’ n lan d s Ca rdina l s g /

WITH AN APPENDIX S HOWIN G TH E RECE PTI ON O F TH E SACRED PALLI UM BY TH E ARCH BIS HO PS O F CANTERBU RY AN D WE STM INSTER

< 2 2 . o L 2, _ 5 9

B 3 373

D U D LEY BAXTE R 0

ON DON : BURNS OATES , LIMITE D

W Y K O R , CINCINNATI, CH ICAGO : B E NZ IGER BROTH ERS

LIBRA ’ RY ST. MARYS CO LLEGE

’ ENGLAND S PRESENT CARD INAL,

H E IR O F S T. AUGUS TINE

ALL THESE O UR ENGLI S H PRINCES

OF H O LY CH URCH

THIS WO K IS C R

D E D I C A T E D

’ HIS EMINENCE S HUMBLE AND DEVOTED S ERVANT

T H E A U T H O R . B Y TH E

CARDI NAL POLE. A Memoir.

THE HOLY ROOD. A Paper re a d at the Munich

Intern a tion a l Congress o f 1 900 .

PRICE ONE SHILLING EACH. TH E CARDIN ALS O F E N GLAN D.

CONTE NTS .

ROBE RT PU LLEN

POPE AD RIAN IV . BOSO B REAKSPEAR / 7 STE PH EN LANGTON Com ROB E RT C UR ZON R OBE RT S O ME R CO TE ROB E RT KI LWARD BY HUGH O F EVE SHAM WALTE R WIN TE RBOU RNE THOMAS J O RZ S IMON LANGHAM ADAM EASTON PH I LI P RE PYN GDO N THOMAS LANGLE Y ROB E RT HALLAM PRI N CE H ENRY B EAUFO RT JOHN KE MPE LO RD THOMAS BO U RC H I E R JOH N MO RTON C H RISTOPH E R BAINB RI D GE THOMAS WO LSEY BLE SSE D J OHN FISH ER—MARTYR CO NTENTS .

PAGE REGINALD PO LE 5 : WILLIAM PE TO 56 WILLIAM ALLE N 58 H O N . P H ILI P T H O MAS H OWARD 62 PRINCE H ENRY STUART 65 T H OMAS WE LD 73 C HARLE S JANUARI US E DWAR D ACTON 75 NICH O LAS WI SE MAN 76 H ENRY E DWARD MANNING 79 E DWARD H ENRY H OWARD 8 2 J O HN H ENRY NEWMAN 85 H ERBE RT VAUGHAN 88

PALLIUM APPENDIX PREFACE .

TH E materia ls for the compilation o f these bio graphical sketches have been Obtained from many l sources, especially the D ictiona ry of N a tiona

B iog r aphy. Permission to reprint (here somewhat abbreviated) has kindly been accorded in the following cases The Cardinal Archbishops o f Can terbury and York series from the Ca tholic “ Fir eside, as well as Cardinal Repyng d o n

’ E ngland s Dominican Cardinals, from The “ Rosa ry ; Our only Franciscan Cardinal , from “ the Fr a ncisca n H er a ld ; Cardinal Allen , from “ The M esseng er ; The Cardinal Duke Of York,

’ ’ from S t. Peter s N et ; and England s Soldier

Cardinal, from S tella M a ris . Severa l doubtful ’ creations , such as that o f St . Thomas a Becket s — faithful companion,Herbert de Bosh a m enumerated ,

fo r instance ,by Mr. R. F . Williams in his unfinished — Lives of the E ng l ish Ca r dina ls a re not included in

the following list. A more complete account o f o ur Be nedictine

Cardinals may be found in the D ownside Review , April , 1 90 1 , while a short Life o f C a rdina l Pole can

be obta ined from the w riter. D . B. S HEMMING GRANGE,

BIRCH , E S S EX .

’ S t. Georg e s D ay, 1 903.

’ E N GLAN D S C ARDI N AL S.

TH E Roman Purple holds an international record extending over a period Of nearly seventeen centuries which is quite unp a ralleled . Although mostly Italian, these Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church h a ve included from every nation in La tin Christendom a n unbroken succession O f men genera lly distinguished for personal virtues and intellectual merit,men also Of exalted birth o r high position . In this brilliant and unique series o f Papal Cabinets, o ur o w n country takes a prominent place,though only one E nglish Prince of the Church has ever attained the Supreme and Sovereign Po ntifi ca te itself.

Cardinal Pullen .

THE first na me upon o ur historic list is th a t Of ROBERT PULLE N,whose surname is spelt in various ways by historians. The date Of his creation is uncertain , but probably be was raised to the C a rdinalate by ’ 2 ENG LAN D S CARDI NALS .

Pope Celestine I I . in A.D . 1 1 43. Pullen ha d ta ught theology and philosophy with distinction at both Pa ris a nd Oxford , afterwa rds becoming Archdeacon o f Rochester . Among his pupils were the future Pope,Blessed Eugenius I II ., a nd the famous John Of Salisbury,while St . Bern a rd w a s his life -long friend . Our first English C a rdinal is stated to h a ve virtua lly laid the foundations o f Oxford University upon the lines of the new methods he had witnessed in Paris . Anyhow he was among the very first Masters to teach at o ur Alma M a ter . App a rently summoned to Rome by I nnocent I I ., he settled in the Eterna l City for the remainder of his life : Pope Lucius I I . ma de him Chancellor o f the Apostolic See . C a rdin a l Pullen died about the year 1 1 47, a nd certa in o f his le a rned theologica l writings a re still preserved .

Cardinal Bre akspear .

AFTERWARDS

PO PE ADRIAN IV.

No w , curiously a nd somewh a t provokingly, second in point O f crea tion upon our list comes the only Englishman among those 2 57 successors of Blessed Peter, Prince O f the Apostles , who a cross nineteen ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . centuries have held the Petrine Keys and exercised ’ the P n vilegiumPetr i. This was NICHOLA S BREAKS PE AR ,whose life -story is exceedingly remarkable : he appears to have been born at Abbot ’ s Langley in Hertfordshire a mid obscure poverty . His father became a lay- brother ’ at the great Benedictine Abbey Of St . Alban s ,where Nicholas himself was no doubt educated and after wards e ngaged in some menial occupation however, for reasons u n kn own ,he was refused admittance into the monastic novitiate there . In disappointment and destitution this adventurous young Englishman managed to reach France and the “ future University Of Paris, where he studied for several years . Thence he migrated to Arles and frequented its schools as an a l umnus , if not a ctu a lly a member,of the Premonstra tensia n Order. Later o n o ur poor schola r entered the Augustinian Abbey — of Ca nons Regular a t St. Rufus near Avignon a t first as a lay-brother : eventually he was here admitted as a novice and in due course professed a monk . Breakspear must have been a man o findustrious genius as well as marked personality,fo r henceforth his promotion was rapid . In A.D . 1 1 37,he became Abbot of St. Rufus, a nd his strictness in enforcing discipline led to pers o nal appeals from the relaxed monks and himself to Rome . These in turn led to a most surprising sequel for Pope Eugenius II I .,discerning his virtues and a bility, retained our English Abbot at the Papal Court ,and D 6 forthwith,in A. . —1 1 4 ,actually created him Cardinal Bishop of Alba no the highest honour in his gift . He may ha ve a ccompanied Bl . Eugenius to France when the latter gave the Cross to King Louis V I I . before the s econd Crusade ; anyhow, during the next six years he would have been doubtless busily occupied zn cun a .

’ LIBRARY ST. MARYS CO LLEGE ’ 4 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

Afterwa rds ,in the year 1 1 52 ,this Cistercian Pontiff appointed Cardinal B reakspear Legate -Apostolic to Scandi n avia, in order to reorganize its H ierarchy, and in respo n se to Royal requests . On his way north , Breakspear visited England ,and was thus the first English C a r d in a l to set foot o n his native l and . H is Legatine Mission was very successful , and led to the closer connection o f Scandinavia with Rome . The Cardinal , after pacifying civil strife , selected Trondhjem as the seat Of the desired Norwegian Arch bishopric, and transferred the Bishop Of Stavanger to that See as Metropolitan . Included in its jurisdiction were I celand , Greenland , the Faroes , the Orkneys a nd Shetl a nds , the Hebrides , and even the Isle of Man ,in addition to Norway itself. C a rdinal B reakspear also completely reformed and reorganized the Norwegian Church ,and moreover secured several enactments for the national wea l in consequence his memory has ever been cherished by the Norse people. This diplomatic Papal Legate then visited Sweden but,owing to internal rivalries , the erection Of its Archiepiscopal See had to be postpon ed . Thence he journeyed to D enmark ,and appeased the Archbishop o f Lund (from whose province Norway had been detached) by confirming him in his Primacy o f all Scandinavia,with the addition of new privileges . Upon his return to Rome from so benefici a l a mission in A.D . 1 1 54,C a rdin a l B reakspea r w a s hailed “ ” a s Apostle Of the North , a nd shortly a fterwards the venerable Pope Anasta sius IV . departed this life . I mmediately and unanimously the Conclave elected to the Sovereign Po ntifi ca te o ur illustrious fellow-countryman ,who took the title Of Adri a n the ’ Fou rth a nd w a s enthroned in Old St . Peter s o n Christmas Day, 1 1 54 . S o did a humble a rtiz a n , by sheer merit, rise to

’ 6 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

and a mid a gorgeous vision , the E nglish Pope o n June the 1 8th , 1 1 55,crowned Barba rossa Emperor Of the H oly Roman Empire . O n ce again the Pap a l City w a s the scene o f democratic disturbances , no w against the Germans , and eventually the unhappy Arnold himself was ' executed by order Of its Pr e fe ct, not Of the Pope King . In a ddition , a further cause Of anxiety had a risen . William I I ., the Norman King o f Sicily, had been crowned without Obtaining the sanction ' o f his feudal over- lord , the Roman Po n tifi accordingly Adrian IV. refused to recognize his sovereignty, whereupon William inva ded the Papal States . Excommunication followed, and the By z a n tin e Emperor intervened , for the Greeks were attacking Apuli a but this Sicilian adventurer managed to intercept the Pope a t Benevento . H ere a satisfactory treaty w a s arranged William took the oa th of fealty and promised the usual tribute, while Adrian had to grant him certa in ecclesiastical privileges . Thereupon the Pontiff was en a bled to S pend the winter of A.D . 1 1 56-7 at Viterbo in pea ce ; b e was eager to bring about the reunion Of the separated Orienta l Churches with Rome, and corresponded with the Greek Emperor, the Patri a rch o f Con s ta ntin o pl e ,and other schismatic prela tes . The result might have been momentous , but unfortunately a second feud arose with the Emperor Barbarossa . Among other offences , the latter had allowed the Archbishop Of Lund to be imprisoned upon his return ’ ” from a visit a a l imin a . Pope Adrian at once sent Legates to Germany with a strong letter Of protest at the Diet this w a s misunderstood ,o r misinterpreted into a papal Claim O fsuzerainty over the Empire itself. The dispute arose over the word benefi cia m, “ ” which might mean either a favour or a fi e f ’ ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

Barbarossa replied that he held his crown from Go d alone ,issued an edict limiting ecclesiastical appeals to Rome ,a n d w a s supported by the German bishops . However the Pon tiff satisfactorily explai n ed the real mean ing Of his words in a second legation . But in November,1 1 58 ,the E mperor again invaded Italy with the undisguised Object o f crushing its independence under an imperial despotism . At a Diet held n ear Piacenza, several Italian States sub mitted a n d the most extreme claims were set forth Milan a n d other besieged cities fell ,and the outlook, early in 1 1 59,was desperate -indeed . Then the dauntless a n d i n domitable E nglishman appeared upon the scene ,with effective result It was at this juncture that Pope Adrian stepped forth as the Champion o f Italian liberty. In his letters he severely blamed the weakness o f the Lombards, encouraged the Milan ese, fearlessly bearded the ruthless tyrant, withstood him in the affair o f the Archbishopric o f Raven n a , and daunt lessly upheld the rights o fthe Church and the Holy See . He made a powerful appeal to the three Arch bishop - Electors of Germany, and at the D iet Of Bologna ,in the Easter o f 1 1 59,practically Offered to the all -powerful Emperor by his Legates an ulti matum , behind which was the dread threat Of deprivation Of the Imperial crown and e xc o mmunica tion . This sturdy beardi n g o fthe lion in his d en has w o n the just admiration of historian s ( Dr . Ca s a rtelli in the D u bl in R ev iew for January, Nevertheless the E mperor remain ed obdurate , his German host advan ced Romewards , and an appallin g crisis seemed immi n e n t . Moreover, in addition to attacki n g Holy Ch urch , Barbarossa had repudiated his childless wife a n d violated the indissoluble tie o f matrimony . Consequen tly Pope Adrian w a s about to promulgate the Bull Of excommunication , when 8 ENGLAND ’ S CARDI NALS he suddenly died o f quinsy a t Anagni , on Septem ber the I st , 1 1 59. I n Eng lish affairs o ur great Pontiff is chiefly celebrated for his alleged feudal grant o f I relan d ’ to King Henry I I . in return for the levy o f Peter s Pence from every house in that Emerald Isle . The real facts seem rather Obscure , and naturally the unpleasant truth o fthis very sore incident has been vigorously questioned by I rish Catholic writers ’ On Adrian s accession to the Papacy,the King o f E ngland had sent an embassy to congratulate him H enry also charged the envoys to represent his desire to further civilize I reland ’ s people and bring them more fully within the pale of the H oly Roman Church . The Pope certainly appears to h a ve consented by a Letter Apostolic,granting the desired overlordship , upon the o ld claim that all islands converted to Christianity were the possession o f Rome . Anyhow, this privilege w a s never utilized , and perhaps the papal document i tself w a s lost shortly after wa rds . Included in this Emb a ssy were three Anglo -Norman ’ Bishops a nd the Abbot of Pope Adrian s Old home, ’ St . Alban s ; he now honoured the latter monastery by exempting it from episcop al jurisdiction ,and also , la ter,by giving it precedence over both Glastonbu ry ’ and Westminster . Henceforth St. Alb a n s remained the premier Abbey o fo ur realm . Adrian IV . also ,inter a lia ,took important measures concerning the Spanish Church , a n d promoted an amicable feeling between France and England . As an author, it is noticeable that apparently he wrote the treatise D e Conceptione B ea tiss imce Virgi nis . This work advocates the orth odoxy o f that doctrine (the Immaculate Conception) , which another English — — prel a te S t. Anselm of Canterbury had been the ’ first to promulgate in the West,a nd which Adrian s ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . successor in A.D . 1 854 defined a s part of the

Many personal traits of Adrian IV . h a ve been ha nded do w n through his intimate friend , J ohn of Salisbury, afterwards Bishop Of Chartres . His holiness Of character, strength Of will , straight forward a n d humble demean our,were as remarkable as his kindly charm o fmanner a n d intellectual ability. He was famous , too , as a preacher, and possessed a wo n derful voice ,while evide n tly his personal appear ance was very striki ng. Within his brief po ntifi ca te of less than five years were crowded a turbulent series of events , which display him to history as amo ng the greatest of Popes . Continental Catholic writers and more than o n e admiring Anglican biographer have don e justice to so proud a memory yet how astonishi ngly little the average English Catholic of to- day knows , or even seems to ca re, about it " Himself a disciple Of his famous predecessor, St . Gregory V I I . (Hildebran d) , in his political policy, Pope Adrian IV . deemed it his duty to uphold the Petrine heritage in a vigorous man ner consonant with that arbitrary age . Thanks largely to his fear less diplomacy ,in the subsequent struggle the Pa pacy emerged triumphant . Again to quote the Very Rev . Dr. Ca s a r telli s “ interesting sketch - in stepping forw ard to uphold the cause Of the Church a n d Italy agai n st the grea test a n d most formidable O f all the German Kaisers ,he ” became the saviour o f Europe and of Christendom . “ For if Adrian had n o t reigned ,probably the glorious history o f the struggle for freedom o f the Italian Republics would n ever hav e been written , and the Ch urch of E u rope , absorb e d in a n e w a nd irresistible C aesarism , would have been brought to the condition Of the Orthodox Russian Church under the Tsars,o r ’ 1 0 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS .

O f I slam under the Sultans o f Turkey . Even the German nation o fto - day is deeply indebted to him as , from another reaso n , is that o fNorway . ’ Our Pontiff s remai n s still lie in the crypt Of ’ St . Peter s , u ndern e ath the mighty Renaissance church ; when the tomb was opened in A .D . 1 60 7, they were found e n tire and arrayed in black vest ments ,together with other p o ntifi ca l insignia . During the reign Of Pius I X . a proposal was made by certain English Catholics , with the cordial a pproval o f his H oliness,to erect a monument to Adrian IV. in the Vatican Basilica up above . “ A suita ble site was chosen and a beautiful design (now in the possession Of Mr . H artwell D . Gris s ell) prepared ,but the project collapsed for want Of funds however , this proposal has recently been again brought forward , tog ether with another for the translation of the red marble sarcophagus , containing the body itself and inscribed H a d r ia n us Papa 1 111 . Perhaps some realization Of the scheme will eventually and happily be effected by his compatriots ’ in honour of that most illustrious Of Engla nd s Cardin a ls, our only English Pope .

Cardinal Boso Bre akspear .

D O M BO S O BRE A KS PE AR , a nephew Of Adrian IV ., ’ had been a Benedicti n e monk o f St . Alban s , but, ’ u pon his uncle s acce s sion to the Papal Throne , not unnaturally proceeded to Rome, where he entered the service Of the Cu r ia . ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS .

Appa rently he was a man o f no small merit in several ways ,a n d altogether o n e is little surprised to fi nd that Pope Adrian , about the year 1 1 55,created his favourite n ephe w Cardi nal - Deacon by the title o f

SS . Cosmas and Damian . He was entrusted with some importan t papal mission to Portugal , a n d also placed in charge o f the Castle Of San Angelo . Upon the death Of his uncle, both Alexander I I I . and Lucius I I I . are said to have owed their election chiefly to Cardinal Boso , w ho must therefore have exercised considerable i n fluence in Rome . Pop e Alexander raised him to the Cardinalitial Priesthood of San Pud en z ia na ,and he is supposed to have accompanied that Pontiff o n his celebrated ’ journey to Venice in A.D . 1 1 77. The Cardinal s signature is attached to many Papal Bulls and other documents of this period, but little is known Of his career. He won considerable fame as a poet, and is also stated to have written severa l theological treatises . Cardinal Boso Breakspear died in Rome, probably in the a utumn o fthe year 1 1 8 1 .

Cardinal Langton .

TH E next English Cardinal is perhaps the most f — famous o all the hero O f Magna Charta,and there fore ,in a special sen se,the originator o f o ur glorious - Anglo Saxon liberty . Our first Cardi n al - Ar chbis hop formed an exception to the rule in his having ’ 1 2 E NGLAND S CARD I NALS . received the Re d Hat before the Mitre , and in being allowed a t that e a rly period to reside a way from Rome . STE PHEN LANGTON was born a n d ,a t first ,educa ted in England , but afterwards proceeded to Paris , in order to continue his studies at this celebrated seat o flearning . H e became in time a professor himself, and lectured upon theology in its schools ,where he w o n widespread fame . Prebenda l stalls in the Cathedrals Of Paris and York were presented to him , ” a nd at length he virtually became Chancellor Of the nascent University by the S eine . Finally ,the report o f his general merit having rea ched Rome , Pope I nnocent I II . summoned him thither,and eventu a lly created this distinguished Englishm a n Cardinal- Priest by the title Of St . Chrys o g o nus in A.D . 1 2 06. Then occurred the vacancy in the Primatial See Of C a nterbury, a n d both the irregular elections were upon appeal to Rome annulled by the Supreme Pontiff, who ,exercising the plenitude o fhis power ,appointed ’ motu pr opr io to England s Primacy the most illustrious — English Churchman of his d ay Stephen C a rdin a l Langton . The Pope himself consecra ted La ngton Bishop a t Viterbo o n June the 1 7th , 1 2 07, and duly invested “ him with the p a llium , ta ken from the body Of ” Blessed Peter, as Archbishop O fC a nterbury,Prima te o f All England, and Leg a tus n a tus ex oflicio O f the ’ Apostolic See . But England s shameless King now refused to acknowledge the new Primate,whereupon I nnocent eventually placed this country under an interdict . Cardin a l Langton en r oute thither had to retire to — Pontigny Abbey in France the historic asylum o f St . Thomas before and St . Edmund after him which became his headquarters fo r the next five yea rs . H e in va in, mea nwhile , endea voured to

’ 1 4 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS . which have sprung the flourishi n g constitutions of both Old E n glan d a n d n e w America At the same time this fe arless Primate afte rwards submitted to temp orary s u spe n sio n by the Roma n Po n tiff rather than exec u te W hat appeared to him a n u nj ust comman d agai n st the baro n s , if n o t the Charter itself. H owever , he finally ret ur n ed in triumph from Rome ,where he had atte nded the fourth Lateran Council , to Canterbury, with the favour O f the new Pope , H onorius I II .,in A.D . 1 2 1 8 . In accordance with a Papal mandate , his Grace r e - crowned the youthful He n ry I I I . King in West minster Abbey o n Whit- Sunday ,1 2 2 0 ,and at the same time published the Papal Bull canonizi n g St . Hugh o f Lincoln . Then , upon July the 7th in this year , Cardinal Langton presided at the magnificent ceremony o f the translation Of the Relics o f his — martyred predecessor , St . Thomas a Becket our glorious Champion Of the Church ’ s liberties— from the crypt o f Canterbury Cathedral to a S plendid new shrine in the Choir. The Ki n g, the Archbishop of Rheims (Primate o f France) , the Papal Nuncio ( Pa n d ulf, Bishop o f Norwich) , the gre a t Justici a r Hubert de Burgh ,and a brilli a nt a ssembly thronged ’ La nfr a nc s Norman ca thedral ; even England ha d never yet beheld so superb a pagea nt a s she did upon this historic festival day . Shortly a fterwards the Cardinal Prima te proceeded again to Rome o n business o f the realm and the ” “ Church , taking with him portions o f the holy ” ’ blissful Martyr s relics . These he presented to the Sovereign Pontiff, and very probably they are now e n s hin e d in the present Catholic church at Canterbury — once more a retur n gift from Rome . As Papal Legate ex ofi iczo, he upon this occasion petitio n ed the Holy Father that all assumption o f metropolitan dignity by the Archbishop of York in the ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS .

Province o f Canterbury should be again forbidden , that the Papal claim o f provision S hould never be exercised twice for the same b e n e fi c e ,and that during his o w n lifetime n o Legate a la ter e should reside in E nglan d . Pope Honorius gran ted all three requests a n d asked Pa nd ulfto resign his legation . Upon his return home Cardi n al Langto n summoned the famous Provi n cial Synod at Osney the ecclesiastical Runnymede —which enacted several important decrees . I n A.D . 1 2 2 3 his Grace was agai n ’ the leader and spokesman Of the barons deman d for the confirmation O fthe Charter . He procured a Papal Bull declaring the you ng Ki ng of age a n d journeyed to Fran ce in the hopes Of securi ng the restoration Of Normandy to Henry I I I .,according to the Treaty Of Lambeth . Moreover ,he persuaded the Pope to recall a n e w papal envoy with a n ew papal deman d , and he recovered from the King certai n privileges belongi n g to his See . At Canterbury he built afresh a large portion of the archiepiscopal palace ,which has lately been reconstructed o n its original site . Shortly before his death Langton i n troduced the Fran ciscan and Dominican friars into England , in admiration o f their evangelization Of the poor. We are told that he was even the originator,inter a l ia ,o flighthouses ,and ” their modern headquarters, Trinity House, is the direct descendant o f his Guild for this beneficial purpose . I n the year 1 2 2 8 this great English Cardinal died, “ a n d Pope Honorius thereupon declared that the custodian of the earthly paradise Of Canterbury, Stephen Of happy memory, a man pre -emine n tly imbued with the gifts O fknowledge a n d supern atu ral grace , has been called , as we hope a nd believe, to the joy a nd rest O f Paradis e above . He was ’ buri e d in St . Michael s Chapel in his Cathedral , ’ I 6 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS . where his body a fterwards rested under the Altar — itself in fa ct he was popularly esteemed a Sai n t . The plain stone coffi n , now half u n der the wall , is pointed out to every visitor , though it is doubtful w hether it contains his remai n s . C a rdinal La ngton was the leading theologian O fhis day , and a renowned comme n tator Of the H oly S criptures ; it was he w ho divided the Bible into chapters he coted the Bible at Parys and marked ” the chapitres . A popular historian as well as a poet , his Grace advocated the use Of the vernacular (Norman - French) , and was the first to introduce it in a lega l document instead o f Latin . Stephen Cardinal Langton was indeed a t once a sterling C a tholic and a sterling patriot ; for truly “ the land of his birth needs no other proof of his ” loya lty to her than the Grea t Charter of her freedom .

Cardinal Curz on .

M EANWHILE another Englishman ha d been admitted into the Sacred College : this w a s ROBE RT CUR Z ON , ( a lia s Curson ,de Courcon , an Oxford man and , later,a Canon o f Notre Dame , Paris . I n the year 1 2 1 2 , Pope Innocent I II . appointed this distinguished Parisian scholar ,in rewa rd fo r his work there , Cardi n al , and assigned San Stephano o n the CCB lia n Hill as his titular church . Afterwards he w a s created Apostolic Delegate to England,a nd then Lega te a la ter e to Fra nce . ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS .

Cardinal Curzon is chiefly noted as having p ra cti cally been the founder of Paris University, itself perhaps the first O f Universities in the modern sense o f that word . In 1 2 05 he had suggested to the French- King the advisability o funiting and concentra “ ” ting the different schools Of learning in o ne place under the title Un iver sita s Liter a r um; this learned Cardinal also secured the introduction here of the faculties o f La w and Medicine . In 1 2 1 1 ,his former fellow- student, Pope Innocent,gra nted its corporate charter,and thus w a s founded the famous University of Paris . After preaching the contemporary Crusa de , and attempting to enact various reforms in the Gallican Church , not Without incurring the papal verdict o f arbitrariness, Cardinal Curzon was sent by Pope Honorius I I I . to accompany the Crusaders of 1 2 1 8, and died a romantic death at Damietta in Egypt.

Cardinal So mer co te .

TH E next English recipient Of the Roman Purple was ROBE RT S O M E RCOTE ,formerly a student at Bologna, and afterwards a n offi cial in the Papal Cu r ia at Rome . In 1 2 38, Pope Gregory IX . had raised him to Cardinalitial ran k by the title o f St . Eustachius , a n d throughout all his adversities found in S o me rco te ’ a faithful follower . Upon that Pon tiff s death , this “ ” eminent English Cardinal was certainly a pap abile, ’ 1 8 ENG LAND S CARD I NALS . o r favourite candidate fo r the triple Tiara, a s that voluble Chronicler, Matthew Paris , has recorded . H owever,Celesti n e IV . w a s eventu a lly elected, and soon afterwards , on September 2 6th, 1 2 4 1 , Cardinal S o me r c o te died ; he w a s buried in the basilica o f St . Chrys og o nus in Rome .

Cardinal Kilw ardby.

AFTE R him there once more a ppea rs upon our list a Primate Of All England ; this was Friar ROBE RT KI LWARDBY, Of the Order Of St . Dominic . H e had been a noted scholar at the Universities o fOxford and Paris ,being especially renowned as a grammarian . S ome important grammatical and philosophical treatises appeared from his pen ,but he abandoned a promising secular career in response to a vocation to enter the Dominican Order . At length a professed Fri a r Pre a cher, Kilw a r d by devoted his talents to the study o f theology, more especially Of the Sacred — S criptures fo r insta nce ,he divided the works o fS t . Augustine into chapters , as well as supplying a n analysis o f their contents . Meanwhile in his Order he rose to the position o f Prior,and finally was elected Provincial o fthe English Dominicans in A .D . 1 2 61 , which Office he held for eleven years . In A .D . 1 2 7 1 , he was present at the General Chapter o f the Dominican Order held at Montpellier,where the learned English Provinci a l was ” described a s a grea t master Of theology. ’ ENGLAN D S CARD I NA LS.

Soon afterwards the Primatial See of Canterbury became vacant ,a n d it is scarcely surprising th a t Pop e Gregory X .,motu pr opr io, appoi nted this Domi n ican ’ Prior to the Chair o f England s Ap ostle , St. Austin . The Holy Father gave him leave to choose his co n secrator, whereupon friar Kilw a r d by at o n ce i n vited the sai n tly Bishop Bytto n o fBath a n d Wells - afterwards can on ized in popular estimation and specially invoked for relief from toothache— to raise him to the episcopate . The ceremon y took place at Can terbury o n February 2 6th, 1 2 73 ; no less than twelve suffragan prelates assisted the con secrator in “ ” the layi n g o n O f han ds . Upo n May the 8th, the Archbishop - elect received the pallium at Teyn ham , and was duly e n throned in his Cathedral in the followi ng September. Archbishop Kilw a rdby w a s thus the first mendicant friar to be raised to an exalted positio n in this cou ntry, and o ne is glad to note that his Grace avoided any u n due i n terference in politics . As Primate o f All England this future Cardi n al crowned o ur first Ki ng E dward and his beloved Consort,good Queen Eleanor,in the historic Church ’ Of Westminster Abbey,the n fresh from the builders hands ,o n August the l gth, 1 2 74 . In this same year o ur o n ly Dominican Primate atten ded the ( E cumen ical Cou n cil Of Lyons, where he vigorously upheld the Papal prerogatives in “ quite ultramontane fashion , and wit n essed with joy the temporary r e - u n ion Of East a n d West . O n June 1 6th , 1 2 76,he was presen t at the tran slation o f the Relics Of the n ew Sai n t Richard ,whose can on iza tion cause he himself had champion ed , in Chichester Cathedral . It is said that, after several messages o f warn i ng, Archbishop Kilw a rd by actually e x co m munica ted that famous Pri n ce Llewelyn o f Wales, for refusi ng to render his feudal duties to King ’ 2 0 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS . — Edwa rd I . iftrue, a somewh a t severe a nd extreme retaliation . This Prim a te w a s the munificent founder o f the Dominica n F ria ry in London , which has bequeathed its Old name o f B l a ckfr ia rs to modern terminology there, a nd of which fra gments have lately been dis covered . He held several Synods a s well a s frequent visitations , and was noted for his personal sanctity ’ and for his pra ctical love o f Christ s poor. However, ’ a fter only five years tenure o f the Prima cy, a still ’ higher honour a waited him for upon St . Gregory s Day, March the 1 2 th, 1 2 78, Pope Nicholas I I I . actually created his Grace o f Canterbury Cardinal B ishop o f Porto and Santa Rufina . We ca n indeed gauge the contempora ry English venera tion for the S a cr osa ncta Roma na E ccles ia , when here in the 1 3th century we fi nd a Prima te o f All England eagerly exchanging the temporalities of Canterbury fo r those O f Porto a nd ,moreover,bidding farewell to his n a tive l a nd in consequence . Cardinal Kilw a rd by took solemn le a ve of his suffragans ,and unfortunately also took with him the ancient registers and judicial records of his See " Doubtless he intended to restore them , but being a lre a dy a ged and infirm , he died a t Vi—terbo soon a fter rea ching the Cur ia in the year 1 2 79 not with out a lleged suspicions o f having been poisoned ; he w a s buried in the Dominican convent there . H is successor a t C a nterbury, very a ppropriately a Francisca n fria r , searched in vain fo r these price less treasures,which were never recovered . This learned D ominican was a voluminous writer, a nd several o fhis treatises still remain ,including o ne ’ D e S a c r a men to Al ta r is ; we are told that at the Pope s wish he wrote severa—l letters trying to convert the King of the Tartars whoever his M ajesty may h a ve been

’ 2 2 ENGLAND S CARD I NA LS .

a - O created—Winterbourne C rdinal Priest f S a nta Sabina the headquarters Of their Order . The new Cardinal was still in Scotland with his Sovereign and , o n April the 4th, King Edward wrote from St . ’ Andrew s thanking the Supreme Pontiff however, ’ for the present, he could not sp a re his chaplain s valuable services at Court . But upon the ensuing death Of Pope Benedict, Cardinal Winterbourne was allowed to proceed to I taly in order to take part in the Papal Conclave E dward I . kindly commissioned the Spini o f Florence to furnish him with a thousand marks to defray expenses . On November the 2 8th he rea ched Pe rus ium, where ultimately Pope Clement V . was elected next year,when o n his way to join the new Pontiff at Lyons , o ur a ged Cardinal departed this life at Genoa, and w a s buried in the Dominica n Church there .

Cardinal Jo rz .

A UNIQUE circumstance n o w occurred : fo r in this s a me year yet another English son o f St . D ominic was forthwith raised to the Purple . THOMA S J O RZ (a l ia s “ ” J oyce , and surn amed Thomas the Englishman ) w a s o ne Of six brothers who all joined the D ominican Order , and two Of whom were in succession Arch bishops O fArmagh . Fr. J o rz is said to h a ve studied both a t Oxford and Paris , and to have been a fellow pupil with St . Thom a s Aquina s o f Bl . Albertus Magnus . He ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . himself afterwa rds lectured at Oxford , London a n d Paris , as a Friar Preacher : later he became Prior of their Oxford convent and eventually E n glish — Provincial a post held by him for seven years ( 1 2 96 He in this capacity attended General Chapters Of his Order, at Marseilles in A.D . 1 300, and at Cologne in 1 30 1 . Fr . J o rz also succeeded Cardinal Winterbourne as confessor to King Edward I ., who sent him upon some Royal mission to Pope Clement V . at Lyons , in the year 1 305. Here, on December the 1 5th , he was created Cardinal - Priest Of the Holy Roman Church by the same appropriate title o f Santa Sabina . The new Cardinal henceforth apparently resided a t the Papal Court, where he a cted as Proctor for tw o Kings of England , viz ., Edwards I . a nd I I . He freque—ntly received communications from his Sovereign for example ,on May 6th,1 307,Edward I . wrote requesting him to urge o n the canonization cause o f that great Bishop , Grosseteste o f Lincoln , a n d upon April 1 7th , 1 308 , King Edward I I . made a similar request on beh alf of the late Bishop Thomas de Cantelupe o fHereford . The Pontiff entrusted him with several important judicial a n d administrative matters,and ,when on his way as Papal E nvoy to the Emperor Henry V I I., Cardinal J o rz somewhat sudden ly died at Grenoble o n December the 1 3th , 1 31 0 . His body was after wards conveyed to E ngland and interred in his Old co nve ntual home at Oxford . Among this Cardinal ’ s theological works is said to have been the treatise D e Conc eption e B ea ta e ’ Virgin is, sometimes assigned to the Church s “ ” Dominican Angelic Doctor (St . Thoma s Aquina s) . ’ 2 4 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS .

Cardinal Langham.

’ T E R H next Eng—lish name upon ome s list is that of a Benedictine Dom SIMON LANGHAM , who had been successively monk, Prior,and Lord Abbot Of West minster. Evidently Abbot Langh a m ,during the next deca de , displa yed both virtue a nd a bility to no ordinary extent ,fo r his subsequent promotions were m a ny a nd rapid . His skill in ruling Westminster Abbey led to his a ppointment as Lord Treasurer o f England in A.D . 1 360 , while two years later a Papal Bull a ppointed him to the vacant See Of Benedictine Ely . I n the following year Langh a m was cre a ted Lord Chancellor o f England , and in this connection it is notice a ble th a t he opened Parliament by delivering the speech from the wools a ck, fo r the first time ,in

I n A D . 1 366,the Prim a ti a l Throne of St . Augustine became vacant,and Benedictine Canterbury n o w very appropri a tely received a s her pontiff this illustrious son o f St. Benet . Upon November 4th, 1 366, his Grace w a s invested with the p a llium at Roya l Westminster, a nd on La dy Day following was enthroned in his Cathedral a mid a ll the magnificence o f o ur Sarum ritual . As Primate , D o m Langh a m vigorously opposed the prevalent abuse o f pluralities as well as the heresies and the socialism of Wiclif. H e had not held the See O f Canterbury for two years when a still higher honour was conferred ; for o n Septem ber 2 7th, 1 368 , B1. Urba n V . (himself a Benedictine) cre a ted Archbishop La ngh a m C a rdin a l Priest of the Holy Roma n Church by the title of St . Sixtus . The new C a rdina l forthwith , indeed of necessity, ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . resigned the Primacy o f All England with its rich temp oralities , and Obtai n ed , not without diflic ulty, the Royal sanction to leave his native lan d fo r f Avign on . This was the disastrous period o a Fra n cophil a n d divided Papacy : Langham reached “ Avignon in 1 369, where he was known as the ” Cardinal Of Can terb ury . Afterwards he paid a State visit to his home country,with little success,on behalf of peace in 1 374,the Chapter o fCanterbury actually r e-elected Cardinal Langham to the Primacy,but in vain . Meanwhile the Holy Father had co n ferred a signal honour upon this English Prince of the Church : for in J uly, 1 373, he was raised to the exalted rank Of Cardinal -Bishop o f Praeneste (Palestrina) . When the Papal Court was enabled to return to Rome,Cardi n al Lan gham Obtained permission from Pope Gregory X I . henceforth to reside in England . He had inte n d e d to ’ supervise the completion o f Westminster s Abbey Minster,but unfortunately sudden death put an end to these plans, upon the eve o f his departure , in A.D . 1 376. By his dying request,o ur Benedictine Cardinal was ’ buried in St . Benet s Chapel in the exquisite Church o f his Old conventual home : there his tomb still remains , the Oldest and most remarkable o f all its ecclesiastical mon uments . Cardinal Langham be que a the d the whole of his estate, worth about J£2 00 ,000, towards the building fund Of his beloved Westmin ster Abbey ; the nave , a portion of the ’ Cloisters , the Abbot s house , etc ., were thereby completed , a n d he himself has thus earn ed the proud ” title O f its secon d fo un der . This Cardinal was a great administrator, a man Of marked ability as well as of holy character ; he was also,we may notice ,the first to establish technical schools in England . ’ 2 6 ENG LAN D S CARD I NALS .

Cardinal Easton .

H I S English successor in the Roman P urple was — curiously another Benedictine monk Dom ADAM EAS TON . H e had received the black habit o fSt . Benet a t the C a thedral Priory of Norwich ,and a fterwards studied at Oxford here he acquired great reputation a s a Greek and Hebrew schola r. Afterwards Dom Easton left England for Avignon , probably in the train o f Cardin a l La ngh a m , a nd received some appointment in cur ia . H e proceeded to Rome with the Pap a l Court, and was a t length raised to the Purple by Pope Urban VI .,probably in A.D . 1 38 1 , as Cardinal - Priest of St. Cecili a . Soon afterwards Easton w a s nominated ,by Papal provision , Dean o f York Minster as an example o f the gra ve a buses in this direction ,w e find he was the third non -resident Cardinal in succession to hold this preferment . I n 1 384,the real Pope ,Urban VI .,transferred the seat o f his cur ia to Nocera in Umbria then occurred the famous revolt o f certain Cardinals against his cruel despotism, which only ended in their o w n destruction . Our English Cardinal escaped with his life , through the intervention o f King Richard I I ., a fter suffering torture and imprisonment as well as degradation from the Cardinalate itself. H owever,upon the accession of Pope Boniface IX . in A.D . 1 389,o n e o fhis first acts w a s to restore this English Prince o f H oly Chu rch to his honours . Apparently Cardinal Easton was n o w allowed to return to his native country,but eventually journeyed back to Rome,attracted by its immortal spell . There he died in 1 397,a nd was buried in his titular Church ’ ’ the C a rdin a l s tomb,nea r St . Cecilia s Shrine,and his ’ ENGLAN D S CARD INALS . temporary prison at Genoa, are Objects o f much interest to E nglish pilgrims . Un fortu n ately his learn ed theological treatises have all perished , but ’ ’ the Church s Offi ce fo r o ur Blessed Lady s Visitatio n is said to have been composed by Adam Cardinal Easton .

Cardinal Repyngdo n .

TH E nex—t century brings us to another monastic Cardinal Do mPHILI P RE PYN GD ON ,w ho was born in the second half o f the fourtee n th century,a n d was educated at Oxford . He afterwards joined the Austin “ — o r Black Canons Regular being professed at their Abbey o fSt . Mary de Pré in Leicester. Meanw hile the unity o f o ur holy religion in this land was being disturbed by the false teachings o f the heretical priest, John Wiclif, and his followers . Unfortunately D o mRepyng d o n w a s beguiled into approving Wiclif’ s erroneous religious and social ’ tenets , and even began to promulgate the latter s heresy against the Most Holy Sacrament o fthe Altar from the pulpit . ’ At length he became Wiclif s most prominent supporter,a n d about the same time actually i n cepted as Doctor o f D ivinity at Oxford . But when the U n iversity authorities heard o f this they were “ naturally most i n dignant , a n d at the Council Of ” Blackfriars held in London in A .D . 1 382 , the Chancellor o fOxford suspen ded Re pyn g d o n , who in vain appealed to his Royal pa tron ,John o fGaunt, ’ 2 8 ENGLAN D S CA RD I NALS .

Duke o f Lancaster . Finally the unorthodox monk was censured and at length excommunicated by the Primate o f All Engl a nd, Archbishop Courtenay, in the following July . This grave crisis happily caused D o mRepyng d o n to reflect upon his errors, with most happy result ; fo r within a few months we find him truly repentant and receiving Holy Church ’ s absolution from the Primate , who by a formal brief thereupon restored him to his former dignities . Afterwa rds he publicly abjured and solemnly recanted his heretica l tenets in a Convocation of the Province o fC a nterbury held a t Oxford itself. ’ Henceforth Do m Repyng d o n s orthodoxy was unquestionable and unquestioned ; like the great Apostle o f the Gentiles , after his conversion he became the zealous opponent o fhis former errors and a champion o fthe Catholic Faith . A man o fbrilliant attainments , his promotions in after years were quite remarkable . I n A.D . 1 394 he was elected Abbot o f Leicester and superior o f his o ld conventual home, where apparently he had spent the last twelve years to the intense e difica tio n of his fellow monks . Three years l a ter he was created Chancellor of his Alma M a ter , the University o f O xford ; in A.D . 1 4 00 he w a s again elected its Chancellor ,a nd held this office until the year 1 402 . Abbot Repyng d o n w a s honoured with the intimate friendship Of King Henry IV ., who appointed him o n e o f his chaplains , and who Chose him as his — ’ co n fessor in itself a great tribute to the Abbot s holiness and wisdom . When the important See OfLincoln became vacant, a it is n o t therefore surprising, th t the name inserted ' ’ in the Royal cong e d élir e fo r primary consideration at the c a pitular election was that Of Philip Repyng d o n ,

O .S .A . The Chapter duly forwarded their petition to

’ 30 ENGLAND S CARDI NALS .

resignation o f the Supreme Po ntifi ca te , certain writers have disputed the validity o f Cardinal ’ R epyng d o n s creation . However , this supposition is extremely improbable ,and accordingly in him we find o ur first E nglish example of a Bishop upon receiving the Roman Purple being allowed to retain his See ,although probably he paid a lengthy visit to Rome after his creation . But in the year 1 4 1 9 Cardin a l Repyng d o n resigned the Bishopric o f Lincoln fo r reasons never quite known . Perhaps this extreme action was owing to the new King Henry the Fifth ’ s objections to the famous Prince - Bishop B eaufort o f Winchester also — receiving the Re d Hat fo r there were a lready thr ee English C a rdinals at this time "viz.,the Bishops o f Durham , Salisbury,and Lincoln . Anyhow the H oly Father forma lly a ccepted his resignation upon February the I st, 1 4 2 0 , a nd hence — forth the good Cardinal lived in retirement may he not very likely have resumed his monastic life as an — Austin Canon P until his death ,which occurred in the year 1 4 2 4 . Cardinal Re pyng d o n w a s , doubtless at his own request , buried in the Cathedral o fLincoln and near the tomb of his great predecessor,Bishop Grosseteste . His Grace made several munificent bequests to the University Library at Oxford . H e was in his day a r en o w n e d preacher , and severa l Of his printed sermons are still preserved here in the Bodleian archives . ’ ENGLAN D S CARD INALS .

Cardinal Langley.

IN the year 1 4 1 1 , two more English prelates were created Cardinals these were the Bishop - Palati n e of Durham and the Bishop o fpeerless Sarum. THOMA S LANGLE Y was a distinguished Cambridge ecclesiastic f who,in A .D . 1 405,had been created Lord Chancellor o E ngland a nd also elected Archbishop o fYork . HOW ever,despite a Royal petition, Pope Innocent V I I ., indignant at the murder Of Archbishop Scrope, annulled this election and “ provided ” Langley instead to the Palatine See o f Durham . In 1 409 this pious prelate attended the Council of Pisa in great state, and two years afterwards Pope John XX I I I . created him and Bishop Hallam Cardinals—perhaps ’ to obtain England s support in his various difficulties . Owi ng to the absence o fthe Papal Court from Rome ' and the disturbed co ntemporary state o f a fl a irs , neither o f them w a s assigned any titular church in the Petrine City. O ur popular warrior King, Henry V ., employed Cardinal Langley as his ambassador o n behalf o f peace with France , a n d in 1 4 1 7 he again was e ntrusted with the Great Seal . This ecclesiastical prince helped secure the Treaty o f Durham, and subsequently entertained in his episcopal city the Ki n g a n d Quee n o f Scotlan d . At the coron ation o f Henry V I . Cardi n al Langley led the youthful King up the Abbey,a n d always took a promi n en t part in p ublic affairs . Upon his death “ ” he was buried in the famous Galilee o fhis sple n did Cathedral , where the marble altar- tomb still covers his remains, a n d adjoins the desolated Shrine o f St . Bede . This Cardina l was a great benefa ctor both to the ’ 32 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS .

C a thedra l a nd the City o f Durham ,a n d also to the Universities . For instance , at the former, besides completing the exquisite Galilee Chapel ,he helped its Benedictine community finish the Cloisters ,while he — founded two Schools o n his palace green o ne fo r grammar and the other for plainsong .

Cardinal H allam.

AFTE R holding various preferments , ROB E RT HALLAM had , in A .D . 1 40 3, been elected Chancellor o f Oxford University, but later o n apparently resigned every thing in order to reside in Rome . Upon June 2 2 n d , 1 407 , Pope Gregory X II . appointed him to the See o f Salisbury and himself consecrated him Bishop at Siena . Hallam was o ne o f the English ambassadors at Pisa, and afterwards received the Re d H a t from J ohn XX I I I . as already related . At the Council o f Constance,summoned for the purpose o f ending the disastrous Papal schism , Cardinal Hallam again represented England , and was attended by an imposing cavalcade o f S ixty - four horse . Here he — eagerly championed reform and moderation indeed , by his vigorous public denunciations o fthat wicked ’ Pontiff, b e partially caused J oh n s historic flight ; subsequently he took a leading part in the conciliar discussions . Cardinal Hallam is said to have upheld the Gallican doctrine Of the supremacy o f General Councils over the Roman Pontiff. I n the year 1 4 1 7 he died at the ’ ENG LAND S CARDI NALS .

Castle of Gottlieben,and was buried,amid a scene of — great pomp , in the Cathedral Of Constance in the presence o f the Emperor himself and most o f the Cou n cil . The magnifice n t brass ,probably engraved in E ngland, which was afterwards placed over his tomb, still remains zn s itu .

Cardinal Beaufort .

THE next English Cardinal was not only a Prince o f the Church but also a Prince of this rea lm . H E NRY B EAUFORT was the subsequently legitimized son o f John- Of-Gaunt by Katharine S w ynfo rd ,a nd therefore a grandson of King Edward I I I . In 1 398 he was appointed by papal provision to the Se e o f Lincoln , and in the following year w a s elected Chancellor o f Oxford University . Upon the accession of his half-brother,King Henry IV .,to the throne ,Bishop Beaufort rapidly rose in position and i nfluence ; in 1 403 he w a s created Lord Chancellor o f E ngland and next year, again by papal provision , translated to the important See o fWinchester. Un der King Henry V . Beaufort played a still more prominen t part in public affairs : at the Council O f ” Constance ,as a zealous Ultramontane , he opposed the Gallican party,and was the chief instrument in a preliminary election o f Pope Martin V ., though he himself probably w a s a papa bil e . This patriotic “ ” prelate lent Henry V . vast sums for his jingo French w a r, and during the minority o f Henry V I . ’ 34 ENG LAND S CARDI NALS . — aga in held the Gre a t Seal indeed a t one time he practically governed the country. His loyalty and wisdom formed a sharp contrast to the actions o f his famous enemy,the D uke o fGloucester . Fin a lly , after long delays , Beaufort was created a Cardinal -Priest by the title of St . Eusebius on May 2 4th, 1 4 2 6,by Pope Martin . At the same time he w a s also appointed Legate a l a ter e to Germany, Hungary , and B ohemia, in order that he might oppose the Hussite heresy : his personal bravery in ’ the crusaders field w a s most remark a ble . D espite the a nti -papal machinations o f Gloucester and others , this grea t ecclesiastic continued to e xe r cise beneficia l influence at home in the Council o fthe rea lm a nd upon important diplomatic m a tters a broad . On D ecember 1 7th , 1 431 , Cardin a l Beaufort ” crowned the youthful H enry VI . King of France in the Ca thedra l o f Notre Dame , Pa ris . Upon the dea th o f Bedford his political position in England beca me supreme , a nd he e a rnestly attempted to secure a general pa cifi ca tio n . ’ Upon his Gra ce s death a t W o lv es ey Pa l a ce , he w a s buried in his C a thedra l of Winchester,Where the m a gnificent chantry with its interesting effi gy of the — — Cardina l in his Red H a t a nd cappa mag na still rem a ins, though despoiled o fits former enrichments . C a rdina l Beaufort w a s a splendid exa mple o f that dangerous person a lity, the ecclesi a stical sta tesman — he w a s a mun ifi cent public benefactor fo r instance , in his C a thedral City he founded the Almshouses at St . Cross ,where another e flig y o f this Cardinal may still be seen . Despite his faults , in him England lost indeed a patriotic and constitutional leader, H oly ’ Church a loyal son ,a nd Ch rist s poor a true friend . ’ ENGLAND S CARDI NALS .

Cardinal Kempe .

WITHIN a few years another of o ur countrymen wore — the Roman Purple once more a Primate o f All Engla nd,who a lso held the rare distinction o fhaving been Archbishop,first o fYork,and then of Canter bury. J OHN KEMPE was once a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and afterwards Archdeacon o f Durham . D uring the reign of Henry V . he frequently acted as Royal Envoy in diplomatic a ffairs,was present at Agincourt,and subsequently was crea ted Chancellor o f Normandy. In A.D . 1 4 1 9 Kempe w a s appointed Bishop of Rochester ; in 1 42 1 he w a s translated by Pope Martin V .,first to the See o fChichester, then to that o f London , and finally, in A.D . 1 4 2 6, to the Arch bishopric o f York and the Northern Primacy. Moreover,in this same year he w a s also appointed Lord Chan cellor o f England , and held the Great Sea l until A.D . 1 432 , when he resigned it. His Grace, amid those days o f strife and disorder, strenuously worked for peace an d acted as English Ambassador both at the Council o f Basle and the Congress o f Arras . We may note that he incurred some Odium by advocating the abandon ment by o ur “ English Sovereign o f that usurped title, King o f Fran ce . Finally, in December, 1 439, Pope Eugenius IV . created the Archbishop o fYork Cardi n al - Priest o fthe R Holy oman Church by the title of Santa Balbina . At first his Grace,rememberi ng the Prince - Cardinal ’ Beaufort s trials ,somewhat hesitated , but w a s soon persuaded by King Henry V I . himself to accept the Red Hat. ’ 36 ENGLAND S CARDI NALS .

Then occurred the memora ble submission of our Primate Chichele to the Pap a l decision that even in his o w n Province he , as merely Archbishop , must rank after the Cardinals of York and Winchester. I n the year 1 4 50 the former prelate was a gain appointed Lord Chancellor o f the realm . ’ As w e have seen , Cardinal Kempe s career had already been one o f almost unprecedentedly brilliant promotions ,both in Church a nd Sta te ,but still further honours awaited him . Fo r in A .D . 1 452 the C a rdinal was translated from the archiepiscopal See Of York to

u — that of Ca n te rbury a very unique distinction and thus to the Primacy o fAll England . The Papal Bull Of appointment was d a ted J uly the 2 1 s t, and his Grace received his new pallium at Fulham o n the following September 2 4th. At the s a me time Pope Nicholas V .,a s a sign a l mark o festeem , actually created a special Cardinal Bishopric, by sep a ra ting the See of S a nta Rufi na from th a t o f Porto, and raised our illustrious Prim ate to the exa lted ra nk of its C a rdina l Bishop . At this time the renowned See of C a nterbury w a s practically a Patriarchate in a ll but name ,while this great and good prelate w a s now Cardinal Bishop , ' Papal Legate , both na tus a nd ,for a time, ae l a ter e , Primate as well as Chancellor o f England ,a nd indeed held an altogether supreme position . It is touching, in this respect ,to note that Cardinal Kempe did not — — forget his native vill a ge Wye ,in Kent where he founded a college of secular priests , a gramm a r school and a chantry,and also built a splendid parish Church . However,this Prince of Holy Church only held the Primacy fo r two years owing to his death in A .D . 1 454 , “ ” when truly full Of years and honours . Upon his tomb in C a nterbury C a thedra l , surmounted by its rem a rka ble wooden ca nopy,is engra ved the following

’ 38 ENGLAND S CARDI NALS .

thereupon va inly ende a voured to secure peace between the rival Lancastrian and Yorkist factions . Upon the commen cement o f the disastrous Wars o f the Roses ,the Primate resigned the Great Seal ,and after the fi n al Yorkist victory crowned the Duke o fYork Ki n g in A.D . 1 461 ,under the title o f Edward IV . Apparently in 1 467 the Roman Pontiff C reated Archbishop Bo ur chie r Cardinal - Priest o f St. Cyria cus in Thermis ,but, in response to a roya l request and co n temporary disorder, reserved the nomin a tion in petto. At length , after va rious delays , in the year 1 473, a new Pope , Sixtus IV ., sent the English Primate his Re d Hat, which rea ched Lambeth o n May the 3l s t. Cardinal B o urchier was a distinguished p a tron of literature , education ,and the fine arts ; he assisted Caxton in starting his original printing press ,and was himself the first to introduce its use into his Old University . At Canterbury his Grace more than once received his S overeign upon the occasion o f the ’ latter s pilgrimages to the Shrine o fthe glorious Martyr St . Thomas . I n 1 468 he is said to have entertained another distinguished pilgrim , viz ., an Oriental Patriarch , probably Peter I I . o fAntioch . I n after years the a ged Cardinal - Primate had within a few months to place the Crown o f England upon the head , first Of Richard I I I . a nd then o f Henry VI I ., in Westminster Abbey. Very fi tting ly the public c a reer o f a grea t peace maker w a s closed by his Offi ciating at the marriage o f the new Lancastrian Sovereign with the Princess E lizabeth o f York, upon January the 1 8th, 1 486, w hereby the Re d and the White Roses were blended in happy union and the terrible civil war was at length ended . Then , o n the following April the 6th, Cardi n al Bo ur chie r p a ss ed away to etern a l life , a fter an ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . episcopate o f over half- a -century and the longest Primacy in our an n a ls . His body still rests in its grey marble tomb in the choir of Canterbury — Cathedral now alas "in other hands .

Cardinal M orton .

’ AGAIN , for the third time in succession , England s next Cardinal was the new Archbishop o f Canterbury . J OHN MORTON in his younger days w a s a distinguished ecclesiastical lawyer and an ardent Lancastrian . He had, moreover, been Chancellor to the unfortunate Edward , Prince o f Wales, and faithfully followed brave Queen Margaret and her son during their historic wanderings . However, after Tewkesbury Morton had to submit to the victor,and,his attainder havi ng been reversed, he now became a Yorkist ” convert . Cardinal Bo urchie r was ever his kind patron ,and he eventually became Bishop o f Benedictine Ely. D uring the Protectorate o f Richard, Duke o f Gloucester,he suffered imprisonment for supporting poor little King E dward V. despite a petition from his a lma ma ter , Oxford Un iversity, for the release o f “ her dearest son . However, the wily Bishop man aged to escap e to Flanders ,and now vigorously assisted the Lan castrians indeed , the Earl Of Richmond probably escaped being captured, if not actually assassination itself, through his timely information . ’ 40 ENGLAN D S CARDI NA LS .

’ Upon a scending St . Edwa rd s throne as King Henry V II ., his Majesty summoned Bishop Morton b a ck to England , where the latter soon became his ” trusty adviser . Thu s in his Utopia Sir Thomas More relates how the King depended much o n his ’ (Morton s) counsels ,and the government seemed to ” be chiefly supported by him . To this astute Bishop o f Ely probably w a s due the ultimate success o f the Lancastrian and the Royal marriage itself with the Princess Eliza beth o fYork,daughter and heiress o f Edwa rd IV . Upon October the 6th, 1 486, Morton succeeded C a rdinal Bo urchier as Archbishop o f Canterbury, Primate o f All England , and Legate o f the Apostolic S ee in the following year his Grace was also created Lord Chancellor of the Realm . In this latter position his offi cial speeches at the opening of Parliament are stated to have been the first to foreshadow our modern constitutional government,while as Primate he worked hard at certain clerical reforms . Popularly he is chiefly noted for the “ Morton ’ s Fork ” device probably a fable , as it appears that in reality he did ’ his best to r es tr a in Henry s avarice . ’ At last, in the year 1 493,at the King s request, that wicked person , Pope Alex a nder V I ., created Archbishop Morton Cardinal -Priest Of the H oly Roman Church by the title o f Sta . Anastasia. Tw o years afterwards the good Cardinal was elected Chancellor o f Oxford University,and in A .D . 1 500 just be—fore the opening o f the dreadful sixteenth century he dep arted this life . Cardinal Morto n had a great devotion to the famous “ ” Shrine o fo ur Blessed Lady in the undercroft or crypt o f Ca nte r bu ry Ca thed ra l , which he had much em ' bellis hed ,a nd , by his o w n S pecial request , his body ” w a s there interred cor a m imag in e : indeed, to secure this ,he ha d actu a lly erected his o w n monu ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . mental efligy, now terribly mutila ted, close to the shrine duri n g his lifetime . It is painful to have to ’ relate that in the 1 8th century the Cardi n al s remains were exhumed a n d treated with shameful indign ity, while the wrecked Shrine itself is a most distressing scene . This gre a t Primate was an ardent patron o flitera ture : thus Blessed Thomas More , w ho knew the Cardi nal intimately as a member o fhis household ,has paid a valuable tribute to his memory in this and other respects . His Grace was a truly munifi cent builder as well as a clever architect and e ngineer. At Ely he cut the famous tre n ch across the Fen country, still known as “ ’ ” Morton s Dyke . At Oxford he repaired the ’ Divi n ity School and helped to rebuild St . Mary s Church ; at Lambeth Palace he erected the present gate - house . Above all , at Canterbury he vigorously assisted Prior Goldstone I I .,O .S .B In the completion ’ o fhis Cathedral s glorious central tower.

Cardinal Bainbridge .

AFTE R three successive Archbishops of Canterbury the next English Cardi n als were two successive Archbishops o f York "an eloquent piece of testimony as to whether the old English Church was Roman ” Catholic o r not. CHRI S TO PH ER BAINBRIDGE was formerly Provost o f ’ Queen s College,Oxford in the year 1 503 he became ’ 4 2 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

De a n o fYork a nd in 1 50 5 of Windsor,in the follow ing year Master o f the Rolls , a n d in 1 507 w a s consecra ted Prince - Bishop o f Durham . Finally ,by a papal bull dated September 1 2 th, 1 508 , Bainbridge was translated to the archiepiscopal See o fYork and the northern Primacy . His Grace was distinctly a political ecclesiastic,and acted as King Henry the ’ Eighth s ambassador to Pope Julius I I ., by whom he was created Cardinal - Priest o fSt . Praxedis o n March the l o th, 1 5 1 1 ,at Ra venna . This bellicose Pontiff, during whose reign a semi pagan Renaiss a nce had begun to intensify the c o r r uptio n s of contemporary Rome ,at once despa tched the new Cardinal - Archbishop o f York as his g ener a l to besiege Ferrara H e also appointed this Primate ” of England Pap a l Legate a l a ter e in the Sta tes o f the Church . Ca rdinal Bainbridge unfortunately remained in Italy inste a d of returning to his Archdiocese ; his Grace ’ a cted a s Henry s a gent in cur ia R oma na a nd vigorously opposed France a nd French influence . A certain a mount of mystery surrounds his premature death but a pparently he was poisoned by an insane Itali a n serva nt,w ho afterwa rds committed suicide in prison . His body w a s interred in the Church , dedicated to St . Thom a s o f C a nterbury, belonging to the Old English H ospice for pilgrims a d l imina Apos tolor um n o w the English Semin a ry College in the Via di Monserra to ,Rome . Here the tomb,with its recum bent eflig y o f this unpopular Cardinal o f York , vested in Ren a iss a nce po ntifi ca ls ,forms a n interesting link with the p a st. ’ ENG LAND S CARDI NALS .

Cardinal Wolsey.

TH ERE now succeeded Cardinal Bain bridge both in the Sacred Purple a n d in the See o fYork one o f the most famous personages in E nglish history . THOMA S WOLS E Y was the brillian t s o n Of an Ipswich tradesman who , thro ugh the democratic possibilities ’ o fChrist s Ki ngdom o n earth ,rose to dazzling heights o fecclesiastical and temporal splendour. He was once Bursar o f Magdalen College ,Oxford, where he superinte n ded the erection o f its exquisite tower. Upon becomi ng Court Chaplain to Henry V I I . and , a gain , to He n ry VI I I ., his promotions were rapid . First Of all Wolsey was appointed D ean o f Lincoln in 1 508 , then Canon o f Windsor,and after wards Dean o f York ; in A .D . 1 5 1 4 he was created Bishop o fLincoln ,but in the same year was tran slated to the Archbishopric o f York, and thus became ” Primate o f E ngland . King Henry VI I I . n o w requested that easy-going Medici , Pope Le o X .,to bestow the Red Hat on Archbishop Wolsey,and with some reluctance the Sovereign Pontiff responded by creating his Grace Cardinal- Priest o fthe Holy Roman Church by the title Of Sta . Cecilia in September 1 5 1 5 . Perhaps even in pre- Reformation England no more gorgeous sight was ever witnessed than the ceremo ny ’ o f the new Cardinal s investiture . The Hat was brought from Rome by a special Papal Envoy,w ho w a s met at Bl a ckheath by several Bishops and noble men , and at the gates o f the City o f Lon don by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen , together with the city Guilds ; crowds lined the streets as the cavalcade proceeded to Westminster. The o ld chronicler quaintly relates how when the s aid Hatt w a s come ” to the Abbey o f Westminster the Lord Abbot, ’ 44 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS .

together with his brother Benedictine Abbots of St . ’ ’ Alban s , Glasto n bury, Bury St. Edmund s , Reading , Gloucester,a n d Tewkesbury ,as well as the Benedictine Cathedral Priors o f Winchester and Coventry, all in pon tifica libus ,received the E nvoy and escorted the red ” hat to the high altar where it was sett . Upon the following Sunday the great function itself took place in the national Abbey Minster ; besides these Abbots there were present the Primates o fAll England and of All Irelan d ,the Archbishop o fDublin , the Bishops o f Winchester, Durham , Lincoln , Norwich , Ely, Rochester, Exeter, and Llandaff, together with many nobleme n , judges , parochial Clergy, and an immense assemblage o f faithful laity . A fan fare o f trumpets announced the arrival o f their Majesties Ki n g H enry V I I I . and Queen Katharine , together with the Queens - Dowager of France and Scotland . Then Archbishop Wa rham of Canterbury s a ng Pontifical H igh Mass d e Spir itu S a ncto, with the Bishop o f Lincoln as Deacon and the Bishop o f Exeter as Sub - D ea con ,while the future martyr,Bishop ” Fisher o fRochester,a cted as crozier to the Prim a te . Instead o f a sermon ,the learned Dean Colet o f St . Paul ’ s preached an appropriate homily upon the duties o f a Cardinal ,after which the Dean o f Exeter rea d alou d the Papal Bull . At the Ag nus D ei Wolsey “ ” advanced from his traverse and l ay prostrate u pon the sanctuary, where presently Archbishop Warham was seen reciting the special prayers over ’ his brother o f York . Finally England s Legatine Primate placed the Hat with its long tassels upon ’ W o ls ey s head ; thereupon the Te D eumwas sung “ ’ ” — whilst the butcher s s o n n o w my Lorde C a r d e n a ll, Archbishop o f York a n d Prince of Holy — Church passed alo n g in solemn procession ,with the Dukes Of Norfolk and Suffolk o n either side, dis

’ 46 ENG LAN D S CARD I NALS . — distinctly a papa bile a t least he certa inly left no stone unturned to secure his o w n election ,but in vain . “ ’ My Lorde Ca r d e na ll s Grace then virtually ’ became England s Pope himself,thus affording several dangerous precede n ts , and quite unwittingly paving the way for the Royal Supremacy o f A .D . 1 534 . Disliked as a pa r ven u and distrusted by the o ld nobility, he ,by his suppression o f certai n smaller religious houses, aroused deep suspicion among the poor concerning the future o ftheir patrimony,while , for exa mple , Bl . Thomas More , among other holy chara cters , much distrusted his influence . Finally, ’ W o ls ey s well - mea nt schemes over poor Queen ’ K a th a rine s divorce ended in his own ruin . D espite thre a ts and entreaties , Pope Clement V I I . refused to ’ annul the King s marriage , and then there appeared upon the scene that actual origin o f the E nglish — Reformation Mistress Ann Boleyn ,w ho success ’ ’ fully plotted W o l s ey s fa ll from Henry s favour. At length this Cardinal Archbishop o f York retired to his o w n neglected diocese and commenced an episcopal visitation there during the brief remainder o f his earthly career . His Grace now showed wh a t an excellent bishop he might have been , but,as he himself pathetically owned in his last moments,it w a s then too late . For within a short period o fhis tra gic arrest,upon November the 4th,1 530,fo r high trea son , f the exa lted prisoner died ,partly o fright and —partly o f grief, when o n his way to tri a l in London a nd doubtless to the block o n Tower Hill . ’ Wh a t a lesson Cardinal W o ls ey s life - story affords a s to the frailty o f human grea tness " H e who for over thirty years had held the scales o fEurope in his hands , a nd had ruled both Church a nd State in Engla nd, left the world he had served , ra ther than Go d , in disgrace , ruined and deserted . Even the superb marble cenotaph , which he ha d designed a s ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . his la st resting-place, w a s seized by his ungrateful Sovereign ,and is now the tomb of Wellington in St . ’ ’ Paul s Cathedral ,whilst the very S ite of the Cardinal s grave is u n kn own a nd has perished with Leicester Abbey. ’ Nevertheless Cardinal Wolsey was o n e of E nglan d s greatest statesmen and most devoted patriots ; his faults in reality were few, his virtues man y, but a worldly, ambitious policy marred his career . I n the entirely unforeseen res ult Ki ng Henry V I I I ., by becoming an avaricious schismatic and a cruel tyrant, overthrew or diverted all the Cardinal ’ s wise but dangerous schemes for reform ,while upon his death England soon ceased to domin ate Europe . He was a great patron of learning, and with the revenues o f confiscated convents fou n ded his “ ” magnificen t Cardi n al College (now called Christ Church) at Oxford . He had also intended to found a college in his native town,Ipswich , while it was this extravagant Prince of the Church w ho erected for his o w n ed ifica tio n the splendid manor o f Hampton Court. ' But whatever his varied merits may have been ,w e English Catholics can not forget that alas "it was — — chiefly a Ca r d ina l Thomas Wolsey w ho unwittingly, and in opposition to both Rome a n d Canterbury, prepared an opening for the terrible chan ges soon to follow, when his unlimited a n d autocratic powers were merely tra nsferred to the Crown . ’ 48 ENG LAND S CARD INALS .

Ble sse d John Fishe r,

CARD I NA L AN D MARTYR.

THE Princes o f H oly Church wear crimson robes to S how that, as prelates o f Rome ,the city o f M a rtyrs , they too are re a dy,if need be , even to S hed their life blood for the Faith . Among o ur English Cardinals o n e only has attained the glorious palm o f martyrdom , and he follows Wolsey in ou r chronological list. This was Blessed J OHN FI S H E R , a distinguished Cambridge scholar,who in 1 497 became Master o f Mich a el H ouse there . The saintly Margaret,Countess o f Richmond, mother o f King H enry V I I ., chose him as her confessor, a nd in 1 503 appointed him first ” holder of the new La dy Margaret Chair o f D ivinity,which she ha d just founded for the purpose o ffree religious instruction . In 1 50 1 , Fisher ha d been elected Vice - Ch a ncellor of the University, which he soon restored to its ancient prestige ; three years l a ter he became — Chancellor a n offi ce held by him throughout the remainder of his life . In this year,1 504 , Henry V I I . nominated and the Benedictine Chapter elected Fisher — to the va cant See of Rochester the Papal Bull o f provision being d a ted October the 1 4th . The new Bishop continued his missionary endeavours and educational reforms ; under his auspices the Countess ’ o f Richmond founded Christ s College at Cambridge , while he himself instituted new Fellowships ,lectures , etc . Through the mun ifi c e nt bequest o f this pious and accomplished lady , Fisher was subsequently ’ enabled to found St . J ohn s College, in his old University, in A .D . 1 5 1 1 . H e wa r mly patronized the intellectual Renaissance , the new learning, and ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . equally vigorously Opposed the new heresy,viz .,the tenets of that apostate friar, Martin Luther . But perhaps the most striking feature in the future ’ Martyr s career lies in the sad fact that he alone , among the whole E nglish Hierarchy,from its outset opposed the new Royal Supremacy over our ancient E cclesia Ang lica na . These Erastian and worldly prelates , assembled in convocation , apparently did not guess its fateful import ; but Bishop Fisher boldly told them that its acceptance would cause the “ English clergy to be hissed o ut of the society of ’ ” God s Holy Catholic Church , and at length secured “ the insertion o fthat famous saving clause , qua ntum

Alone too among the English Hierarchy, Fisher refused to recognize the possibility o f Henry VI I I . obtaining a legitimate separation from good Queen Kathari n e , Whose confessor he w a s . Together wit h his fellow martyr, Bl . Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor o f the realm ,Bishop Fisher rejected the n ew Oath Of Succession ,as far as the validity o fthe ’ King s marriage was concerned ; in consequence both were committed to prison and tried fo r high treason . This aged and holy prelate w a s nearly killed by his sufferings in the Tower,where he was even deprived o f his books and given ins uflicien t food . Presently the famous a n d infamous Act of S upremacy w a s passed , while Fisher himself was attainted and deprived o fhis See . Cromwell in person recited the terms Of the Act to this distinguished prisoner,w ho , however, stoutly refused to deny the Papal o r acknowledge the Royal Supremacy . The penalty for this was a terrible death , but eve n Henry VI I I . hesitated—for Fisher and More were renowned and hon oured throughout the Christian world, while England crouched aghast at such proceedings . ’ 50 ENG LAND S CARD I NALS .

Meanwhile , Pope Paul I I I ., anxious to a ssist a ’ Ca tholic reformation and unaware o f Fisher s plight, a t a S pecial Consistory held upon May 2 0th, 1 535, created the illustrious Bishop o f Rochester Cardinal Priest of the H oly Rom a n Church by the title of St . Vita lis . King H enry was furious at the news , and a ctually allowed the venerable Cardinal to be sentenced,a s a traitor,to butchery alive at Tyburn afterwa rds , however, commu ted to decapitation o n Tower Hill . Fisher noted with j oy that his p a ssion w a s fixed ’ for the festival Of England s proto - martyr St. Alban , and comported himself with Christian resignation a nd calm dignity on the scaffold . Here th a t saintly head , o n which no Re d Hat had yet been placed, received the Crimson Crown , not in symbol but in the awful reality o fhis life -blood . The news of the executions o f Fisher and More produced consternation through o ut Europe , and led , upon the profanation o f ’ S t . Thomas Shrine a t ' Ca nterbury, to the Papal excommunication o fo ur English Nero . ’ The M a rtyr s holy Relics at present probably repose, neglected and unhonoured, in the Chapel o f St . Peter-a d -Vincula o n Tower Green, though we may hope they will yet receive honourable translation . Upon the B eatification Of the first band o f English ‘ Confessors w ho suffered martyrdom pro Ecclesia Dei, J ohn Cardinal Fisher a nd S ir Tho ma s More were raised to the Altars o f the Universal Church by Pope L e o X I II ., o n December 9th, 1 886. Their annual festival is Observed upon May the 4th, and English ’ C a tholics confidently hope that in God s good time ’ the mighty basilica of St . Peter s ,Rome ,will witness the solemn Canonization o f these faithful and true ” serva nts o f His in morte quoque non divisi sunt . d e l P io mbc , P in x it

CARDIN AL POLE .

’ 52 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS . tions,a ddressed to Henry VI I I . in a famous tre a tise , only made ma tters worse for his relatives . The noble Pole family, to gether with their adherents , were now all attainted o f treason , and ’ the Cardinal s English incomes were , o f course , confiscated . La ter o n , his elder brother, Viscount Montague , the Marquess o f Exeter, and other kinsmen were executed ; fi na lly, after a most cruel imprisonment in the Tower o f London ,his venerable — — mother Princess and M a rtyr w a s litera lly h a cked to dea th for fidelity to the Papal Suprem a cy. Cardin a l Pole ha d twice a cted as Pap a l Legate for the purpose o f securing peace between the Emperor C h a rles V. and the King o f France ,and to assist, if possible,the unfortun a te English C a tholics . But his long journeys and untiring efforts were fruitless,while ’ H enry s assassins beset him a t every step . When almost penniless, Pole w a s a ppointed Governor o fthe Patrimony o f St. Peter by Paul I II ., the highest a dministrative o flice in the Sovereign ’ Pontiffs gift . Moreover,he was created o n e o fthe Legatine Presidents for the ( Ecumenical Council , — which a t length a ssembled at Trent ln itself a most eloquent tribute to the exiled English Cardinal ’ s renown . Upon the dea th o f his kind patron Pa ul I I I ., a a bil e Car—dina l Pole not only was the favourite p p , but like Breakspear a lone o f o ur English Cardinals — was actually elected Pope. However,owing to his unprecedented scruples as to the propriety o f the election ,the longest Conclave o n record ended with the coronation o f Julius III . Meanwhile England , under her youthful King Edward V I ., w a s n o w the scene o f imported heresy and of fearful sacrileges ; all round Europe the prospects o f orthodox Christianity were most gloomy, while ’ Pole s Ow n troubles were particul a rly grievous . ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . 53

Accordingly, sad a t heart a nd weary of the world, the good Cardinal withdrew into retirement . Suddenly he w a s recalled to publicity by the nu expected accession o f Catholic Queen Mary to ’ St . Edward s throne, and soon afterwards started upon his famous journ ey back to his n ative lan d , as Papal Legate a la ter e for the purpose o freconciling England to the Apostolic See o fPeter . But prolonged delays intervened,which were due ’ to the Emperor s political schemes, to the Spanish marriage ,and to the vexed question o f the monastic lands . However, at length all the diffi culties were overcome and Cardinal Pole returned in triumph , amid a welcome home o ftouching enthusiasm,to his ’ England s capita l . Then there followed the memorable and historic ’ scene in Parliament o n St . Andrew s D ay,A .D . 1 554 , “ ” when the royal Reginald, though still o n ly a Deacon ,a s Legate of Pope Julius I I I . absolved the English rea lm from its past schism and restored it to the Ca tholic Faith and Petrine Unity. Thus was our patriotic C a rdinal privileged to fulfil the dream and the a imof his lifetime . Cardina l Pole next proceeded in his legatine capacity to the necessary restoration o f ecclesia stica l discipline and the redress o f late disorders . He a ccordingly convened the national Synod o f West “ minster, at which his famous Decrees for the ” reform of England and Wales were promulgated . No legislation could have been more wise or more moderate ; here w a s presented a true Catholic r efor ma tion , based upon legitimate and ancient precedent , as Opposed to Protestant destruction , ba sed upon l awless a nd novel innovations . The most important o f these decrees w a s that which enacted the founda tion o f ecclesiastical seminaries S ubs equentlya dopted for the Universal Church a tTrent. 5

’ OLLE E LIBRARY ST. MARYS C G ’ 54 ENG LAN D S CARDI NALS .

Upon the dep a rture of King Philip, the dea th o f Bishop Gardiner,and the serious illness o f the Queen , Pole (recently created Cardinal - Priest Of S a nta Maria in Co s me d in) became the leading personage in the country . H e was now appointed by Pope Paul IV . Archbishop o fCanterbury, a nd received his pallium in B ow Church on La dy Da y, 1 556 ; his Grace was also elected Chancellor o fboth Oxford a n d Cambridge Universities . The Cardinal refused to interfere more than w a s absolutely necessary in political affairs ,and ha s been exculpated by common consent of histori a ns from any s a ve enforced offi ci a l connection with the cruel persecution o fthe unhappy Protesta nt secta ries , too Often mischievous traitors in addition . Indeed, we know th a t by his kindly personal interviews with condemned heretics Pole , on more than o ne occasion , a ctu a lly s a ved their souls a s well a s their bodies . This zea lous Prim a te vigorously propaga ted the Church restora tion , both spiritu a l and m a teri a l ; through his efforts Westminster Abbey w a s given back to the English B enedictines , while the Carthusians returned to S heen , the Bridg ettines to Syon , the Dominic a ns to London , the Knights H ospitallers to Clerkenwell , a nd the restora tion o f ’ S t. Alb a n s , Gla stonbury, a nd even of Canterbury itself, a s Benedictine Abbeys, were under con sidera tion . But a l a s this bright prospect o fa Catholic future was soon demolished . The Chair o f Blessed Peter — had meanwhile been twice vacant upon both occ a sions Cardinal Pole was distinctly a papa bile ,a nd if he had proceeded to Rome fo r the second Conclave would probably have ,a fter a ll,worn the Triple Tiara . H owever, eventually his enemy, Cardina l Caraffa , w a s elected Pope a s Pa ul IV.,un fo rtun a tety fo r both Rome a nd C a nterbury . The new Po ntiff ha ted the ’ ENGLAND S CARDI NALS . 55

Spa nish domin ation , a nd in the ensuing war between France and Sp a in , into which King Philip dragged ’ o ur country, cancelled Pole s Legation , despite Eng lish e n treaties . Far worse ,this unpopular and vindictive Pope was misled by mischievous rumours as to the reason o f ’ o ur kind- hearted Primate s leniency, and practically accused him o fheterodoxy . This cruel and disastrous injustice,the childlessn ess and mortal illness of the poor Queen , the return o f sectarianism , the veiled Protestantism o fthe heiress to the throne , the loss of Calais ,and other anxious sorrows ,probably brought the care -worn Cardinal to a premature grave . Few pages in history are more touching than the coincident death -bed scenes o f Queen Mary and Cardinal Pole , whose names and lives had always been linked together,and who thus in death were not divided,on that fatal 1 7th o f November,A .D . 1 558 . The last Ca tholic Archbishop of Canterbury was ’ interred in his Cathedral ,near the site o fSt . Thoma s shrine ,by his o w n request. Above the deca yed tomb a painted panel has lately been placed by his co - f- religionists , co—ntaining his proud coat O arms and other emblems by cou rteous permission o f its la te custodian (Dean Farrar) . This 68 th and last lineal successor o four Apostle St . Augustine was himself surely a n uncanonized — saint a most devout Catholic and a truly devoted patriot. His moral and intellectual qualities were alike o f the highest order, and few have combined these traits with so brilliant a career in the world . He was the author o f several important treatises , and a profound Scriptural scholar ; his u n surpassable provisions for the reu n ion o fE ngland with Rome may ’ yet afford , in God s Mercy, a precedent for some future reconciliation . ‘ Meanwhile we have the consolation o fknowing tha t ’ ENGLAND S CARDI NALS . o ur illustriou s See o f Canterbury d I s a ppea red With o ne w ho formed an indeed royal sequel to its right — royal record Regi n a ld Cardinal Pole .

Cardinal Pe to .

ENGLIS H sons of the beloved St. Francis o f Assisi h a ve included within their ranks a brilliant arra y o f a a o f nd m rtyrs , confessors , prel tes , men ho—ly life a renowned intellect,but only o ne Cardin a l WILLIAM PE TO (a l ias Peyto ) . H is supreme honours were , however,fa r from a subject of congra tul a tion under the unhappy circumsta nces o f their bestowa l , and were , moreover, distinctly emba rra ssing to Fr . Peto hims elf. Previous to the terrible schism , this dis ting uis hed fri a r ha d been appointed Provincial o fthe English Grey Fria rs (Observ a nts) . H e w a s a lso confessor to Princess M a ry,Whose troubles were so soon to begin . Then ca me the unh a ppy divorce question ,and Peto w a s the dauntless preacher w ho dared to rebuke Henry VI I I . to his fa ce in this matter o n Easter Day, A.D . 1 532 , in the Fra ncisca n Church a t Greenwich . Moreover, in this va li a nt sermon he had uttered the g—h a stly prophecy a bout dogs licking up hum a n blood afterwa rds stra ngely fulfilled to the letter when ’ Henry s corpse w a s being conveyed to Windsor for interment . For this a uda cious proceeding Fri a r Peto w a s o r course imprisoned ,but eventua lly w a s set a t liberty, a nd he the n went a broad . From Antwerp he ’ ENG LAND S CARD INALS . 57 published a book against the divorce , and corre s po nd ed with several o f the future English Martyrs , includin g B] . John Fisher and BI. Thomas More ; also he occasionally sent friars to visit and console that model Franciscan Tertiary,poor Queen Katharine of Aragon . Remaining in the Lo w ’ Cou n tries ,as Thr o g mo r to n s cousin ,he was presented to Cardi nal Pole at Liege in the year 1 537 the latter entrusted him with several messages concerning the proposed conference between Royal Envoys from England a n d himself as Papal Legate . Later o n Fr. Peto proceeded to Italy and visited Rome itself,where he w a s now apparently presented to — another Prince o f the Church Cardinal Caraffa,the austere founder o f the hated Roman Inquisition , of w hom more anon . In 1 539 we fi n d him included in the Bill o f Attai n der passed against the illustrious Pole family a n d their adhere n ts . Meanwhile the zealous friar took an active part in the various projects fo r the restoration o fthe O ld religion in his native country . In 1 547 Pope Paul I II . is stated to have appointed him Bishop o f Salisbury, but could not, of course, secure his territorial possession of that See . ’ Upon Queen Mary s accession , my Lord o f ” Sarum returned to England, but, owing to his advanced age , appears to have then resigned his Bishopric . The good Queen now restored, in the ’ first place , Peto s O ld conventual home at Greenwich , whither , accompanied by a few other friars , he returned with j o y also he was again chosen by Mary — as her con fessor a con siderable testimony to the san ctity and wisdom of this venerable son o f St . Fran cis . Meanwhile Cardinal Caraffa had become Pope Paul IV . friar Peto had already,during his residence in Italy,merited the high esteem of the new Pontiff, ’ 58 ENG LAN D S CARD INALS . w ho ,on June the 1 4th , 1 557,accordingly created him Cardinal - Priest (apparently without assigning any titular Church) . At the same time Pope Paul appointed him Le g a te a la ter e to England in the place o f Cardinal Pole . For in pursuance o f his political schemes , this Pontiff had deprived the Cardinal Primate o f his Lega tion under painful Circumstances already related . Now Queen Mary was every inch a Tudor, and , angered at this disastrous Papal proceeding, gave orders that the messenger bearing the Biretta and the Bulls o fappointment was to be arrested at Calais , whence his documents were forward e d to West minster. Friar Peto himself sought to be excused from accepting these ,to him ,overwhelming honours , as he was quite happy in his Old F ria ry,and was in addition very aged and infirm . When the POp e sent his nephew to Flanders in order to settle various matters with Ki n g Philip I I ., he was a lso commissioned to persuade Peto to visit Rome, but failed to do so . H owever,the various diffi culties were all ended by the ensuing death of o ur o nly Fra ncisca n Cardinal in April , 1 558 .

Ca rdinal Allen .

N OW , very appropriately, the first Englishman to receive the Sacred Purple , after the Protestant Reformation a nd the final breach between E n gland and Rome , was in himself a link with o ur Catholic pa st, an d a n exiled confessor fo r the a ncient Faith .

’ 60 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS .

Allen easily persuaded these bra ve semina ry priests to go as missionaries to their beloved England , and soon the cruel martyrdoms began . Protests having failed ,o ur exiled patriot now tried political schemes , and vigorously supported t—he claim of his royal patron , King Philip I I . o f Spain formerly husband o f the ’ late Queen Mary,and poor M a rie S tu a rt s commended — heir to the English throne . He had lately been compelled by illness to reside in Rome instead of at his College ,now temporarily removed to Rheims ,and here he was held in great esteem owing to his virtues and a bility. Finally,on August the 7th, 1 587, Pope Sixtus V ., in a special Consistory, created Dr . Allen Cardinal - Priest o f the H oly Rom a n Church by the title of St. Martin in

M o ntibus . The new English Prince o f the Church became ,as it were , another Cardinal Pole , and was consumed with a profound desire to see his country restored to Catholic unity . If the Spanish Armada had succeeded ,Cardinal Allen w a s to have been created , like the saintly Pole , Legate a la ter e for the reconcili a tion ,and then Archbishop o fCanterbury a s well as Lord Ch a ncellor. Me a nwhile the h a pless English C a tholics rema ined loyal to Eliza beth despite everything, and a fter the destruction of the ” I nvincible Armada, were only rewarded by increased — ’ persec ution to this wicked Queen s everlasting disgrace . It is ,perhaps ,but fair to add that Cardinal Alle n did not i n troduce his political schemes into the English seminaries . I n A .D . 1 589 King Philip nominated him Archbishop o f Mechlin , but he managed to elude this honour ; previously the good Cardin a l had received extensive faculties from the H oly See as “ Prefect ” Of the English Mission . Pope Gregory X IV . created this learned a nd illustrious Englishm a n Apostolic ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . 61

Librarian , and also entrusted to him and Cardinal Colonn a the desired revision of the Latin Vulgate . ’ U n fortu n ately the Cardinal s health was never very good, and n o w commenced to fail . On October the 1 6th , 1 594,he passed away to eternal life,and was buried in the Church o f the English College,Rome . Although his unwise po litica l schemes ended in disastrous failure, his ecclesiastical me a sures practically saved England from a similar fate to that o f Scandin avia, and, in consequence , we English ’ Catholics o f to - day s Second Spring o w e to Cardinal Allen profound and imperishable gratitude . After the French Revolution a n d the repeal of the English penal laws , Douai College was transplanted to this cou n try,and is now exceedingly flourishing as ’ St . Edmund s , Ware many o f the traditions o f Catholic Oxford have ever si n ce the time o fits foun der been carefully fostered and preserved in this interest ing remi nder o f our historic past . English Catholics also o w e to Cardinal Allen their present vernacular version o f the Sacred Scriptures, known as the Douai Bible,which he and D r . Bristow edited ; the New Testamen t was published from ’ Rheims in the year 1 58 2 , during Allen s presidency of the College ,a n d the Old Testament from Douai in 1 609. Several other literary works from his pen still remain , including the famous treatise o n Purgatory,recently repri n ted . The Cardinal appears to have been a man of disti nguished appearance and charmin g disposition , a n d was thus , somewhat quaintly, described by o ne o f his studen ts He had a han dsome countenance and dignified gait , and was o n all occasions courteous ; as regards mental e n dowments, he was pious , learned , discreet, serious , a n d o f great authority humble, modest, patient, meek , o f a peaceful disposition in a word, gra ced by every ’ species o f virtue . ’ 62 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

Cardinal H ow ard , O .P.

ALMOS T a century passed bybefo r e another Englishman was raised to the Pu r ple ; this was the H onourable PHILI P THOMAS H OWARD third son o f the third Earl o fArundel and a descenda nt o fthe Martyr Peer, ’ who had perished duri ng Elizabeth s reign in the ' To w e r o f London for o ur holy religion . The future Cardinal o f Norfolk had for a short time been a ’ Fellow Commoner Of St. J ohn s College,Cambridge , afterwards proceeding abroad to continue his studies . Later o n he felt a vocation to join the great Order o f Friar Preachers ,and eventually received the Habit o f St . Dominic at Cremona o n June the 2 8th, 1 645, taking the name o fThomas in religion . Lord Arundel (his grandfather) thought the young novice had been unduly influenced,and appealed to Rome Pope I nnocent X . thereupon both examined B rother H oward himself and ordered Propaganda to hold an enquiry . The result was that a ll were fully ’ satisfied o f the solidity o f H oward s vocation ,and on October the 1 9th, 1 646,this English nobleman was professed a Dominica n friar In the venera ble basilica — o f San Clemente, Rome still served by I rish Dominicans . H e was ordained priest in France,a nd a bout the year 1 655 returned to England ; here he ma na ged to raise o dd fo r the foundation o f a new E ng lis h Dominican Priory and College at B ornhem in Flanders , o f which he subsequently became the first Prior. Fr . H oward w a s highly esteemed by the exiled Prince Ch a rles Stuart,and ,upon the death of Cromwell, acted as his secret messenger in England . At the Restoration he took an active part in the negotiations which preceded the new King Charles the Second ’ s engagement to a Catholic Princess, Katharine o f ’ ENG LAND S CARDI NALS . 63

Braganza . The Royal marriage was privately solemnized at Winchester accordi ng to the Catholic Rite ,and Father Howard w a s among the few prese n t . He was n o w appointed to be this Catholic Queen o f ’ England s first Chaplain a nd henceforth resided at the Court,payi ng occasio nal visits to Bornhem Priory . The future Cardinal w a s given a suite of apartme n ts at Whitehall Palace ,a nd became Grand Almoner to the Queen , in whose private Chapel he Offered the Holy Sacrifice in those penal times . He w a s exceedingly beloved and, moreover, earned the touching title o f the common father o f the poor ; by special permit he alone o fthe Royal Chaplains was allowed to appear in his French s outa ne in public. Fr . Howard meanwhile eagerly supervised his restoration o fthe English D ominicans , and fou nded a Convent as w e ll, afterwards located at Brussels . He himself only just eluded elevation to the Epis c o pate as Vicar-Apostolic o f E ngland and Wales ; however, in A.D . 1 674 , the growi ng clamour o f Protestantism forced him to leave his native land fo r his priory in Flanders . Next year, upon May the 2 7th, this illustrious English friar w a s created by Pope Clement X . Cardinal - Priest o f Santa Cecilia , but his title was four years afterwards exchanged fo r that Of the Dominican Church of Sta. Maria S opra Minerva . Upon his departure to Rome, in order to receive the Re d H a t, he w a s accompanied by several distinguished E nglish Catholics ,including his u n cl e , the V e n . William Viscount S tafford (a future Martyr) , Lord Thomas Howard , and the President o f Douai College . Henceforth his Eminence resided in the Etern al City ,acting upon several o fthe Congregations and frequently assisting the E nglish Mission . At the request o fCharles I I .,the Sovereign Pontiff nominated him Cardinal - Protector in cur ia o f Great ’ 64 ENGLAND S CARD I NALS .

Britain , a nd soon afterwards we find him securing ’ the extension of St. Ed w ard the Confessor s feast to the Universal Church . His Eminence practically founded the English secular Clergy fund , and munifi ce ntly completed the present fabric o f our historic Col leg io I ng lese in Rome ,as well as building his o w n. a dja cent p a l a ce, now t he Colleg io B eda , fo r occasions o f Sta te . Meanwhile ,with the dea th-bed conversion o f King Charles and the accession of a C a tholic King, ’ J a mes I I ., to St. Ed w ard s throne once more , the persecuted English Catholics emerged in numbers surprisingly large, and a wonderful opportunity ’ presented itself fo r o ur country s return to the ’ ancient Fa ith . Chiefly through Cardina l Howard s ' e fl o r ts ,in 1 685 Dr . Leyburn of Douai was created its Vicar- Apostolic (after a vacancy o f over twenty years) , and o n January 3o th,1 688 ,Pope I n no nt XI . divided England into four Vicariates -ApogOlic at ’ her zealous King s request. Numerous conversions were taking place ,a nd the h a ppy day of reconcili a tion seemed a ga in a t hand . But a las "James I I . litera lly threw this unriva lled “ Chance awa y,to the dismay O fboth the Pope and the ” Cardinal of Engl a nd ; in vain Rome counselled moderation , and ,as in the case of the Arm a da ,the result o f ignoring the Papal advice was indeed disastrous . With the Great Revolution , the work of bigoted and disloyal Protestants , came the renewed destruction and increased persecution of English Catholicism the patriotic Cardinal Howard was deeply distressed ,and ,like his predecessors Po le and Allen , he died with the grief o f seeing his life ’ work fo r Engla nd s conversion end in partial failure . H owever,his Eminence lived long enough to behold the Eng—lish Province o f his Order permanently restored through his o w n unce a sing efforts . He

fi k r l l hoto . P o mpe o E a to ni, pin x it. l Va l/ee r é Coc e e , p

CARDIN AL S T UAR T .

’ 66 E NG LAND S CARD I NALS .

I rel a nd , a nd truly Fidei Defensor ,a s the la st of the Royal Stu a rts . H e was born in Rome o n M a rch the 6th, 1 72 5,and was b a ptized by the reigning Pontiff, Ben edict X I I I . We may note that among the subsequent tutors o f these two beloved young Princes was an Englishman , Sir Thomas Sheridan . When bonnie Prince Charlie proceeded to ’ Scotland upon the ill- fated expedition of 45, his brother, the Duke o fYork ,journeyed to Paris after the victory o f Preston Pans , with the intention of leading a Fra nco -J a cobite army into Engl a nd , and j oined the troops entra ined a t Dunkirk . Unfo r “ tuna tely v a rious disa sters destroyed the Young ’ Pretender s considerable chances of success ,and he ’ owed his o w n person a l escape to his brother s fore sight. Prince Ch a rlie now bec a me the hero o f Europe, a n d the Roya l pair were a ccorded a grea t reception by the King o f Fra nce at Versailles . But Prince Henry o fYork ,by n a ture studious a nd retiring,now perceived with sorrow the true meaning of Culloden ,a nd determined to aba ndon the world for the ecclesia stica l sta te, towards which he had long felt a voca tion . Eventually upon June the 3o th, 1 747, his Roya l Highness received the tonsure from the Sovereign Pontiff himself,in the famous Sistine Chapel and in the presence of his father King J ames ’ together with the Ia tter s Court . Four days later , despite his youthful ag e o ftwenty-two,Pope Benedict X IV . created this Reverend Duke o f York Cardinal D eacon of the H oly Rom a n Church by the title of Santa Maria in Ca mpitelli. I n this church , through ’ his father s bequest, Mass , and public prayers were and are still said every Saturday for the conversion o fGreat Britain ,and here is the S hrine of St . Leonard ’ of Port M a urice , his mother s confessor. ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . 67

O n a ccount of his roya l birth ,the new Ca rdinal w a s granted the right to wear ermine on his scarlet mozetta,and also took precedence immediately after the D ean o f the Sacred College . Upon July the 3rd his Royal Eminence proceeded in state to the Sistine Chapel ,where Pope Benedict placed the Red Hat o n his head . Naturally his worldly brother and his Protestant adherents were dismayed at all this , and henceforth the Re d Cap became another hindran ce to the Stuart r e - possession of the English Crown ’ this feeling was intensified upon the young Prince s recital o fthe sacerdotal v o w o fcelibacy . Our roya l Cardinal received the Minor Orders ,the Sub-Diaconate and the Diacon ate , and finally on September the I st, 1 747 ,the Priesthood at the hands o f the Holy Father himself in this same Sistine Chapel . He s aid his first M a ss in the private chapel o f the Stuart Palace , and administered the Holy Communion to his father and members of the Court . Pope Benedict XIV . now created the English Prince Cardinal - Priest and ,later,his Royal Eminence sang his first High Mass in the Sistine Chapel ,in the ” presence of King James I II . (recognized as such de j u r e by the Vatican) ,a nd no less than twenty-four Cardinals . He was a lso appointed Archpriest o fthe Vatican Basilica and Prefect of the Fabric of St . Peter’s among the treasures of its sacristy may still be seen the gold chalice ,studded with jewels ,which was a present from this veritable E minenz a o f E ngland . I n addition to ecclesiastical reve n ues given him in commen dam by the Ki n gs o f Fran ce and Spai n , Cardinal Stuart held several other Roman prefermen ts . His Holiness now assign ed to him as his titular church that o f the Santi Apostoli and , moreover, the important offi ce o f Camerlengo . Doubtless at the patriotic request o f the exiled Royal Stuarts, this ’ 68 E NGLAND S CARDI NALS.

learned Pontiff before his dea th sea led the a ncient devotion of o ur country to the martyred soldier, St . George ,by declari n g him military Protector o f ” Englan d . D uring the e n suing vaca ncy o f the Supreme Po n tifi ca te , Cardi n al Stuart acted as Rege n t and , doubtless , played an importa nt part at the election o f the new Pope . This was Cleme n t X I I I ., w ho , shortly after his accession , nominated the Cardin a l Duke o f York titular Archbishop O f Corinth , a nd himself consecrated him to the Episcopate in the Church o f the H oly Apostles . Fin ally , in A.D . 1 761 , he was created Cardinal Bishop o fTusculum (F ra s ca ti) ,where he took up his residence . On the festal occasion o fhis enthronement ” his fa ther,a s King o f Gre a t Britain and I rel a nd , occupied a throne in the s a nctuary . Here , a t his beautiful villa Muti S a v o relli, his Royal Eminence formed his famous collection of art treasures a nd books . As Bishop o f F r a s ca ti he w a s both a ze a lous a nd a beloved pa stor o fhis flock he promulga ted several importa nt decrees at his first Diocesa n Synod, a nd rebuilt a s well as reorganized his Seminary , which he entrusted to the ch a rge of lea rned J esuit Fathers . ’ Cardinal Stuart w a s present a t his unlucky father s ’ death -bed o n New Year s Day, 1 766, a nd at his solemn obsequies , which were celebrated with sovereign honours ; but, despite his entreaties , the Va tican henceforth refused to recognize the Stuart title o f British Sovereign , o r to acknowledge Prince “ ” Charles Edwa rd to be King Charles I I I . The ’ latter 5 intemperance sorely grieved the good Ca rdinal , who in consequence composed a pamphlet for “ f diocesa n d—istribution upon The Sins o the Drunka rd recently reprinted by the Ca tholic Tr uth ’ ” ENGLAND S CARD INALS . 69

O n the death o f Pope Clement XI II . the English C a rdinal once more acted a s Camerlengo , a n d thus received in state the Emperor o f Austria and the Duke o f Tuscany upon their visit to Rome . A Franciscan friar now reigned from the Petrine Throne as Clement XIV .,a n d created Cardina l Stuart Vice Chancellor o f the Apostolic See . He appears to have been somewhat—shall we say “ Bourbon and to h a ve co -operated, anyhow at F r a s ca ti, in the Pap a l suppression o f the Society o f Jesus ,which ’ was so curiously soon followed by the Pontiff s o w n decease . The Cardinal of York a cted a s Camerlengo for the third time in the Conclave which elected the holy but unfortunate Pope Pius V I . : in this same year there died in Rome St . Paul o f the Cross , founder o f the Passionists and a veritable apostle fo r the conversion o f England . Cardinal Stuart practically sympathized and even built a monastery fo r the new Order . At the Jubilee of A.D . 1 775 he presided at the ceremony o f walling up the Holy Door,a n d used fo r this purpose a silver trowel ,n o w in the possession o f ’ Lord Braye . Duri n g Pope Pius famous visit in Holy ’ Church s behalf to Austria, his Holiness appears to have appointed Cardinal Stuart as his Regentin Rome . ’ His Royal Eminen ce s ki n dly heart was terribly ’ saddened by the disastrous termin ation o fhis brother s ’ career, as well as by the troubles of the latter s unhappy and childless wife . Poor Prince Charlie had become a wreck o f his former and once brilliant self, ’ and at length died—in the Cardin a l s villa at Albano, in the year 1 788 upon the day following the ’ anniversary of his great-grand father s execution ,and exactly a century after the Great Revolution . Despite emotion and painful memories his brother p o ntifi ca ted at the Solemn Dirge and Requiem in Fra s ca ti Ca thedra l .

’ E LIBRARY ST. MARYS CO LLEG ’ 70 ENG LAND S CARD I NA LS .

Our Royal Cardinal now peacefully asserted his claim to the Throne o f England and o f his lineal a n cestors as King Henry IX . H is Majesty issued interesting gold and silver medals in commemoration o f the event , and declared King Emmanuel IV . of Sardinia the heir to his Claims ,as the next most direct descendant o f Charles I . From this same family is descended that Bavarian Princess whom the White Rose Legitimist League foolishly a cclaim Queen ” Mary I I . o f Engl a nd to -day " Then came the terrible French Revolution a nd the fR audacious Bonaparte invasion o ome . Widespread sympathy w a s then aroused at this sacrilegious usurpation of the H oly City,a nd in A.D . 1 794 B r itish troops were actually sent by Protesta nt England to help protect the Pontifical Throne ,but in vain . The venera ble Pontiff himself,fo r whose assistance C a rdina l Stu a rt ha d p a rted with an enormou s ruby worth 56 w as dragged into c a ptivity a nd e xile , while the poor C a rdin a l had to flee for very life from his beloved F ra s ca ti, whereupon the mob sacked his bea utiful villa . H e joined the fugitive King a nd Queen o fNaples ,and with them was conveyed by the ’ hospitable British fleet,o n Nelson s fla gship ,to Sicily . Thus the titular de j ur e King o f England was rescued by its real d e fa cto Sovereign ,George the Third Fin a lly this aged a nd infirm Prince o fRoma immor ta lis and o fB rita nnia mag na took Up his abode in Venice, utterly ruined and the tenant o f a humble lodging . Fo r a while he supported himself o ut of the sale o f his silver plate ,but at length this s o n o f a hundred ” Kings w a s obliged , at the age of seventy-fi v e , to avert starvation by becoming the object of monastic relief. Even The Times devoted a leading article to the sad tragedy and the hapless fate o f the last male descendant of Robert Bru ce finally, through the ’ ENGLAN D S CARD INALS . 7 1 intervention o f several kind friends , it reached the notice o f King George I I I .,w ho was greatly affected . His Majesty at o n ce ,in delicate terms , through his Ambassador at Venice , offered Cardinal Stuart a handsome annuity, which the latter gratefully accepted . And n o w ,with the new century,the Church arose phoenix-like from her ashes : the astonished world , upon the death o f Pius V I .,had beheld the Conclave at Venice,where the E nglish Cardinal acted as Sub — Dean , elect a new Pope the Benedictine Pius V II . His Holiness proceeded in triumph to his Rome ,and later the good Cardinal returned to his F ra s ca ti, where he was received with the greatest enthusiasm doubtless the poor had not forgotten their revered ’ Bishop s bountiful charity in the days o f his wealth . His Royal Eminence partially restored his villa and there spent the remai n der o f his life in peaceful seclusion . He never ceased to uphold his claim to the Crown o f England,and now caused gold touch pieces to be made, with which , a ccording to the ’ ancient custom ,he touched for the King s evil - a fa culty never claimed by the House o f Hanover . In 1 80 3 the venerable English Cardinal became by devolution Dean o f the Sacred College and Bishop o f Ostia and Velletri ,but was allowed still to reside at Fr a s ca ti he had held this See for over forty years , while,just before his dea th ,he had been a Cardinal fo r exactly s ix ty years . Mean while his health gradually failed ,and o n July the 1 3th , 1 80 7, Henry Cardi n al Stuart passed away to eternal life . It is noticeable that the last o f the Royal Plantagenets was a Martyr for the Catholic faith concerni n g the Papa l Supremacy,while the last o f the Royal Stuarts w a s thus a Prince Of the Holy h Roman Church ,w o died less than a century ag o . The obsequies were celebrated with befitting pomp ’ 72 ENGLAND S CARDINALS .

as the decea sed had been Vice - Chancellor,the lying in-state took place at the Cancelleria,where the Royal Arms of England adorned the catafalque . The ’ state funeral w a s solemnized in St . Peter s itself,in the presence o f the Pope and over thirty Cardinals ” the body o f H enry IX . there interred in the _ was Stuart vault by the side o f the mortal rem a ins o f “ ” J a mes I I I . a nd Charles I II . Afterwards the famous monument by Canova was erected with its striking inscription , before which every English pilgrim pauses and reflects upon the strange irony o f history . This titula r S overeign ha d beque a thed upon his deathbed certain ancient Crown J ewels of England and other Stuart relics to the Prince - Regent (after wards George in grateful and graceful acknow ’ ledgment o f his imbecile father s kind generosity in the past . These priceless family heirlooms included the coronation - ring of Charles I . and his sons ,taken to France by the Cardinal ’ s hapless grandfather ’ (James I I .) in 1 688 and now preserved with Scotland s regalia at Edinburgh , and the superb sapphire from ’ Charles I I s . regal circlet which now adorns the storied Crown o f his Majesty our King- Emperor, ’ Edward VI I . The bulk of the deceased s estate was left for the endowment o fthe venerable Scotch College in Rome . M a ny souvenirs o fthis illustrious Ca rdinal are now tre a sured in Great Britain , a nd most o f them were shown to the public a few years ago at the Stuart Exhibition . But his chief and best memorial is that of having been verily a Prince sa ns peur et s a ns r epr oche ’ ' ’ both of God s Holy Church a nd t o f England s proud Re a lm.

’ 74 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

’ his Lordship s departure to C a n a da ; his daughter was in failing health , so he eventually accompanied Lord and Lady Clifford to Italy . Soon a fter his arrival in Rome , Cardinal Albo ni probably much surprised Bishop Weld by announcing that Pope Pius V I I I . had determined to bestow upon him the Re d H at . Accordingly,on March 1 5th , 1 830 , he was procl a imed Cardin a l - Priest o f St . Marcellus times were changing in England ,with the tardy dis appearance O f the b a rbarous penal r eg ime , and the new English Prince of H oly Church w a s a uthoritatively a ssured th a t his eleva tion to the Sacred College had given genera l s a tisfaction there . ’ I n this s a me ye a r,we may note that his Eminence s brother ha d the honour of receiving the exiled King and Queen of France as his guests at Lulworth Castle . Ca rdinal Weld lived in the splendid Odes calchi Pa lace , where his reception -rooms were Often crowded with the aristocracy o f Rome , as well a s by l a rge numbers o f his fellow- countrymen . Doubtless the Cardin a l served o n severa l Rom a n Congregations , and eventually he died in the Eternal City on April 1 9th, 1 837- a momentous year for the throne of distant England ,which he ha d lived to see ’ thrown open to Rome s missiona ries once more after three centuries o f unpara lleled persecution . His Eminence was buried in the Church of Sta . Maria in Aquiro , Where an elegant cenotaph may be seen to his memory . ’ ENGLAND S CARDI NALS . 75

Cardinal Ac ton .

TH E next Englishman to wear the Roman Purple was f CHARLE S JANUARIUS EDWARD ACTON, a member o a distinguished English family lo ng connected with Naples : indeed , his father had been both Prime Minister a nd Commander-in-Chief of that little ki ngdom . He was born in Naples itself in 1 803, and was afterwards sent to Engl a nd for education . First of all , Acton went to Westminster School , but was obliged to leave o n account of the prevalent bigotry aga inst his religion he then beca me a private pupil o f an Anglican clergyman , and afterwards entered —Magda len College , Cambridge, as an undergraduate truly a stra nge education for this future C a rdinal " Young Acton now, despite his surroundings , felt called to the priesthood a nd proceeded to Rome , where he entered the famous Accademi a dei Nobili ” Ecclesiastici ; a fter finishing his course there,he w a s appointed a Domestic Prelate to Pope Le o X II . In 1 8 2 8,the Holy Father appointed him secretary to the Papal Nuncio at Pa ris, a nd soon a fterwards Governor of Bologna,then in the Sta tes o fthe Church . Upon the accession o f Gregory XV I . to the Papal Throne , Mgr . Acton received a n important appoint ment in the Curia,a nd later o n was created Auditor o f the Apostolic Chamber, or chief Judge o f the Roma n civil courts . Finally, upon July 2 4th, 1 84 2 , Pope Gregory cre a ted this illustrious Englishm a n Ca rdinal -Priest of the Holy Roma n Church ,by the title of Sta . M a ria della Pa ce . Hereafter all matters concerning England and its dependencies were now referred by the Sovereign Pontiff to o ur new Ca rdinal . ’ Through Acton s zealous entrea ties ,his n a tive land ’ 76 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

was a t length divided into eight Vica ri a tes in the year 1 840 (instead o f only four, as since A .D . which was the prelude to the restoration o f the territorial H ierarchy itself ten years later . H is Eminence also took great interest in the English College at Rome, of which he w a s Protector in curia . At the important interview,in 1 845,between the H oly Fa ther and the dissident Czar Nicholas 1. of all the Russia s , at which the question o f the reunion o f E a st a nd West was happily discussed, Cardin a l Acton a cted as interpreter, and w a s the only other ’ person present . At the Pontiff s request, his Eminence immedi a tely afterwa rds w rote an exa ct a ccount o f a ll th a t passed, but never a llowed this to be seen . Cardina l Acton had seldom enjoyed good he a lth , and now,owing to increased weakness , retired first o f a ll to Palermo , a nd then to his bea utiful home, ’ sunny N a ples . H ere, in the Jesuits house, his Eminence brea thed his la st upon June the 2 3rd ,1 847.

Cardinal Wiseman .

W E now rea ch modern times , a nd consequently the lives of the remaining English Cardinals are well known to the general public . The next o f o ur countrymen to be honoured with the Purple w a s once more ,fo r the fi rst time since Cardinal Pole ,a lso an English territorial Archbishop and Metropolit NI CHOLAS WI S E MAN ,born in Spain of Irish parent ha d in ' a age, , his younger days, resided _for ne rly ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . 77 twenty ye a rs in the Eternal City, where he w a s privileged to rescue from ruin and restore the ancient English College . In 1 8 2 8, he was appointed its first — Rector a post held by him until the year 1 840 , during which time he enjoyed the various advantages o f residence in a Papal and unspoilt Rome . Dr. Wiseman was then appointed eleventh and l ast Vicar-Apostolic o fthe London District,and henceforth , through his literary abilities , exercised a unique influence in the Anglican Establishment too. More over, he started a Catholic revival ,which rescued his co -religionists from their Ga llica n a nd even Protes ta nt colourings . Bishop Wiseman was the lea ding spirit in the fina l movement for the r e - creation of o ur Hiera rchy this eventually triumphed on Michaelmas Day,1 850 ,when he himself was appointed the first Archbishop of Westminster. Moreover,in the Consistory of Sep tember the 3oth ,Pope Pius I X . created the new Arch bishop -elect Cardinal- Priest o f the Holy Roman Church ,by the title of St . Pud enz ia na . Finally, upon October the 7th, his Eminence ’ received from the hands o f St . Gregory s successor the p a llium O f St . Augustine a n d O f Cardina l Pole . He now published his famous letter from the ” Flaminian Gate , which caused such an outburst of Protesta nt fa naticism in England against this new papal aggression ”—though eventually Rome emerged triumphant all along the line . ’ Cardinal Wiseman s return journey to England w a s marked with befitting pomp at Siena he w a s enter ta in ed by the Grand Duke o fTuscany, and at Venice w a s welcomed by its Patriarch . Upon his arrival in Vienna,the Austrian E mperor himself received him with every honour,and at Cologne the Archbishop o f duly, welcomed his brother Westminster. His Eminence w a s thus the first Cardina l to reside ’ 78 ENG LAN D S CARD I NALS .

in this country since the d ays of the l a st C a tholic Archbishop o fC a nterbury,to whose spiritual heritage — - now, as it were , restored at Westminster he had succeeded . I n 1 852 ,the first Provincial Synod o f this second E ccl es ia Ang l ica n a was held at O s c o tt,amid scenes o f impressive resurrection splendour ; it was upon this occasion that Newman preached his famous ser “ ” mon o n the Second Spring , with its apt allusion to the Roman Purple as “ the royal dye of empire ” a nd o fmartyrdom , the pledge o f an orthodox faith . Upon December 8th , 1 854,the Cardin a l of Engl a nd ’ — - Our La dy s Dowry w a s a prominent figure a t th a t m a gnificent specta cle in the Vatican Basilica ,when the Supreme Pontiff, Pius I X .,ex ca thed r a solemnly defined the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary . Thus , a t the request o f the whole Catholic world , w a s o ur ancient English devotion sealed by the mouthpiece of the Univers a l Church o f Go d . Cardin a l Wisem a n w a s truly a gre a t and p a triotic — prelate a ma n o f culture ,who e a rned distinction in everything he touched . His writings h a ve obtained a world -wide pO pul a rity : inter a lia we may note th a t to him principa lly w a—s due the blest founda tion o f a new Religious Order the Poor Sisters o f Naza reth , whose work of infinite mercyis now sprea ding through o ut the B ritish Empire . His Eminence peacefully va nquished Protesta nt objections ,a nd upon his death , in A.D . 1 865,ma y be s a id to have also obtained the admira tion o fthis country ,his former enemy. The body lay in state in the o ld pro- C a thedra l 01 — St . M a ry , M o o rfi eld s built upon the site o f a penalized M a ss-house a nd recently demolished ; even The Times could onlycompa re the extraordinary scene a t his funera l procession through London to ’ that a t the Duke o f Wellington s obsequies. M ay ’ ENGLAND S CARDINALS . 79

’ we not ta ke it as h a ving been the people of Engl a nd s tribute to his memory and ,all unwittingly ,to the o ld ’ religion of their forefathers The good Cardi n al s remains were laid to rest in Ken sal Gree n Cemetery .

CardinaI M anning .

T HE succeeding English Cardinal a nd Archbishop of Westminster was an illustrious convert from Anglicanism . H ENRY EDWARD MANNING had been o ne of the leaders o f the Tractarian revival ,and at the time of his conversion w a s Rector of Lavington , Archdeacon of Chichester ,a n d a widower . After his ordi n ation , he studied in Rome at the Acca d emia E ccl es ia s tica upon his return , Father Manni ng intro d uced into England ,and himself joined at Bayswater, the Oblates of St . Charles Borromeo . When the archiepiscopal See o f Westminster became vacant, Pope Pius IX .,waiving the epis Copal names submitted for his choice ,mo tu pr opr io appointed this simple priest to succeed Cardinal Wiseman : the saintly Pontiff believed he was inspired in this matter, and certainly the resul t justified that belief. D r . Manning w a s consecra ted to the Episcopate ’ upon June 8th , 1 865,at St . Mary s , M o o r fi e ld s , by the learned Benedictine Bishop o f Birmingham ( D o m Ull a tho rn e) ,and then ,like most of the Saxon Arch bishops o f Canterbury, proceeded to Rome for his pall ,which he received from the Holy Father himself o n September the 2 9th. The new Metropolitan was a dra stic disciplinarian and soon expurgated the ’ 80 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

remn a nts o fAnglo -Ga llica nism yet his fi rst thought w a s for the many thousa nd children o f his London flock ,for whom he eventu a lly secured the right Of Catholic educa tion . His Grace of Westminster was a per sona g ra ta with the g e nia l Pio Nono, despite the difference in their tempera ments . Very appropri a tely the heir of ’ Ca nterbury s Primates played an importa nt p a rt a t the ( Ecumenica l Council of the Vatica n in A.D . 1 869 70 ; indeed, it is prob a ble that o ur English Arch bish op was ,to a certain extent,the hum a n origin o f the Infa llibility dogm a ,another fa vourite belief of our faithful a ncestors . H e ,of course, took p a rt in the opening procession , when nea rly seven hundred Bishops of every race and tongue adored the Blessed Sacrament, exposed upon the Papal Altar a bove the f an d Body o St . Pete—r, paid their homage to the Vica r o f Christ a sight besides which Nic aea, Ch a l cedon ,o r Trent surely pa le . Fin al ly, in the year 1 875, in the Consistory of M a rch 1 sth,the distinguished Archbishop of West minster w a s crea ted Cardinal -Priest, by the a ppro prla te title o f S S . Andrew and Gregory o n the ’ Caelian Hill : for from this h a llowed spot England s Apostle , St . Augu stine ,had set forth nea rly thirteen ’ centuries ag o . In his intrepid defence of the Church s rights ,the a scetic Ca rdin a l Manning gre a tly resembled his m a rtyred predecessor, St . Thom a s a Becket ; curiously, his first offi cia l act upon returning to England was to open the new Church in honour of ” the ho lie blissful M a rtire , at Canterbury itself. When , in 1 878, the beloved Pius IX . lay dying, his Holiness murmured an affectionate fa rewell to his “ English Cardinal ,with the touching words Addio , ” carissime . In the ensuing Conclave, the latter pl a yed no minor part,and was actually proposed ,as a foreigner, for election by Ca rdinal Bilio. H owever,

’ 8 2 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS .

Cardinal Edw ard H oward .

M E ANWHILE tw o other Englishmen had received the Re d Hat . The first o f these was EDWARD H E NRY H OWARD, a member o f the ancient ducal family o f Norfolk : he became an offi cer in the 2 nd Life Guards and a great favourite in society . H owever, a fter a severe illness and a winter in Rome , he appe a rs to h a ve felt something like a vocation to the priesthood . But the Colonel of his regiment and other friends eventu a lly persuaded—the popular young Officer to rem a in in the Army w e may note that he w a s even chosen to command the ’ Life Gu a rds squadron which led the military part o f ’ the procession a t the grea t Duke of Wellington s State funeral . Nevertheless his conscience kept warning him where his true voca tion ,his true duty, l a y,a nd th a t call when it comes must be obeyed at “ a ny price . S o finally the d a shing Gu a rdsm a n resigned his commission in the British a rmy to serve God in the ecclesiastical state as a pastor o f the Church Militant : he was thus afterwards the only Englishman who has worn both the scarlet tunic of ” Mr. Thom a s Atkins and the crimson mantle of ” my Lord Cardina l . M r. H oward proceeded to Rome once more and entered its prolific Acca d emia E ccles ias tica o r purple Seminary here among his fellow-students were the ex -Anglican Archdeacon ,D r . Manning,whose humility in learning everything afresh greatly e difi ed him , and the present Cardinal Archbishop of West ’ minster. He usually served Father Manning s Mass each morning at 6 a .m., and gradually the two future C a rdinals became most intimate friends . After the usual course of studies Mr . Howard w a s ’ ENG LAN D S CARD INALS 83

ordained priest by Cardinal Wiseman in the chapel — o f o ur historic English College actually at four ’ — o clock in the morn ing o n the festal day o f the ’ definition o f o ur Blessed Lady s Immaculate Con ’ c eptio n ,before the great function began in St . Peter s itself. The ex-Guardsman soon wished to become a missionary in the East , and accordi ngly studied Oriental languages ,in which he grew very proficient, but his Holiness Pope Pius IX . i n sisted upon his remaining at Rome,where his services were already much in request . The good English Father was a favourite and revered confessor, especial ly among soldiers and the poor . He w a s at this period em ployed in the diplomatic service o fthe Holy See,and later o n was sent by the Supreme Pontiff to India in order to arrange matters and settle diffi culties b e tween England and Portugal as to the ecclesiasti cal governm ent o f the Province o f Goa. He w a s ev idently a great favourite too with Pope Pius ,a nd, when poor Mgr. Talbot had to be removed to an asylum , Father Howard to some extent took his place in the Papal inner circle H e was no w nominated to the episcopate ,and on July the 7th, 1 872 , was consecrated titular Arch ’ bishop Of Neo-C a sarea, at the altar o f St. Peter s Chair in the Vatican Basilica, by his Eminence Cardinal Sacconi . Soon afterwards he was appointed Coadjutor to the Bishop o f Frascati , and became especially ardent in administering the Sacrament of

Confirmation to the poor of Rome a n d its environs . ’ Finally ,o n March the 1 2 th (St . Gregory s Day) , in the year 1 877, his Grace was created by the aged I a - Pius X . Cardin l Priest of the Holy Roman Church , n d u by the title of SS . John a Pa l o n the Coelian Hill . It n t is i teresting o recall how his collateral ancestor, another Cardinal Howard ,O .P.,about two hundred ’ 84 ENGLAN D S C ARDI NALS . yea rs previously ha d also received this b a silica as his titular church . The new Cardinal lived a simple and fruga l life at the Palazzo Negroni : he was appointed Protector o fthe English College, and afterwards bequeathed the whole o f his S plendid a nd valuable library to ’ that remarka ble institution . His Eminence s truly apos tolic intere s t in missionary work never flagged thus he vigorously advoca ted the restoration o f the S cotch Hiera rchy,which w a s the first offi ci a l a ct of his H oliness Pope Leo X I I I . Above a ll, C a rdinal H oward worked strenuously a nd continuously fo r the reunion o f the schismatic East with Rome ; he was a prominent member of — Propaganda the Sacred Congregation Ch a rged with the supervision o f Catholic missions a ll over the world—and would hold long interviews with Eastern ecclesiastics . His fra nkness and kindness o f hea rt w o n the noble English Cardinal a host of friends we fi nd him a ssisting the foundation of the C a tholic University at Washington , and also o f the Canadian College in Rome itself. I n December,1 88 1 , this British E minenz a w a s appointed Archpriest o f the Vatica n Basilica a nd S O , as its Prefect, had ‘ ’ supreme charge o f the mighty fabric Of St . Peter s ; a s already rel a ted ,another English Card—inal had held this offi ce ,too,in the preceding century none other than the l a st of the Roya l Stuarts . Fina lly,in A.D . 1 884,Cardin a l Howa rd w a s ra ised by Leo X I I I . to the exa lted ra nk o f Cardin a l Bishop — o f Frascati curiously thus again succeeding his Royal English predecessor, the Cardinal Duke o f ’ York. I t was indeed a va luable testimony to Rome s estim a te o f her English Prince o f the Church , but ’ within three ye a rs his Eminence s health seriously fa iled ; he w a s taken to England in the hopes th a t his n a tive a ir might prove benefici a l , but in va in .

“ - [Va l /fe r 69 Co ck e r e ”, hoto. M I S S D e a n e . pin x it. p

CARDIN AL N EWM AN . ’ E NGLAN D S CARD INA LS . 85

After a lon g illness , during which his mind became affected , his E mi n ence died at Brighton , o n the 1 6th o f September, 1 892 . ’ The dead Cardin al was b uried at his family s an c e stral Arundel , in the beautiful Fitz a l a n Chapel o f the ancien t Parish Chu rch . As the private property o f the Howards , this portion remains in Catholic han ds , a n d has been exquisitely restored by the ’ fifteenth D uke of Norfolk ,E nglan d s p remier peer . His Grace the n e w Archbishop o f Westminster ’ offi ciated , a n d the Cardi n al s o ld re gimen t was r e p r e se n ted at the fu n eral ; afterwards - the body of this true soldier o f Christ was deposited n ear the holy remai n s o f the Venerable Philip Howard, E arl of Arundel ,who died a Martyr in that prison o f pathos , the Beauchamp Tower .

Cardinal N ew man .

TH E other E nglishman thu s hon ou red was , in some ’ ways , the most famou s o f all E nglan d s Cardi n als , a n d was gifted with perhaps the most brillian t i n tel lect o fthe n i n etee n th ce n tury . J OHN H E NRY NE WMAN, as a n An glican , had been Vicar of the U n iversity Church at Oxford , Fellow of Oriel College ,and the real leader o f the Tractarian s . Then ,largely through an article written by Cardi nal Wiseman , came doubts as to the orthodoxy o fAnglican ism ,a n d even tually the historic scen e at Littlemore , when Newman , hu mbly “ ’ as a little child , begged fo r admission i n to Christ s Fold at the hands of a n Italian Passionist . This was

’ LIBRARY ST. MARYS CO LLEGE 8 ’ 6 E NG LAN D S CARD I NALS .

the saintly Father Dominic , w ho , like the founder O f his Order, had , as a shepherd boy , been seized with a strange burning desire to work fo r distant ’ England s conversion . D r . Newman was ordained priest, and eventually entered the Oratorian Congregation o f St . Philip

Neri : the Edgbaston Oratory was founded by him . It must be confessed that this distinguished convert w a s afterwards not too well understood by some Of his co - religionists , nor even at the Vatican under Pius I X . H is splendid schemes fo r a Catholic College , first at Oxford and then in Dubli n both fell through . Save for his unrivalled writings , the greatest of English Catholics , from whose s e c es sion the Church o f England never will recover , lived — in complete seclusion at Edgbaston o ut O f touch with the dominant section ,and somewhat estranged from Cardinal Manning himself. As is widely known ,F . Newman was a leading In ” opportunist at the time of the Vatican Council ; although he , o f course ,believed in the doctrine of Papal Infallibility , and had indeed years before taught it in public, b e considered its definition would be both unwise and unnecessary . Moreover, he shared “ the natural alarm o f the constitutional party at the favour shown to extreme Ultramontanes , and at ’ certain memorable incidents in the Council s history . H owever ,the eventual moderation o f the definitio n itself,which promulgated offi cial as Opposed to per sonal infallibility,was welcomed by Newman ,while the result has since displayed how errone ous these inopportunist fea rs were in most respects . With the accession o f the learned Pope Le o X I II . to the Supreme Po ntifi ca te , the moderate party gained ground and , upon the petition o f certai n influential English Catholics , headed by his Grace the present Duke o f Norfolk , one of our beloved

’ 88 ENG LAND S CARD I NALS .

Cardinal Vaughan . AND now we come to the familiar name of the third Archbishop of Westminster,the last and livi n g r e p r e s en ta tiv e in this long and magn ificent series of ’ England s Cardinals . H E RBE RT VAUGHAN is the head of an ancient English family,which in the pe n al days suffered much for its stau n ch adherence to the Faith Of o ur fathers . The eldest son o fthe late Lieut .- Colonel Vaughan , he abandoned his patrimony in respon se to a — vocation to the Priesthood the beautiful estate of Co ur tfi eld Manor bei n g handed over by him to his younger brother, Colon el Fran cis Vaughan . This future Cardinal also completed his studies at the Acca d emia E ccl es ia s tica in Rome , a n d after his ordination in Lucca Cathedral ,on October 2 8th, 1 854 , F ather Vaughan returned to England . Here he ’ became Vice - Rector o f St . E dmund s College , Ware later o n he joined the Oblates of St . Charles at Bayswater. H owever,all this time his heart appears to have been elsewhere ; for Herbert Cardinal Vaughan was always devoted to the evangelization of heathen lands ,a n d eventually obtained Cardinal Wiseman ’ s consent to his ambitious project o ffounding an English seminary for foreign Missions . Accordingly, in 1 863, Father Vaughan went to North and South America, and there appealed for funds : with these he purchased a house a n d some land at Mill H ill ,near London . Here he started St . ’ Joseph s Missionary College with one student, which has since developed into a large building and a most flourishing institutio n ; from it have S pru n g branch — houses even a branch Order in the U .S .A . for coloured races hundreds O f missionaries , and thous a nds o fblack converts . ’ ENG LAN D S CARDINALS . 89

Fo r several years Dr. Vaughan devoted all his time and boundless energy to Mill Hill we find him , too , presen t at that ( E cumenical assemblage , the Vatican Council . However, in A.D . 1 872 , Pope Pi us I X . appointed him secon d Bishop of Salford ,where he received episcopal con secration at the hands o f Cardinal Man n in g, Metropolitan o f Englan d a n d Wales ,upon the an niversary O fhis sacerdotal ordina tion , October the a 8th . Here his Episcopate was n oteworthy in several respects : he fou n ded the Ca tholic S ocia l Un ion ,for unitin g the several classes o f society in Christian fraternity, a n d was also o n e Of the origi n ators o f the useful Ca thol ic Tr u th S ociety. Bishop Vaughan built a diocesan semi n ary a n d an episcopal residence , while he vigorously helped the administrator o f his Cathedral in Cleari n g o ff the debt upon that sacred edifice . As a result he had the consolation of con s e cra ting it upon June 1 4th , 1 890, with the solem n rites o f Holy Church , assisted by several other English prelates . This scen e of impressive splendour quite recalled in imagination the bye - gone Catholic “ ” days o f ye Faithful North . ’ At the actual moment o f Cardinal Mannin g s death , the Bishop o f Salford was sayi n g Mass for him in the adjacen t private Chapel not lon g afterwards a Papal Bull , dated April 8th, 1 892 , translated him to the imp ortan t archiepiscopal See o f Westminster . In this respect it is remarkable what a corporate service the Vaughan family have rendered the Church thus all his brothers ,save tw o ,became priests (i n cludi ng the late Archbishop Of Sydney) ,a n d all his sisters nuns (o n e o fwhom died in the odour of san ctity) . — Fo r the first time si n ce the Reformation si n ce his p redecessor o f Canterbu ry, Cardi n al Pole , was — i n vested with it at BOW Church a n English Metro politan now received his pallium here in England,at ’ 90 ENG LAN D S CARDI NALS .

the London Oratory , amid a brilliant page a nt of spiritual resurrection ,on August the 1 6th , 1 892 . Finally, in the followi n g year, his Grace o f West minster was raised to the Roman Purple by Pope Le o X I I I . at a Consistory in which , in accordan ce with the Tridentine decree enjoining the inter nationalization o fthe Sacred College ,the Archbishops o f Armagh , Cologne , Prague , Rouen , Seville , and Tours , were among the recipien ts o f the Re d Hat . The new Cardinal of Englan d held the customary reception o n January 1 6th , 1 893, at the venerable English College ,a n d delivered an interesting as well as patriotic address . I n memory o f our historic past the H oly Father p u rposely bestowed upon Cardinal Vaughan the titular Ch u rch o f S S . Andrew and — Gregory on the C o elian s o dear to every English Catholic heart . At Westminster the chief events of his E minence ’ s reign are matters o f common knowledge . The issue of the famous Bull Apos tolicw Cu r ce formally and finally condemning Anglican Orders as n ull and invalid will always form a notable incident in it . In 1 894 , his Eminence decided to commence building the Metropolitical Cathedral Of Westmi n ster , in memory Of his predecessors , choosi n g the late ’ lamented M r . Be n tley s remarkable design Of a vast Byzantine basilica . He himself laid the foundation stone , o n June the 2 9th , while the H oly Sacrifice was Offered by the Cardinal Primate o fAll Irelan d . Amid the magnifice n t celebrations at E bbs fle e t, in the year 1 897, to commemorate the thirteenth ce n tenary o f the arrival o f St . Augustine o f Can ter bu ry from Rome , Cardi n al Vaughan was the central ’ figure as the heir o f Englan d s Apostle . His Eminence Cardinal Ferraud ,the disti n gu ished Bishop ' o f Autun a n d the lineal successor o f St . S yr a g ius , among others , journeyed from the Continent to be

’ 92 E NG LAN D S CARD INAL S .

he has always been a foremost champion in the cause O f Catholic education , whether in semi n aries , at the national Universities , o r in the public elementary schools o f o ur country . “ Tall and handsome , cou rteous and frank , the ” Cardinal looks every inch a Prince o f the S a cr os a n cta R oma na E ccl es ia ; his unaffected kindness O f heart and his sterling liberality o f mind have secured the cordial esteem o f many besides his o w n flock . A zealous apostle , a great organizer , a comman di n g a n d Charming personality, his Eminence forms a worthy final link in this illustrious crimso n chai n o f — our English Cardinals o n e o fthe many Petrine fetters which bind England to Rome . ’ ENGLAN D S PRIMATES . 93

6 ’ 9 E NG LA N D S P RI MATE S . ’ ENGLAND S PRI MATE S . 97

COLLEGE ’ 98 E NG LAN D S PRI MATE S .

c m9 5 5 3 w o = ” 6 5 e 0 m0 0 e a 0 5 0 a 5 m 5 s 0 ? 0 5 m m3 5 m s 0 m0 0 o 0 5 0 5 s 5 0 : 0 a 0 s 0 0 0 o fl 1 5 0 5 0 0 s 0 a m 0 mm e 2 a 3 0 2 m” o 0 0 n a mu g ~ 0 0 0 9 0 M o “ v 0 . 0 m 0 fl L E o m “ 0 m fi 5 £ 0 fl 0 w “ 0 M 0 0 5 0 > i 0 0 0 8 m5 5 0 0 5 g 5 0 x 5 0 m 5 0 m 0 m . 0 5 0 5 fi m 0 0 u 0 : g 0 0 o 0 0 8 b u m 0 u = 0 0 fi 0 t c 5 o 0 c u 0 0 m 0 c m o 0 : mm 3 0 >5 —u m 0 0 a m 5 a “ . m 0 £ 8 G mN 0 w 5 A C 0 0 5 0 0 $ 0 5 0 E 5 0 q 0 0 0 0 m— x 5 5 2 0 0 E 0 5 0 0 M 0 o M E $ 0 A m 5 s a 0 5 3 M u m m 0 0 m m S ~O 5 m0 5 0 5 2— a S a fi C 0 0 o O 3 0 n 0 x 0 0 s 5 I 0 fi 5 5 0 0 ; 0 g o 0 0 m m N 0 mo e 9 0 E u d 5 fi ? 5 m $ 9 m s 0 C E 5 5 6 O g R w o g 0 0 5 x -e 5 3 o fl 0 E 3 m0 3 0 d v E m 5 o x 0 A 5 n m 0 0 8 N 0 5 m0 5 3 s m.8 S Q 2 o 5 ~ 0 3 5 5 c3 a 0 1 0 0 a fi 5 0 0 5 5 T 6 w o v 3. 5 0 0 : t 0 m e 0 5 C 0 5 m s 5 0 0 n 9 5 0 0 8 0 o e 0 5 o , 0 c m 8 m 5 . 5 5 ” 0 3 0 0 0 0 0u c 5 0 5 a 0 s n 5 v 0 0 o 0 3 0 S e 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 “ u m 5 5 a u 0 5 0 m g 0 0 r a 0 0 m— 5 0 ? fl 53 0 o M 5 a 0 h E 0 0 m w 0 5 0 a m E 0 0 E 0 5 o t m0 3 4 0 0 o C u m0 S « 0 w . 5 0 5 C 5— 5 2 0 0 0 5 0 c E m E 0 o m 5 2 fi m2 5 0 8 m 5 3 0 N : 5 0 m 0 5 0 5 6 5 3 0 5 5 t T m0 0 6 0 0 5 z 5 0 0 5 0 5 5 0 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 u 0 0 8 : 0 0 0 0 E mmm 0 0 m m5 : 5 0 0 0 o o 0 0 5 0 c 3 0 I c 3 3 0 5 5 . 5 0 , . o 0 2 0 ? 0 m 0 0 0 0 5 u M. 0 0 0 c C 0 e 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 5 o 0 5 u 5 0 5 $ o H 5 0 x 5 0 5 0 0 5 m 5 . m 6 0 5 0 p m . 5 5 0 5 E —5 0 B 2 0 0 0 5 2 w m & 0 0 0 E 5 5 J v 5 3 : 0 C 0 5 5 8 5 3 0 S 0 5 5 , H E a 5 3 0 5 0 0 A 0 0 5 6 8 N m 5 S 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 “ 9m Q H 0 w — 0 0 0 5 5 — e 6 m 5 0 R 5 0 E 5 m 0 C 0 0 m ? 0 v -P 0 5 0 O w 5 5 “ 3 o N 0 0 2 5 A m 5 o 5 0 5 m 0 N 0 : 9 4 0 “ “ 5 m 0 0 5 5 m 0 5 C 0 0 5 8 0 h 0 c o 0 05 0 5 0 0 3 5 5 5 m £ 0 mw 0 5 0 8 5 0 0 0 5 5 5 0 m 5 0 0 0 k 5 m 5 : D Q 0 m 0 5 " £ m 5 A 5 0 0 m s 0 0 H Im “ > 0 . s 5 “ 0 8 0 m o 5 Q 5 v 5 0 5 5 . 0 fl 0 0 o m 0 5 3 . m. 0 o < 5 c m0 0 m c 5 H c 0 5 0 0 5 5 C 9 O u 0 5 0 0 55 5 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 s —0 Z 0 c > 2 0 8 M mo 0 _ 6 0 o 3 5 3 0 0 m = 0 e 9 m0 5 : < 3 : 0

Sel e c tio n fro m

Bu r n s 81 O a te s

Pu blic a tio n s .

H E Co mplete Classifie d

Catalogue (90 pp .) will be sent post

applicatio n .

LON DON

2 8 ORCHARD STREET, Bishop a n d His Flock. By the Rt. Rev . J ohn Cuthbert Hedley , Bishop of Newport . Crown 8 v o , cloth ,gilt top . 6/ Thi s v o l ume c o nta i ns mo r e tha n 30 o f the Pa s to ra l Le tte r s a d d re s s e d y Bi s h o p H e d le y to his fl o c k d ur i ng the p a s t 2 2 ye a r s . I t o ffe r s pla i n n d pr a c ti c a l i n s tr uc ti o n s o n a g r e a t v a r i e ty o f s ubj e cts ,s uc h a s Wo r s hip , a c r a me nts , The Bl e s s e d E u c ha r i s t,G r a c e ,Z e a l fo r So uls , D e v o ti o n , n d R itua l . Th e r e a r e imp o r ta nt a d d r e s s e s o n the S a c r e d H e a rt,o n l ixe d M a r r i a g e s ,o n a tte nd a n c e o f Ca th o li c C hild r e n a t n o n -Ca th o li c c ho o l s ,o n C h ur c h M us i c ,o n Pa tr o n S a i nts , o n the Ch r i s tia n Fa mily,&c . For m o f Pr ayer s following the Church Office. Fo r the u se o f Cathol i cs unable to hear Mass upon Sundays a n d Holidays . By J ohn , Marquess o f Bute, K.T . Limp cloth , 1 / net (posta ge 2 d .) leather, net (postage 3d .) Good Pra ctica l Ca tholic. A Spiritual Instruction to people in the World . By Re v . H . Buckler , O .P. Second Edition , Revised a n d Enlarged . Wrapper. 6d . Retr ea t : consisti n g o f Thirty- three D iscourses , with Meditatio n s : for the u s e o f the Clergy , Religious ,

and others . By Right Re v . Bishop Hedley, O .S .E . Cr. 8 v o , half- leather . 6/ Voice that is S till. Words written o r spoken by the late Father J ames Clare , S .J . With a sketch o f his life by Father M c Le o d , S .J . Demy 32 mo , leather, gilt edges , with portrait . 2 / hara cter is tics from the Wr itin g s of Car din al Wis em a n. Selected by Rev . T . E . Bridgett ,C .S S .R. Cr . 8 v o . 6/ hr is tia n Per fection , O n . By Ven . Father Alphonsus Rodriguez . Fo r perso n s living in the World . 6/ ontempla tio n s a n d Meditations on the Hidden Life of O ur Lor d Jesus Ch r ist, a ccor di ng to the Method of S t. Ig natius. Tran slated by a Sister o f Mercy (Coventry) , and Revised by R ev . W . H . Eyre, S .J . N e w Edition . ev otio n al Libra r y for Catholic Households . Containing New Testame n t ; Book o f Psalms ; I mitation of Christ , by Thomas a Kempis ; Devout Life , by St . Fra n cis de Sales ; Spiritu a l Combat, by Father S c up o li. All n eatly bou n d in cloth , red edges,with cloth case to match . 5/ net (postage 4d .)

M E DITAT IONS AN D DEVO TIONS ( con tin ued ) ew els o f Prayer an d Meditation fr omUnfa miliar S ources. By Percy Fitzgerald . Fcap . 8v o , cloth ,gilt . mitation of Chr ist, Of the. By Thomas a Kempis . N ew Pop ul a r E d ition for D is tr ibution . Cloth , red edges ,6d . net ( postage 2 d .) Leather, red edges I S upeifi ne Pocket E d ition . Fancy cloth extra,with red borders , And in leather bindings ,from to 1 0] 1 P r esen ta tion E d ition (size ,63 by 4i inches) . With red border on e a ch page . Cloth extra, And in leather bindings , from 7/ to 1 5/ ’ Layma n s Day, The. Jewels of Practical Pi ety By Percy Fitzgerald . Fcap . 8 v o , cloth ,gilt . 2 / anres a : or, the Spiritual Exercises o f St . Ignatius . For general use . Fcap . 8 v o , cloth . 3/ editations for Ever y Day in the Yea r . By Bishop Chal loner. Revised by Bishop Vertue . Cr . 8yo , cloth . 3/ editatio n s o n the Love of God . From the Spanish o f Fray Diego de Estella, by H en ry W . Pereira,M .A . erfectio n of M an by Charity,The. A Spiritual Treatise . By Re v . R. Buckler, O .P. Cr . 8 v o , cloth . 5/ ractical Meditations for Every Day i n the Year , on the Life o f Our Lord Jesus Christ . Chiefly fo r the use of Religious . By a Father o f the S ociety of Jesus . In Two Vols . Cloth . 9/

etreat M a n ual,The . A H a ndbook for the Annual Retrea t a nd Monthly Recollection . By Madame Cecilia, o f ’ St . Andrew s Convent,Streatham . With a Preface by the Re v . S idney Smith ,S .J . Fcap . 8 v o . 2 / p ir it of the Curé o fArs,The. Tra nslated from the French ’ of M . l Abbé Monnin . Edited by Re v . J ohn E . B owden,o fthe Oratory. 32 mo ,cloth ,with Portrait. 2 / t . Gertr ude, The Exercises of. 32 mo , cloth , leather , 2 / and piritual Combat : together with the Supplement to the

. Re v . L cu o li. . same By orenzo S p (Size ,5 by 3}7 inches) 6d . net,Cloth . Leather, and Fcap . 8 v o edition (61 by 4 with the Treatise o n Inward Peace . Cl o th , piritual Conflict a nd Co nquest, The. Edited by the Very Re v . Jerome Vaughan , O .S .E . Cr. 8v o . 5/ t. Gertrude an d S t. M echtilde, The Prayers of. 32 mo, cloth , x/ leather,2 / and M E DITATION S AN D DEVOTIO N S ( con tin ued ) . 5

’ Re S t. Fra ncis de S ales Works . Edited by Very v . Canon Mackey,O .S .E . Letter s to Persons in the World . 6/ Tr ea tise o n the Love of God . 6/ Letters to Persons in Relig ion , with I n troduction by “ Bishop Hedley o n St . Francis de Sales o n the ” Religious State . 6/ ' S t. Teresa s Own Wor ds : o r , Instructio n s o n the Prayer o f Recollection . Arranged by Bishop Chadwick . Cloth , 1 / net (postage 2 d . ’ S cresa s Pater noster : A Treatise o n Prayer . By Ve ry Rev . Joseph F r a s s mett1 Translated by Cano n Hutch , I 1 8mo, cloth . 4/

Towar ds Etern ity. By the Abbé Pouli n . Tra n slated by M . T . To rr o mé. Cr . 8 v o , cloth . Yo ur s impl e a n d n o bly c o nc e i v e d me d ita ti o ns ,s o full o ftr ue p ie ty a nd o lid d o c r i ne o ff r ll in r l e n r u ul s the me a n s fk n o w i n s t , e to a s c e e y—g e o s s o o g G o d be tte r by l o v ing H immo re . The B is hop q a Rochelle in a letter to the A utho r.

ll tho rne Ar chbiS hO r er r U a ( P) a Cha act istics from the W itings of, tog ether with a Bibliographical Account o f the Arch ’ bishop s Works . By Rev . M . F . Glancey . 6/ Ull atho r n e (Archbishop ) , Chr isti a n Pati ence, the S tr ength an d Discipline of the S oul . Demy 8 v o . 7/ Ullatho r n e (Archbishop) . The En dowm ents of Man , Con e s ider ed n their Relation with his Fin al En d. D emy 8 v o . 7i Ull athor n e (Archbishop) . Gr oundwor k of the Ch r istian Virtues,The. Demy 8v o . 7/ ’ H E . ( . Cardi n al) . A Month s Meditations . From Wisem a n MS . left by His E mi n e n ce, and n o w first published . Cr. 8yo ,leather back . 4/

O N T H E L I FE O F OUR L O RD .

Blood of the La mb, The. By Rev . K . D . Best, o f the . 8v Oratory Cr . o . n e t (postage 3d .)

Dolorous Pas sion of O ur Lor d Jesus Ch rist . From the Medi ta ti n f o s o Anne Catherine Emmerich . Fcap 8 vo .

N at ivity of O ur Lo rd Jesus Ch r ist, The. From the f Meditatio n s o Anne Catherine Emmerich . Translated by George Richardson . 1 8mo, cloth ,gilt . 6 ON TH E LI FE O F O UR LORD ( con tin ued ) .

The Life of O ur Lord . Written for Little Ones . By Mother M . Salome ,o fthe Bar Convent,York .

Fa ber ( Rev . F . W .) Bethlehem . Cr. 8 v o . 7/ Wisema n ( H .E . Cardinal) . Meditations o n the Incar n ation a nd Life of O ur Lor d . Cr . 8 v o . 4/

Wi sem a n ( H . E . Cardinal) . Meditations on the S acred Passion of O ur Lor d . With a Preface by H . E . Car d inal Vaughan . Cr. 8v o . 4/

O N T H E S ACRE D H E ART.

Imitation of the S acred Hear t of Jesus . I n Four Books . By Rev . Father Arnold , S .J . Fcap . 8v o , cloth, Cloth ,gilt, red edges ,5/ leather,

Ma nnin g ( H . E . C a rdinal) . The Glor ies o f the S acred Heart . Cr. 8 y o . 4/

M a nu a l o f the S a cred Hea rt . Cloth , 2 / Cloth , red edges , with Frontispiece , Leather, and 6/

M editations o n the S acred Hear t . By the Rev . Joseph Egger, S .J . Cr . 8 v o ,cloth ,gilt .

S pir it of the S ac red Heart,The. A Manual o f Prayers and D evotions . Printed in bold black type , upon a fine white paper,making a handsome volume o f over 700 pages . Cloth ,red edges , Leather, to

O N TH E B L E S S E D V I RGI N .

The La nd of the Rosary. Scenes of the Rosary Mysteries . By Mrs . Archibald Dunn . I llustrated .

Petals of the M ystica l Rose . Being Explanations o f the Holy Rosary,and the Association o f the Rosary, the Guard o f Honour of Mary . Translated from the French o fPére Marie - Augustin by Agnes Wollaston .

A Lytel Boke fo r ye M a ryemo n th. Compiled by Edmu n d Waterton . With a Letter o f Commendatio n by Re v .

. I . Purb rick S . . Fc a . 8 v o . 1 E , J p , /

Blessed Virg in in the N ineteenth Century, The. Appar itio n s , Revelations , Graces . By Bernard St . John . With Introduction by Rev . E . Thiriet, O .M .I . Cr . 8 v o ,with six I llustrations . 6/ A mo s t r e a d a bl e a nd i n te re s ti ng a c c o un t o f La S a le tte , Lo urd e s , Po ntma i n, Pe ll e v o i s in , O ur L a d y o f Vi cto i r e s , a n d Si s te r Ca the r i ne La b o ur é a nd the Mira cul o us M e d a l . - M es s eng er of the S a cr ed H ea r t.

O N T H E B LE SSE D VIRGIN (con tin ued ) .

ur La dy of Per petual S uccou r, Ma nua l of. From the Writings o f St. Alphonsus Liguori . By a Re d e mp to ri t s Father . I 8mo , cloth , I / n e t ; leather 2 / net . With Hymn s : Cloth , net leather,gilt edges , 3/ net (postage o n single copies 3d .) ’ ur La dy s Ma n u al ; o r ,D evotions to the Sacred Heart of 2 Mary , Cloth , / Best Cloth , red edges , Calf o r morocco , each .

o s ary, Book of the Holy. By Rev . H . Fo r mby. With thirty - six full - page Engravings . Small 4to , he Holy Rosary in the Pr esence o f Jesus in the Bless ed S a cr a m ent. Leatherette , gilt, gilt edges , round corners , 1 / net (postage 1 5d .) r eatis e on the Tr ue Devotion to the Blessed Vi rg in Mary. ’ By Blessed Grignon de Montfort. Faber Faber s translation . Edited by H .E . Cardinal Vaughan . ’ F cap . 8 v o , 2 /

O N T H E HO LY GH OS T. ev otion to the Holy Ghost fo r each da y of the Month, S hor t Reading s on , Being Extracts from the VVO r k S f Re v . . M o Father Faber . Compiled by Father J ., ' Capuchin Fr a nc is ca n . Imperial 32 mo ,s tifi wrapper, 3d . n e t. Cloth ,6d . net (postage 1 d .)

a nning (H . E . Cardinal) . The Inter nal Mission of the Holy Ghost. Cr . 8 v o , 5/ (la nn ing ( H . E . Cardinal) . The Te mporal Mission of the Holy Ghost ; o r , Reason and Revelation . Cr. 8 v o ,5} fl a n ning (H . E . Cardinal) . The Holy Ghost the S anctifier . 32 mo , cloth ,gilt, 2 / “ a pplia nt o f the Holy Ghost : A Paraphrase of the Veni S a n cte Spiritus . Composed by Re v . R . Johnson ,o f Louvain . Edited by Rev . T. E . Bridgett, C .SS .R. 32 mo .

N T H E B L E S S E D S ACRAM E NT AN D H O LY

COMMU N ION . anquet of the An g els, The. Prepara tion a n d Tha n k s g iv ing for H oly Communion . By Archbishop Porter,S .J . 1 8mo , blue cloth ,gilt , 2 / Also in handsome leather bindi ngs , s u itable for First Communion memorial gifts , at net and net. O N TH E BLESSE D SACRAM E N T ( con tin ued ) . 9

At Home N ear the Altar . By Re v . Matthew Russell ,S .J . 1 8mo ,cloth ,gilt . I / net (postage 1 5d .)

Close to the Altar Ra ils . By Re v . Matthew Russell , S .J . 1 8mo,cloth,gilt . I / n et (postage l id .)

Divin e Consoler, The. Little Visits to the Most Holy t . Sacrame n t . By J. M . A ngeli ,o fthe Lazarist Fa hers Tran slated by Genevieve Iron s . 1 8mo .

Faber ( Re v . F . W .) The Bless ed S a cr a m ent : o r , the Works a n d Ways o f God . Cr . 8 v o .

Fi rst Communion . A Book o f Preparation for First Com mun io n . By Mother Mary Loyola . E dited by Fath e r Thurston , S .J . Re - set in n e w type . With some new Illustratio n s Cr . 8y o . “ Fi r st Communion, Questions on . ByM o the r M . Loyola . 1 / Legends of the Blessed S a cra ment : Gathered from the History o f the Church a n d the Lives o fthe Sai n ts by Emily Mary S ha p co te . With n umerous Illustrations . 4to , handsomely bou n d in cloth ,gilt. 6/

Ma nning (H . E . Cardi n al) . The Blessed S ac r a m ent the Centr e of Immutable Tr uth . 32 mo ,cloth ,gilt . I

Moments Before the Ta ber n a cle. By Re v . Matthew Russell , S .J . 1 8mo . I / n et (postage 1 d .) Reflections a nd Pr ayer s fo r Holy Com munion . With Preface by Cardi n al M a n n i n g . I n Tw o Vols ., each in complete itself. each . Cloth , red edges, 5/ each . Leather,9/ a n d I O/ each . The S a cr ifice of the Mass . An Explan atio n o f its Doctri n e ,

R n d . ubrics,a Prayers By Rev . M . Gavi n , S .J . 2 /

. ha w e The Trea su re of the Chu r ch By Cano n J . B . B a g s , D .D . Cr. 8 v o , Visits to the Most Holy S a cra ment an d the Bles sed Vi rg in Mary. By St . Alphon sus Liguori . Edited by Bishop 3e mo . Cloth , 1 / Leather , and

O N TH E P RIE S THOO D AN D O N RE L I GI OUS

L I FE .

A Few Fi r st Pr inciples of Relig ious Life. By Father H . R B k l r P eginald uc e ,O . . Wrapper . 6d . n e t (postage 1 d .)

C e . at chis m of the Vows By Rev . P. Cote],S .J . 1 / I O TH E PRI E STHOO D AN D RE LI GIOUS LI FE (con tin ued ) .

The Young Pr iest : Conferences o n the Apostolic Life . By Herbert Cardinal Vaughan . Edited by his brother, Monsignor Canon J ohn S . Vaughan . 5/ net (post age 4d .)

- — CONTE N TS Fo r w h o mthe s e C o nfe re nc e s a r e I nte nd e d The P r i e s t — — — The M o th e r o fthe Pr i e s t The Ad o r a bl e T r i n ity Go d O ur Fa the r — — Lo v e o f the I n c a r na te Wo rd The Ap o s to li c Sta n d a r d Ap o s to li c — — Obe d i e n ce The Euc ha r i s ti c M aj e s ty o fthe I n c a r na te Wo r d Apo s to li c La b o ur s —Affa bili G e n l e n e Ta —The P r i e s in Pa rtne r hl w i h — ty, t s s , ct t s p t J e s us C h r i s P ra e r a n A o s o li c Wo r k - H umili the o un d a i o n o f t —y p t — ty F t the Ap o s to li c Life H umility I ts C o n s e que nce The Va l ue o fthe S o ul — - Apo s to li c Tr i umph s . Apo s to li c Di s i nte r e s te d ne s s Re s o l uti o ns a s to C e rta i n P r a c ti c e s .

Manning (H . E . Cardinal) . The Eter nal Pr i esthood . Cr . 8 v o .

’ Par ish Pr iest s Practical Ma nu al,N ew . A Work useful a lso for other Ecclesiastics,especially fo r Confessors and i for Preachers . By Very Re v . Joseph F r a s s in e tt . Translated by Canon Hutch ,D .D . Cr . 8y o . 6/

Relig ious Life and the Vows, The . A Treatise by Mg r. Charles Gay, Bishop o f Anthe d o n . Translated by O . S . B . Cr . 8 v o . 5/

’ S alv ato ri s Pr a ctica l Instr uctions fo r N ew Confessors . Edited by Father Anthony Ballerini , S .J .,and Tra n s lated by Canon Hutch ,D .D . I 8mo,cloth ,gilt . 4/

B IOGRAPHY AN D HAG IO L OGY.

A Tr u e Histor ica l Relation of the Conversion of S ir Tobie Matthew to the Holy Catholic Fa ith : With the Antecedents and Consequences Thereof. Written by H imself, and Edited , wi t h a Preface , by his kinsman , A . H . Mathew . With Portrait . Cr . 8 v o . net (postage 4d .) h1 M r . M a the w ha s d o n e a n e mi ne nt s e r v i c e to Ca th o li c i s min t s c o untr y in publi s hi ng thi s truly v a lua ble r e lig i o -biog ra phi ca l w o r k . Tbe Ta bl et.

A S a int o f the O rator y. Being the Life o f the Blessed Antony Grassi . By Lady Amabel Kerr. Cr . 8v o . 4/ net (postage 4d .)

Archbishop Ullatho r n e,The Letters of . Arranged by A . T . “ Drane . (Sequel to the Autobiography . Demy

8 v o .

1 2 B I OGRAPHY AN D HAGIO LOGY ( co n tin ued ) .

Marg aret Bea ufort, Countess of Richmond a n d Der by a ’ Mother of He nry VII. (The Ki n g s Mother) ,Me moir c By Lady Margaret D o mv ile . Cloth , gilt, gilt to With Portrait . Mary War d : A Foundress o f the Seventeenth Century . M other M . Salome , of the Bar Convent ,York . W i an Introduction by the Bishop o f Newport. Illustra te Cr . 8 v o ,cloth ,gilt . 5/ Mirror of Perfection,The. B ei n g a record o f St . Fra nc o f Assisi , ascribed to his Compan ion , Brother Le o Assisi . Translated by Constance , Countess De Warr, with an I n troduction by Father Cuthbe Crown 8v o . Bound in Buckram ,gilt. 5 Popular Edition ,Wrapper, 1 / net (postage 3d .)

Miniature Lives o f the S a ints, fo r every D a y in the Yea Edited by Re v . H . S . Bowden , o f the Oratory. Tu Vols . I 8 mo , cloth , gilt . 4/

— - ecollection s of Four Popes (Pius V II . Le o X I I . Pi II I — V . Gregory XV I .) And o f Rome in their Time By Cardinal Wiseman . Crown 8 v o ,cloth .

. l t Aloysius Gon za ga , S .J ., Life o f. By Edward Hea Thompson , M .A . Globe 8 v o . 5/

t. Ben edict,Patr iarch of the Monks of the Wes t,The Li a nd Ti m es of. Abridged and arranged from t German o f the Very R ev . D o m Peter Lech n er, O .S .E . With two Illustrations . Cr . 8v o . 5/ t . Cuthbert,Life of. By Mon signor Edward Co n s itt. Ne Edition . “ t. Gertr ude,Life a n d Revelations . By the Author o f S Francis and the Franciscan s . Cr . 8v o . t . Ig natius Loyola a nd the Ea r ly Jesuits . By Stewart Ro s With more than 1 00 Illustrations ,by H . W . a n d H . B rewer a n d L . Wain . E dited by the Rev . W . Eyre , S .J . S uper royal 8 v o . Handsomely bou n in cloth ,extra gilt . 1 5/ net. t . John the Eva ng elist : o r , The Beloved Disciple . B Very Re v . H . A . Rawes ,D .D . Fcap . 8 v o . t. Patrick, Apostle of Irela nd, Life of. By Rev . W . Morris . Cr . 8 v o . 5/ ’ The s ta n d a r d bi o g r a phy o fI r e la nd s Apo s tl e . Fo r clea r s ta te me nt a c s a n d a lm ud i i u i u i f n r v r i n i s ur a s s t c ,j c—o s d s c s s o n o c o t o e te d po ts , t p my w o r k w e k n o w . Amer ica n Ca tfi ol ic Q ua r terly. B IOGRAP HY AN D HAGIOLOGY ( con tin ued ) . 1 3

S t. Julia na Falconier i, Foundress o f the Mantellate , o r Religious o f the Third Order o f Servites , Life of. Edited ,and with a Preface by the Re v . P . M . Soulier , O .S .M . Illustrated . 5/ f S t. Philip N eri, Life of. Translated from the Italian o Cardi nal Ca p ec ela tr o by Rev . Thomas Alder Pope . Two Vols . Cr. 8 v o . S t. Thoma s of Aqu in ,The Life and La bou rs of. By Arch bishop Vaughan , O .S .E . Edited by D o m Jerome Vaughan , O .S .B . Cr . 8v o . St. Thoma s Aq uin as, the An g elic Doctor, Life of. Edited by Re v . Pi us Cavanagh , O .P. With Eleve n Illus tr a tio ns . Cr. 8v o ,

Ven . Mother Jea nne An tide Tho uret, Foundress of the S isters o f Char ity,Life of. Adapted from the Italian . With additions by Blan che Partridge An d er d o n (Whyte

8 o . Avis) . Fcap . v ,with Portrait net (postage 2 d .)

S E RM O N S AN D D I S CO U RS E S .

Chr istia n Inher ita nce, The. Set forth in Sermons by Right

Re . . f v J C . Hedley, Bishop o Newport . Cr . 8v o , cloth ,gilt,gilt top . 6/

Light of Life,The . Set forth in Sermons by the Right Rev . J . C . Hedley , Bishop of Newport. Cr . 8v o , cloth ,gilt,gilt top . 6/

Lukewar m Chr istia n, The . Two Sermons by Massillon . n Arra ged and abridged by Percy Fitzgerald . Fcap . 8v o ,cloth ,gilt extra . 2 /

Ma nning ( H . E . Cardinal) . S er mons on Ecclesiastical S ubjects . Cr. 8 vo . 6/

O ur D ivine S aviou r a n d other Discou rses . By Right Rev . . . f J C Hedley, Bishop o Newport . Cr. 8v o , cloth ,gilt,gilt top . 6/

S er for the S a an d Fes tiv als o f the Year . mons. und ys By Ri R ght ev . Abbot Sweeney,O .S .E . Cr . 8 vo ,leather back .

PO L E M I CAL AN D H I S TOR I CAL .

Ans wers to Atheists o r, Notes o n Ingersoll . By Rev . L A .

L . . 8 ambert Cr v o ,wrapper,6d . (postage 2 d .) cloth , g1lt lettered, 1 / LE ICAL PO M AN D H I STO RICAL ( con tin ued ) .

’ atholic Controver sy. A Reply to D r . Little d a le s Pla ” Reasons . By Very Rev . H . I . D . Ryder, o f t Oratory . Fc a p . 8 v o .

atholic Contr over sy, The . By St . Francis de Sal e Edited by Very Re v . Ca non Mackey,O .S .B. 6/

o n tr ov er s ial Catechism. By Stephen Keenan . 54/

R . he Divin e Plan of the Chu r ch . By the e v J o M a c L a ug hlin . Cr . 8v o . Wrapper, cloth o r mation of Chr istendom,The. By T . W. Allies , K .C .S . New and Revised Edition . C r . 8 v o . 5/ each v o lurr — — V o l . L The Ch r i s ti a n Fa ith a nd the I n d i v id ua l . V o l . I I . The Chi — P il s a n Fa ith a n d S o c i e ty. V o l . I I I . The Chri s tia n Fa ith a nd h o o p — 01. IV . As s e e n in Ch ur c h a nd Sta te . 5 One Relig ion as Good as Another ? By Rev . J o M a c La ug hlin . Wrapper,6d . net (postage 2 d .) Clot net .

Ma nning ( H . E . Cardinal) . Why I Beca me a Cathol ( Religio V ia to r is ) . Cr . 8v o . 1 /

Ma nn in g ( H . E . Cardi n al) . The Fou r Gr eat Evils of the Da Cr . 8 v o . a nning (H . E . Cardinal) . The Wor king s of the Holy S pi in the Church of Eng la nd . Cr . 8 v o . Rome and Eng la nd : o r , Ecclesiastical Continuity . By Re Luke Rivington , D .D . Cr . 8 v o ,cloth .

t . Peter ,Bishop of Rom e o r ,the Roman Episcopate o f t Prince o f the Apostles . By Rev . T . Livius, M . C .S S .R . Demy 8 y o .

BI BL E S AN D PRAYE R BOOKS .

Holy Bible. Octa vo E dition (9 by 6 inches) . Cloth ,red edg 5/ and in a great variety o f leather bindings , at 8 1 0/ 1 8/ 30/ and 35/ each . Pocket E d ition (size 5}7 by 3% inches) . Emboss cloth , red edges, and in leather bindings a t 4 and N ew Testa ment. N ew La rg e- Type E dition . With annotations ,ref o nces , and an historical and chronological ind Cr . 8 v o (size by 5 inches) . 500 pp . Cloth, 2 and in le a ther bindings at and Pocket E d ition . Limp cloth ,6d . net (postage 2 d . cloth ,red edges,1 / leather bindi n gs , 3/ and 4

Ma nning (H . E . Cardinal) . S in and its Consequences . 4/

M a nning ( H . E . Cardinal) . The Fourfold S overeig nty of G

2 6. Cr . 8 v o . ,

’ N atural Relig ion . Being Vol . I . o f D r . Hetti n ger s E v i e nce s o f Christianity . E dited by Re v . H . S . B owde I ” With an ntroduction o n Certainty . Cr . 8 v o . 7

Revea led Relig ion . The Second Volume of D r . H e tting e “ ” Evidences o f Christianity . Edited by the Re “ H . S . B owden . With an Introduction o n the Ass e o f Faith . Cr . 8y o . 5/

M I S CE L L AN E OUS W O RKS .

Come and S ee : A Tale o f Faith Found in London . Wilfrid Meyn ell . Wrapper, 1 / net ; cloth , 1 (postage 3d .)

Guide to the Westminster Cathedra l . A brief survey o f H istory from 1 865 to 1 903. With Illus tra tio 6d . net (postage 2 d .)

In Paths o fPeace. A Series o flittle papers on grea t subjee By Lily E . F . Barry . With Illustrations by A . Racey . Large crown 8 v o .

Letters fr omthe Holy La nd . By Lad y Butler . Illustra te net (postage 4d .)

M anning (H . E . Cardin a l) . Miscella nies . First and Seco Series . 6/ each .

. . 8 Ma nning (H . E . Cardinal) Pastim e Papers Fcap . cloth ,gilt , with Portrait . Wrapper, 1 / net. Clo net (postage 3d .)

Man ning (H . E . Cardin a l) . The Independen ce ofthe Holy S Cr . 8v o .

The Catholic Church fr omWithin . With Preface by H . Cardin a l Vaugh a n . net (postage 4d .)

’ Ye are Chr ist s . Eighty- four Considera tions for Boys . the Rev . J oseph Rickaby,S .J . Limp cloth , 1 / n e cloth boards ,gilt, net (postage 3d .)

BURN S 65 O ATE S, L T D .,

2 8 O R C H A R D S T R E E T, L O N D O N , IV.