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Predicción Del Impacto Ambiental De La Contaminación Lumínica

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Predicción Del Impacto Ambiental De La Contaminación Lumínica PREDICCIÓN DEL IMPACTO AMBIENTAL DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN LUMÍNICA. Propuesta de una metodología para proyectos luminotécnicos de ingeniería Manuel García Gil i ii PREDICCIÓN DEL IMPACTO AMBIENTAL DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN LUMÍNICA. Propuesta de una metodología para proyectos luminotécnicos de ingeniería Manuel García Gil Departament de Projectes d’Enginyeria Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Director: Dr. Carlos Sierra Garriga Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Doctorado en Ingeniería de proyectos: Medio Ambiente, Seguridad, Calidad y Comunicación. Tesis presentada para obtener el título de Doctor por la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona, septiembre de 2015 i © 2015. Manuel Garcia Gil Reconocimiento – NoComercial (by-nc). Se permite la generación de obras derivadas siempre que no se haga un uso comercial. Tampoco se puede utilizar la obra original con finalidades comerciales. ii A Ramón San Martín y a todos sus followers iii iv RESUMEN: Esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo desarrollar una metodología estructurada que permita poder predecir el impacto ambiental del alumbrado artificial nocturno. Para ello se ha dividido el proceso en diferentes etapas: Inicialmente se ha realizado una recopilación exhaustiva de las investigaciones relacionadas sobre la cuantificación de las repercusiones de la luz en los seres vivos y el cielo. Estas cuantificaciones, se han vinculado con las tecnologías de los sistemas de alumbrado, con el objetivo de tener un núcleo fuerte de relación entre proceso investigador e implantación real de los proyectos de ingeniería. Ha sido necesario desarrollar métodos de cuantificación de la fuente contaminante, en las que se ha determinado la magnitud a nivel de proyecto singular, y de núcleo de población completo. Los datos extraídos para determinar esta magnitud contaminante, han sido luminotécnicas tradicionales: flujo lumínico contaminante y espectro de emisión de las fuentes de luz. Para poder corroborar que los métodos de investigación y medida de la contaminación lumínica se pueden implantar en un proceso habitual, se han realizado mediciones y trabajo de campo en lo que hace referencia a: Medidas de luz intrusa en viviendas particulares, intrusión directa e indirecta en ecosistemas naturales, y medidas de brillo de cielo con diferentes dispositivos de medida y metodología (Sky Quality Meter, cámara AllSky, luminancímetro...). A través de estas mediciones se ha podido determinar que procesos pueden ser más aplicables, y cuáles son los puntos débiles y fuertes para su uso por personal técnico, pero no científico. El resultado final de este trabajo se ha materializado en una metodología a poder aplicar en proyectos de alumbrado, que tiene como objetivo predecir la afectación de la contaminación lumínica, a la vez que sirva de herramienta para poder valorar diferentes alternativas, y poder promover en la protección del medio natural nocturno. El procedimiento está organizado en diferentes fases independientes entre sí, de forma que es fácilmente actualizable y escalable en función del desarrollo posterior de la ciencia. PALABRAS CLAVE: contaminación lumínica, alumbrado, iluminación exterior, impacto ambiental, proyectos de ingeniería. v vi ABSTRACT: The research has as main goal to develop a structured methodology to be able to predict the environmental impact of artificial night lighting. For this reason, I have divided the process into different stages: In the beginning it was conducted exhaustive compilation of investigations related to quantification of the effects of light on living organisms and sky. These quantifications, have been associated with the technologies of existing lighting systems, in order to have a strong core relationship between research process and actual implementation of engineering projects. It has been necessary to develop methods of quantifying the pollution source, which has been able to determine the magnitude unique project level, and full population core. Data extracted to determine the contaminant magnitude, have been traditional photometrics: luminous flux and spectrum of the light sources. In order to corroborate that the research methods and measurement of light pollution can be implemented in a regular process, I have made measurements and fieldwork in what refers to: Measures obtrusive light to private homes, direct and indirect intrusion natural ecosystems, and measures brightness of the sky with different devices and methodology (Sky Quality Meter, AllSky camera, luminance meter ...). Through these measurements, it was determined that processes can be more interesting, and what are strengths and weaknesses to be used by technical personnel, although not expert. The result of this work has been represented in a methodology to apply in lighting projects, which aims to predict the effect on light pollution, as well as serve as a tool to evaluate different alternatives and to promote protection of the night environment. The process is organized into separate phases, so that it is easily upgradeable and scalable depending on the subsequent development of science. KEYWORDS: Light pollution, outdoor lighting, light at night, environmental impact, engineering projects. vii viii ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS. ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS....................................................................................................................... xiii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS: ........................................................................................................................ xix GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS Y ACRÓNIMOS: .................................................................................. xxi 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Definición del problema de investigación. ........................................................................................ 3 1.2. Justificación del problema objeto de investigación. ................................................................... 10 1.3. Preguntas de investigación. .................................................................................................................. 13 1.4. Hipótesis. ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.5. Objetivos. ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.6. Alcance y límites. ....................................................................................................................................... 14 1.7. Resumen de la metodología utilizada. ............................................................................................. 15 1.8. Estructura del documento de tesis. .................................................................................................... 16 2. ESTADO DEL ARTE Y LA TÉCNICA.......................................................................................... 19 2.1 Contaminación Lumínica (CL). .............................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Definición de la problemática. ........................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Extensión de la CL. ............................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Afectaciones y repercusiones de la CL.............................................................................................. 28 2.2.1 Sobre el ecosistema natural. ............................................................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Sobre la hábitat humano................................................................................................................... 46 2.2.3 Sobre la oscuridad del cielo. ............................................................................................................ 51 2.3 Fuentes de la CL: Alumbrado artificial nocturno. ......................................................................... 54 2.3.1 Condiciones lumínicas y cantidad de luz.................................................................................... 56 2.3.2 Sistemas de alumbrado. .................................................................................................................... 57 2.3.3 Variables de entorno........................................................................................................................... 63 2.4 CL en proyectos de alumbrado............................................................................................................ 66 2.4.1 Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental................................................................................................ 66 2.4.2 Reglamentación vigente. ................................................................................................................... 67 2.4.3 Un caso particular. El reglamento de Chile. ............................................................................... 75 2.5 Conclusiones del apartado. ................................................................................................................... 77 3. CUANTIFICACIÓN DE LA CL. ..................................................................................................
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