NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

NPS-DHS Project/Products

Overview Playbook

Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)

Earthquake Response Project

Playbook #: RSC-01 Revised – 10/15/2013 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited i

NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Playbook Table of Contents

Executive Summary……………….……………………………………… iii

Overview……………….…………………………………………………… 1

Purpose/Objectives……………….……………………………………… 1

Research and Product Review……….………………………………… 1

Research Organization and Team ……….……………………………. 6

USB Project Disk Drive…………………………………………………... 10

Internal Webpage…………………………………………………………. 11

Playbook Directory……….………………………………………………. 13

References……….………………………………………………………… 14

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Executive Summary

This is the first of a series of “Playbooks” designed to assist first responders and emergency managers with the use of remote sensing data for improved earthquake response. This Playbook describes a pilot project funded by the Department of Homeland Security and conducted by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Remote Sensing Center (RSC) to explore remote sensing imagery and other geographic information in support of earthquake response. It outlines the methodology used to identify products, links them to essential elements of information (EEI’s), and describes a tiered-product concept tied to connectivity and power.

This Playbook provides the “big-picture” for the project, which required integration of several other existing NPS projects’ capabilities. It introduces the NPS Remote Sensing Center, other NPS teammates and contributions, and other non-NPS project members participating in the effort. A coordinated approach is described combining external project results with the direct efforts of NPS/RSC and partners supported by the Pilot Project. This led to an end-to-end demonstration of the technology during a field exercise conducted during August 2012 at the NPS “Research and Experimentation for First Responders“ (RELIEF) activity at Camp Roberts, California. This forms the model for the overall integrated earthquake response project, including all of the required hardware, software, data, and communications to demonstrate the role that remote sensing and other geographic data could play in an austere field environment following an earthquake. The integrated model provides the framework for utilization of remote sensing data to assist with emergency response.

The Playbook Directory near the end of this document shows the NPS Earthquake Response Playbook sequence to help put this Playbook into perspective and give an overview of products resulting from this research and some aspects of practical implementation. The content of each Playbook is briefly described; however, users are referred to the specific named and numbered Playbooks for full product descriptions. These provide additional detailed product information, instructions on how to separately utilize the individual products, and how to combine them into an integrated system for improved earthquake response.

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Overview Sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science & Technology Directorate, the Remote Sensing Center (RSC) at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) has conducted research into the use of remote sensing data for improved earthquake response and developed a series of instructional Playbooks designed to assist first responders and emergency managers with the use of remote sensing technology in their emergency response operations. This project/product overview Playbook (Playbook #: RSC-01) is the first in a series of instructional guides emerging from the research completed for the Earthquake Response Project at NPS conducted during 2011 - 2012. The objective of the NPS Earthquake Response Project was to improve post-disaster response and recovery through the delivery and integration of remotely-sensed data into existing Emergency Management Concept of Operations (CONOPS). These remote sensing datasets and derived products are designed to be a valuable source of geographic information in support of emergency planning; change detection; and post-disaster event assessment, response, and management. The technology concept and products developed were tested and demonstrated during an NPS RELIEF exercise at Camp Roberts California on August 15 – 16, 2012. The Playbooks described here summarize the products developed during the project, the operational experience at the Camp Roberts event, and provide guidelines on how first responders and emergency managers can use the NPS Playbooks and products to help improve earthquake response.

Purpose/Objectives The objective and purpose of this Playbook is to provide an introduction to the NPS- DHS Earthquake Response project and to describe the Playbook Series and its use. This Playbook can be used to establish perspective for the rest of the Playbooks and how they fit together to provide a comprehensive approach to improved earthquake response using remote sensing and other geospatial data.

Research and Product Review A workshop exploring the use of remote sensing technologies for improved earthquake warning, monitoring, and response was conducted at NPS on 25 – 27 January 2011 under the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) and the Naval Postgraduate School Remote Sensing Center (NPS/RSC). The workshop brought first responders, emergency management personnel, and experts on earthquakes and the use of remote sensing technology together to discuss the current state-of-the-art with respect to earthquake forecasting, prediction, warning, and post-disaster response, and the role that remote sensing technology could play in improving capabilities (NPS, 2011). Based on the discussions and outcome of the workshop, DHS S&T supported the NPS Remote Sensing Center (RSC) to conduct a pilot project for Monterey County, California, to explore the use of remote sensing technology for improved

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

earthquake response. RSC subsequently conducted meetings and discussions with the emergency response community to determine how remote sensing technology might contribute to their response efforts. The specific focus of these was to develop products in direct support of earthquake response in Monterey County, California. Key questions to be answered included:  What information is needed?  When is information needed?  What remote sensing platforms/sensors capabilities are important?  What platforms-sensors-data are available?  How can baseline data and post-event information validate infrastructure problems and failures and how can these help determine what resources are needed to avoid unnecessary deployments and evacuations? First responders were also questioned as to whether they required “answers”, or data/imagery. The response was both, but they want to match the technology to the discipline-driven requirements. Key research elements for the study were defined based on these discussions (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Summary of Key Research Elements for the NPS Pilot Project Research.

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

These requirements were meshed with NPS remote sensing capabilities and detailed information regarding emergency responders’ critical needs (essential elements of information or “EEIs”). (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Summary of Selected Essential Elements of Information (EEIs)

Based on the above, existing and available remote sensing datasets were reviewed to determine their value and potential use for improved earthquake response. A variety of datasets were selected for product development, ultimately leading to several categories of products. These include:

Baseline imagery and geographic data: Selected imagery of Monterey County and the City of Monterey are provided, including multispectral satellite data, several types of aerial photography, digital elevation data, baseline geographic information (GIS), and LiDAR data.

Critical Infrastructure data: Information and data for locations that have been defined as Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) sites by the City of Monterey are provided. These include CIKR site data collected by both the City of Monterey and the Remote Sensing Center (RSC) of the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and pre- 3

NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

disaster street-level and aerial photography of the CIKR sites acquired to provide a baseline for post-disaster image comparisons.

Sample Change Detection Products: High resolution airborne imagery were acquired by San Diego State University from a light aircraft for the purpose of establishing baseline conditions for portions of Monterey County, California. Sites were flown several times over the course of two days to provide multitemporal datasets for demonstration of rapid change detection.

Daily Power Outages and Fire Detections: A web-based reporting system hosted on a NOAA site provides daily notification of power outages and fire detections based on analysis of data from the “Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite” (VIIRS).

Social Networking Products: Several social networking products including ushahidi, Twitter, Tweetdeck, Monitter, and Trendsmap were examined and implemented for use in disaster response.

Mobile Application(s) for Disaster Response: A mobile application for form collection in support of damage assessment was adapted by the NPS/DHS Earthquake Response Project for use during disaster events. Forms are filled out on-site in the field using an android tablet or phone and either sent back to a central server immediately using available internet connectivity or saved to be input into the server later.

Post Event Processing Scenarios and Examples: Baseline data assembled by NPS were used to demonstrate scenarios and approaches for change detection products for post-earthquake damage assessment. Changes would be measured by comparing post event data to pre-event remote sensing imagery and other datasets.

Product Soft and Hardcopy Output: Geospatial PDF files (GeoPDF) based upon the ubiquitous Adobe Acrobat PDF file format standard simplify and standardize the creation of softcopy maps, providing a familiar work environment. Procedures and templates for creating GeoPDF files in support of disaster response are provided by NPS. Generation of hardcopy output from these provides base maps for use in austere environments (lack of power, computers, internet, etc).

Common Operating Picture (COP): As a component of this project, NPS has made available “Sensor Island”, a systems and software middleware component used to collect and disseminate baseline and specialized imagery, geographic analysis products, and geographic information in support of Monterey County and City. Physically located at the Naval Postgraduate School Center for Asymmetric Warfare (CAW) facility in Naval Base Ventura County California, Sensor Island is accessible via network access provided by the CAW. In this configuration, information passed to Sensor Island can be shared through the UICDS middleware to the WebEOC incident management and COP software run by Monterey County.

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Connectivity and Communications: In addition to the products themselves, connectivity and communications capabilities were taken into account when designing these products. The worst case scenario is that no distributed power, internet, phone, or other electronic communications will be available after an earthquake event. This led to the development of a three-tier approach to product delivery (Figure 3). This tiered approach ensures that data and information can still be conveyed to emergency management personnel regardless of the level of power and internet connectivity available:

 Tier I – Full Connectivity Digital Products: The implementation of Tier I products assumes that internet and telephone connectivity are present and fully operational after a disaster event.  Tier II – No Internet Connectivity / Mobile Connectivity Only Products: As is the case in many disaster events, while internet and cellular services may be down in disaster areas, other areas of the county, state, or country may still have full connectivity —allowing for off-site development and use of products for later delivery into affected locations via mobile services.  Tier III – No Connectivity and Limited Power Products: Tier III products provide avenues for first responders to use desktop and mobile platforms operating on emergency power and with limited or no connectivity. To disseminate the products derived in a network loss condition, PDF and GeoPDF formats are used and can be delivered via courier in digital or hardcopy formats or held in reserve until power/connectivity are restored.

Figure 3: Concept of tiered product delivery. 5

NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Research Organization and Team As part of this research, the NPS RSC identified a variety of existing NPS organizations and projects with pertinent expertise and products that could be incorporated into the overall earthquake response project concept. An ad-hoc NPS research team was formed to draw upon these related research projects (Figure 4). The research team also included participation from several other non-NPS team members. The combined NPS research team provided the hardware and software environment, remote sensing and other geographic data, and developed and implemented selected earthquake response products to build an end-to-end earthquake response capability. Further details of the individual team organizations, capabilities, and contributions follow.

Figure 4: NPS Collaboration – Key System Components

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

NPS Remote Sensing Center (RSC): The NPS Remote Sensing Center (RSC) is organized as a multidisciplinary center contributing to teaching and research in support of the NPS mission. Dr. R. C. Olsen, Executive Director of the center, was the Principal Investigator for the NPS/RSC earthquake response project. Dr. Fred A. Kruse was the technical lead and overall project manager. The NPS Remote Sensing Center acted as the lead organization for the NPS effort, providing the remote sensing technical expertise and most of the coordination with the first responders and emergency managers. NPS/RSC was responsible for conducting research linking remote sensing with earthquake response, defining appropriate remote sensing products, getting feedback from EMS stakeholders, and refining products as required to support requirements. The center also coordinated integration of all of the other NPS team members’ contributions and the external partners efforts into a coherent project focused on delivery of end-to-end capabilities to the first responders and emergency managers. An exercise was run at Camp Roberts California in conjunction with NPS RELIEF during August 2012. This exercise provided the opportunity to integrate all of the required hardware, software, data, and communications in an austere field environment (Figure 5). It was a coordinated effort between NPS/RS and all of our project partners as described following the figure. (Contact: Dr. F. A. Kruse, NPS/RSC, [email protected], 303-499-9471). (Individual RSC research contributions to the project are described in Playbooks#RSC-02, -03, -05, - 06, -07, -08, -09, and -10).

Figure 5: Schematic showing the NPS/RSC earthquake response project organization and components for the NPS RELIEF exercise, August 15 – 16, 2012. 7

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NPS Virtualization & Cloud Computing Lab: The NPS Virtualization & Cloud Computing Laboratory developed the deployable Emergency Operations Center (EOC) in a Box or “EOCIB” under separate funding from DHS and the California Homeland Security Consortium (CHSC). Hardware developed under this separate effort acted as a platform to host the RSC remote sensing products in an emergency situation. The Mobile EOCIB is a core virtualized operations center designed for emergency management use. It consists of a ruggedized rack-mounted server and supporting virtualization software architecture providing up to 50 virtual workstations for data storage and processing. When supported by alternate power and communications, the system provides the hardware and software for portable access to crisis information such as critical infrastructure, satellite and aerial imagery, ArcGIS layers, LiDAR, etc. NPS/RSC remote sensing and other geographic products were loaded onto this server for demonstration purposes at the NPS RELIEF exercise during August 2012. The system has subsequently been delivered to the Monterey County Office of Emergency Services and will act as the host for products from the NPS/RSC earthquake response project at that site. (Buddy Baretto, NPS, [email protected], 831- 402-1463). (See Playbook#RSC-10 for additional details).

Hastily Formed Networks (HFN, Cebrowski Institute): The NPS Hastily Formed Networks (HFN) Center addresses communication issues that arose out of the September 11th attacks and recent natural disasters (Nelson et al., 2011). Under separate funding from DHS and the California Homeland Security Consortium (CHSC), HFN has developed approaches and assembled hardware and a methodology that provides independently Powered Command/Control/Communications Systems (IPC3) integrating commonly available wireless technologies such as WiMAX ethernet bridges, meshed WiFi access points, and VSAT and BGAN IP backbone access via satellite to create a "wireless cloud" of Internet connectivity in and around a disaster zone. This enables early responders to communicate and interoperate within the disaster zone and also to obtain critical reachback to leadership elsewhere. The NPS HFN Center provides wireless infrastructure with redundant local wireless cloud and redundant Internet reachback capabilities using small form factor, airline luggage checkable, commercial off the shelf, integrated communications and alternate power flyaway kits. These can be quickly delivered to disaster zones, providing Internet access within a few hours of arrival. HFN participation in the NPS/RSC project at RELIEF allowed demonstration of the communications technologies to provide Tier 1 RSC products by linking the standalone EOCIB with other key components such as Sensor Island, UICDS, and WebEOC. HFN also demonstrated the use of alternate power systems (solar only) and a SolarStik alternate power system (solar, wind, hydrogen fuel cell) to run the various network components and the EOCIB. HFN’s participation was key in demonstrating how Tier-1 (digital) products can be delivered in any austere electrical and radio communication environment. (Brian Steckler, NPS/HFN; [email protected], 831-402-1584). (See Playbook#RSC-10 for additional details).

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Center for Asymmetric Warfare (CAW): The Center for Asymmetric Warfare (CAW), in cooperation with Peak Spatial Enterprises (a commercial company) developed and operates "Sensor Island”. Sensor Island is a geographic information enterprise consisting of hardware and software operating on a high speed network providing a common geographic collection, translation, and dissemination capability for the 24/7 integration and transmission of dynamic information. This network collects information produced by sensors and remote sensing analysis centers including imagery files (kmz/kml, img, tif, sid) products, GeoPDF map compositions, GeoRSS social media feeds, and video camera feeds. The primary outputs of the Sensor Island are geographic web services and common operational pictures (COPs). The web services offer standard dissemination of geographic data for emergency operations centers running geographic mapping software such as ArcGIS and Google Earth. The CAW integrated multiple data sets from the NPS RSC, EOCIB, and other Camp Roberts exercise activities during the August 2012 NPS RELIEF exercise to demonstrate centralized geographic collection, dissemination and display of NPS/RSC remote sensing products and other disaster information and multiple network resources. Sensor Island published two organic common operational pictures, a Manager COP and an Exercise COP. The Manager COP provided the ability to add control measures (points, lines, polygons) and sensor locations for dissemination to responders. The Exercise COP provided a common map display for those responders who don’t have an online COP with real-time updates. For the August 2012 demonstration, Sensor Island also specifically connected data and remote sensing products from the NPS/RSC exercise with the DHS Unified Incident Command and Data System (UICDS) and the commonly used emergency management software “WebEOC” (Alan Jaeger, NPS/CAW, [email protected], 805-989-1786). (See Playbook#RSC-09 for additional details).

Common Operational Research Environment Lab (CORE, Lighthouse Project): The Common Operational Research Environment (CORE) Lab developed a mobile application “Lighthouse”. This is available as either an Android or Apple implementation and provides the ability to collect field data using mobile devices into forms that are customizable to meet the needs of any emergency management agency. Lighthouse also provides a back-end database that allows for the analysis, display, and dissemination of this field data using an interactive web client. The NPS/RSC earthquake response project used Lighthouse to develop and demonstrate customized damage assessment forms for use within the project 3-tier framework. Responders enter data into simple forms and have the capability to transmit the forms along with supporting photos, video, and audio back to the EOC if internet or cell phone capabilities exist. If a Tier-3 situation exists (no internet, no communications, limited power), then the devices can download the data later when these are restored, or can locally download data at the EOC site to the Common Operating Picture. (Dr. F. A. Kruse, NPS/RSC, [email protected], 303-499-9471). (See Playbook#RSC-06 for additional details).

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Other (Non-NPS) Project Partners:

 San Diego State University (SDSU) NPS/RSC also collaborated with SDSU on the development of rapid, high-spatial resolution image assessment of post-disaster damage utilizing light aircraft rapid- imaging and change detection of critical infrastructure features. The research, in conjunction with Terrapan Labs and NEOS Ltd (both commercial companies) has established baseline imagery and rapid change detection technology and approaches to be used following a disaster event to assist with situational awareness, critical infrastructure information (life and safety issues, power, water, transportation, communications), logistic support (food, water, field hospitals, cell towers, debris removal), and damage assessment. (Dr. Douglas A. Stow, Dept. of Geography, San Diego State University; [email protected], 619.594.5498). (See Playbook#RSC-4A for additional details).

 NOAA/NGDC: NPS/RSC collaborated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) to develop products useful to earthquake response using night-time remote sensing data. NOAA has a long history of using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) imagery to develop night lights products that detect power outages, gas flares, and other illumination sources (fires). NOAA, as part of the NPS/RSC project has extended these capabilities to a new, higher spatial resolution satellite imager (VIIRS). They are developing the capability to automatically produce near-real-time georeferenced power detection images with estimates of the affected population at the county level from both DMSP and VIIRS. A fire detection product under development is also expected to provide nightly assessment of the locations and sizes of fires burning, with specific focus on the state of California. Both the power detection and fire products will be available on-line to first responders and emergency managers. (Dr. Chris Elvidge, National Geophysical Data Center, [email protected], 303-497- 6121). (See Playbook#RSC-04B for additional details).

USB Project Disk Drive All of the project materials have been consolidated onto a USB external disk drive compatible with MS-Windows (XP, VISTA, Windows-7) operating systems to facilitate distribution to the City of Monterey and Monterey County Emergency Operations Centers. This drive contains digital copies of the Playbooks, selected earthquake response sample products, a set of Baseline data, and an internal website designed to facilitate use of these materials (Figure 6).

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NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Figure 6: NPS Earthquake Response Project USB Disk Directory Structure

Internal Webpage An Internal Webpage has been built to assist users in the speedy and efficient navigation of the large amounts of data, products, and playbooks that NPS has provided for this project (Figure 7). These materials are located in the “Monterey_Earthquake_Project_Page“ directory on the USB project disk provided to Monterey County and the City of Monterey, and are started by double clicking on the file “Monterey_Earthquake_Project_Start_Page_index.htm”. Clicking on the hyperlinks in this webpage will either navigate the user to the folder housing the data (e.g., baseline imagery), open the file in question (e.g., playbook), or start the application on the computer (e.g., Twitter Applications)

Figure 7: Main page of the NPS-DHS Project Internal Website 11

NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Navigation on this webpage is relatively simple. On the left, the column of hyperlinks provides an outline of the major topics covered by the NPS-DHS Earthquake Response Project and closely matches the folder structure located on the data drive. Hyperlinks are provided for: - NPS Contact Information: Opens to a listing of current phone numbers, mail addresses, and email addresses of those critical personnel and departments involved in the NPS-DHS Earthquake Response Project that may be of assistance at a future time. - Playbook Directory: Opens to an index of all instructional Playbooks that have been developed with additional hyperlinks to open the Playbook PDF files in Adobe Reader. - Baseline Imagery and Data: Opens to the Baseline Imagery and Data webpage where users can view an index of baseline (i.e., pre-disaster) imagery provided on the data drive with hyperlinks to open the folders where the imagery and data are housed, as well as access the relevant instructional Playbook. - Monterey City Critical Infrastructure & Key Resources (CIKR): Opens up the CIKR webpage where a listing of CIKR sites is available as well as hyperlinks to individual CIKR site webpages where pertinent data and imagery on those sites is housed. - Social Media Applications: Hyperlinks that opens the social media webpage where users can directly access both Ushahidi and the Twitter Applications. Also, users can access the instructional Playbook on how to use the social media applications. - Lighthouse Application for Damage Assessment: Opens to a webpage containing hyperlinks to open the Lighthouse Application on the computer as well as to open the instructional Playbook on how to operate the Lighthouse Application during a crisis. - Common Operating Picture (COP): Opens the COP webpage where an additional hyperlink navigates users to the Sensor Island COP. Also, hyperlinks to the instructional Playbooks on Sensor Island and the UICDS/WebEOC interface are found here. - Project Summary Page: Link to internet-hosted page summarizing the Remote Sensing to Improve Earthquake Response project on the NPS Remote Sensing Center (RSC) hompaqe. This includes much of the project summary information also contained in this playbook (Playbook#RSC-01). - Remote Sensing Center: Link to internet-hosted page providing summary information about the NPS Remote Sensing Center, its activities, degrees, projects, instrumentation, and other information. 12

NPS-DHS Project/Product Overview Playbook #: RSC-01

Playbook Directory This Playbook is one of a series of Playbooks designed to cover the technical breadth of the NPS-DHS Earthquake Response Project. Each Playbook describes one series of products and its use. These Playbooks can be printed, transmitted electronically as Portable Document Format (PDF) documents, or stored locally on existing emergency management networks, workstations, or mobile devices. The following summarizes the individual Playbooks developed as part of this project and available to emergency responders. See the listed Playbook for specifics and details.

Playbook#RSC-01: NPS-DHS Remote Sensing Project/Products Overview Playbook documenting project and scope and big picture for other Playbooks

Playbook#RSC-02: Monterey County Baseline Products and Pre-Event Data Processing Playbook documenting baseline data, preprocessing, use/analysis of basic products

Playbook#RSC-03: Monterey (City) Infrastructure Products Critical Infrastructure data (location, description, pre-event photos, geolocated imagery frames and metadata)

Playbook#RSC-04A: Airborne Imagery Change Detection Products (SDSU) Monterey baseline imagery of critical infrastructure, Camp Roberts imagery, and selected change detection example products. Full-Resolution NEOS imagery

Playbook#RSC-04B: NOAA Night Lights/Power Change Detection and Fire Detection Products Night lights/power and fire detections (NOAA)

Playbook#RSC-05A: Social Networking Products (Ushahidi) Ushahidi implementation and instructions for Monterey City/County

Playbook#RSC-05B: Social Networking Products (Twitter) Twitter implementation and instructions for Monterey City/County

Playbook#RSC-06: Mobile Application Damage Assessment Product Lighthouse damage assessment application download, install, configure, execute

Playbook#RSC-07: Post Event Processing Scenarios Products LiDAR DEM, DSM, derived products, NAIP/WV-2 Change Detection Examples

Playbook#RSC-08: Soft and Hardcopy Output Products and Distribution GeoPDF Products, Monterey Map Books, w/National Grid Index, PDF and Printed

Playbook#RSC-09: Common Operating Picture (COP) Products Sensor Island Common Operating Picture, UICDS to WebEOC Link

Playbook#RSC-10: Systems Integration, Transition, and Training Hardware/Software Installation Details, Coordination, and Integration

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References These are some of the publications so-far describing elements of the NPS/RSC earthquake response remote sensing research efforts and products as well as some additional pertinent references:

Clasen, C.C., Kruse, F.A., and Kim, A.M., 2012, Analysis of LiDAR Data for Emergency Management and Disaster Response: in Imaging and Applied Optics Technical Digest, 24 June - 28 June 2012, Monterey, CA, USA, Optical Society of America (paper RTu2E.2.pdfon CD-ROM). Kim, A.M., Kruse, F.A., Olsen, R.C., and Clasen, C.C., 2012, Extraction of Rooftops from LiDAR and Multispectral Imagery: in Imaging and Applied Optics Technical Digest, 24 June - 28 June 2012, Monterey, CA, USA, Optical Society of America (paper RTu2E.1.pdf on CD- ROM). Kruse, F.A., Clasen, C.C., Kim, A.M., and Carlisle, S.C., 2012, Use of Imaging Spectrometer Data and Multispectral Imagery for Improved Earthquake Response: in Imaging and Applied Optics Technical Digest, 24 June - 28 June 2012, Monterey, CA, USA, Optical Society of America (paper RM2E.1.pdf on CD-ROM). Kruse, F.A., Clasen, C.C., Kim, A.M., Runyon, S.C., Carlisle, S.C., Esterline, C.H., Trask, D.M., and Olsen, R.C., 2012, Tiered remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) based map products for improved earthquake response: in Proceedings 34th International Geologic Congress (IGC), 5 -10 August, 2012, Brisbane Australia. Kruse, F.A., Clasen, C.C., Kim, A.M., and Carlisle, S.C., 2012, Effects of spatial and spectral resolution on remote sensing for disaster response: In proceedings, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS2012), 22 - 27 July 2012, Munich, Germany. Naval Postgraduate School Remote Sensing Center (RSC), 2011, Workshop report: Remote sensing techniques for improved earthquake warning, monitoring, and response, NPS, January 25 – 27, 2011, 19 p. (available as PDF file). Naval Postgraduate School Remote Sensing Center (RSC), 2012, After action report for NPS/RSC Earthquake Response Exercise, NPS RELIEF, August 15-16, 2012 (available as PDF file). Nelson, C.B.., Stamberger, J.A., and Steckler, B.D., 2011, The Evolution of Hastily Formed Networks for Disaster Response: in Proceedings, Technologies, Case Studies and Future Trends, Aug 2011, IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, Seattle Washington.

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