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A Decennary Update on Applications of Metal Nanoparticles (Mnps) in The RSC Advances View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue A decennary update on applications of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in the synthesis of nitrogen- Cite this: RSC Adv., 2020, 10,32740 and oxygen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds Tejas M. Dhameliya, * Hiren A. Donga, Punit V. Vaghela, Bhoomi G. Panchal, Dipen K. Sureja, Kunjan B. Bodiwala and Mahesh T. Chhabria Heterocycles have been found to be of much importance as several nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycle compounds exist amongst the various USFDA-approved drugs. Because of the advancement of nanotechnology, nanocatalysis has found abundant applications in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Numerous nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilized for several organic transformations, which led us to make dedicated efforts for the complete coverage of applications of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in the synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds reported from 2010 to 2019. Our emphasize during the Received 11th March 2020 coverage of catalyzed reactions of the various MNPs such as Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Si, Ti, Accepted 12th August 2020 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. and Zn has not only been on nanoparticles catalyzed synthetic transformations for the synthesis of DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02272a heterocyclic scaffolds, but also provide an inherent framework for the reader to select a suitable catalytic rsc.li/rsc-advances system of interest for the synthesis of desired heterocyclic scaffold. 1 Introduction L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India. E-mail: 1 2 [email protected]; [email protected]; Fax: +91 79 2630 4865; Tel: Heterocycles containing nitrogen and oxygen have been found +91 79 2630 2746 to be of much importance among the United States Food and This article is licensed under a Drug Administration (USFDA) approved drugs. Specically, 59% of the USFDA-approved drugs contain a nitrogen-containing Dr Tejas M. Dhameliya was born heterocycle,1 and the USFDA has approved 311 drug candi- in Samdhiyala in the Bhavnagar dates assembled with an oxygen-containing heterocycle.2 Open Access Article. Published on 03 September 2020. Downloaded 10/11/2021 11:26:49 AM. District of Gujarat, India. He Numerous heterocyclic scaffolds have been synthesized with completed his B. Pharm. (Bach- modern advancements with an endeavor towards drug elor of Pharmacy) from L. M. discovery paradigm.3 A recent analysis on structures of USFDA- College of Pharmacy, Ahmeda- approved drugs administered in combination with other drugs bad, Gujarat Technological as reported by Njardarson et al. revealed that the major University in May 2012 and importance of these heterocycles in combination drugs is in pursued Post-Graduate studies variety of therapeutic uses.4 The rich literature5–14 on the in M.S. (Pharm.) from the synthesis of these USFDA-approved drugs is also gaining National Institute of Pharmaceu- momentum since for the clinical use of a drug, the drug tical Education and Research molecule has be synthesized on a pilot scale using a suitable (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar in June toolbox of organic chemistry.15 A plot of the number of publi- 2014. He completed his PhD under the supervision of Prof. Asit K. cations versus year of publication performed using Sci-Finder16 Chakraborti from NIPER, S.A.S Nagar. He was awarded the for the search string ‘synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds’ National Level Rajnibhai V. Patel PharmInnova Award for the most revealed the increasing popularity of heterocyclic scaffolds “Innovative Thesis” in the M. Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) synthesized via several organic transformations (Fig. 1). category in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014–15. His area of research Nanomaterials are dened as materials with at least one of includes the development of anti-mycobacterial and anti-cancer their dimensions in the nanometer range (1 nm to 100 nm). agents using green synthetic methodologies employing water, Recently, nanotechnology has advanced signicantly, and thus nano-particles and ionic liquids; and molecular modeling including has found substantial applications in therapeutics,17 food and 3D-QSAR, docking and quantum chemical calculations and density nutraceuticals,18 wastewater management,19 biotechnology,20 functional theory. He is currently working as Asst. Prof. since August biology and medicine,21 automobiles,22 fabrics and textiles,23 2017 at L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India. carbon nanotubes,24 and environmental applications25 (Fig. 2). 32740 | RSC Adv.,2020,10, 32740–32820 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 View Article Online Review RSC Advances Fig. 3 Basic techniques for the characterization of nano-materials. Chemical characterization includes optical spectroscopy such as optical absorption spectroscopy, which includes UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fig. 1 Number of publications versus corresponding year of publi- (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy; and electron spectroscopy including cation for the search string ‘synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds’ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron accessed by Sci-Finder on Nov 28, 2019. spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). Structural characterization involves X-ray diffraction (XRD); electron microscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), and scanning probe microscopy (SPM); and dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a particle Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. size analyzer. photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and NMR can be used to conrm their chemical composition. The surface properties of NPs can be determined using the BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) technique and liquid NMR, and their magnetic behavior can be tested using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and 26 This article is licensed under a Mossbauer¨ spectroscopy. 2 Nanocatalysis Open Access Article. Published on 03 September 2020. Downloaded 10/11/2021 11:26:49 AM. Catalysis (Greek: to dissolve) is the terminology coined by Swedish chemist Jons¨ Jacob Berzelius in 1836, which means a substance awakens dormant affinities by its mere presence.27 Fig. 2 Recent applications of nanotechnology. Catalysis can be categorised into homogenous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis is more fav- oured over homogenous catalysis since the former is benecial A wide variety of techniques is available for the character- for the easier isolation, puri cation and recycling of costly ization of nanomaterials due to the advancement of sophisti- catalysts for subsequent transformations. Most nanoparticles cated and simple spectrophotometric and robotic (NPs) are heterogeneous catalysts, boosting the goals of 28 instrumentation. The basic techniques required for the char- synthetic chemist to co-align green chemistry approaches. acterization of nanomaterials, namely chemical and structural Nanocatalysts have a particle size in the nm scale, and thus characterization, are presented in Fig. 3. The size of nano- have a large surface area, which enables the interaction of particles can be characterized using transmission electron chemical reactants via cooperative activation to bring them in microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scat- closer proximity with each other. Nanocatalysis has been tering (DLS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy recently employed for wide applications in nanotechnology, (HR-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force productions of fuels from biomass, wastewater treatment, bio- 29 microscopy (AFM), inductively coupled plasma-mass spec- electrocatalysis, environmental applications, sustainable 30 trometry (ICP-MS), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), matrix- applications in green synthesis, and organic trans- 31 associated laser desorption ionization (MALDI), and nuclear formations. Gronbeck¨ et al. recently summarized the mecha- magnetic resonance (NMR). The shape of NPs can be charac- nistic insight of nanocatalysis via computational methods, terized using TEM, HR-TEM, and AFM, while XRD, X-ray including density functional theory (DFT) and other computa- tion tools.32 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2020 RSC Adv.,2020,10, 32740–32820 | 32741 View Article Online RSC Advances Review The synthesis of nanocatalysts (NCs) is generally achieved select suitable MNPs to achieve the synthetic transformation of using metals and transition metals from their congener inor- choice in order to generate novel molecules, consequently ganic salts, which are treated with solid supports or linkers to enriching the synthetic armory of the toolbox of medicinal generate reactive functional groups on their extreme periphery. chemists to construct desired scaffolds.44 The catalytic activity of NPs is generally achieved using doping agents via their incorporation into metals and metallic oxides, 3.1 AgNP-catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles Lewis acids and bases33 and ionic liquids.34 AgNPs have been recognized to be important in the synthesis of heterocyclic scaffolds.45,46 Balwea et al. synthesized pyrimido 3 Scope and applications of NPs in [1,2-b]indazole derivatives (4) using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) the synthesis of heterocycles obtained
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