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3 Kuba in Fidel Castro Primož Ademovič ANALIZA MEDIJSKIH VSEBIN NA KUBI V ČASU FIDELA CASTRA IN PO NJEGOVEM ODSTOPU Diplomsko delo Maribor, september 2013 ANALIZA MEDIJSKIH VSEBIN NA KUBI V ČASU FIDELA CASTRA IN PO NJEGOVEM ODSTOPU Diplomsko delo univerzitetnega študijskega programa Medijske komunikacije Študent: Primož Ademovič Študijski program: Medijske komunikacije Smer: Medijska produkcija Mentor: doc. dr. Suzana Žilič Fišer, univ. dipl. novinar Somentor: asist. mag. Cafnik Uludag Petra, univ. dipl. medij. kom. III ZAHVALA Zahvaljujem se mentorici, profesorici dr. Suzani Žilič Fišer za pomoč, podporo in usmerjanje pri opravljanju diplomskega dela. Prav tako se zahvaljujem somentorici, profesorici Petri Cafnik Uludag za njene predloge in usmeritve, ki so mi olajšale delo. Hvala tudi staršem, ki so me skozi študij podpirali, sestri Lini, ki mi je s svojimi nasveti in predlogi stala ob strani, ter punci Maji, ki me je podpirala in vzpodbujala skozi ves čas pisanja diplomske naloge. IV ANALIZA MEDIJSKIH VSEBIN V ČASU FIDELA CASTRA IN PO NJEGOVEM ODSTOPU Ključne besede: mediji, cenzura, Castro, Kuba UDK: 316.774(043.2) Povzetek V diplomskem delu smo se posvetili republiki Kubi in njenima voditeljema Fidelu in Raulu Castro. Kuba je socialistična država, v kateri ima vso oblast Komunistična partija Kube. Ljudje živijo v splošnem pomanjkanju, a predvsem tista starejša »Castrova« generacija, še ima upanje, da se bo stanje v državi izboljšalo, medtem, ko mlajša generacija utopično gleda na izboljšanje razmer. Področje, na katerega smo se osredotočili, so mediji in analiza medijskih vsebin na Kubi. Primerjali smo stopnjo cenzure na Kubi v času obeh vladarjev Castro ter, kakšen vpliv ima državna oblast na medije. Na kratko smo proučili vladavino obeh karizmatičnih revolucionarnih voditeljev ter predstavili Raulove pomembnejše reforme. Raziskava temelji na proučevanju knjig in revij, predvsem pa na osnovi številnih informacij in podatkov, ki jih najdemo na spletu v obliki člankov in blogov. V MEDIA CONTENT ANALYSES IN CUBA DURING THE FIDEL CASTRO REGIME AND AFTER HIS RESIGNATION Key words: the media, censorship, Castro, Cuba UDK: 316.774(043.2) Abstract In this thesis we focused on the Republic of Cuba and it's leaders Fidel and Raul Castro. Cuba is a socialistic Country, where the whole power belongs to communistic party of Cuba. People there live in poverty, but the older “Castro” generation still hopes that the situation in their country will improve, while the younger generation is very doubtful about better times. The media and media content analysis were the major point of this degree. We compared the level of censorship under both leaders and discussed the impact of Cuba on its media. We also studied the government of both charismatic and revolutionary leaders. We also introduced Raul’s most important reforms. The research is based on books and magazines, but the main source of information was the world wide web. VI VSEBINA 1 UVOD ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 METODOLOŠKI OKVIR ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 OPREDELITEV PODROČJA IN OPIS OBRAVNAVANEGA PROBLEMA .............................................................. 3 2.2 CILJI PROUČEVANJA ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 HIPOTEZA V ZASTAVLJENI NALOGI .......................................................................................................... 4 2.4 UPORABLJENA METODOLOGIJA ............................................................................................................ 4 3 KUBA IN FIDEL CASTRO ................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 KUBA – SOCIALISTIČNA DRŽAVA .............................................................................................................. 5 3.2 FIDEL CASTRO .......................................................................................................................................... 6 3.3 RAUL CASTRO IN NJEGOVE REFORME ...................................................................................... 8 3.2.1 Značilnosti voditeljev .................................................................................................................... 11 4 CENZURA ............................................................................................................................................ 13 4.1 SPLOŠNO O CENZURI .............................................................................................................................. 13 4.2 CENZURA NA KUBI S STRANI KUBANSKE VLADE ..................................................................................... 13 4.3 CENZURA MEDIJEV NA KUBI S STRANI AMERIŠKE VLADE ........................................................................ 14 5 NOVINARSTVO IN MEDIJI NA KUBI ............................................................................................. 16 5.1 NOVINARSTVO NA KUBI ......................................................................................................................... 17 5.1.1 Kaznovanje novinarjev na Kubi .................................................................................................... 18 5.1.2 Svoboda novinarstva na Kubi ...................................................................................................... 18 5.2 PONUDBA MEDIJSKIH VSEBIN NA KUBI ................................................................................. 20 5.2.1 Film in glasba na Kubi............................................................................................................. 20 5.2.2 Vodilni tiskani mediji ............................................................................................................... 21 5.2.3 Radio na Kubi .......................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.4 Televizija na Kubi .................................................................................................................... 24 6 ANALIZA MEDIJEV V ČASU FIDELA CASTRA IN PO NJEGOVEM ODSTOPU ..................... 26 7 ZAKLJUČEK ....................................................................................................................................... 30 8 VIRI IN LITERATURA ....................................................................................................................... 33 8.1 LITERATURA ..................................................................................................................................... 33 8.2 SPLETNI VIRI ..................................................................................................................................... 34 VII Analiza medijskih vsebin na Kubi v času Fidela Castra in po njegovem odstopu 1 UVOD V diplomski nalogi se bomo posvetili analizi medijskih vsebin na Kubi, s poudarkom na tiskanih medijih, internetu, radiu in televiziji v času, ko je Kubo vodil Fidel Castro in po njegovem odstopu. Proučevali bomo tudi novinarstvo in kaznovanje novinarjev ter svobodo izražanja v času vladanja Fidela Castra in od leta 2008 njegovega brata Raula Castra. Dotaknili se bomo nenehnega embarga, ki ga izvajajo ZDA nad Kubo in na primeru Googla navedli, kako so kubanskemu narodu dodatno kršene človekove pravice. V prvem delu naloge bomo predstavili Kubo, bivšega voditelja Fidela Castra ter sedanjega voditelja Raula Castra s poudarkom na njegovih reformah. Raul Castro, brat nekdanjega kubanskega voditelja Fidela Castra, je začel uvajati postopne reforme po prevzemu predsedniškega položaja leta 2008. Novi predsednik je večkrat priznal, da sedanji sistem na Kubi ne deluje, kljub temu pa je zatrdil, da bo Kuba ostala socialistična država in, da bo ohranila enostrankarski sistem. Odkar je predsedniški stolček zasedel Raul Castro, so Kubancem ukinili celo vrsto omejitev in jim omogočili dostop do prej prepovedanih potrošniških dobrin. S prevzemom nove oblasti so nastale vidne spremembe na medijskem področju. Raul Castro je omogočil, da se je kubanska televizija začela odpirati tujim televizijskim programom. Aktivirali so štiriindvajseturni televizijski kanal, ki večino časa predvaja programe iz tujih držav (B. Kvas, 05.05.2008). S februarjem 2011 so Kubanci med drugim lahko pričeli uporabljati mobilne telefone, DVD predvajalnike in mikrovalovne pečice. Uvedel je tudi reformo, ki Kubancem dovoljuje, da bivajo v prestižnih hotelih, ki so bili prej rezervirani zgolj za tujce. Kubanski predsednik je odobril zemljiško reformo prenosa neobdelanih kmetijskih zemljišč v zasebne roke z namenom, da se poveča proizvodnja hrane (Delo.si 18.07.2008). V osrednjem delu diplomske naloge bomo proučevali vrste medijev, kot smo jih že predhodno omenili. Tako bomo proučili tiskane medije, radijske in televizijske programe, njihovo vsebino ter ciljno skupino poslušalcev. Raziskovali bomo dostop do interneta potem, ko je Kuba dobila le-tega šele z nastopom Raulove vladavine potem, in je bila to ena izmed njegovih prvih reform. Medijske vsebine na Kubi so še vedno cenzurirane, 1 Analiza medijskih vsebin na Kubi v času Fidela Castra in po njegovem odstopu televizijske in radijske postaje predvajajo »mehke vsebine« od poljudnoznanstvenih do dokumentarcev in številnih nadaljevank.
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