’ n lan d s Ca rdina l s g / WITH AN APPENDIX S HOWIN G TH E RECE PTI ON O F TH E SACRED PALLI UM BY TH E ARCH BIS HO PS O F CANTERBU RY AN D WE STM INSTER < 2 2 . o L 2, _ 5 9 B 3 373 D U D LEY BAXTE R 0 ON DON : BURNS OATES , LIMITE D W Y K O R , CINCINNATI, CH ICAGO : B E NZ IGER BROTH ERS LIBRA ’ RY ST. MARYS CO LLEGE ’ ENGLAND S PRESENT CARD INAL, H E IR O F S T. AUGUS TINE ALL THESE O UR ENGLI S H PRINCES OF H O LY CH URCH THIS WO K IS C R D E D I C A T E D ’ HIS EMINENCE S HUMBLE AND DEVOTED S ERVANT T H E A U T H O R . B Y TH E CARDI NAL POLE. A Memoir. THE HOLY ROOD. A Paper re a d at the Munich Intern a tion a l Congress o f 1 900 . PRICE ONE SHILLING EACH. TH E CARDIN ALS O F E N GLAN D. CONTE NTS . ROBE RT PU LLEN POPE AD RIAN IV . BOSO B REAKSPEAR / 7 STE PH EN LANGTON Com ROB E RT C UR ZON R OBE RT S O ME R CO TE ROB E RT KI LWARD BY HUGH O F EVE SHAM WALTE R WIN TE RBOU RNE THOMAS J O RZ S IMON LANGHAM ADAM EASTON PH I LI P RE PYN GDO N THOMAS LANGLE Y ROB E RT HALLAM PRI N CE H ENRY B EAUFO RT JOHN KE MPE LO RD THOMAS BO U RC H I E R JOH N MO RTON C H RISTOPH E R BAINB RI D GE THOMAS WO LSEY BLE SSE D J OHN FISH ER—MARTYR CO NTENTS . PAGE REGINALD PO LE 5 : WILLIAM PE TO 56 WILLIAM ALLE N 58 H O N . P H ILI P T H O MAS H OWARD 62 PRINCE H ENRY STUART 65 T H OMAS WE LD 73 C HARLE S JANUARI US E DWAR D ACTON 75 NICH O LAS WI SE MAN 76 H ENRY E DWARD MANNING 79 E DWARD H ENRY H OWARD 8 2 J O HN H ENRY NEWMAN 85 H ERBE RT VAUGHAN 88 PALLIUM APPENDIX PREFACE . TH E materia ls for the compilation o f these bio graphical sketches have been Obtained from many l sources, especially the D ictiona ry of N a tiona B iog r aphy. Permission to reprint (here somewhat abbreviated) has kindly been accorded in the following cases The Cardinal Archbishops o f Can terbury and York series from the Ca tholic “ Fir eside, as well as Cardinal Repyng d o n ’ E ngland s Dominican Cardinals, from The “ Rosa ry ; Our only Franciscan Cardinal , from “ the Fr a ncisca n H er a ld ; Cardinal Allen , from “ The M esseng er ; The Cardinal Duke Of York, ’ ’ from S t. Peter s N et ; and England s Soldier Cardinal, from S tella M a ris . Severa l doubtful ’ creations , such as that o f St . Thomas a Becket s — faithful companion,Herbert de Bosh a m enumerated , fo r instance ,by Mr. R. F . Williams in his unfinished — Lives of the E ng l ish Ca r dina ls a re not included in the following list. A more complete account o f o ur Be nedictine Cardinals may be found in the D ownside Review , April , 1 90 1 , while a short Life o f C a rdina l Pole can be obta ined from the w riter. D . B. S HEMMING GRANGE, BIRCH , E S S EX . ’ S t. Georg e s D ay, 1 903. ’ E N GLAN D S C ARDI N AL S. TH E Roman Purple holds an international record extending over a period Of nearly seventeen centuries which is quite unp a ralleled . Although mostly Italian, these Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church h a ve included from every nation in La tin Christendom a n unbroken succession O f men genera lly distinguished for personal virtues and intellectual merit,men also Of exalted birth o r high position . In this brilliant and unique series o f Papal Cabinets, o ur o w n country takes a prominent place,though only one E nglish Prince of the Church has ever attained the Supreme and Sovereign Po ntifi ca te itself. Cardinal Pullen . THE first na me upon o ur historic list is th a t Of ROBERT PULLE N,whose surname is spelt in various ways by historians. The date Of his creation is uncertain , but probably be was raised to the C a rdinalate by ’ 2 ENG LAN D S CARDI NALS . Pope Celestine I I . in A.D . 1 1 43. Pullen ha d ta ught theology and philosophy with distinction at both Pa ris a nd Oxford , afterwa rds becoming Archdeacon o f Rochester . Among his pupils were the future Pope,Blessed Eugenius I II ., a nd the famous John Of Salisbury,while St . Bern a rd w a s his life -long friend . Our first English C a rdinal is stated to h a ve virtua lly laid the foundations o f Oxford University upon the lines of the new methods he had witnessed in Paris . Anyhow he was among the very first Masters to teach at o ur Alma M a ter . App a rently summoned to Rome by I nnocent I I ., he settled in the Eterna l City for the remainder of his life : Pope Lucius I I . ma de him Chancellor o f the Apostolic See . C a rdin a l Pullen died about the year 1 1 47, a nd certa in o f his le a rned theologica l writings a re still preserved . Cardinal Bre akspear . AFTERWARDS PO PE ADRIAN IV. No w , curiously a nd somewh a t provokingly, second in point O f crea tion upon our list comes the only Englishman among those 2 57 successors of Blessed Peter, Prince O f the Apostles , who a cross nineteen ’ ENGLAND S CARD INALS . centuries have held the Petrine Keys and exercised ’ the P n vilegiumPetr i. This was NICHOLA S BREAKS PE AR ,whose life -story is exceedingly remarkable : he appears to have been born at Abbot ’ s Langley in Hertfordshire a mid obscure poverty . His father became a lay- brother ’ at the great Benedictine Abbey Of St . Alban s ,where Nicholas himself was no doubt educated and after wards e ngaged in some menial occupation however, for reasons u n kn own ,he was refused admittance into the monastic novitiate there . In disappointment and destitution this adventurous young Englishman managed to reach France and the “ future University Of Paris, where he studied for several years . Thence he migrated to Arles and frequented its schools as an a l umnus , if not a ctu a lly a member,of the Premonstra tensia n Order. Later o n o ur poor schola r entered the Augustinian Abbey — of Ca nons Regular a t St. Rufus near Avignon a t first as a lay-brother : eventually he was here admitted as a novice and in due course professed a monk . Breakspear must have been a man o findustrious genius as well as marked personality,fo r henceforth his promotion was rapid . In A.D . 1 1 37,he became Abbot of St. Rufus, a nd his strictness in enforcing discipline led to pers o nal appeals from the relaxed monks and himself to Rome . These in turn led to a most surprising sequel for Pope Eugenius II I .,discerning his virtues and a bility, retained our English Abbot at the Papal Court ,and D 6 forthwith,in A. —1 1 4 ,actually created him Cardinal Bishop of Alba no the highest honour in his gift . He may ha ve a ccompanied Bl . Eugenius to France when the latter gave the Cross to King Louis V I I . before the s econd Crusade ; anyhow, during the next six years he would have been doubtless busily occupied zn cun a . ’ LIBRARY ST. MARYS CO LLEGE ’ 4 ENGLAN D S CARD I NALS . Afterwa rds ,in the year 1 1 52 ,this Cistercian Pontiff appointed Cardinal B reakspear Legate -Apostolic to Scandi n avia, in order to reorganize its H ierarchy, and in respo n se to Royal requests . On his way north , Breakspear visited England ,and was thus the first English C a r d in a l to set foot o n his native l and . H is Legatine Mission was very successful , and led to the closer connection o f Scandinavia with Rome . The Cardinal , after pacifying civil strife , selected Trondhjem as the seat Of the desired Norwegian Arch bishopric, and transferred the Bishop Of Stavanger to that See as Metropolitan . Included in its jurisdiction were I celand , Greenland , the Faroes , the Orkneys a nd Shetl a nds , the Hebrides , and even the Isle of Man ,in addition to Norway itself. C a rdinal B reakspear also completely reformed and reorganized the Norwegian Church ,and moreover secured several enactments for the national wea l in consequence his memory has ever been cherished by the Norse people. This diplomatic Papal Legate then visited Sweden but,owing to internal rivalries , the erection Of its Archiepiscopal See had to be postpon ed . Thence he journeyed to D enmark ,and appeased the Archbishop o f Lund (from whose province Norway had been detached) by confirming him in his Primacy o f all Scandinavia,with the addition of new privileges .