 Air New Zealand 2 400 Maroochydore 20 Air Mauritius 1 200 - Lara 16 Brindabella Airlines 1 - -10,000 Ayers Rock 15 Skytrans Regional 1 Hamilton Island 13 Medavia 0 Trip Distance Townsville 13 Air Vanuatu 0 (km) Launceston 11 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 102 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 1,415 Total 1,415 151

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 4,269 1,629 5,899

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Domestic 90% MD80 International CO2/PAX (kg) 160 80% B737 B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,254 70% RJ140 60% B767 International B757 50% A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 507 40% B747 Domestic Distance/trip (km) 3,341 30% CRJ A330 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 197 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,426

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Newark (EWR) 2,238 3,418 5,656

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 167 80% B737 B757 International Distance/trip (km) 1,417 70% B767 60% A320 International A340 50% RJ140 CO2/PAX (kg) 525 40% A330 Distance/trip (km) 3,958 30% B747 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Domestic Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 284 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,033

Dest Airports (Domestic) CO2 (kt) Airlines (Domestic) CO2 (kt) San Francisco 155 United Airlines 1,319 CO2 v Distance CO2 (kt) Mvts Los Angeles 140 Continental Airlines 376 Houston 137 American Airlines 116 2,000 40,000 1,800 35,000 Chicago 115 Southwest Airlines 116 1,600 30,000 Phoenix 112 Delta Air Lines 110 1,400 25,000 Denver 95 JetBlue Airways 89 1,200 20,000 1,000 Orlando 94 US Airways 81 15,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 92 Alaska Airlines 30 800 600 10,000 Las Vegas 90 Frontier Airlines 1 400 5,000 Seattle 83 Asiana Airlines 0 200 - Fort Lauderdale 79 El Al Israel Airlines 0 - -5,000 Atlanta 75 Miami 63 Trip Distance Charlotte 52 (km) Honolulu 51 Total CO2 (kt) Domestic Total CO2 (kt) International Other Airports 806 Other Airlines 0 Total Movements Domestic Total Movements International Total 2,238 Total 2,238 153

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Profile F3 Domestic Airport Footprints

The following pages contain a listing of the values of the total CO2 (kt) and CO2/PAX (kg) for the top 1,000 global ‘domestic airports’ ranked by domestic carbon footprint (ie ranked by the weight of the ‘whole of flight’ CO2 generated by domestic flight departures).

The Innovata database on which this study is based identifies 3,534 airports across the globe which hosted domestic scheduled passenger flights in 2012. The footprint of the top 1,000 airports, which are airports with a carbon footprint that is => 15 kt CO2, captures more than 97% of the global domestic scheduled passenger operations carbon footprint.

The airports are shown in groups under country headings – the countries are listed alphabetically. The airports are also listed alphabetically within each of the country groupings. In 2012 there were 146 countries which hosted domestic scheduled passenger services.

154

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Algeria Brazil Algiers (ALG) 30 66 Aracaju (AJU) 78 101 Angola Belem (BEL) 234 122 Luanda (LAD) 34 95 Belo Horizonte (CNF) 467 86 Argentina Brasilia (BSB) 1,001 122 Buenos Aires (AEP) 415 124 Campinas (CPQ) 29 66 Buenos Aires (EZE) 35 151 Campinas (VCP) 320 86 Comodoro Rivadavia (CRD) 27 135 Campo Grande (CGR) 95 96 Cordoba (COR) 46 87 Cuiaba (CGB) 162 113 El Calafate (FTE) 41 155 Curitiba (CWB) 306 74 Iguacu (IGR) 39 120 Florianopolis (FLN) 158 80 Mendoza (MDZ) 49 106 Fortaleza (FOR) 402 137 Neuquen (NQN) 29 111 Goiania (GYN) 142 87 Rio Gallegos (RGL) 21 166 Iguassu Falls (IGU) 79 97 Salta (SLA) 48 122 Ilheus (IOS) 32 89 San Carlos de Bariloche (BRC) 47 139 Imperatriz (IMP) 24 103 Trelew (REL) 17 123 Joao Pessoa (JPA) 94 169 Tucuman (TUC) 27 119 Juazeiro do Norte (JDO) 31 128 Ushuaia (USH) 54 185 Londrina (LDB) 42 62 Australia Maceio (MCZ) 90 122 Adelaide (ADL) 377 113 Manaus (MAO) 247 156 Alice Springs (ASP) 50 162 Maraba (MAB) 30 92 Ayers Rock (AYQ) 31 178 Maringa (MGF) 30 61 Brisbane (BNE) 1,043 123 Natal (NAT) 166 138 Broome (BME) 40 165 Navegantes (NVT) 57 75 Cairns (CNS) 285 154 Palmas (PMW) 26 94 Canberra (CBR) 139 74 Petrolina (PNZ) 21 86 Coolangatta/Gold Coast (OOL) 235 109 Porto Alegre (POA) 369 101 Dampier (KTA) 64 138 Porto Seguro (BPS) 43 90 Darwin (DRW) 193 211 Porto Velho (PVH) 77 124 Hamilton Island (HTI) 27 130 Recife (REC) 456 131 Hobart (HBA) 85 96 Riberao Preto (RAO) 42 69 Kalgoorlie (KGI) 15 88 Rio Branco (RBR) 31 138 Lara (AVV) 22 106 Rio de Janeiro (GIG) 781 116 Launceston (LST) 45 81 Rio de Janeiro (SDU) 424 76 Mackay (MKY) 57 95 Salvador (SSA) 545 114 Maroochydore (MCY) 39 116 Santarem (STM) 30 79 Melbourne (MEL) 1,290 116 Sao Jose do Rio Preto (SJP) 30 74 Mount Isa (ISA) 22 128 Sao Luis (SLZ) 129 124 Newcastle (NTL) 51 90 Sao Paulo (CGH) 762 82 Newman (ZNE) 26 113 Sao Paulo (GRU) 1,232 123 Paraburdoo (PBO) 22 136 Teresina (THE) 63 113 Perth (PER) 1,017 219 Uberlandia (UDI) 41 70 Port Hedland (PHE) 44 137 Vitoria (VIX) 146 79 Rockhampton (ROK) 31 70 Burma Sydney (SYD) 1,415 111 Yangon (RGN) 19 47 Townsville (TSV) 93 106 Canada Austria Abbotsford (YXX) 25 88 Wien (VIE) 20 47 Calgary (YYC) 665 130 Bangladesh Charlottetown (YYG) 17 111 Chittagong (CGP) 20 66 Comox (YQQ) 16 65 Dhaka (DAC) 30 61 Deer Lake (YDF) 24 129 Bolivia Edmonton (YEG) 383 125 Cochabamba (CBB) 36 70 Fort McMurray (YMM) 48 114 La Paz (LPB) 53 82 Fredericton (YFC) 16 111 Santa Cruz (VVI) 43 85 Grande Prairie (YQU) 18 78 Halifax (YHZ) 200 120 Hamilton (YHM) 39 199 155

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Iqaluit (YFB) 30 150 Ganzhou (KOW) 34 105 Kelowna (YLW) 60 76 Guangzhou (CAN) 2,503 127 London (YXU) 28 115 Guilin (KWL) 291 109 Moncton (YQM) 33 113 Guiyang (KWE) 474 111 Montreal (YUL) 384 111 Haikou (HAK) 569 124 Ottawa (YOW) 261 114 Hailar (HLD) 58 117 Prince George (YXS) 18 77 Hangzhou (HGH) 1,064 124 Quebec (YQB) 48 90 Harbin (HRB) 560 140 Rankin Inlet (YRT) 21 104 Hefei (HFE) 288 110 Regina (YQR) 63 122 Hohhot (HET) 296 105 Saskatoon (YXE) 68 113 Hotan (HTN) 25 110 Sept-Iles (YZV) 16 114 Huai'an (HIA) 17 103 St. Johns (YYT) 103 142 Huangshan (TXN) 30 98 Sudbury (YSB) 15 52 Huangyan (HYN) 25 125 Thunder Bay (YQT) 44 90 Ji An (JGS) 25 106 Toronto (YTZ) 81 65 Jiamusi (JMU) 18 129 Toronto (YYZ) 1,237 159 Jinan (TNA) 503 123 Vancouver (YVR) 747 147 Jingdezhen (JDZ) 23 97 Victoria (YYJ) 63 88 Jinghong (JHG) 85 76 Whitehorse (YXY) 27 168 Jining (JNG) 22 128 Winnipeg (YWG) 244 137 Kashgar (KHG) 63 119 Yellowknife (YZF) 47 121 Korla (KRL) 23 65 Chile Kunming (KMG) 1,373 127 Antofagasta (ANF) 113 117 Lanzhou (LHW) 288 120 Arica (ARI) 25 108 Lhasa (LXA) 143 168 Balmaceda (BBA) 20 110 Lianyungang (LYG) 28 89 Calama (CJC) 59 124 Lijiang (LJG) 136 98 Concepcion (CCP) 40 85 Linyi (LYI) 44 97 Copiapo (CPO) 33 104 Liuzhou (LZH) 47 118 Iquique (IQQ) 79 115 Luoyang (LYA) 41 112 Isla de Pascua (IPC) 24 306 Luxi (LUM) 32 96 La Serena (LSC) 30 87 Luzhou (LZO) 23 137 Puerto Montt (PMC) 74 120 Manzhouli (NZH) 16 112 Punta Arenas (PUQ) 43 165 Mianyang (MIG) 46 131 Santiago de Chile (SCL) 411 129 Mudanjiang (MDG) 19 116 Temuco (ZCO) 26 111 Nanchang-Changbei (KHN) 331 103 China Nanchong (NAO) 18 140 Aksu (AKU) 24 85 Nanjing (NKG) 758 115 Baotou (BAV) 80 102 Nanning (NNG) 392 116 Beihai (BHY) 49 127 Nantong (NTG) 28 116 Beijing (NAY) 205 108 Nanyang (NNY) 26 103 Beijing (PEK) 4,297 136 Ningbo (NGB) 268 116 Changchun (CGQ) 353 129 Qingdao (TAO) 586 101 Changde (CGD) 16 107 Quanzhou (JJN) 106 101 Changsha (CSX) 793 109 Sanya (SYX) 722 149 Changzhi (CIH) 28 88 Shanghai (PVG) 1,560 129 Changzhou (CZX) 81 128 Shanghai (SHA) 1,972 121 Chengdu (CTU) 1,794 131 Shangri-La (DIG) 21 84 Chifeng (CIF) 18 72 Shantou (SWA) 106 104 Chongqing (CKG) 1,321 123 Shenyang (SHE) 544 126 Dalian (DLC) 488 96 Shijiazhuang (SJW) 236 122 Daqing Shi (DQA) 30 132 Song Pan (JZH) 65 76 Daxian (DAX) 18 140 Taiyuan (TYN) 400 116 Dayong (DYG) 52 105 Tengchong (TCZ) 34 81 Dongsheng (DSN) 114 107 Tianjin (TSN) 458 120 Dunhuang (DNH) 27 129 Tongliao (TGO) 26 98 Foshan (FUO) 15 164 Ulanhot (HLH) 17 109 Fuzhou (FOC) 412 115 Urumqi (URC) 1,128 175 156

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Wanxian (WXN) 19 117 Egypt Weihai (WEH) 38 96 Aswan (ASW) 19 78 Wenzhou (WNZ) 305 112 Cairo (CAI) 70 66 Wu Hai (WUA) 17 87 Hurghada (HRG) 16 57 Wuhan (WUH) 760 111 Luxor (LXR) 21 63 Wuxi (WUX) 171 121 Ras Nasrani (SSH) 20 56 Wuyishan (WUS) 35 84 Finland Xiamen (XMN) 837 111 Helsinki (HEL) 101 62 Xi'an (XIY) 1,354 115 Oulu (OUL) 36 72 Xiangfan (XFN) 25 108 Rovaniemi (RVN) 17 92 Xining (XNN) 158 116 France Xuzhou (XUZ) 57 113 Ajaccio (AJA) 40 83 Yancheng (YNZ) 19 143 Bastia (BIA) 34 81 Yanji (YNJ) 33 90 Biarritz (BIQ) 35 89 Yantai (YNT) 130 87 Bordeaux (BOD) 109 80 Yibin (YBP) 23 151 Brest (BES) 39 85 Yichang (YIH) 54 107 Hyeres (TLN) 21 95 Yinchuan (INC) 214 110 Lille (LIL) 48 100 Yining (YIN) 23 72 Lyon (LYS) 117 71 Yiwu (YIW) 61 128 Marseille Provence (MRS) 181 88 Yulin (UYN) 42 75 Montpellier (MPL) 41 86 Yun Cheng (YCU) 47 106 Nantes (NTE) 74 79 Zhanjiang (ZHA) 31 98 Nice (NCE) 177 86 Zhengzhou (CGO) 730 123 Paris (CDG) 206 86 Zhenzhen (SZX) 1,780 128 Paris (ORY) 473 83 Zhoushan (HSN) 30 99 Pau Pyrennees (PUF) 27 83 Zhuhai (ZUH) 144 123 Strasbourg (SXB) 40 76 Colombia Toulouse (TLS) 181 86 Barranquilla (BAQ) 78 100 Germany Bogota (BOG) 552 71 Berlin (BER) 24 71 Bucaramanga (BGA) 37 61 Berlin (SXF) 28 86 Cali (CLO) 102 64 Berlin (TXL) 243 70 Cartagena de Indias (CTG) 109 92 Bremen (BRE) 35 77 Cucuta (CUC) 29 73 Cologne-Bonn (CGN) 127 74 Monteria (MTR) 19 83 Dresden (DRS) 49 71 Pereira (PEI) 22 48 Dusseldorf (DUS) 175 66 Rio Negro (MDE) 132 62 Frankfurt (FRA) 222 58 San Andreas Island (ADZ) 50 117 Friedrichshafen (FDH) 15 83 Santa Marta (SMR) 45 97 Hamburg (HAM) 214 73 Valledupar (VUP) 17 110 Hannover (HAJ) 52 71 Congo Leipzig (LEJ) 27 60 Brazzaville (BZV) 21 61 Munich (MUC) 352 68 Pointe Noire (PNR) 18 81 Nuremburg (NUE) 49 55 Croatia Stuttgart (STR) 120 74 Zagreb (ZAG) 15 58 Greece Cuba Athens (ATH) 144 55 La Habana (HAV) 26 79 Heraklion (HER) 33 61 Denmark Rhodos (RHO) 25 67 Aalborg (AAL) 26 49 Thessaloniki (SKG) 60 66 Copenhagen (CPH) 43 41 India Ecuador Agartala (IXA) 22 55 Cuenca (CUE) 18 51 Ahmedabad (AMD) 181 94 Guayaquil (GYE) 106 66 Amritsar (ATQ) 18 64 Quito (UIO) 142 60 Aurangabad (IXU) 18 78 Seymour (GPS) 25 123 Bagdogra (IXB) 30 89 Bangalore (BLR) 516 108 Bhopal (BHO) 20 64 Bhubaneswar (BBI) 75 106 157

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Calicut (CCJ) 18 64 Semarang (SRG) 78 65 Chandigarh (IXC) 37 86 Solo City (SOC) 38 72 Chennai/Madras (MAA) 456 104 Sorong (SOQ) 19 128 Cochin (COK) 110 92 Surabaya (SUB) 497 90 Coimbatore (CJB) 54 82 Tarakan (TRK) 35 77 Delhi (DEL) 1,425 115 Ternate (TTE) 27 130 Goa (GOI) 107 81 Timika (TIM) 24 134 Guwahati (GAU) 110 83 Ujung Pandang (UPG) 524 121 Hyderabad (HYD) 361 93 Yogyakarta (JOG) 137 76 Imphal (IMF) 22 62 Iran Indore (IDR) 48 70 Ahwaz (AWZ) 40 99 Jaipur (JAI) 83 93 Bandar Abbas (BND) 42 125 Jammu (IXJ) 37 63 Bushehr (BUZ) 17 113 Kolkata (CCU) 500 114 Isfahan (IFN) 40 97 Lucknow (LKO) 75 82 Kermanshah (KSH) 17 96 Mangalore (IXE) 26 74 Kish Island (KIH) 32 115 Mumbai (BOM) 1,152 103 Mashhad (MHD) 128 121 Nagpur (NAG) 66 91 Shiraz (SYZ) 72 109 Patna (PAT) 49 87 Tabriz (TBZ) 25 110 Port Blair (IXZ) 43 131 Tehran (THR) 312 105 Pune (PNQ) 147 97 Yazd (AZD) 16 99 Raipur (RPR) 48 93 Zahedan (ZAH) 25 125 Ranchi (IXR) 28 95 Israel Srinagar (SXR) 57 74 Eilat (ETH) 20 50 Trivandrum (TRV) 56 81 Tel Aviv (TLV) 16 55 Udaipur (UDR) 15 72 Italy Vadodara (BDQ) 28 73 Alghero (AHO) 38 71 Varanasi (VNS) 32 89 Bari (BRI) 110 83 Vishakhapatnam (VTZ) 47 86 Bergamo (BGY) 100 87 Indonesia Bologna (BLQ) 69 82 Ambon (AMQ) 53 121 Brindisi (BDS) 67 89 Balikpapan (BPN) 275 102 Cagliari (CAG) 123 82 Banda Aceh (BTJ) 21 84 Catania (CTA) 211 94 Bandar Lampung (TKG) 26 55 Firenze (FLR) 15 72 Bandung (BDO) 72 108 Genova (GOA) 33 73 Banjarmarsin (BDJ) 125 92 Lamezia Terme (SUF) 78 94 Batam (BTH) 137 99 Milano (LIN) 270 92 Bengkulu (BKS) 21 82 Milano (MXP) 169 105 Biak (BIK) 26 132 Napoli (NAP) 119 81 Denpasar (DPS) 315 94 Olbia (OLB) 51 78 Djayapura (DJJ) 74 116 Palermo (PMO) 144 84 Gorontalo (GTO) 15 93 Pisa (PSA) 45 74 Jakarta (CGK) 1,888 105 Reggio Calabria (REG) 28 93 Jambi (DJB) 41 85 Roma (CIA) 29 60 Kendari (KDI) 31 75 Roma (FCO) 460 72 Kupang (KOE) 58 100 Torino (TRN) 108 93 Malang (MLG) 20 108 Trapani (TPS) 42 83 Manado (MDC) 106 145 Treviso (TSF) 18 87 Medan (MES) 296 125 Trieste (TRS) 21 75 Padang (PDG) 94 101 Venezia (VCE) 82 89 Palangkaraya (PKY) 32 106 Verona (VRN) 59 95 Palembang (PLM) 75 65 Japan Palu (PLW) 40 98 Akita (AXT) 52 71 Pangkalanbuun (PKN) 23 95 Amami O Shima (ASJ) 22 65 Pangkalpinang (PGK) 39 77 Aomori (AOJ) 38 80 Pekanbaru (PKU) 91 96 Asahikawa (AKJ) 83 110 Pontianak (PNK) 82 101 Fukuoka (FUK) 815 110 Praya (LOP) 43 73 Fukushima (FKS) 26 101 158

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Hakodate (HKD) 84 99 Kuala Terengganu (TGG) 16 52 Hiroshima (HIJ) 138 102 Kuching (KCH) 155 87 Ishigaki (ISG) 66 69 Labuan (LBU) 24 69 Itami (ITM) 553 85 Langkawi (LGK) 48 63 Izumo (IZO) 30 68 Miri (MYY) 74 70 Kagoshima (KOJ) 273 91 Sandakan (SDK) 43 90 Kita Kyushu (KKJ) 118 100 Sibu (SBW) 47 68 Kobe (UKB) 134 88 Tawau (TWU) 45 98 Kochi (KCZ) 53 71 Maldives Komatsu (KMQ) 93 75 Male (MLE) 18 90 Kumamoto (KMJ) 186 101 Mexico Kushiro (KUH) 32 91 Acapulco (ACA) 21 70 Matsuyama (MYJ) 106 93 Aguascalientes (AGU) 17 86 Memanbetsu (MMB) 51 109 Cancun (CUN) 261 139 Miyakojima (MMY) 48 64 Chihuahua (CUU) 55 116 Miyazaki (KMI) 173 87 Ciudad del Carmen (CME) 15 96 Morioka (HNA) 16 93 Ciudad Juarez (CJS) 56 133 Nagasaki (NGS) 183 99 Culiacan (CUL) 73 109 Nagoya (NGO) 276 101 Guadalajara (GDL) 282 107 Nagoya (NKM) 22 82 Hermosillo (HMO) 95 127 Niigata (KIJ) 49 96 La Paz (LAP) 30 116 Obihiro (OBO) 46 106 Leon (BJX) 31 91 Oita (OIT) 99 86 Los Cabos (SJD) 49 120 Okayama (OKJ) 68 95 Mazatlan (MZT) 22 102 Okinawa (OKA) 973 127 Merida (MID) 70 115 Osaka (KIX) 284 103 Mexicali (MXL) 45 170 Saga (HSG) 18 109 Mexico City (MEX) 1,167 105 Sapporo/Chitose (CTS) 1,007 112 Monterrey (MTY) 284 104 Sendai (SDJ) 144 90 Morelia (MLM) 17 121 Shizuoka (FSZ) 17 114 Oaxaca (OAX) 22 81 Takamatsu (TAK) 69 72 Puebla (PBC) 15 161 Tokushima (TKS) 40 64 Puerto Vallarta (PVR) 36 87 Tokyo (Haneda) 3,553 105 Reynosa (REX) 17 92 Tokyo (Narita) 216 101 Tampico (TAM) 21 62 Toyama (TOY) 35 59 Tijuana (TIJ) 326 186 Ube (UBJ) 65 111 Toluca (TLC) 47 98 Yonago (YGJ) 21 82 Torreon (TRC) 20 97 Kazakhstan Tuxtla Gutierrez (TGZ) 40 100 Aktau (SCO) 41 155 Veracruz (VER) 38 73 Aktyubinsk (AKX) 18 128 Villahermosa (VSA) 51 94 Almaty (ALA) 157 133 Morocco Astana (TSE) 101 116 Casablanca (CMN) 21 47 Atyrau (GUW) 34 129 Mozambique Shimkent (CIT) 16 111 Maputo (MPM) 24 130 Kenya Nepal Mombasa (MBA) 34 74 Kathmandu (KTM) 20 35 Nairobi (NBO) 52 68 Netherlands Antilles Libya Philipsburg (SXM) 15 96 Benghazi (BEN) 17 82 New Zealand Tripoli (TIP) 17 82 Auckland (AKL) 256 86 Malaysia Christchurch (CHC) 155 77 Bintulu (BTU) 28 69 Dunedin (DUD) 33 85 George Town (PEN) 73 58 Napier/Hastings (NPE) 16 70 Johor Bahru (JHB) 52 78 Nelson (NSN) 22 63 Kota Bharu (KBR) 40 56 Queenstown (ZQN) 39 91 Kota-Kinabalu (BKI) 228 105 Wellington (WLG) 151 69 Kuala Lumpur (KUL) 591 101 Kuala Lumpur (SZB) 19 29 159

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Nigeria Zamboanga (ZAM) 38 90 Abuja (ABV) 137 73 Poland Enugu (ENU) 20 70 Warsaw (WAW) 37 47 Lagos (LOS) 198 77 Portugal Owerri Imo (QOW) 21 71 Funchal (FNC) 65 119 Port Harcourt (PHC) 68 74 Lisboa (LIS) 120 112 Norway Ponta Delgada (PDL) 41 105 Alesund (AES) 31 64 Porto (OPO) 47 92 Alta (ALF) 17 88 Terceira (TER) 22 76 Bergen (BGO) 132 56 Romania Bodo (BOO) 81 76 Bucharest (OTP) 19 50 Evenes (EVE) 30 104 Russia Haugesund (HAU) 16 59 Abakan (ABA) 19 281 Kirkenes (KKN) 18 106 Anapa (AAQ) 49 173 Kristiansand (KRS) 25 57 Arkhangelsk (ARH) 40 116 Molde (MOL) 15 63 Astrakhan (ASF) 23 144 Oslo (OSL) 415 75 Barnaul (BAX) 45 250 Sandefjord (TRF) 20 58 Blagoveschensk (BQS) 56 399 Stavanger (SVG) 78 53 Chelyabinsk (CEK) 65 164 Tromso (TOS) 96 95 Chita (HTA) 40 292 Trondheim (TRD) 124 65 Gelendzhik (GDZ) 18 160 Oman Groznyj (GRV) 19 224 Muscat (MCT) 26 95 Irkutsk (IKT) 149 268 Salalah (SLL) 25 98 Izhevsk (IJK) 17 175 Pakistan Kaliningrad (KGD) 59 116 Islamabad (ISB) 103 110 Kazan (KZN) 48 103 Karachi (KHI) 224 130 Kemerovo (KEJ) 25 247 Lahore (LHE) 99 120 Khabarovsk (KHV) 266 304 Peshawar (PEW) 27 99 Khanty-Mansiysk (HMA) 17 109 Quetta (UET) 19 92 Krasnodar (KRR) 163 150 Papua New Guinea Krasnoyarsk (KJA) 176 250 Port Moresby (POM) 50 85 Magadan (GDX) 58 369 Peru Makhachkala (MCX) 40 198 Arequipa (AQP) 62 103 Mineralnyye Vody (MRV) 92 153 Chiclayo (CIX) 17 101 Mirny (MJZ) 33 266 Cuzco (CUZ) 104 101 Moscow (DME) 1,327 205 Iquitos (IQT) 37 128 Moscow (SVO) 985 202 Juliaca (JUL) 19 94 Moscow (VKO) 676 184 Lima (LIM) 311 110 Murmansk (MMK) 43 149 Piura (PIU) 34 122 Nadym (NYM) 22 194 Tarapoto (TPP) 20 106 Nizhnevartovsk (NJC) 54 184 Philippines Nizhniy Novgorod (GOJ) 18 75 Bacolod (BCD) 43 70 Nojabrxsk (NOJ) 18 171 Butuan (BXU) 22 88 Noril'sk (NSK) 59 218 Cagayan de Oro (CGY) 70 88 Novokuznetsk (NOZ) 23 287 Caticlan (MPH) 21 52 Novosibirsk (OVB) 257 226 Davao City (DVO) 139 106 Novy Urengoy (NUX) 60 220 Dumaguete (DGT) 19 100 Omsk (OMS) 76 220 General Santos (GES) 34 115 Orenburg (REN) 27 140 Iloilo (ILO) 63 71 Perm (PEE) 50 139 Kalibo (KLO) 42 64 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy (PKC) 129 415 Lapu-Lapu (CEB) 196 78 Rostov Na Donu (ROV) 79 131 Legazpi (LGP) 16 62 Salehard (SLY) 33 156 Luzon (CRK) 19 89 Samara (KUF) 77 123 Manila (MNL) 742 89 Saratov (RTW) 36 143 Puerto Princesa (PPS) 58 91 Sochi (AER) 158 158 Tacloban (TAC) 47 82 St. Petersburg (LED) 422 144 Tagbilaran (TAG) 31 96 Stavropol (STW) 17 148 160

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Surgut (SGC) 89 192 Menorca (MAH) 33 55 Syktyvkar (SCW) 30 154 Oviedo/Aviles (OVD) 49 86 Tomsk (TOF) 46 251 Palma de Mallorca (PMI) 160 60 Tyumem (TJM) 105 151 Santa Cruz de Tenerife (TFN) 155 83 Ufa (UFA) 100 148 Santander (SDR) 31 74 Ulan Ude (UUD) 42 334 Santiago de Compostela (SCQ) 75 94 Vladikavkaz (OGZ) 18 176 Sevilla (SVQ) 122 92 Vladivostok (VVO) 258 375 Valencia (VLC) 49 59 Volgograd (VOG) 29 120 Vigo (VGO) 29 77 Yakutsk (YKS) 96 301 Sudan Yekaterinburg (SVX) 165 150 Juba (JUB) 20 134 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (UUS) 119 284 Khartoum (KRT) 61 124 Saudi Arabia Nyala (UYL) 18 114 Dammam (DMM) 171 110 Sweden Gassim (ELQ) 19 77 Gothenburg (GOT) 52 79 Hail (HAS) 19 78 Lulea (LLA) 51 97 Jazan (GIZ) 49 98 Malmo (MMX) 53 92 Jeddah (JED) 514 109 Stockholm (ARN) 209 77 Jouf (AJF) 16 103 Stockholm (BMA) 66 84 Khamis Mushayat (AHB) 90 95 Umea (UME) 36 84 Medina (MED) 121 83 Switzerland Nejran (EAM) 28 102 Geneva (GVA) 20 59 Riyadh (RUH) 553 108 Zurich (ZRH) 21 56 Tabuk (TUU) 40 99 Taiwan Taif (TIF) 21 98 Kaohsiung (KHH) 18 34 South Africa Kinmen (KNH) 41 48 Bloemfontein (BFN) 20 77 Magong (MZG) 24 31 Cape Town (CPT) 488 132 Taipei (TSA) 51 44 Durban (DUR) 207 89 Tanzania East London (ELS) 40 106 Dar es Salaam (DAR) 30 56 George (GRJ) 31 111 Kilimanjaro (JRO) 17 66 Johannesburg (JNB) 569 109 Mwanza (MWZ) 19 96 Lanseria (HLA) 72 107 Thailand Port Elizabeth (PLZ) 80 106 Bangkok (BKK) 533 89 South Korea Bangkok (DMK) 158 82 Busan (PUS) 152 57 Chiang Mai (CNX) 178 95 Cheong Ju (CJJ) 28 56 Chiang Rai (CEI) 44 92 Daegu (TAE) 26 54 Hatyai (HDY) 87 98 Gwangju (KWJ) 33 45 Khon Kaen (KKC) 15 59 Keku (CJU) 465 61 Koh Samui (USM) 55 66 Seoul (GMP) 450 62 Krabi (KBV) 33 84 Seoul (ICN) 28 60 Nakhon Si Thammarat (NST) 21 85 Ulsan (USN) 19 54 Phuket (HKT) 208 101 Yeosu (RSU) 21 53 Surat Thani (URT) 24 76 Spain Trang (TST) 15 93 Alicante (ALC) 44 65 Ubon Ratchathni (UBP) 24 73 Barcelona (BCN) 546 79 Udon Thani (UTH) 40 69 Bilbao (BIO) 111 83 Turkey Eivissa (IBZ) 57 54 Adana (ADA) 97 82 Fuerteventura (FUE) 32 56 Ankara (ESB) 239 68 Granada (GRX) 27 76 Antalya (AYT) 109 67 Granadilla de Abone (TFS) 50 137 Bodrum (BJV) 47 66 Jerez de la Frontera (XRY) 21 83 Dalaman (DLM) 25 66 La Coruna (LCG) 31 88 Diyarbakir (DIY) 44 102 Lanzarote (ACE) 68 77 Elazig (EZS) 26 96 Las Palmas (LPA) 169 84 Erzurum (ERZ) 27 104 Madrid (MAD) 729 84 Gaziantep (GZT) 46 96 Malaga (AGP) 92 79 Hatay (HTY) 21 92 161

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Istanbul (IST) 567 79 Billings (BIL) 50 110 Istanbul (SAW) 244 72 Birmingham (BHM) 184 106 Izmir (ADB) 153 63 Bismarck (BIS) 28 124 Kayseri (ASR) 39 80 Bloomington/Normal (BMI) 25 107 Konya (KYA) 18 66 Boise (BOI) 140 108 Malatya (MLX) 21 91 Boston (BOS) 1,972 156 Samsun (SZF) 35 85 Bozeman (BZN) 52 127 Sanliurfa (GNY) 15 99 Branson (BKG) 17 130 Trabzon (TZX) 85 99 Bristol/Johnson/Kingsport (TRI) 16 81 Van (VAN) 31 112 Buffalo (BUF) 293 111 Ukraine Burbank (BUR) 222 93 Kiev (KBP) 55 84 Burlington (BTV) 60 89 Simferopol (SIP) 17 95 Cedar Rapids (CID) 66 123 United Kingdom Charleston (CHS) 144 100 Aberdeen (ABZ) 82 84 Charleston (CRW) 31 97 Belfast (BFS) 95 77 Charlotte (CLT) 2,001 105 Belfast (BHD) 74 61 Charlotte Amalie (STT) 100 149 Birmingham (BHX) 41 59 Charlottesville (CHO) 21 84 Bristol (BRS) 41 80 Chattanooga (CHA) 28 91 Derby (EMA) 17 67 Chicago (MDW) 1,365 143 Edinburgh (EDI) 173 75 Chicago (ORD) 4,139 143 Glasgow (GLA) 141 74 Chicago/Rockford (RFD) 16 198 Guernsey (GCI) 19 30 Christiansted (STX) 18 80 Inverness (INV) 24 84 Cleveland (CLE) 607 120 Isle of Man (IOM) 19 43 Colorado Springs (COS) 98 108 Jersey (JER) 42 48 Columbia (CAE) 55 98 Liverpool (LPL) 23 57 Columbus (CMH) 393 115 London (City) 29 71 Corpus Christi (CRP) 32 71 London (Gatwick) 142 73 Covington (CVG) 393 124 London (Heathrow) 193 78 Dallas (DAL) 396 86 London (Luton) 39 91 Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) 4,269 160 London (Stansted) 44 87 Dayton (DAY) 154 118 Manchester (MAN) 79 55 Daytona Beach (DAB) 25 93 Newcastle (NCL) 42 67 Denver (DEN) 3,696 151 Southampton (SOU) 39 59 Des Moines (DSM) 125 117 United States Detroit (DTW) 1,815 130 Agana (GUM) 56 517 Duluth (DLH) 19 127 Aguadilla (BQN) 39 195 Durango (DRO) 16 77 Akron (CAK) 107 124 Eagle (EGE) 34 137 Albany (ALB) 150 114 El Paso (ELP) 223 122 Albuquerque (ABQ) 380 126 Eugene (EUG) 38 99 Alexandria (AEX) 15 89 Evansville (EVV) 19 114 Allentown (ABE) 43 111 Fairbanks (FAI) 79 132 Amarillo (AMA) 48 94 Fargo (FAR) 48 122 Anchorage (ANC) 445 181 Fayetteville (FAY) 20 81 Appleton (ATW) 26 97 Fayetteville/Springdale (XNA) 88 127 Asheville (AVL) 26 79 Flint (FNT) 52 126 Aspen (ASE) 21 70 Florida Beaches (ECP) 47 95 Atlanta (ATL) 5,382 133 Fort Hood (GRK) 15 67 Atlantic City (ACY) 67 134 Fort Lauderdale (FLL) 1,488 162 Augusta (AGS) 17 68 Fort Myers (RSW) 518 155 Austin (AUS) 627 131 Fort Wayne (FWA) 30 115 Bakersfield (BFL) 19 127 Fresno (FAT) 71 122 Baltimore (BWI) 1,459 130 Gainesville (GNV) 17 97 Bangor (BGR) 30 125 Grand Forks (GFK) 19 153 Baton Rouge (BTR) 42 99 Grand Junction (GJT) 26 112 Bellingham (BLI) 73 157 Grand Rapids (GRR) 122 109 Bethel (BET) 16 85 Great Falls (GTF) 24 118 162

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO2/PAX CO2/PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) Country/Airport CO2 (kt) 2 (kg) (kg) Green Bay (GRB) 25 69 Newark (EWR) 2,238 167 Greensboro (GSO) 95 89 Newburgh (SWF) 22 121 Greer (GSP) 105 99 Newport News (PHF) 40 116 Gulfport (GPT) 37 106 Norfolk (ORF) 193 102 Harlingen (HRL) 31 79 Oakland (OAK) 647 125 Harrisburg (MDT) 68 102 Oklahoma City (OKC) 223 109 Hilo (ITO) 55 95 Omaha (OMA) 254 120 Honolulu (HNL) 1,622 252 Ontario (ONT) 255 116 Houston (HOU) 692 124 Orlando (MCO) 2,206 152 Houston (IAH) 2,438 144 Orlando (SFB) 101 161 Huntsville (HSV) 75 107 Palm Springs (PSP) 102 138 Idaho Falls (IDA) 18 110 Pasco (PSC) 34 105 Indianapolis (IND) 462 124 Pensacola (PNS) 77 99 Islip (ISP) 92 130 Peoria (PIA) 39 124 Jackson (JAC) 33 111 Philadelphia (PHL) 1,861 138 Jackson (JAN) 74 107 Phoenix (AZA) 102 174 Jacksonville (JAX) 313 112 Phoenix (PHX) 2,959 158 Jacksonville (OAJ) 16 83 Pittsburgh (PIT) 477 118 Juneau (JNU) 45 91 Plattsburgh (PBG) 18 180 Kahului (OGG) 543 203 Ponce (PSE) 19 193 Kailua/Kona (KOA) 233 181 Portland (PDX) 1,032 155 Kalispell (FCA) 24 137 Portland (PWM) 91 107 Kansas City (MCI) 697 132 Providence (PVD) 229 128 Ketchikan (KTN) 29 59 Raleigh/Durham (RDU) 511 107 Key West (EYW) 29 70 Rapid City (RAP) 34 121 Knoxville (TYS) 98 110 Redmond (RDM) 20 87 Lafayette (LFT) 24 83 Reno (RNO) 208 112 Lansing (LAN) 19 77 Richmond (RIC) 192 107 Las Vegas (LAS) 2,920 163 Roanoke (ROA) 33 91 Lexington (LEX) 62 108 Rochester (ROC) 131 103 Lihue (LIH) 213 172 Sacramento (SMF) 590 135 Lincoln (LNK) 16 101 Salt Lake City (SLC) 1,310 141 Little Rock (LIT) 141 108 San Antonio (SAT) 497 123 Long Beach (LGB) 188 127 San Diego (SAN) 1,335 160 Los Angeles (LAX) 4,997 209 San Francisco (SFO) 3,641 209 Louisville (SDF) 206 106 San Jose (SJC) 590 138 Lubbock (LBB) 50 92 San Juan (SJU) 678 192 Madison (MSN) 70 88 Santa Ana (SNA) 623 142 Manchester (MHT) 153 126 Santa Barbara (SBA) 39 106 Mc Allen (MFE) 42 108 Sarasota/Bradenton (SRQ) 77 125 Medford (MFR) 30 105 Savannah (SAV) 84 95 Melbourne (MLB) 23 113 Seattle (SEA) 2,495 180 Memphis (MEM) 417 118 Shreveport (SHV) 31 94 Miami (MIA) 1,572 166 Sioux Falls (FSD) 52 115 Midland (MAF) 54 97 South Bend (SBN) 32 104 Milwaukee (MKE) 541 143 Spokane (GEG) 155 106 Minneapolis (MSP) 2,136 143 Springfield (SGF) 51 136 Minot (MOT) 29 134 St. Louis (STL) 856 127 Missoula (MSO) 37 135 St. Petersburg-Clearwater (PIE) 60 165 Mobile (MOB) 34 102 Syracuse (SYR) 103 97 Moline (MLI) 47 109 Tallahassee (TLH) 31 91 Monterey (MRY) 21 103 Tampa (TPA) 1,125 141 Montgomery (MGM) 19 95 Traverse City (TVC) 15 82 Myrtle Beach (MYR) 68 96 Tucson (TUS) 231 129 Nashville (BNA) 649 124 Tulsa (TUL) 172 103 New Orleans (MSY) 564 128 Valparaiso (VPS) 41 106 New York (JFK) 2,764 209 Washington DC (DCA) 1,326 124 New York (La Guardia) 1,866 130 Washington DC (IAD) 1,372 165 163

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX Country/Airport CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) West Palm Beach (PBI) 402 145 White Plains (HPN) 127 139 Wichita (ICT) 99 117 Wilkes-Barre/Scranton (AVP) 22 85 Wilmington (ILM) 33 83 Windsor Locks (BDL) 355 132 Uzbekistan Tashkent (TAS) 27 75 Venezuela Barcelona (BLA) 38 77 Barquisimeto (BRM) 19 75 Caracas (CCS) 200 87 El Vigia (VIG) 17 109 Maracaibo (MAR) 43 95 Porlamar (PMV) 58 80 Puerto Ordaz (PZO) 39 93 Valencia (VLN) 22 88 Vietnam Da Nang (DAD) 110 74 Haiphong (HPH) 35 115 Hanoi (HAN) 392 117 Ho Chi Minh City (SGN) 462 101 Hue (HUI) 29 79 Nha Trang (NHA) 31 68 Vinh City (VII) 25 84 Yemen Sanaa (SAH) 18 63

164

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Profile F4

Airline Footprint Profiles

Profile F4 contains carbon footprint profiles for the 20 airlines listed in the Figure below. The carbon footprint profiles have the same format as those shown in Chapter 4 and hence contain information on both the domestic and international footprints of airlines. The listing in the Figure is ranked by total carbon footprint (ie domestic footprint + international footprint).

This Profile repeats the 5 airline carbon footprint profiles shown in Chapter 4 in order to avoid the confusion – the listing in Chapter 4 is ranked by domestic footprint and hence is different to that shown in the Figure below. It can be seen that the 20 airlines listed capture about 50% of the global carbon footprint for both scheduled domestic and scheduled international passenger flights in 2012.

The Innovata database identifies 605 airlines that operated scheduled domestic passenger flights in 2012 and 511 airlines that operated scheduled international passenger flights in 2012.

As indicated in the body of the report, the CO2 arising from a flight that takes off and lands in the same country is treated as being ‘domestic’ even if the flight is categorised as being ‘international’ by aviation authorities (ie the carbon accounting in this report applies the UNFCCC methodology).

The carbon footprint profiles in the following pages are ordered according to the positions in the hierarchy shown in the Figure.

165

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) United Airlines 17,658 14,584 32,242

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 155 80% B757 International B737 Distance/trip (km) 1,142 70% A320 60% B747 International RJ140 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 505 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 3,274 30% Embraer 170/190 Domestic Embraer Brasilia Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 226 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,428 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Chicago 1,961 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines San Francisco 1,691 6,000 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Houston 1,648 5,000 400,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 Denver 1,462 4,000 Route CO2 (kt) 300,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Newark 1,319 3,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 200,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Washington DC 1,157 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 100,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Los Angeles 1,154 1,000 - Honolulu 454 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -100,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Cleveland 346 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Boston 311 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Seattle 303 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Las Vegas 296 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 New York (JFK) 247 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 San Diego 231 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Orlando 231 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 4,848 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 17,658 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 166 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Delta Air Lines 19,651 12,527 32,178

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Domestic 90% B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 137 80% International B767 MD80 Distance/trip (km) 1,018 70% CRJ 60% A320 International A330 50% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 483 40% B777 Distance/trip (km) 3,959 30% Domestic B747 Embraer 170/190 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 190 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,278 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Atlanta 4,159 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Minneapolis 1,604 6,000 800,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines 700,000 Detroit 1,409 5,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 600,000 Salt Lake City 969 4,000 Route CO2 (kt) 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Los Angeles 857 400,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 3,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 300,000 New York (JFK) 791 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 200,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (La Guardia) 733 1,000 100,000 San Francisco 385 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -100,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Las Vegas 369 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Orlando 363 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Memphis 329 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Seattle 325 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Covington 300 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Washington DC 273 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Boston 258 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 6,528 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 19,651 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) American Airlines 14,946 9,569 24,516

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Domestic 90% MD80 CO2/PAX (kg) 165 80% International B737 B777 Distance/trip (km) 1,219 70% B767 60% B757 International RJ140 50% CRJ CO2/PAX (kg) 369 40% ATR Distance/trip (km) 2,689 30% Domestic Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 210 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,460 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Dallas-Fort Worth 3,633 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Chicago 1,604 5,000 300,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Miami 1,268 250,000 Route CO (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 4,000 2 Los Angeles 1,261 Route CO2 (kt) 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 3,000 New York (JFK) 626 150,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 100,000 New York (La Guardia) 441 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 San Francisco 382 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 50,000 1,000 - Washington DC 319 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Boston 286 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Las Vegas 228 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Orlando 191 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance St. Louis 170 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Honolulu 166 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 San Juan (US) 164 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Seattle 163 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 4,043 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 14,946 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Chicago168 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Emirates Airline 0 17,333 17,333

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 80% A380 A330 Distance/trip (km) 70% A340 60% International 50% International CO2/PAX (kg) 490 40% Distance/trip (km) 4,353 30% Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) #DIV/0! 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 4,353 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 CO2 (kt) Mvts Delta Air Lines New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 7,000 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 6,000 Delta Air Lines Route CO (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 40,000 2 5,000 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 30,000 4,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 3,000 20,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 10,000 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 1,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Miami-Chicago 178 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 0 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 0 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Chicago169 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Lufthansa 1,162 15,344 16,506

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Domestic 90% A340 CO2/PAX (kg) 66 80% B747 A320 Distance/trip (km) 395 70% A330 60% A380 International International B737 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 264 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 1,584 30% Dash 8 F100 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 218 Domestic 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,288 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Munich 240 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Frankfurt 208 4,000 250,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Hamburg 148 3,500 200,000 Route CO (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 3,000 2 Berlin 144 Route CO2 (kt) 150,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 2,500 Dusseldorf 109 2,000 100,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Stuttgart 53 1,500 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Cologne-Bonn 51 - Hannover 36 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 500 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Bremen 31 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Dresden 30 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Nuremburg 26 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Leipzig 17 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Munster-Osnabruck 10 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Port Harcourt 6 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Lagos 6 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 47 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 1,162 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Chicago170 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) British Airways 684 15,769 16,453

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 86 80% B777 A320 Distance/trip (km) 601 70% B767 60% B737 International Embraer 170/190 50% International Fairchild 328 CO2/PAX (kg) 412 40% RJ140 Distance/trip (km) 2,587 30% B757 A340 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 356 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,139 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 London (Heathrow) 151 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Johannesburg 97 6,000 80,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Cape Town 80 5,000 Route CO (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 60,000 2 Edinburgh 65 4,000 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 40,000 Glasgow 57 3,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 London (Gatwick) 47 20,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 2,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Durban 38 1,000 - Manchester (UK) 31 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -20,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Aberdeen (UK) 30 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Port Elizabeth 27 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 London (City) 22 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Newcastle (UK) 16 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Jersey 12 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Belfast 10 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Isle of Man 1 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 1 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 684 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Chicago171 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Southwest Airlines 15,557 0 15,557

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 Domestic 90% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 128 80% Distance/trip (km) 1,087 70% 60% International 50% Domestic CO2/PAX (kg) 40% Distance/trip (km) 30% Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 128 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,087 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Chicago 1,242 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Las Vegas 1,145 5,000 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Denver 965 Route CO (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 4,000 400,000 2 Phoenix 920 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Baltimore 854 3,000 300,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Houston 615 2,000 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Orlando 540 1,000 100,000 Los Angeles 509 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Oakland 418 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 - Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 - San Diego 412 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 St. Louis 407 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Tampa 382 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Dallas Love Field 378 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Nashville 366 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Kansas City 300 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 6,103 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 15,557 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Chicago172 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Air France 1,598 12,347 13,945

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 83 80% A320 A330 Distance/trip (km) 563 70% A380 60% A340 International International B747 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 370 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 1,983 30% BAe 146 RJ140 Total 20% Other types 10% CO /PAX (kg) Domestic 2 265 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,388 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Paris (ORY) 425 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Paris (CDG) 170 4,000 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Toulouse 140 3,500 Route CO (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 3,000 150,000 2 Marseille Provence 133 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 2,500 100,000 Nice 132 2,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Bordeaux 92 1,500 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Lyon 91 1,000 - Nantes 53 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 500 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Montpellier 40 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Strasbourg 38 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Lille 37 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Biarritz 28 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Pau Pyrennees 26 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Brest 26 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Ajaccio 21 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 146 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 1,598 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Chicago173 167 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) US Airways 9,291 2,751 12,042

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Domestic 90% International A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 119 80% CRJ A330 Distance/trip (km) 877 70% Embraer 170/190 60% B737 International B757 50% B767 CO2/PAX (kg) 336 40% Domestic Dash 8 Distance/trip (km) 2,436 30% RJ140 Saab 340 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 139 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 980 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Charlotte 1,754 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Phoenix 1,365 3,000 500,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Philadelphia 1,179 2,500 400,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 Washington DC 525 2,000 Route CO2 (kt) 300,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Boston 216 1,500 200,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 New York (La Guardia) 166 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 100,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Los Angeles 148 500 - Las Vegas 147 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -100,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 San Francisco 144 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Orlando 141 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Dallas-Fort Worth 119 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Chicago 115 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Fort Lauderdale 110 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Tampa 109 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Pittsburgh 106 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 2,945 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 9,291 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 174 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) China Southern Airlines 8,152 2,690 10,843

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Domestic 90% A320 International CO2/PAX (kg) 124 80% B737 A330 Distance/trip (km) 1,119 70% B777 60% B757 International A380 50% Embraer 170/190 CO2/PAX (kg) 317 40% Domestic RJ140 Distance/trip (km) 2,502 30% CRJ Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 146 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,260 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Guangzhou 1,264 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Beijing 891 3,000 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Urumqi 528 2,500 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 150,000 Shanghai 452 2,000 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 100,000 Zhenzhen 431 1,500 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Zhengzhou 304 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Changsha 234 500 - Hangzhou 212 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Wuhan 212 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Xi'an 202 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Chengdu 193 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Chongqing 192 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Shenyang 190 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Sanya 188 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Kunming 181 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 2,478 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 8,152 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 175 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Singapore Airlines 37 10,498 10,535

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 180 80% A380 A330 Distance/trip (km) 1,718 70% A340 60% B747 International A320 50% International B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 531 40% ATR Distance/trip (km) 4,743 30% B757 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 527 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 4,689 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Cape Town 9 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Johannesburg 9 3,500 25,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Phoenix 8 3,000 20,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 Philadelphia 3 2,500 Route CO2 (kt) 15,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 2,000 Anchorage 2 10,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 1,500 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Orlando 1 5,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Brisbane 1 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 500 - Oakland 1 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -5,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Riyadh 1 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Jeddah 1 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Christchurch 1 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Rotorua 0 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Hamilton (NZ) 0 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Auckland 0 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 0 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 37 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 176 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Cathay Pacific 45 10,135 10,180

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 139 80% A330 B747 Distance/trip (km) 1,025 70% A340 60% A320 International MD80 50% International CO2/PAX (kg) 468 40% Distance/trip (km) 4,215 30% Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 463 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 4,165 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Adelaide 17 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Brisbane 16 3,000 20,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Cairns 12 2,500 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 15,000 Dallas-Fort Worth 0 2,000 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 10,000 1,500 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 5,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 - New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 500 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -5,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 0 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 45 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 177 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Air China 5,562 4,108 9,670

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Domestic 90% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 134 80% International A330 A320 Distance/trip (km) 1,227 70% B777 60% B747 International A340 50% B757 CO2/PAX (kg) 445 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 3,396 30% Domestic Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 190 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,559 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Beijing 1,790 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Chengdu 616 2,500 140,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines 120,000 Shanghai 376 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 2,000 100,000 Guangzhou 327 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 1,500 80,000 Zhenzhen 238 60,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Hangzhou 212 1,000 40,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Chongqing 204 500 20,000 Urumqi 108 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -20,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Kunming 105 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Xi'an 83 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Tianjin 73 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Wuhan 68 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Sanya 67 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Guiyang 64 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Xiamen 59 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 1,171 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 5,562 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 178 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 21 9,072 9,093

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 103 80% B777 A330 Distance/trip (km) 448 70% B737 60% MD80 International Embraer 170/190 50% International F70 CO2/PAX (kg) 387 40% F100 Distance/trip (km) 1,843 30% Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 384 0% Domestic Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,837 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Kilimanjaro 8 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Philipsburg 7 3,000 100,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Quito 4 2,500 80,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 Abuja 1 2,000 Route CO2 (kt) 60,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 Curacao 1 1,500 40,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 20,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 500 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -20,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 0 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 21 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 179 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Air Canada 2,899 6,179 9,078

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Domestic 90% A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 134 80% B777 B767 Distance/trip (km) 859 70% International Embraer 170/190 60% A330 International Dash 8 50% CRJ CO2/PAX (kg) 372 40% Beechcraft Distance/trip (km) 2,231 30% 20% Total Domestic Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 237 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,320 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Toronto 835 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Vancouver 476 2,000 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Calgary 275 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 1,500 150,000 Montreal 267 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 100,000 Edmonton 163 1,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Ottawa 146 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Halifax 116 500 - Winnipeg 100 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 St. Johns 65 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Saskatoon 40 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Fort McMurray 35 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Quebec 34 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Regina 33 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Victoria 27 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Moncton 22 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 267 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 2,899 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 180 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) All Nippon Airways 5,288 3,689 8,977

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 102 80% International B767 B737 Distance/trip (km) 659 70% A320 60% B787 International B747 50% Dash 8 CO2/PAX (kg) 455 40% CRJ Distance/trip (km) 4,103 30% Domestic Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 150 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,015 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Tokyo (Haneda) 1,793 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Sapporo/Chitose 482 4,000 250,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 3,500 Delta Air Lines Okinawa 454 200,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 3,000 Fukuoka 398 Route CO2 (kt) 150,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 2,500 Itami 313 2,000 100,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Nagoya 190 1,500 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Kagoshima 128 - Osaka 122 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 500 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Miyazaki 98 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Hiroshima 97 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Nagasaki 97 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Kumamoto 93 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Sendai 92 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Matsuyama 80 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Tokyo (Narita) 61 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 790 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 5,288 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197

Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 181 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) China Eastern Airlines 6,171 2,791 8,961

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Domestic 90% A320 International CO2/PAX (kg) 115 80% B737 A330 Distance/trip (km) 988 70% A340 60% B767 International A300 50% CRJ CO2/PAX (kg) 281 40% Embrear Bandierante Domestic Distance/trip (km) 2,279 30% Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 141 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,162 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Shanghai 1,210 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Beijing 667 3,500 200,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Kunming 582 3,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 150,000 Xi'an 438 2,500 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 100,000 Guangzhou 224 2,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Nanjing 212 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 1,500 50,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 1,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Chengdu 193 - Zhenzhen 179 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 500 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -50,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Hangzhou 144 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Wuhan 129 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Chongqing 125 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Taiyuan 108 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Qingdao 107 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Changsha 91 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Hefei 81 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 1,681 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 6,171 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 182 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Qantas Airways 3,314 5,181 8,495

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Domestic 90% B747 CO2/PAX (kg) 130 80% B737 A380 Distance/trip (km) 960 70% International A330 60% B767 International Dash 8 50% B717 CO2/PAX (kg) 769 40% F100 Distance/trip (km) 5,913 30% F50 Total 20% Domestic Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 264 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,506 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Sydney 638 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Perth 617 2,500 100,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines Melbourne 511 80,000 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 2,000 Brisbane 505 Route CO2 (kt) 60,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 1,500 Adelaide 186 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 40,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Cairns 106 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 1,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 20,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Canberra 95 500 - Darwin 93 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - -20,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Dampier 56 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Alice Springs 50 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Los Angeles 44 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance New York (JFK) 44 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Townsville 37 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Port Hedland 32 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Ayers Rock 25 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 273 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 3,314 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 183 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Korean Air 503 7,981 8,483

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Domestic 90% B777 CO2/PAX (kg) 58 80% A330 B747 Distance/trip (km) 350 70% B737 60% A380 International A300 50% International A320 CO2/PAX (kg) 425 40% B767 Distance/trip (km) 3,423 30% B757 MD80 Total 20% Other types 10% CO2/PAX (kg) 309 Domestic 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 2,213 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Seoul 181 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Keku 163 2,500 70,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines 60,000 Busan 69 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 2,000 50,000 Daegu 16 Route CO2 (kt) Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 1,500 40,000 Ulsan 15 30,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Gwangju 12 1,000 20,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Yeosu 10 500 10,000 Cheong Ju 10 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -10,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Chinju 5 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Pohang 5 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Milano 5 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Wojnu 3 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Seattle 2 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Kunsan 2 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Jeddah 1 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 2 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 503 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 184 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Domestic International Total Footprint CO2 (kt) Ryanair 1,083 6,803 7,886

Domestic/International CO2 Split Footprint by Aircraft Type Other Indicators 100% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Domestic 90% B737 CO2/PAX (kg) 83 80% Distance/trip (km) 710 70% 60% International International 50% CO2/PAX (kg) 131 40% Distance/trip (km) 1,300 30% Total 20% Other types 10% Domestic CO2/PAX (kg) 121 0% Domestic CO2 (kt) International CO2 (kt) Distance/trip (km) 1,184 Origin Airports CO (kt) Domestic Route Hierarchy (Domestic Flights) 2 CO v Distance Route CO2 (kt) 2 Barcelona 101 CO2 (kt) Mvts New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 466 Delta Air Lines Bergamo 96 2,500 160,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 344 Delta Air Lines 140,000 Madrid 88 Route CO2 (kt) Los Angeles-Miami 344 2,000 120,000 Bari 44 Route CO2 (kt) 100,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 272 1,500 Trapani 39 80,000 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 Atlanta-Los Angeles 375 60,000 Cagliari 39 Los Angeles-Chicago 240 1,000 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 233 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 40,000 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 274 Sevilla 38 500 20,000 Palma de Mallorca 36 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 230 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 - - -20,000 Atlanta-San Francisco 233 Santiago de Compostela 36 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 217 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Brindisi 34 New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 201 Atlanta-Las Vegas 226 Palermo 33 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Trip Distance Las Palmas 33 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 183 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 (km) Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 223 Roma 30 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 178 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Atlanta-Washington DC 214 Pisa 30 Miami-Chicago 178 NewTotal CO2York (kt) (JFK)-San Domestic Francisco Total CO2202 (kt) International Granadilla de Abone 29 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 177 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 Other Airports 378 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 167 Atlanta-SeattleTotal Movements Domestic Total Movements197 International Total 1,083 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 202 Total 3,616 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Seattle 197 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Detroit-Los Angeles 173 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Chicago 167 Atlanta-Orlando 162 185 Atlanta-Boston 160 Atlanta-Minneapolis 167 Total 3,140 Atlanta-San Diego 163 Atlanta-Orlando 162 Atlanta-Boston 160 Total 3,140 CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

Profile F5 Domestic Route Footprints

Profile F5 lists carbon footprint information for the top 1,000 global domestic routes categorised by the size of the carbon footprint. These routes have a carbon footprint that is => 57 kt CO2.

This listing is different to the listing in Profile F5 in the second book in the trilogy in that each entry in this listing captures the CO2 for all traffic operating between an airport pair (ie it reports the total CO2 for traffic in both directions). The listing in the earlier book split the footprint into a separate CO2 value for each direction.

The entries in the listing show the values of the total CO2 (kt) generated in 2012 and the CO2/PAX (kg) for each of the routes.

In a similar manner to Profile F3, the routes are shown in groups under country headings – the countries are listed alphabetically. The routes are ranked within each of the country groupings according to descending value of carbon footprint. The order of the airports in the description of each route is determined by the alphabetical order of the airport ICAO codes (eg the listing describes a route as ‘Cairns-Sydney’ rather than vice versa since the ICAO Code for Cairns is YBCS while the code for Sydney is YSSY).

The route names are based on grouped airports and not airport pairs.

There are approximately 11,105 domestic and 12,459 international scheduled passenger routes in the Innovata dataset.

The top 1,000 domestic routes captured about 60% of the global carbon footprint for scheduled domestic passenger flights in 2012.

186

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO2/PAX CO2/PAX Country/Route CO2 (kt) Country/Route CO2 (kt) (kg) (kg) Argentina Sao Paulo-Natal 105 194 Buenos Aires-Ushuaia 86 235 Curitiba-Rio de Janeiro 105 91 Buenos Aires-San Carlos de Bariloche 83 141 Brasilia-Recife 102 159 Buenos Aires-Mendoza 82 111 Rio de Janeiro-Vitoria (VIX) 97 68

Buenos Aires-Salta 78 136 Cuiaba-Sao Paulo 96 144 Buenos Aires-Cordoba 75 89 Brasilia-Manaus 94 176 Buenos Aires-Iguacu 72 120 Recife-Salvador 94 92 Australia Brasilia-Fortaleza 94 153 Melbourne-Sydney 748 92 Sao Paulo-Vitoria (VIX) 91 99 Perth-Sydney 568 319 Rio de Janeiro-Natal 85 184 Melbourne-Perth 526 257 Campo Grande-Sao Paulo 79 104 Brisbane-Sydney 402 91 Belem-Sao Paulo 77 222 Brisbane-Melbourne 394 133 Fortaleza-Recife 76 86 Brisbane-Perth 280 315 Belem-Brasilia 76 155 Adelaide-Sydney 205 120 Belo Horizonte-Salvador 73 112 Coolangatta/Gold Coast-Sydney 193 88 Rio de Janeiro-Joao Pessoa 70 183 Coolangatta/Gold Coast-Melbourne 190 125 Brasilia-Porto Alegre 66 156 Melbourne-Adelaide 180 84 Sao Paulo-Maceio 65 159 Brisbane-Cairns 179 141 Florianopolis-Rio de Janeiro 64 101 Cairns-Sydney 152 177 Brasilia-Cuiaba 61 107 Brisbane-Townsville 113 115 Belem-Fortaleza 58 120 Dampier-Perth 111 129 Brasilia-Curitiba 58 124 Adelaide-Perth 109 189 Belem-Manaus 58 132 Brisbane-Adelaide 106 153 Curitiba-Porto Alegre 57 77 Cairns-Melbourne 94 191 Canada Hobart-Melbourne 93 82 Vancouver-Toronto 639 283 Brisbane-Mackay 93 100 Calgary-Toronto 379 231 Darwin-Sydney 90 258 Edmonton-Toronto 267 236 Brisbane-Darwin 84 239 Montreal-Toronto 190 75 Melbourne-Canberra 80 66 Vancouver-Calgary 177 89 Port Hedland-Perth 78 133 Halifax-Toronto 149 132 Brisbane-Canberra 71 107 Montreal-Vancouver 147 290 Melbourne-Darwin 63 241 Winnipeg-Toronto 139 150 Canberra-Sydney 58 43 Ottawa-Toronto 139 61 Broome-Perth 57 174 Edmonton-Vancouver 119 98 Brazil St. Johns-Toronto 100 201 Rio de Janeiro-Sao Paulo 506 66 Ottawa-Calgary 88 257 Sao Paulo-Salvador 361 144 Winnipeg-Calgary 87 127 Brasilia-Sao Paulo 357 107 Montreal-Calgary 86 269 Sao Paulo-Recife 297 182 Ottawa-Vancouver 80 279 Fortaleza-Sao Paulo 255 193 Toronto-Montreal 71 64 Brasilia-Rio de Janeiro 236 115 Vancouver-Winnipeg 68 174 Rio de Janeiro-Salvador 195 131 Thunder Bay-Toronto 66 107 Belo Horizonte-Sao Paulo 192 75 Edmonton-Calgary 66 56 Sao Paulo-Porto Alegre 177 103 Halifax-St. Johns 62 102 Rio de Janeiro-Recife 171 178 Saskatoon-Toronto 61 198 Curitiba-Sao Paulo 169 62 Chile Porto Alegre-Sao Paulo 147 103 Santiago de Chile-Antofagasta 165 132 Florianopolis-Sao Paulo 138 75 Iquique-Santiago de Chile 117 155 Manaus-Sao Paulo 134 242 Calama-Santiago de Chile 105 133 Rio de Janeiro-Porto Alegre 134 120 Santiago de Chile-Puerto Montt 76 121 Belo Horizonte-Rio de Janeiro 127 65 Santiago de Chile-Concepcion 66 81 Goiania-Sao Paulo 117 102 China Fortaleza-Rio de Janeiro 113 201 Beijing-Shanghai 997 134 Brasilia-Salvador 108 123 Beijing-Guangzhou 786 205 Brasilia-Belo Horizonte 106 88 Beijing-Zhenzhen 626 196 Beijing-Chengdu 559 152 Zhenzhen-Shanghai 505 119 187

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO2/PAX CO2/PAX Country/Route CO2 (kt) Country/Route CO2 (kt) (kg) (kg) Guangzhou-Shanghai 469 127 Guangzhou-Haikou 110 76 Beijing-Kunming 375 201 Qingdao-Shanghai 110 84 Shanghai-Chengdu 368 157 Kunming-Chengdu 109 93 Beijing-Urumqi 364 232 Zhenzhen-Kunming 109 129 Beijing-Chongqing 289 143 Tianjin-Guangzhou 107 170 Beijing-Hangzhou 279 116 Fuzhou-Shanghai 107 88 Guangzhou-Chengdu 273 123 Zhengzhou-Shanghai 107 93 Shanghai-Chongqing 265 137 Xi'an-Kunming 106 130 Beijing-Xi'an 261 105 Zhengzhou-Kunming 106 162 Xiamen-Shanghai 253 101 Zhenzhen-Zhengzhou 105 132 Xi'an-Shanghai 249 126 Guangzhou-Sanya 104 86 Guangzhou-Hangzhou 233 118 Beijing-Lanzhou 103 120 Kunming-Shanghai 225 192 Beijing-Wenzhou 102 139 Beijing-Xiamen 225 165 Beijing-Zhuhai 102 179 Beijing-Sanya 224 216 Guangzhou-Qingdao 101 154 Shanghai-Shenyang 212 122 Hangzhou-Chengdu 100 154 Shanghai-Urumqi 209 280 Beijing-Nanchang-Changbei 99 122 Zhenzhen-Chengdu 206 124 Tianjin-Zhenzhen 99 176 Xi'an-Urumqi 202 196 Nanjing-Chengdu 97 125 Sanya-Shanghai 198 169 Guangzhou-Shenyang 97 180 Shanghai-Harbin 198 157 Kunming-Hangzhou 97 180 Beijing-Wuhan 197 114 Guangzhou-Jinan 96 150 Beijing-Changsha 196 126 Guilin-Shanghai 95 127 Chengdu-Urumqi 185 202 Beijing-Ningbo 93 119 Zhenzhen-Hangzhou 182 112 Wuhan-Kunming 92 139 Guangzhou-Chongqing 179 111 Guangzhou-Guiyang 91 92 Shanghai-Changchun 176 143 Beijing-Qingdao 90 70 Beijing-Haikou 175 204 Lanzhou-Urumqi 90 156 Beijing-Harbin 168 110 Zhenzhen-Jinan 90 159 Guangzhou-Xi'an 168 132 Nanjing-Chongqing 89 129 Beijing-Nanning 166 194 Hangzhou-Chongqing 89 142 Zhenzhen-Chongqing 163 112 Sanya-Hangzhou 88 166 Shanghai-Dalian 159 100 Shijiazhuang-Shanghai 88 117 Beijing-Fuzhou 155 160 Beijing-Hefei 87 102 Beijing-Guiyang 145 163 Beijing-Shenyang 86 78 Zhenzhen-Xi'an 145 136 Beijing-Yinchuan 85 103 Xi'an-Hangzhou 145 132 Xi'an-Chengdu 85 91 Lhasa-Chengdu 144 163 Guangzhou-Wuhan 81 102 Guangzhou-Nanjing 144 114 Shanghai-Yantai 81 88 Tianjin-Shanghai 143 104 Taiyuan-Guangzhou 81 160 Guangzhou-Kunming 142 125 Xining-Xi'an 81 91 Zhengzhou-Urumqi 138 231 Guangzhou-Ningbo 80 114 Changsha-Shanghai 136 101 Guangzhou-Wenzhou 80 101 Zhenzhen-Nanjing 134 114 Guangzhou-Xiamen 79 71 Haikou-Shanghai 132 158 Taiyuan-Shanghai 78 119 Beijing-Changchun 129 102 Zhenzhen-Wuhan 77 106 Guangzhou-Zhengzhou 126 134 Beijing-Guilin 76 160 Guangzhou-Urumqi 125 289 Xiamen-Nanjing 76 100 Chongqing-Urumqi 124 214 Lanzhou-Shanghai 75 161 Kashgar-Urumqi 124 119 Zhuhai-Shanghai 75 129 Kunming-Chongqing 120 92 Sanya-Chongqing 75 132 Shanghai-Guiyang 119 142 Jinan-Chengdu 74 134 Beijing-Nanjing 119 100 Guangzhou-Changchun 74 215 Changsha-Kunming 117 120 Chongqing-Lhasa 74 170 Wuhan-Shanghai 114 92 Sanya-Chengdu 74 149 Nanning-Shanghai 112 152 Beijing-Hohhot 74 66 Beijing-Dalian 111 63 Xi'an-Nanjing 73 109 Jinghong-Kunming 111 71 Zhengzhou-Xiamen 73 129 188

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg)

Zhengzhou-Sanya 72 171 France Yinchuan-Xi'an 72 77 Toulouse-Paris (ORY) 194 88 Guangzhou-Wuxi 71 119 Nice-Paris (ORY) 186 93 Wuhan-Chengdu 70 111 Marseille Provence-Paris (ORY) 112 98 Hangzhou-Shenyang 70 133 Bordeaux-Paris (ORY) 70 71 Beijing-Xining 69 130 Nice-Paris (CDG) 70 102 Guangzhou-Nanchang-Changbei 69 90 Toulouse-Paris (CDG) 66 95 Guangzhou-Hefei 69 109 Marseille Provence-Paris (CDG) 60 100 Guangzhou-Harbin 68 230 Germany Jinan-Chongqing 67 138 Hamburg-Munich 139 82 Wuhan-Sanya 66 143 Dusseldorf-Munich 115 71 Xiamen-Hangzhou 66 89 Munich-Berlin 106 68 Beijing-Zhengzhou 66 82 Frankfurt-Berlin 105 62 Changsha-Haikou 66 108 Frankfurt-Hamburg 90 59 Changsha-Chengdu 65 110 Cologne-Bonn-Munich 80 72 Kunming-Xiamen 65 160 Dusseldorf-Berlin 75 73 Xiamen-Chongqing 65 138 Cologne-Bonn-Berlin 74 70 Guangzhou-Fuzhou 65 93 Frankfurt-Munich 68 50 Changsha-Nanjing 64 92 Hamburg-Stuttgart 65 86 Kunming-Jinan 63 182 Stuttgart-Berlin 60 79 Zhenzhen-Qingdao 63 148 Greece Wuhan-Urumqi 63 248 Athens-Thessaloniki 71 58 Yinchuan-Urumqi 62 161 India Guangzhou-Dalian 62 162 Mumbai-Delhi 602 116 Changsha-Chongqing 62 90 Delhi-Bangalore 355 168 Kunming-Nanjing 62 178 Delhi-Chennai/Madras 254 165 Shanghai-Wenzhou 62 62 Mumbai-Bangalore 230 104 Lanzhou-Xi'an 62 72 Kolkata-Delhi 217 127 Changsha-Xi'an 62 98 Delhi-Hyderabad (HYD) 214 134 Taiyuan-Urumqi 61 202 Mumbai-Chennai/Madras 195 115 Qingdao-Harbin 61 119 Mumbai-Kolkata 192 161 Zhengzhou-Chengdu 61 123 Pune-Delhi 135 119 Changsha-Sanya 60 122 Mumbai-Hyderabad (HYD) 124 91 Zhenzhen-Guiyang 60 99 Kolkata-Bangalore 115 157 Beijing-Baotou 60 78 Guwahati-Delhi 104 146 Haikou-Chongqing 60 128 Mumbai-Goa 102 63 Song Pan-Chengdu 59 62 Ahmedabad-Mumbai 102 72 Nanjing-Dalian 59 99 Kolkata-Chennai/Madras 93 141 Wuhan-Chongqing 59 96 Ahmedabad-Delhi 88 96 Wuxi-Chengdu 59 148 Delhi-Srinagar 84 85 Xi'an-Yulin 58 69 Mumbai-Cochin 82 120 Lijiang-Chongqing 58 115 Delhi-Lucknow 74 68 Jinan-Harbin 58 128 Kolkata-Guwahati 67 71 Zhenzhen-Shenyang 57 201 Patna-Delhi 67 106 Zhengzhou-Chongqing 57 102 Mumbai-Jaipur 67 108 Colombia Bangalore-Hyderabad (HYD) 65 71 Bogota-Cartagena de Indias 166 93 Goa-Delhi 62 152 Bogota-Rio Negro 150 53 Pune-Bangalore 58 94 Bogota-Cali 146 61 Hyderabad (HYD)-Chennai/Madras 57 69 Bogota-Barranquilla 128 100 Indonesia Bogota-Santa Marta 81 96 Jakarta-Medan 466 141 Bogota-San Andreas Island 70 125 Ujung Pandang-Jakarta 421 144 Bucaramanga-Bogota 69 62 Denpasar-Jakarta 398 113 Ecuador Surabaya-Jakarta 350 88 Guayaquil-Quito 168 60 Balikpapan-Jakarta 228 126 Finland Jakarta-Padang 163 108 Helsinki-Oulu 70 72 Pekanbaru-Jakarta 156 105 Jakarta-Pontianak 145 102 189

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Yogyakarta-Jakarta 141 64 Tokyo (Narita)-Fukuoka 94 110 Banjarmarsin-Jakarta 141 109 Obihiro-Tokyo (Haneda) 93 106 Jakarta-Palembang 138 64 Kochi-Tokyo (Haneda) 89 77 Ujung Pandang-Surabaya 134 101 Tokyo (Narita)-Okinawa 89 153 Balikpapan-Surabaya 132 101 Fukuoka-Nagoya 89 88 Batam-Jakarta 131 103 Tokyo (Narita)-Sapporo/Chitose 83 97 Semarang-Jakarta 130 64 Sapporo/Chitose-Sendai 82 84 Manado-Jakarta 125 198 Akita-Tokyo (Haneda) 79 65 Ujung Pandang-Djayapura 82 210 Okinawa-Miyakojima 78 56 Jakarta-Jambi 79 86 Tokushima-Tokyo (Haneda) 78 64 Jakarta-Pangkalpinang 73 77 Memanbetsu-Tokyo (Haneda) 75 117 Solo City-Jakarta 67 69 Kobe-Okinawa 71 123 Praya-Jakarta 66 113 Sapporo/Chitose-Fukuoka 69 142 Banjarmarsin-Surabaya 61 70 Itami-Kagoshima 68 77 Balikpapan-Tarakan 60 70 Itami-Okinawa 65 151 Denpasar-Surabaya 58 54 Kobe-Tokyo (Haneda) 64 66 Iran Kobe-Sapporo/Chitose 61 112 Tehran-Mashhad 114 110 Itami-Sapporo/Chitose 58 139 Tehran-Shiraz 70 116 Kushiro-Tokyo (Haneda) 58 98 Italy Kazakhstan Milano-Roma 217 80 Almaty-Astana 118 112 Catania-Milano 141 115 Kenya Milano-Napoli 113 98 Nairobi-Mombasa 71 74 Catania-Roma 105 72 Malaysia Palermo-Roma 89 69 Kota-Kinabalu-Kuala Lumpur 314 155 Torino-Roma 83 81 Kuching-Kuala Lumpur 185 110 Palermo-Milano 75 110 Kuala Lumpur-George Town (PEN) 90 57 Bari-Milano 71 103 Kuala Lumpur-Langkawi 88 69 Venezia-Roma 62 79 Miri-Kuala Lumpur 83 135 Cagliari-Milano 58 99 Kota Bharu-Kuala Lumpur 78 57 Cagliari-Roma 57 66 Tawau-Kuala Lumpur 65 169 Japan Sandakan-Kuala Lumpur 63 171 Sapporo/Chitose-Tokyo (Haneda) 1,141 118 Sibu-Kuala Lumpur 59 121 Fukuoka-Tokyo (Haneda) 958 131 Mexico Tokyo (Haneda)-Okinawa 828 181 Mexico City-Cancun 372 137 Itami-Tokyo (Haneda) 434 85 Mexico City-Monterrey 256 96 Kagoshima-Tokyo (Haneda) 332 109 Mexico City-Tijuana 231 212 Kumamoto-Tokyo (Haneda) 288 106 Guadalajara-Mexico City 168 72 Miyazaki-Tokyo (Haneda) 239 101 Guadalajara-Tijuana 155 188 Kita Kyushu-Tokyo (Haneda) 235 100 Merida-Mexico City 117 115 Nagasaki-Tokyo (Haneda) 234 122 Hermosillo-Mexico City 101 167 Hiroshima-Tokyo (Haneda) 220 100 Chihuahua-Mexico City 78 137 Osaka-Sapporo/Chitose 183 116 Mexico City-Villahermosa 75 93 Fukuoka-Okinawa 180 100 Mexico City-Tuxtla Gutierrez 67 94 Oita-Tokyo (Haneda) 178 88 Ciudad Juarez-Mexico City 62 157 Matsuyama-Tokyo (Haneda) 170 109 New Zealand Osaka-Okinawa 156 125 Auckland-Christchurch 166 104 Hakodate-Tokyo (Haneda) 141 99 Auckland-Wellington 149 79 Sapporo/Chitose-Nagoya 139 110 Auckland-Queenstown 57 118 Nagoya-Okinawa 137 133 Nigeria Ube-Tokyo (Haneda) 130 111 Abuja-Lagos 153 78 Komatsu-Tokyo (Haneda) 128 66 Lagos-Port Harcourt 96 73 Asahikawa-Tokyo (Haneda) 125 106 Norway Takamatsu-Tokyo (Haneda) 119 69 Oslo-Tromso 116 127 Okayama-Tokyo (Haneda) 116 91 Oslo-Trondheim 115 59 Osaka-Tokyo (Haneda) 113 75 Bergen-Oslo 104 56 Okinawa-Ishigaki 111 68 Oslo-Stavanger 98 57 Itami-Sendai 95 83 Bodo -Oslo 75 104

190

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Pakistan Saudi Arabia Karachi-Lahore 170 140 Jeddah-Riyadh 555 127 Karachi-Islamabad 163 144 Dammam-Jeddah 195 134 Peru Medina-Riyadh 110 107 Lima-Cuzco 183 108 Khamis Mushayat-Riyadh 94 103 Lima-Arequipa 112 115 Jeddah-Medina 73 62 Lima-Piura 66 122 South Africa Lima-Iquitos 64 133 Cape Town-Johannesburg 637 137 Philippines Durban-Johannesburg 216 76 Manila-Lapu-Lapu 264 95 Cape Town-Durban 123 137 Manila-Davao City 209 121 Cape Town-Lanseria 110 127 Manila-Cagayan de Oro 122 101 Johannesburg-Port Elizabeth 101 114 Manila-Iloilo 99 75 South Korea Manila-Puerto Princesa 96 91 Keku-Seoul 639 65 Manila-Tacloban 89 88 Busan-Seoul 166 59 Manila-Bacolod 81 77 Keku-Busan 137 55 Manila-Kalibo 67 63 Spain Manila-Tagbilaran 63 96 Barcelona-Madrid 412 72 Manila-General Santos 57 126 Las Palmas-Madrid 178 162 Portugal Santa Cruz de Tenerife-Madrid 163 168 Funchal-Lisboa 89 124 Madrid-Palma de Mallorca 92 71 Russia Barcelona-Sevilla 82 98 Vladivostok-Moscow 409 589 Barcelona-Malaga 65 93 Khabarovsk-Moscow 340 593 Barcelona-Palma de Mallorca 62 44 Novosibirsk-Moscow 264 229 Bilbao-Madrid 58 61 St. Petersburg-Moscow 263 95 Sweden Krasnodar-Moscow 225 135 Malmo-Stockholm 105 92 Krasnoyarsk-Moscow 219 283 Gothenburg-Stockholm 95 77 Irkutsk-Moscow 204 342 Lulea-Stockholm 94 96 Yekaterinburg-Moscow 199 144 Umea-Stockholm 67 84 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy-Moscow 197 623 Thailand Sochi-Moscow 192 141 Bangkok-Phuket 365 104 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk-Moscow 187 603 Bangkok-Chiang Mai 299 93 Mineralnyye Vody-Moscow 144 147 Bangkok-Hatyai 162 96 Yakutsk-Moscow 131 416 Bangkok-Koh Samui 99 74 Rostov Na Donu-Moscow 125 123 Bangkok-Chiang Rai 88 92 Moscow-Ufa 120 135 Bangkok-Udon Thani 67 66 Omsk-Moscow 120 217 Bangkok-Krabi 66 88 Tyumem-Moscow 116 175 Turkey Chelyabinsk-Moscow 107 159 Antalya-Istanbul 182 68 Blagoveschensk-Moscow 102 454 Ankara-Istanbul 175 57 Moscow-Samara 100 108 Istanbul-Izmir 157 58 Surgut-Moscow 91 217 Adana-Istanbul 137 88 Magadan-Moscow 90 482 Gaziantep-Istanbul 79 99 Kaliningrad-Moscow 84 120 Istanbul-Trabzon 77 107 Tomsk-Moscow 82 265 Kayseri-Istanbul 75 80 Perm-Moscow 82 138 United Kingdom Barnaul-Moscow 82 254 London (Heathrow)-Edinburgh 99 80 Ulan Ude-Moscow 80 381 London (Heathrow)-Glasgow 68 82 Moscow-Kazan 77 101 London (Heathrow)-Aberdeen (UK) 68 99 Makhachkala-Moscow 76 196 Belfast-London (Heathrow) 58 84 Nizhnevartovsk-Moscow 75 214 Manchester (UK)-London (Heathrow) 58 59 Novy Urengoy-Moscow 73 242 United States Moscow-Saratov 70 142 New York (JFK)-Los Angeles 1,334 316 Noril'sk-Moscow 67 255 New York (JFK)-San Francisco 927 334 Chita-Moscow 59 385 Los Angeles-Chicago 690 246 Los Angeles-Honolulu 675 357 Chicago-San Francisco 633 256

191

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) New York (La Guardia)-Chicago 468 134 Atlanta-Minneapolis 209 153 Washington DC-Los Angeles 464 317 Minneapolis-Phoenix 207 185 Atlanta-Los Angeles 463 279 Denver-Las Vegas 206 124 Washington DC-San Francisco 448 338 Dallas-Fort Worth-Las Vegas 205 186 Las Vegas-Chicago 421 231 Denver-Houston 205 144 Dallas-Fort Worth-Los Angeles 410 184 Atlanta-Salt Lake City 204 221 Boston-San Francisco 385 366 Denver-Phoenix 204 115 Los Angeles-Miami 367 336 Phoenix-Seattle 202 170 Denver-Chicago 344 155 Detroit-Las Vegas 202 251 Chicago-Phoenix 343 209 Denver-New York (La Guardia) 201 228 Chicago-Seattle 342 240 Boston-Washington DC 200 95 Atlanta-New York (La Guardia) 336 135 Miami-Chicago 200 178 Dallas-Fort Worth-New York (La Guardia) 330 212 New York (JFK)-Orlando 199 150 San Francisco-Honolulu 325 371 Denver-Washington DC 199 214 Boston-Los Angeles 325 343 Houston-Las Vegas 199 186 Houston-Los Angeles 322 204 Atlanta-Baltimore 198 120 Washington DC-Chicago 319 114 Philadelphia-Phoenix 198 248 Atlanta-Las Vegas 316 249 Los Angeles-Seattle 196 151 Newark-San Francisco 315 346 Washington DC-Dallas-Fort Worth 189 192 New York (JFK)-Las Vegas 311 297 Seattle-San Francisco 189 119 Atlanta-Chicago 309 120 Denver-Newark 188 233 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Francisco 308 208 Dallas-Fort Worth-Phoenix 188 154 Los Angeles-Kahului 307 332 Dallas-Fort Worth-Miami 188 169 Seattle-Anchorage 305 215 Newark-Orlando 188 147 Atlanta-San Francisco 296 293 Dallas-Fort Worth-Philadelphia 185 220 Dallas-Fort Worth-Chicago 296 152 Dallas-Fort Worth-Newark 184 230 Boston-Chicago 294 140 Los Angeles-Orlando 184 297 Los Angeles-San Francisco 291 76 New York (JFK)-Miami 182 165 Atlanta-Washington DC 286 113 Washington DC-Houston 180 185 Atlanta-Dallas-Fort Worth 284 142 Detroit-Los Angeles 180 268 Newark-Los Angeles 280 328 Newark-Las Vegas 180 300 Newark-Houston 273 201 Los Angeles-Minneapolis 180 219 New York (JFK)-San Juan (US) 271 222 Las Vegas-Honolulu 180 448 Atlanta-Denver 264 188 Fort Lauderdale-Chicago 178 184 Houston-Chicago 262 150 Charlotte-Dallas-Fort Worth 177 147 Orlando-Chicago 258 170 Atlanta-Tampa 177 96 Denver-Los Angeles 257 145 Detroit-Phoenix 177 243 Atlanta-Phoenix 253 226 Minneapolis-Seattle 176 203 Chicago-San Diego 251 244 Houston-Phoenix 175 165 Atlanta-Seattle 251 293 Houston-Seattle 174 258 Atlanta-Fort Lauderdale 250 117 Las Vegas-San Francisco 173 95 Denver-San Francisco 247 160 Denver-Minneapolis 172 123 Philadelphia-San Francisco 246 317 Orlando-Philadelphia 172 134 Atlanta-Houston 236 126 Seattle-Honolulu 171 353 Newark-Chicago 230 124 New York (JFK)-Seattle 170 318 Atlanta-Orlando 228 96 Charlotte-Phoenix 170 195 Fort Lauderdale-New York (La Guardia) 226 167 Chicago-Santa Ana (SNA) 169 243 Houston-San Francisco 223 231 Dallas-Fort Worth-Orlando 167 170 Newark-Phoenix 223 295 Fort Lauderdale-New York (JFK) 166 165 Denver-Seattle 221 163 Atlanta-Miami 166 117 Chicago-Philadelphia 220 117 Newark-Seattle 165 321 Boston-Dallas-Fort Worth 219 222 Houston-New York (La Guardia) 164 210 Dallas-Fort Worth-Seattle 217 239 Los Angeles-Lihue 164 352 Los Angeles-Philadelphia 215 275 Atlanta-San Diego 163 260 Atlanta-Boston 213 159 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Diego 162 198 Atlanta-Philadelphia 213 129 San Diego-San Francisco 162 98 New York (La Guardia)-Miami 212 166 Chicago-Portland (PDX) 160 248 Denver-Dallas-Fort Worth 212 130 Phoenix-Honolulu 158 386 192

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Washington DC-Miami 158 141 Atlanta-Raleigh/Durham 122 95 Newark-Fort Lauderdale 157 161 Charlotte-New York (La Guardia) 121 94 Chicago-Tampa 156 168 Baltimore-Denver 120 224 Dallas-Fort Worth-Honolulu 154 493 Washington DC-New York (La Guardia) 120 66 Boston-Denver 153 246 Charlotte-Chicago 119 104 Minneapolis-San Francisco 152 229 Atlanta-Charlotte 119 73 Denver-Philadelphia 152 211 Denver-Salt Lake City 119 88 Boston-Miami 152 187 New York (La Guardia)-Minneapolis 119 164 Dallas-Fort Worth-Santa Ana (SNA) 151 175 Denver-Santa Ana (SNA) 119 149 Denver-San Diego 151 148 Atlanta-Milwaukee 118 136 Washington DC-Seattle 151 311 Denver-Detroit 118 179 Atlanta-Newark 150 139 Atlanta-Fort Myers 118 111 Atlanta-Detroit 150 117 Charlotte-San Francisco 117 238 Washington DC-Orlando 150 131 Detroit-New York (La Guardia) 116 114 Denver-Portland (PDX) 149 163 Detroit-Fort Lauderdale 116 174 Las Vegas-Minneapolis 149 192 Atlanta-Honolulu 116 673 Denver-Orlando 149 228 Baltimore-Chicago 116 121 Chicago-Honolulu 147 703 San Francisco-Agana 115 1,003 New York (JFK)-San Diego 146 319 Washington DC-Minneapolis 115 148 Los Angeles-Phoenix 145 86 Baltimore-Phoenix 115 294 Las Vegas-Seattle 144 141 Detroit-San Francisco 113 279 Fort Lauderdale-Los Angeles 144 313 Atlanta-Kansas City 112 129 Las Vegas-Los Angeles 144 63 Agana-Honolulu 111 662 Detroit-Orlando 143 157 Houston-New Orleans 110 73 New York (JFK)-Salt Lake City 141 268 Atlanta-Jacksonville (JAX) 109 76 Houston-Philadelphia 141 202 Seattle-Kahului 109 345 Atlanta-San Juan (US) 140 225 Denver-Kansas City 109 112 Las Vegas-Philadelphia 140 267 Atlanta-Santa Ana (SNA) 109 263 New York (JFK)-Phoenix 140 257 Detroit-Chicago 109 71 Houston-San Diego 139 194 Dallas-Fort Worth-Salt Lake City 109 166 Orlando-San Juan (US) 139 183 Phoenix-San Diego 109 72 Atlanta-San Antonio 139 148 San Francisco-Kahului 108 311 Los Angeles-Agana 137 1,051 Charlotte-Los Angeles 108 231 Dallas-Houston 136 70 Boston-Charlotte 108 116 Miami-San Juan (US) 136 161 Chicago-Salt Lake City 108 173 Minneapolis-Chicago 134 77 Los Angeles-Salt Lake City 106 110 Chicago-St. Louis 134 75 Washington DC-San Diego 106 303 Phoenix-Salt Lake City 134 106 Dallas-Fort Worth-Washington DC 106 192 Los Angeles-Kailua/Kona 133 338 Houston-Miami 105 150 Houston-Orlando 133 144 Atlanta-Richmond (US) 105 113 Atlanta-New Orleans 133 103 Dallas-Fort Worth-Portland (PDX) 105 267 Miami-San Francisco 131 344 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Antonio 105 83 Portland (PDX)-Phoenix 131 163 Dallas-Fort Worth-Tampa 104 166 Charlotte-Houston 130 144 Baltimore-Dallas-Fort Worth 104 209 New York (La Guardia)-Orlando 130 157 Oakland-Seattle 104 123 Boston-Orlando 129 170 Charlotte-Newark 104 97 Chicago-Fort Myers 128 187 Baltimore-Fort Lauderdale 103 165 Dallas-Fort Worth-Detroit 128 165 Baltimore-Houston 103 193 Kansas City-Chicago 128 99 Newark-Honolulu 103 581 Orlando-Minneapolis 126 196 Denver-Sacramento 102 157 Newark-Miami 126 166 Atlanta-Pittsburgh 102 116 Atlanta-West Palm Beach 125 114 Los Angeles-St. Louis 102 257 Phoenix-San Francisco 125 115 Charlotte-Las Vegas 101 212 Boston-Phoenix 124 320 Atlanta-Austin 101 145 Baltimore-Orlando 123 148 San Diego-Seattle 100 162 Las Vegas-Phoenix 122 70 Atlanta-St. Louis 99 110 Dallas-Fort Worth-Fort Lauderdale 122 168 Austin-Chicago 99 165 Dallas-Fort Worth-Minneapolis 122 143 Phoenix-Sacramento 99 128 193

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Denver-Fort Lauderdale 99 252 Portland (PDX)-Honolulu 86 340 Las Vegas-Portland (PDX) 99 140 Chicago-Pittsburgh 85 95 Houston-Tampa 98 136 Philadelphia-Seattle 85 294 Newark-West Palm Beach 98 158 Dallas-Fort Worth-El Paso 85 128 Boston-Houston 98 235 Boston-Minneapolis 85 176 Boston-Fort Lauderdale 98 182 Detroit-Salt Lake City 84 209 Dallas-Fort Worth-St. Louis 98 125 Albuquerque-Dallas-Fort Worth 84 130 Fort Lauderdale-Philadelphia 98 156 Denver-Indianapolis 84 170 Boston-Baltimore 97 88 Boston-New York (La Guardia) 84 56 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Jose (US) 97 243 New York (La Guardia)-West Palm Beach 84 170 Atlanta-Indianapolis 97 108 Oakland-San Diego 84 100 Chicago-Raleigh/Durham 97 125 Charlotte-Orlando 84 90 Philadelphia-Tampa 97 148 Boston-Seattle 84 326 Honolulu-Kahului 97 50 Los Angeles-Portland (PDX) 83 140 Detroit-Seattle 95 263 Denver-Tampa 83 225 Milwaukee-Phoenix 95 232 Atlanta-Memphis 83 90 Phoenix-St. Louis 95 213 Cleveland-Houston 83 174 Seattle-Salt Lake City 95 124 Phoenix-Santa Ana (SNA) 83 78 Phoenix-San Jose (US) 95 125 Miami-Philadelphia 83 156 Newark-San Diego 95 326 Los Angeles-Sacramento 83 95 Nashville-Chicago 94 100 Los Angeles-Oakland 83 77 Washington DC-Phoenix 94 265 San Francisco-Santa Ana (SNA) 82 87 Las Vegas-Miami 93 293 Las Vegas-Milwaukee 82 238 Cleveland-Chicago 93 74 Dallas-Fort Worth-Sacramento 82 242 Denver-St. Louis 93 138 Las Vegas-Salt Lake City 82 85 Dallas-Fort Worth-Tucson 93 158 Los Angeles-San Jose (US) 82 78 Baltimore-Tampa 92 155 New York (La Guardia)-St. Louis 82 155 Washington DC-Tampa 92 142 Orlando-San Francisco 82 324 Portland (PDX)-San Francisco 92 109 Atlanta-Columbus 82 105 Newark-Tampa 92 154 Atlanta-New York (JFK) 82 127 Austin-Los Angeles 92 198 Charlotte-Miami 81 125 Fort Lauderdale-Houston 92 153 Baltimore-Los Angeles 81 324 Philadelphia-San Juan (US) 92 224 Baltimore-Las Vegas 81 303 San Diego-Honolulu 92 371 Denver-San Jose (US) 81 155 Fort Lauderdale-San Francisco 91 368 Detroit-Tampa 81 160 Atlanta-Portland (PDX) 91 289 Detroit-Fort Myers 80 168 Fort Lauderdale-San Juan (US) 91 160 Atlanta-Windsor Locks 80 156 New York (JFK)-Tampa 91 154 Kansas City-Phoenix 80 181 Austin-Dallas-Fort Worth 90 70 Newark-Minneapolis 80 160 Windsor Locks-Chicago 89 142 Dallas-Fort Worth-Raleigh/Durham 80 192 Charlotte-Philadelphia 89 95 Columbus-Chicago 80 76 Dallas-Fort Worth-Houston 89 74 Atlanta-Norfolk 79 113 Minneapolis-Anchorage 89 341 Houston-Santa Ana (SNA) 79 202 Minneapolis-Philadelphia 88 155 Dallas-Fort Worth-Kansas City 79 117 Houston-Honolulu 88 503 Charlotte-Detroit 78 104 Denver-Milwaukee 88 163 Cleveland-Las Vegas 78 256 Oakland-Phoenix 88 122 Charlotte-Minneapolis 77 149 Seattle-Santa Ana (SNA) 88 166 Nashville-Los Angeles 77 261 Nashville-Denver 87 174 Washington DC-Denver 77 206 Washington DC-Fort Lauderdale 87 148 Las Vegas-Oakland 77 96 Atlanta-Buffalo 87 148 Charlotte-Fort Lauderdale 76 110 Charlotte-Washington DC 87 78 Chicago-Minneapolis 76 84 Kailua/Kona-Honolulu 87 69 Seattle-San Jose (US) 76 122 Detroit-Minneapolis 87 108 San Diego-Sacramento 76 104 Washington DC-Las Vegas 87 283 Dallas-Fort Worth-Kahului 76 483 Nashville-Dallas-Fort Worth 86 131 Houston-Portland (PDX) 75 251 Baltimore-Charlotte 86 87 Seattle-Sacramento 75 112 Charlotte-Denver 86 158 Austin-Denver 75 140 194

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

CO /PAX CO /PAX Country/Route CO (kt) 2 Country/Route CO (kt) 2 2 (kg) 2 (kg) Chicago-Tucson 75 234 Baltimore-Salt Lake City 64 261 Boston-Philadelphia 74 70 Las Vegas-Reno 64 84 New York (La Guardia)-Tampa 74 171 Las Vegas-Kansas City 64 189 Las Vegas-San Diego 74 72 Oakland-Portland (PDX) 64 111 Honolulu-Hilo 73 76 Chicago-San Jose (US) 63 257 New York (JFK)-Honolulu 73 868 Columbus-Phoenix 63 257 Burbank-Oakland 73 73 Orlando-Providence 63 178 Dallas-Fort Worth-Ontario 73 209 New York (La Guardia)-Milwaukee 63 137 Buffalo-Chicago 72 106 Dallas-Fort Worth-San Juan (US) 62 295 Newark-Santa Ana (SNA) 72 363 Las Vegas-St. Louis 62 218 Orlando-Phoenix 72 221 Albuquerque-Phoenix 62 78 Detroit-Houston 72 150 Houston-St. Louis 62 140 Boston-Fort Myers 71 186 Atlanta-Flint 62 140 Los Angeles-New Orleans 71 241 Phoenix-Tampa 62 257 Buffalo-Orlando 71 172 Denver-Oklahoma City 62 107 Cleveland-Los Angeles 71 281 Philadelphia-San Diego 62 266 San Francisco-Kailua/Kona 71 316 Seattle-Fairbanks 61 223 Minneapolis-Portland (PDX) 71 204 Atlanta-Charleston 61 74 Washington DC-Salt Lake City 71 258 Houston-San Antonio 61 58 Denver-Spokane 71 149 Washington DC-Detroit 61 95 Dallas-St. Louis 71 114 Orlando-Milwaukee 61 190 Charlotte-Tampa 71 94 Phoenix-San Antonio 60 131 Minneapolis-Salt Lake City 70 152 Salt Lake City-Honolulu 60 381 Dallas-Kansas City 70 104 Chicago-Sacramento 60 249 Cleveland-Dallas-Fort Worth 69 179 Austin-New York (JFK) 60 219 Nashville-Houston 69 127 Boston-New York (JFK) 60 54 Minneapolis-San Diego 68 218 Burbank-Phoenix 60 82 Atlanta-Sarasota/Bradenton 68 105 Charlotte-Pittsburgh 59 87 Denver-Honolulu 68 415 New York (JFK)-Portland (PDX) 59 321 San Diego-San Jose (US) 68 96 Boston-Newark 59 57 Portland (PDX)-Salt Lake City 68 118 Portland (PDX)-Sacramento 59 102 Atlanta-Dayton 68 114 Boston-San Juan (US) 59 225 New York (JFK)-West Palm Beach 68 155 Las Vegas-San Jose (US) 59 92 Ontario-Phoenix 67 80 Portland (PDX)-San Jose (US) 59 112 Albuquerque-Dallas 67 119 Oakland-Salt Lake City 59 115 Detroit-Philadelphia 67 96 Dallas-Fort Worth-New Orleans 58 116 Denver-Omaha 67 98 Columbus-Dallas-Fort Worth 58 173 Orlando-Miami 67 63 San Jose (US)-Kahului 58 311 Austin-Phoenix 67 133 Newark-St. Louis 58 148 Indianapolis-Phoenix 67 218 Houston-Salt Lake City 58 164 Phoenix-Pittsburgh 66 278 Phoenix-Reno 58 117 Atlanta-Pensacola 66 83 Boston-Detroit 58 121 Baltimore-Detroit 66 96 Charlotte-San Juan (US) 58 184 Minneapolis-Fort Myers 66 208 Charlotte-New York (JFK) 58 105 Denver-New Orleans 66 173 Colorado Springs-Dallas-Fort Worth 58 133 Oakland-Honolulu 66 317 Atlanta-Akron 57 118 Chicago-San Antonio 66 160 Atlanta-Covington 57 99 Lihue-Honolulu 66 50 Denver-Miami 57 238 Chicago-Oakland 66 276 Albuquerque-Los Angeles 57 136 Dallas-Fort Worth-Pittsburgh 66 193 Windsor Locks-Dallas-Fort Worth 57 207 Houston-Minneapolis 66 156 Denver-Oakland 57 162 Dallas-Fort Worth-Indianapolis 65 152 Venezuela Phoenix-Kahului 65 382 Porlamar-Caracas 80 81 Dallas-San Antonio 65 71 Maracaibo-Caracas 72 94 Windsor Locks-Orlando 65 167 Vietnam Atlanta-Rochester (ROC) 65 147 Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh City 565 143 San Jose (US)-Honolulu 64 318 Da Nang-Ho Chi Minh City 130 78 Oakland-Kahului 64 310 Da Nang-Hanoi 82 76 Haiphong-Ho Chi Minh City 68 121 195

CONTENTS: Profiles–Home Profiles–Country Profiles–Airports Airports-Hierarchy Profiles–Airline Routes CO2

About the Author

Dave Southgate retired from the Australian Government Public Service in July 2012 after a 31 year career as an ‘environmental bureaucrat’. After working in both State and Federal Government environmental agencies for 8 years he joined the aviation area of the Australian Government Transport Department in late 1989 and stayed there until he retired. Throughout his time in Transport he specialised in aircraft noise; in the latter years he also became involved in aviation climate change issues and developed a particular interest in carbon footprinting.

Dave has a longstanding interest in transparency and in facilitating public involvement in environmental decision-making through the development of ‘simple’ ways to describe patterns of pollution. As an outcome of working with representatives of the Sydney community his team developed innovative concepts for describing and assessing aircraft noise.48 In 2008 Dave was awarded the Australian Government Public Service Medal (PSM) for his work in this area.49

From 2004 to 2012 Dave was the Australian Government representative on the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP). He pursued his interest in carbon footprinting while on CAEP and was a member of the group that oversaw the development of the ICAO Carbon Calculator.50

Dave has published two books on the carbon footprinting of aviation: The Carbon Footprint of Aircraft Operations in Australia – 2011 (October 2012); and Aviation Carbon Footprint: Global Scheduled International Passenger Flights – 2012 (April 2013). 51,52

Dave has a science/engineering background and has degrees from the Universities of Liverpool, London (Imperial College) and Tasmania.

48 Expanding Ways to Describe and Assess Aircraft Noise, Dept of Transport and Regional Services, 2000: http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/aviation/environmental/transparent_noise/expanding/index.aspx 49http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1137899&search_type=quick&showIn d=true 50 ICAO Carbon Calculator: http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Pages/default.aspx 51 The carbon footprint of aircraft operations in Australia – 2011, D Southgate, 2012: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/02/01/aviation-carbon-footprint-reporting/ 52 Aviation Carbon Footprint: Global Scheduled International Passenger Flights – 2012, D Southgate, 2013: http://southgateaviation.wordpress.com/2013/04/20/76/

196