sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aristobulus II, Joshua the High Priest

“AN AUTHORITATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF HEBREW

YISRAELITE HISTORY: From Biblical Origins To Modern

Times”

by

Zebulon Ben Lewi Hedeqyah

©2005, 2010 All Rights Reserved

PREAMBLE:

While bringing this project to a close and constructing a suitable introduction for it, I found myself becoming slowly engulfed with feelings of nostalgia. I began to reminisce upon the early days of my Hebrew Israelite education; although I’ve always been a History buff, Biblical History was quite a different ballgame. I remember, that among all the writings contained in the Holy Scriptures, the 1st and 2nd Books of Chronicles were always the most fascinating, as well as the most intimidating part of the Scripture. The seemingly endless genealogies, with hundreds upon hundreds of names, spanning a period of about 3,500 years, was enough to make me deliberately pass over (no pun intended) these books, sometimes in sheer frustration.

At other time s, I would even go as far as questioning the purpose and intention of these books: “WHAT IS SO IMPORTANT ABOUT CHRONOLOGIES?” “WHAT BEARING DOES IT HAVE

UPON THE LAW AND THE OTHER BOOKS OF TRUTH IN SCRIPTURE?” “DOES IT HAVE ANY INTRINSIC VALUE CONCERNING MY CULTURE/NATIONALITY/HERITAGE?”

It wasn’t until years later, when I had assumed leadership positions and eventually having the duty, honor, and privilege as a Chief man in teaching and instructing brothers in the prison system, which I began to clearly see the need and purpose of “Chronicles”. When questions arose from the Brothers concerning “THE PROPHETS, AND UNDER WHICH KING’S REIGN DID THEY MINISTER TO THE PEOPLE”, it was then that I understood the importance of dates in relationship to key events in Scripture.

But therein rested the problem: when research would be done to ascertain the date of a particular event in biblical dictionaries/encyclopedias, I would find (much to my chagrin) various and paradoxical information. For example, when asked about the birth of the great Patriarch Abraham, one would find dates ranging from 2200 to 1750 B.C.E.! 450 years is too much of a time lapse when it comes to specific biblical events. Since there is no questioning the validity, accuracy & integrity of the

Scriptures, it stood to reason that the problem with pinpointing dates in the TANAKH must rest in: 1. THE METHODOLOGY UTILIZED BY SECULAR CHRONOLOGISTS, and 2. A SEVERELY FLAWED UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETATION OF BIBLICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA.

Armed with an accurate understanding, I spent the next 8 years researching, gathering, sifting through and revising chronological dates and events, in order to reconcile the paradoxical and inconsistent chronologies that have been produced by Euro-Gentile “scholars” of the past. These same chronologies have unfortunately been used by fellow Hebrew Israelite brothers and sisters of various camps, temples, schools, congregations, etc. This has resulted in occasional debates, contentions & discussions within their respective organizations. Upon further investigation, it is found that these contentions are fruitless, simply because the premises that are being argued were based upon information that is clearly marred with error, information having its origin in the same defective

“Christian” chronologies being spoken of in this introduction.

There were many attempts by “Christian Scholars” to formulate a comprehensive and accurate chronology of the . Most of them, having no intrinsic value worth mentioning, will not be dealt with in this work*. However, the most popular, widely used and accepted chronology is that of ARCHBISHOP JAMES USSHER**, which was originally published in 1650-1654 A.C.E., as an appendix to his voluminous work, “ANNALES VETERIS ET NOVI TESTAMENTI”. This same chronology is also printed in the margins of the Authorized King James Version 1611, thus making it the prime chronology which will be critiqued and analyzed in this present endeavor.

One of the reasons that Ussher’s chronology has enjoyed much scholarly acclaim and praise over the centuries is because, taken on face value, it appears that the given dates are in alignment with

Scripture. Indeed, if one were to do a cursory tabulation of key dates in his chronology, they would be satisfied with the apparent exactness and precision of Ussher’s research. Unfortunately, this isn’t always the case. Of course, it is true that most of Ussher’s computations are relatively accurate, but only after the reign of ! The further back one goes from Solomon’s days, the more obscure and vague his chronology becomes. The primary reason for this vagueness stems from Ussher’s limited knowledge of archaeology and secular history. Certain pivotal events in Bible history were unable to be accurately dated due to a lack of corroborating archaeological evidence. If we were to consider the time period in which Ussher composed his work, one can understand why his chronology could not reconcile the discrepancies within the dates and events.

*NOTE: Among these authors who manufactured corrupted and flawed chronologies were ISAAC NEWTON, JOHN LIGHTFOOT and JOSEPH JUSTUS SCALIGER.

**NOTE: JAMES USSHER ( January 4th 1581- March 21st 1656) was Anglican Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland. between 1625-1656.

At the turn of the 20th century, when the “new school” of Euro-gentile” scholars began to question the veracity of Ussher’s computations. It was generally agreed among them, that in order for Ussher’s chronology to be useful, the Biblical text itself would have to be amended! In other words, Ussher’s dates are incorrect only because the biblical data, upon which it is based, is incorrect!! Ultimately, are we being told by these “new schoolers” that in order to prove the Bible correct, you have to change the Bible?! I believe that this is exactly the sentiment of “scholars” such as H.H. Rowley, concerning the Scriptures; for their true purpose is not to confirm the accuracy of the Holy Scriptures, but to make it conform to “science” and the “critical theory”* movement, popular among scholars of those days.

We, as Hebrew Israelites, clearly understand that the TANAKH is the bedrock of Truth, and that all paradoxes can be reconciled through a thorough research of scripture (Isaiah 34:16); and now, with recent archaeological and anthropological data made available, it appears that King ’s words in the Book of Psalms have literally come to pass in our day and time:

This Neoteric data, unearthed by these same “critical theorists” who sought to undermine the integrity and probity of the Tanakh, will nullify the conventional but erroneously held views of scriptural chronology. For the remainder of this preamble, we will discuss the most vital pieces of data which directly concerns our present endeavor, that is, to supply a concrete timeline of events with reasonable assurance of accuracy, and to give students of the Tanakh and Hebrew Israelite history points of reference when dealing with particular aspects of scripture.

1. JOSEPH & THE :

One of the alleged “biblical discrepancies” commonly proposed by the “Critical Theorists”, is the issue of Joseph’s rise to prominence in ancient Egypt. It is a well known fact from antiquity, that ancient Egypt was an industrialized metropolis, whose people took great pride in their urban sophistication, the architectural wonders, sculptural splendors, “advances” in medicine, mathematics, philosophy, etc., placed the Egyptians (in a worldly sense) in an exceedingly lofty status and position in relation to their Asiatic neighbors. However, their “urban sophistication” caused the Egyptians to have a diminutive and condescending attitude towards suburban/rural people. [In modern times, this would be synonymous with a “New Yorker’s” attitude towards the slow, backwards “country bumpkin” from Alabama!!]

*NOTE: CRITICAL THEORY: The examination and critique of bodies of literature, primarily the Bible (also called Higher Criticism). The initial premise of Bible Critical Theory, is that the Bible books were not written by the persons traditionally credited. For instance, concerning the Torah, rather than accepting a Moses/Joshua, authorship, Critical Theorists hypothesize that the Torah is a patchwork of documents written by various authors and conveniently categorized under four headings: J (Yahwist), E (Elohist), D (Deuteronomist) and P (Priestly). This is a somewhat outdated hypothesis, and many scholars have reluctantly abandoned it.

When we turn to the biblical text, we find that the Israelite historians of those days were fully aware of this “condescending attitude” and made no qualms of documenting this (Gen. 43:32; 46:34; Ex. 8:26). Interestingly, these scriptures posed a major dilemma for the “critical theory” scholars of the early 20th century. With the accepted chronology of Archbishop Ussher, Critical Theorists have been adamant in their acceptance of Ramses II as the pharaoh of the Israelite oppression. However, they soon learned that to accept Ramses II as the pharaoh, it then was made difficult to explain Joseph’s presence and rise to power in Egypt. Joseph was a Hebrew, who for the most part, are shepherding and agricultural, semi -nomadic folk. All chronologies of the early 20th century agree that Joseph ascended to power about 225 years before the Exodus, which would place his co-regnal years within the reign of THUTMOSE I, from the New Kingdom/18th Dynasty. This dynasty was radically pro-Egyptian, and was opposed to the idea of unsophisticated foreigners participating in the country’s political arena or any sphere of influence, for that matter. Therefore, it becomes understandably impossible for Joseph to assume a position of Vicegerent in the midst of this political/cultural climate. [If this idea sounds implausible, then try to imagine, for instance, a Blackman becoming Vice-President of the U.S., during the Jim Crow era!!]

When we turn to the archaeological & anthropological evidence available, we find more problems and difficulties for the Critical Theorists and Ussher’s chronology, which asserts that Joseph ruled with

Pharaoh Thutmose I, and that the Oppression/Exodus occurred under Ramses II and his son Merneptah. In 1966, a groundbreaking expedition was organized by a certain Professor MANFRED BIETAK of Austria, which included his colleagues JOSEPH DORNER, DIETNER EIGNER, PETER JANOSI, GILBERT WIPLINGER, IRMGARD HEIN, LYLA PINCH-BROCK, along with anthropologists EIKE MEINRAD WINKLER & HARALD WILFING. These scientists set out for the town Tell Ed Daba (Hill of The Hyena), located in the Nile Delta region of Egypt, initially in search of the ancient city of Pi-Ramesse (modern Kantir). However, by extension, this expedition took on the task of verifying the traditional stories of Joseph, Moses and the Exodus, in connection to Ramses II & th Merneptah of the 19 Dynasty. In the early years of this expedition (which lasted about 30 years total), it was a fruitless search! Year after year, these scientists were coming up empty handed; it certainly appeared that the entire “exodus story” was mere fiction--- wishful thinking on the part of over-zealous Israelite scribes! Biblical skeptics were ecstatic; the lack of any archaeological or anthropological evidence made the “oppression/exodus of the Israelites”, and ultimately, the existence of the “God of Israel” suspect and, in all probability, a myth.

However, in the early 1990’s, a major breakthrough had emerged, which would forever nullify the skepticism, and the theories that were born out of it. Professor Beitak and his team of scientists began to realize that they were only digging in the stratum* of the 19th Dynasty, where Ussher’s chronology predicted its location.

*NOTE: A ‘stratum’ is defined as “A LAYER IN WHICH ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL SUCH AS ARTIFACTS, SKELETONS AND DWELLING REMAINS ARE FOUND ON EXCAVATION”. In ancient times, civilizations built itself on top of the remains of the previous civilization; therefore, the further down you dig, the older the civilizations become.

Humiliated by this oversight, they began to dig down below the 19th Dynasty capital (Tell ed Daba), and they reached the old city of AVARIS, where the vast majority of the population was found to be Asiatic! Various archaeological & anthropological evidence was unearthed by these scientists, which irrefutably confirms this Asiatic presence in Egypt. Let us take a look at a few of the most vital findings made available:

ANIMAL GRAVES: In the “Middle Bronze II, Stratum G”, dismembered sheep

skeletons were uncovered. It was found that they were used for some form of offerings or sacrifices(Fig. 1).

An analysis of these remains have indicated that they were the long haired type. Sheep, in general, were rare in Egypt; the long haired variety were unknown to

Egypt, but extremely common in Palestine, Syria and other parts of Padan-Aram (Mesopotamia). The sacrificial nature of the sheep is clearly shown in the scripture (Ex. 20:24; Num. 22:40; Lev. 1:10; 4:32; 5:15; 22:21), whereas anything

having to do with sheep was detested by the native Egyptians (Gen. 46:34). Hence, the Asiatics (Hyksos/Hebrews/Shemites) intro duced the long haired sheep into Egyptian* culture which shows that they were a Shepherd people (Gen. 46:6).

WEAPONS: In various gravesites of Strata H to G/1, weapons such as the duckbill axe (Fig. 2), socketed spears and daggers (Fig. 3), were uncovered. These weapons

showed no indication of Egyptian-styled artistry, but on the contrary, showed pure Syrian/Palestinian designs on them. It appears that these “shepherds” were also warriors! The combination of warrior andshepherd should not be a surprise to us,

for the Tanakh records this (Gen. 14:13-16; 34:1-31).

SKELETAL REMAINS: When we do an investigation into the human remains found

at Tell ed Daba/Avaris, I believe a quote from the founding anthropologists EIK- MEINRAD WINKLER & HARALD WILFING, will suffice in our enlightenment on this subject: “First, an anthropological analysis of the skeletal remains………shows

that more adult women were buried in the settlement than adult men. This could simply indicate that there was a disproportionately high female population at Avaris. In the context of the sojourn tradition, this might be explained by the

cullingof the male children- an act of the ‘pharaoh who did not know Joseph’, in the perceived political threat resulting from a strong Asiatic population in Egypt.” They continue: “In the context of the same story, it was discovered that there was

a higher percentage of infant burials at Tell Ed Daba than is normally found at archaeological sites of the ancient world. Sixty-five percent of all the burials were those of children under the age of eighteen months. Based on modern statistical

evidence obtained from pre-modern societies, we would expect the infant mortality rate to be around twenty to thirty percent. Could this also be explained by the

slaughter of the Israelite infant males by the Egyptians?” [Emphasis author’s] It is clear that the evidence coincides with the biblical record of the male infant

*NOTE: When we speak of “Egyptian”, as it pertains to Pharaohs, this is a very misleading term. In actuality, the vast majority of the “Egyptian dynasties” were not native Egyptians! Remember, “Upper Egypt” was nothing more than the land of Cush/Nubia (modern day Ethiopia & Somalia and parts of Sudan). Many of the Dynasties of Egypt were Nubians, as well as Hebrews, Persians, Assyrians & Babylonians. If we look at many of the cultural items in Egypt, we will find that they were of foreign origin. For instance, we commonly think of the Pyramids as an Egyptian architectural wonder. However, this is simply not the case. Hundreds of years prior to the first pyramid built in Egypt, the Babylonians (Akkadians, Sumerians) were already building them, commonly referred to as ZIGGURATS. For anyone who argues this, consider the fact that the Babylonians (Akkadians, Sumerians) were the first civilization whose mathematics had the concept of the number ZERO!! Now, many people often boast about the “astrological/astronomical” nature of the Egyptian pyramids, and how they are in alignment with the stars. However, in order for this to be accomplished, the Egyptians would have had to have an advanced form of Mathematics, which would include trigonometry and calculus. This level of mathematics would require a superior understanding of decimals, ratio, etc. and this itself requires the usage of the ZERO, something the “Egyptians” had not yet developed at that time! Therefore, whoever built the pyramids in Egypt, would have had to be a people with advanced mathematical skill, and the Egyptians were definitely not those people. In fact, according to the Rhind Papyrus of Egypt, the first recorded usage of the zero is during the 13th Dynasty, and that dynasty was the Hyksos/Hebrew rulership! Since the Hebrews were of Babylonian origin [Shem’s son Arphaxad is the founder of Babylonia & progenitor of Eber, which is the progenitor of Abraham, the Hebrew (Gen. 11:10-27; 14:13)], it is quite feasible to conclude that many of the building projects were done by our Hebrew ancestors (Ex. 1:11).

murders (Exodus 1:16,22)! Further, concerning these Asiatic burials, it is vital to note that the position of the buried corpses are very ‘non-Egyptian’. It is common knowledge that Egyptians were buried laying horizontally, with the arms crossed over the upper torso. However, the corpses that was uncovered at

Tell Ed Daba/Avaris in Strata H to G/1, were buried in a flexed knee position , with their heads facing towards the East (Fig. 4)!! Scripture declares this distinctively Asiatic practice as being the typical form of prostration for prayer and supplication (Dan. 6:10; 1st Kings 8:54; 2nd Chronicles 6:13; 9:5; Ps. 95:6; 5:7; 2nd Chronicles 6:38; 1st Kings 8:44). {AUTHORS NOTE: Perhaps this burial practice symbolized for the deceased, a fervent hope that they would return/resurrect to the land of their nativity, i.e. Israel/Palestine?}

As was noted earlier, these scientists have searched for archaeological evidence for an Hebrew/Israelite presence in Egypt for about 200 years, but the search was in vain. There has been no proof of an Israelite presence in 19th Dynasty Egypt (Ramses II, Merneptah, , etc.), where traditional chronologies, such as Ussher’s, have predicted its “stratagraphical locale”. However, when they dug th down below the 19 dynasty capital and reached the old city of Avaris, the centuries old dilemma had been solved; to quote from Harald Wilfing:

This period of Egyptian history is referred to as the era of “The Hyksos” or so-called “Shepherd Kings”*. The Hyksos people (also called ‘Habiru’) began migrating to Egypt’s Delta region toward the th th end of the 12 Dynasty (circa. 1930 B.C.E.), but it was during the reign of a 13 Dynasty Pharaoh named AMU- SAHARNEDJHERYOTEF, the first documented Shemitic king of Egypt, that saw the mass migration of Hyksos (Hebrews/Habiru) to the Delta region (Goshen); in addition, the title “AMU” in this pharaoh’s name means “Asiatic”! It is throughout this period of “Egyptian history” that we find the Israelite Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and his children traveling to & fro, and eventually settling in the land of Egypt. This would also be the perfect, opportune and convenient period in which to place the “rise of Joseph” tradition. Unlike the ‘pro-Egyptian’ pharaoh Thutmose I, the Hyksos kings/pharaohs were themselves Hebrews/Asiatics, and would thus be more inclined to have kinsmen in their immediate circle. In a country where they are clearly the minority, yet holding governmental power, it would be illogical for the Hyksos rulers to place a native Egyptian in the position of vicegerent. Such a move would prove to be absurd, in light of the fact that the Egyptians were diametrically opposed to the rulership of these “bearded Asiatics”, and thus, would be considered

“Enemies of the State”!

*NOTE: The term “Shepherd Kings” is no longer considered an accurate name for these Hebrew people, although they were, in fact, “shepherds”. Actually, the term “HIKAU KHAUSUT” are the Egyptian words for “FOREIGN RULERS” or “RULERS OF FOREIGN LANDS”. In addition, although we are primarily dealing with the 15th Dynasty Hyksos kings, let it be clear that Shemitic kings had been ruling in Egypt since the 13th Dynasty! This also explains how our father Abraham was able to move to and fro Egypt with relative ease and financially prosper there; he was amongst relatives: fellow sons of Shem!

It is also noteworthy to consider the segment of the “Joseph narrative”, where the ‘Pharaoh’ encourages Joseph to move his entire family (70 people) from Palestine to Goshen/Avaris, which is the most fertile and desirable portion of the land of Egypt (Gen. 45:16-20; 47:5-6). This giving of the land to strangers, while the native Egyptians had to lease the land (Gen. 47:19-27), would have been unthinkable to a native Egyptian pharaoh! However, this same scenario makes perfect sense when an

Hyksos/Hebrew king is inserted into the mix! Remember: The Hyksos were a minority; therefore, by having more of their “own people” around in vital areas of government and royal employment (Gen. 47:5- 6), it would help to strengthen and tighten the political grip of the Hyksos over the land of Egypt! This view is completely congruous in light of the anthropological and archaeological evidence previously discussed.

Over time, due to the native Egyptians growing dissatisfaction with foreign rulership, KAMOSE, the last local Egyptian ruler of the 17th Dynasty at Thebes (Upper Egypt), planted the seeds of revolt against the Hyksos government. This revolt was continued under the Egyptian king , and resulted in the complete expulsion of the Hyksos circa. 1579 B.C.E., which subsequently ushered in the th powerful 18 Dynasty. With the return of native Egyptian rulership and the despised Hyksos government toppled, any and all collaborators with the Hyksos were to be dealt with immediately! This meant that the family of Jacob (Children of Yisrael) and other Hebrews living in Goshen/Avaris would no longer enjoy their previous favored position in Egypt; quite the contrary, they now became “ENEMIES OF THE STATE”, and their ‘favored position’ or status under Joseph and the Hyksos government was no longer acknowledged by this new pharaoh (Ahmose I) of the 18th Dynasty:

Thus, the Grand Vizier status of Joseph is properly and accurately placed in the era of the Hyksos under the reign of KING SHALIYTAH, and is reflected in this chronology.

Fig. 1: Remains of the Long Haired sheep from Palestine/ Fig. 2: The Duckbill Axe Syria

Fig. 3: The Sickle Blade (Top) & Dagger (Bottom) Fig. 4a: An Hebrew Corpse buried in flexed knee position, facing the East

Fig. 4b: An Hebrew Corpse buried in flexed knee position, facing the East

AN AUTHORITATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF HEBREW YISRAELITE HISTORY:

FROM BIBLICAL ORIGINS TO MODERN TIMES

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAE EVENTS & A.M.E.* B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS HISTORICALSECULARSECULAR EVENTSEVENTS NOTES & HISTORICAL NOTES ADAMIC/ANTEDELUVIAN ERA ------The Creation of The Universe

------The The Creation “Creation” of Adam of the & UniverseEve

1 4012 ExpulsionCreation of Adam && EveKhawah from the Garden

13 40124009 BirthThe Fallof Cain, of Adam eldest & son Khawah of Adam

34 40094008 BirthBirth of of Abel, Qayin, second eldest son son of ofAdam Adam

4128 40083884 AbelBirth murdered; of Hebel, Cain’s second banishment son of Adam

128130 38843882 BirthHebel of murdered; Seth, son of Qayin’s Adam punishment

130235 38823777 BirthBirth of of Enos, Sheth, son third of Seth son of Adam

235325 37773687 BirthBirth ofof Cainan,Enosh, son of EnosSheth

325395 36873617 BirthBirth of of Mahalaleel, Cainan, son son of ofEnosh Cainan

395460 36173552 BirthBirth of of Jared, Mahalaleel, son of Mahalaleel son of Cainan

460622 35523390 BirthBirth of of Enoch, Yared, son son of of Jared Mahalaleel

622687 33903325 BirthBirth of of Methuselah, Enoch, son sonof Yared of Enoch

687874 33253138 BirthBirth o off Lamech, Methuselah, son of son Methuselah of Enoch 460-1420 AME: The 874930 31383082 DeathBirth ofof Adam,Lamech, aged son 930 of Methuselahyears Sumerian civilization is established at this time, which is synonymous with the 930987 30823025 TheDeath “Ascension” of Adam, ofaged Enoch, 930 yearsaged 365 years geographical locale of the Garden of Eden, as well as 9871042 30252970 DeathThe Ascension of Seth, aged of Enoc 912 yearsh, aged 365 years the post-garden dwellings of the Children of Adam. The Sumerians (also known as the 10421056 29702956 BirthDeath of of Noah, Sheth, son aged of Lamech 912 years Akkadians) spoke a pictorial language, which is the 10561140 29562872 DeathBirth ofof Enos,Noak h,aged son 905 of Lamechyears prototype of and Hebrew. Their invention and subsequent manufacturing of 11401235 28722777 DeathDeath of of Cainan, Enosh, agedaged 910 905 years years tools, weapons, music, as well as agricultural and 1290 2722 Death of Mahalaleel, aged 895 years theological development, etc., are well documented in Genesis 4:16-26. 1422 2590 Death of Jared, aged 962

NOTE*: The acronym “A.M.E.” stands for “After Man’s Expulsion (from the Garden)”

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS

1556 2456 Birth of Shem, eldest son of Noah 1235 2777 Death of Cainan, aged 910 years 1558 2454 Birth of Ham, second son of Noah 1290 2722 Death of Mahalaleel, aged 895 years 1560 2452 Birth of Japheth, youngest son of Noah 1422 2590 Death of Yared, aged 962 years 1651 2361 Death of Lamech, the father of Noah, aged 777 years 1536 2476 Noakh warned by YAH of Flood & to build the Ark 1656 2356 Death of Methuselah, aged 969 years, the oldest man 1556 2456 Birth of Shem, eldest son of Noakh 1656 2356 Noah, at 600 years old, enters the Ark with his family, as 1558 2454 the Birth Flood of comes Kham, upon second the earthson of Noakh

1560 2452 Birth of Yepheth, youngest son of Noakh

16571651 2355 2361 Noah Death and of his Lamech, family leavethe father the Ark of Noakh, aged 777 years 1658 2354 Birth of Arphaxad, son of Shem 1656 2356 Death of Methuselah, aged 969 years 1663 2349 Noah plants a vineyard; pronounces blessings and curses 1656 2356 upon Noak hish ,progeny at 600 years old, enters the Ark with his family, as the Flood comes upon the earth 16 93 2319 Birth of Salah, son of Arphaxad 1657 2355 Noakh and his family leave the Ark 1723 2289 Birth of Eber, son of Salah, from which the Hebrews came 1658 2354 Birth of Arphaxad, third son of Shem 1757 2255 Birth of Peleg, son of Eber 1663 2349 Noakh plants a vineyard; pronounces blessings & 1770 2242 Tower curses of upon Babel, his confusionprogeny of language and dispersion

17871693 2225 2319 Birth Birth of ofReu, Salah, son ofson Peleg of Arphaxad

18191723 2193 2289 Birth Birth of ofSerug, Eber, son son of of Reu Salah, from which the Hebrews came 1849 2163 Birth of Nahor, son of Serug 1757 2255 Birth of Peleg, son of Eber 1878 2134 Birth of Terah, son of Nahor 1770 2242 Tower of Babel, confusion of language and dispersion 1948 2064 Birth of Haran, son of Terah 1787 2225 Birth of Reu, son of Peleg 2006 2006 Death of Noah, aged 950 years 1819 2193 Birth of Serug, son of Reu 2008 2004 Birth of Abram, son of Terah 1849 2163 Birth of Nahor, son of Serug 2018 1994 Birth of Sarai (Sarah), wife of Abram 1878 2134 Birth of Terah, son of Nahor 2083 1929 Abram’s family departs from of the Chaldees to Haran 1948 2064 in Birth northern of Haran, Padan Aram son of (Mesopotamia) Terah

2006-2083 AME: The 20832006 1929 2006 The Death Second of Noak Callingh, agedof Abram 950 years to leave Haran, and go to Shemites (Habiru, Hebrews) first enter Egypt 2008 2004 Caanan, Birth ofbeing Abram, 75 years son oldof Terah and subsequently establish Asiatic rulership, in which 2018 1994 Birth of Sarai, wife of Abram the early Hebrew Israelites later flourished under (see Appendix).

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES 2083 1929 Abram and Sarai go to Egypt 2083 1929 Abram and Sarai go to Egypt 2084 1928 Abram and Sarai return to Caanan from Egypt 2084 1928 Abram and Sarai return to Canaan from Egypt 2084 1928 Abram and Lot separate 2084 1928 Abram and Lot separate 2091 1921 Chedorlaomer and his allies war against the kings of the 2091 1921 ChedorlaomerCities of the Plains, and andhis alliesLot is wartaken against captive; the later kings to be ofdefeated the Cities by Abram. of the Plains, and Lot is taken captive; later to be defeated by Abram. 2091 1921 Melchizedek receives tithes from Abram and blesses him 2091 1921 Melchizedek receives tithes from Abram and 2091 1921 YAHblesses makes him. a covenant with Abram

20912094 19181921 BirthYAH of makes Ishmael, a covenant son of Abram with Abram.and Hagar

20942107 19051918 YAHBirth renews of Yishmael, covenant son with of Abram Abram, and changes Hagar his name to Abraham, institutes circumcision and promises a son 2107 1905 throughYAH renews Sarah hiscovenant wife with Abram, changes his name to Abraham, changes Sarai’s name to Sarah, 2107 1905 Abrahaminstitutes communes circumcision with and the promises3 Angels; ais son told through of the impendingSarah his wife.destruction of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim 2107 1905 Abraham communes with the 3 Malakim/ 2107 1905 AbrahamMessengers makes (so -intercessioncalled Angels); for possible is told of righteous the people ofimpending the Cities; destruction nevertheless, of the Sodom, cities Gomorrah,are destroyed. Admah and Zeboiim. 2107 1905 Abraham dwells in Gerar, where Abimelech the king takes 2107 1905 SarahAbraham to wife, makes but restoresintercession her to for Abraham possible righteous people of the Cities; nevertheless, the cities are 2108 1904 Thedestroyed. Birth of Isaac, son of Abraham

21072112 19001905 AbrahamAbraham sends dwells away in Gerar,Hagar andwhere Ishmael Abimelek the king takes Sarah to wife, but restores her to 2133 1879 YAHAbraham. commands Abraham to sacrifice Isaac

21082145 18671904 SarahThe birth dies atof , Yitzkaq age (Isaac), 127 son of Abraham.

21122148 18641900 TheAbraham marriage sends of Isaac away and Hagar Rebecca and Yishmael.

21332168 18441879 TheYAH birth commands of Jacob Abrahamand Esau, Isaacto sacrifice being 60 Yitzkaq. years old

21452186 18261867 DeathSarah of dies Abraham, at Hebron, age 175age years127.

21482244 17681864 IsaacThe marriageblesses Jacob, of Yitzkaq who departs & Ribqah to Padan (Rebecca). Aram

21682251 17611844 JacobThe birth marries of YaaqobLeah, daughter and Esau, of Laban Yitzkaq being 60 years old. 2259 1754 Jacob marries Rachel, daughter of Laban

21862276 17361826 JosephDeath isof soldAbraham, as a slave age into 175 Egypt years.

22442285 17271768 JosephYitzkaq cast blesses into prison Yaaqob, who departs to Padan Aram.

2251 1761 Yaaqob marries Leah, daughter of Laban.

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES 2288 1724 The death of Isaac, age 180 years THE HYKSOS DYNASTY 2259 1754 Yaaqob marries Rakhel, daughter of Laban. (2286-2433 A.M.E.) 2289 1723 Joseph interprets the dreams of Pharaoh (the Hyksos Although there were 2276 1736 Yosef ruler is soldSHESHI as a slave), and intois crowned Mitzrayim as ruler, (Egypt). second in charge under Pharaoh dozens of other Shemetic Pharaohs who ruled 2285 1727 Yosef cast into prison. Egypt (see Appendix), the 2296 1716 Seven-year famine begins Hyksos Dynasty is of 2288 1724 The death of Yitzkaq, age 180 years. great importance to 2297 1715 Jacob sends his sons to Egypt to buy corn Biblical studies, for they 2289 1723 Yosef interprets the dreams of Pharaoh and is are the first major wave of Hebrews to enter the 2298 1714 crowned Jacob aand ruler, family second move in to charge Goshen under (Avaris) Pharaoh. in Egypt land. Here is the list of Hyksos Kings and their 22962298 1716 1714 Seven Jacob year dies Famine in Egypt begins. reignal years (ALL DATES ARE BASED ON 22972314 1715 1698 Yaaqob The deathsends of his Joseph sons to Mitzrayim to buy corn. A.M.E. YEARS):

22982433 1714 1579 Yaaqob The Hyksos& family Dynasty move tocomes Goshen to a (Avaris)close with in the defeat SHALIYTAH of King APEPI KHAMUDI, by the Theban Pharaoh (Powerful/Ruler) Mitzrayim. (2279-2318) Ahmose 2298 1714 Yaaqob dies in Mitzrayim. SAKIR HAR (Mountain 2434 1578 The destruction of the male Hebrew children ordered by Surveyor/Watchtower) Pharaoh Ahmose (2318-2326) 2314 1698 The death of Yosef. KHAYON (Life-like) 24332434 1579 1578 The Birth Hyksos of Moses (Hebrew) and adoptionDynasty bycomes Phar toaoh’s a close daughter, (2326-2366)) with probably the defeat MeretAmun of King KHAMUDI, by the YAAQOBER (Supplanter) Theban pharaoh KAMOSE. (2366-2376) 2474 1538 Moses kills an Egyptian and flees to Midian 2434 1578 The destruction of the male Hebrew Israelite SHESHI (The Sixth) 2513 1499 children YAH orderedappears toby Moses pharaoh in the AHMOSE Burning BushI (the (2376-2380)

king “who knew not Yosef”). APEPIYAH (Encircled by 2514 1498 Pharaoh Thuthmosis III refuses to release the Hebrew YAH) 2434 1578 The Israelites, birth of MOSHE increase their(Moses) burdens, and adoptionthen receives by the Ten (2380-2423) Pharaoh Plagues Ahmose’s from YAH daughter MERETAMUN. KHAMUDI (Nobility)

(2423-2433) 2474 1538 Moshe kills an Egyptian & flees to Midian During this period (2514-2535 AME), the 25132514 1499 1498 YAH The appears first Passover to Moshe instituted; in the “Burning the Exodus Bush”. of the Hebrew first four books of Torah are compiled Israelites from Rameses to the Reed Sea (and most likely, the 2514 1498 Pharaoh Thuthmosis III refuses to release the Book of Job). Of course, 2514 1498 Hebrew The Hebrew Israelites, Israelites increase arrive their at burdens,Sinai; receive then the Law we know and receives the Ten Plagues from YAH. understand that Moses most certainly did not 2514 1498 Priesthood consecration of and his sons physically write these 2514 1498 The first Passover instituted; the Exodus of the books, but rather 2514 1498 Hebrew The Golden Israelites Calf, from breaking Rameses of the to Lawthe Reed Tablets, Sea. and death of 3,000 idolaters 2514 1498 The Hebrew Israelites arrive at Sinai; receive the 2514 1498 Law. Moses receives the second set of Law Tablets from YAH

25142514 1498 1498 Priesthood The completion consecration of the offirst Aaron and his sons.

25142534 1498 147 8 The The Golden rebellion Calf, of breaking Korah and of histhe followers,Law Tablets and andtheir the deathdestruction of 3,000 for murmuringidolaters. against the authority of Moses

2514 1498 Moshe receives the second set of Law Tablets from YAH.

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVETNS & HISTORICAL NOTES 2553 1459 The Hebrew Israelites arrive at Kadesh 2514 1498 The completion of the first Tabernacle. 2514-2535 A.M.E.: During this period, the first four 25342535 1478 1459 The YAH rebellion instructs of Korah Moses and to bring his followers, water from and a rock their books of the Torah (and the Book of Iyob) were compiled. destruction for murmuring against the authority of Of course, we know and 2553 1459 Moshe. The death of Aaron, age 123, at Mount Hor understand that Moshe most certainly did not physically 25532553 1459 1459 The The Hebrew Brazen Israelites Serpent arrive at Kadesh. write these books, but rather a personal scribe of Moshe’s, probably Yehoshua Ben Nun. 25532553 1459 1459 YAH The instructs Hebrew Moshe Israelites to bringenter Moab water and from defeat a rock. Og and Sihon 2553 1459 The death of Aaron, age 123, at Mount Hor. 2553 1459 The blessing of Balaam 2553 1459 The Brazen Serpent. 2553 1459 The Hebrew Israelites arrive at the plains of Moab 2553 1459 The Hebrew Israelites enter Moab and defeat Og 2553 1459 and Moses Sihon. recounts the Laws, blesses the 12 Tribes, ascends Mount Nebo and dies, age 120 years 2553 1459 The blessing of Balaam. 2553 1459 Joshua anointed as the successor of Moses, sends spies 2553 1459 The to Hebrew , Israelites and leads arrive the people at the over plains the Riverof Moab. Jordan

25532553 1459 1459 Moshe Jericho recounts captured the Laws, blesses the 12 Tribes, ascends Mount Nebo and dies, age 120 years. 2554 1458 The Conquest of Canaan 2553 1459 Yehoshua Ben Nun anointed as the successor of 2554 1458 Moshe, The sendsBattle spiesof Ai to Yericho, and leads the People over the Yardan River. 2559 1453 Division of the land by tribal inheritance 2553 1459 Yericho captured. 2560 1452 Tabernacle established at Shiloh 2554 1458 The Conquest of Canaan. 2561 1451 Joshua gathers all of Israel, renews the covenant with 2554 1458 The YAH, Battle exhorts of Ai. them to righteousness and dies, age 110

25592585 1453 1427 Division The Hebrew of land Israelitesby tribal begin inheritance. to backslide

25602599 1452 1413 tabernacle War between established the Benjamites at Shiloh. and the 11 tribes

25612599 1451 1413 Yehoshua Hebrew gathers Israelites all are of Yisrael,oppressed renews by king the of Mesopotamia Covenant for 8 years with YAH, exhorts them to righteousness,and dies, at age 110. 2607 1405 Othniel delivers Hebrew Israelites from the king of 2585 1427 The Mesopotamia, Hebrew Yisraelites then judges begin our to Nationbackslide, for 40 years

25992647 1413 1365 War Hebrew between Israelites the Benjamites delivered and into thethe 11hands Tribes. of Eglon, king of Moab, and serves him for 18 years 2599 1413 Hebrew Yisraelites are oppressed by the King of 2665 1347 Padan Ehud Aram slays (Mesopotamia) Eglon, king of Moab,for 8 years. and delivers the Hebrew Israelites 2607 1405 OTHNIEL delivers Hebrew Yisraelites from the 2699 1313 King Hebrew of Padan Israelites Aram, relapse then judges into idolatry, our Nation and are for oppressed 40 years. by Jabin as punishment

26472708 1365 1304 Hebrew Deborah Yisraelites and Barak delivered rise up andinto deliver the hands the Hebrewof Eglon,king of Moab, and serves him for 18 years.

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & Israelites HISTORICAL NOTES

2665 1347 EHUD slays Eglon, and delivers the Hebrew

Yisraelites.

2699 1313 Hebrew Yisraelites relapse into idolatry, and are

oppressed by Yabin as punishment.

2708 2759 1304 1253 DEBORAH Gideon delivers & BARAK the Hebrew rise up Israelitesand deliver the Hebrew Yisraelites. 2772 1240 Tola governs Israel for 23 years 2759 1253 GIDEON delivers the Hebrew Yisraelites. 2795 1217 Jair succeeds Tola, and rules for 22 years 2772 1240 TOLA governs Yisrael for 23 years. 2859 1153 Jephtah’s achievements and rash vow 2795 1217 YAIR succeeds Tola, and rules for 22 years. 2868 1144 Samson’s exploits; pulls down Philistine temple 2817 1195 YEPHTAK’s achievements and rash vow; judges 2864 1148 Yisrael Ark forof the6 years. Covenant taken by Philistines; death of

2824 2859 1188 1153 IBZAN YAH judges reveals Yisrael himself for to 7Samuel years. at Shiloh According to the Book of Judges, Yisrael engaged in idolatry again, and were 2831 2909 1181 1103 EYLON Samuel judges anoints Yisrael asfor King 10 years. of Israel given into the hands of the Philistines for 40 years 2841 2911 1171 1101 ABDON Saul isjudges rejected Yisrael by YAH for 8for years. his rash sacrifice (Judges 13:1) However, when we analyze the text, we see that Samson’s rulership falls 2849 2941 1163 1071 SHIMSHO Samuel Nanoints judges David Yisrael in Bethl for 20ehem years . within this 40 years of wickedness. This indicates to 2869 2941 1143 1071 Ark Davidof the slaysCovenant Goliath taken by the Philistines; us that although Samson was death of Eli. a “judge”, he did not affect change in the minds of 2944 1068 David marries Abigail, the former wife of Nabal Yisrael. Samson’s own moral 2881 1131 YAH reveals Himself to SH’MUEL at Shiloh. deficiency supports this view. 2948 1064 Saul is killed on Mount Gilboa 2909 1103 Sh’muel anoints SHAUL a King of Yisrael. 2948 1064 David is anointed as King in Hebron 2911 1101 Shaul is rejected by YAH for his disobedience. 2956 1056 David establishes dominion over all Israel 2941 1071 Sh’muel anoints DAWID in Bethlehem. 2959 1053 David brings the Ark of the Covenant to Zion 2941 1071 Dawid slays Goliyath. 2960 1052 He intends to build a temple unto YAH, but is told by 2944 1068 Dawid Nathan marries the Prophet Abigayil, to theleave former it to his wife successor of Nabal. 2964 1048 David subdues the Philistines and other enemies of Israel

2948 1064 Shaul is killed on Mount Gilboa. 2969 1043 David’s adultery with Bathsheba, and murder of Uriah 2948 1064 Dawid is anointed King in Hebron. 2944-2988 A.M.E.: The 2969 1043 David is rebuked and reproved by Nathan the Prophet for Psalms of King Dawid are his sin composed and recorded 2956 1056 Dawid establishes dominion over all of Yisrael. around this time.

2959 2970 1053 1042 Dawid The brings birth of the Solom Ark onof the Covenant to Tziyon.

2960 2983 1052 1029 He intendsThe rebellion to build of Temple;Absolom, told son byof DavidNathan the Prophet to leave it to his successor. 2987 1025 David takes a census of the Israelites, and is punished 2969 1043 Dawid’s adultery with Bathsheba, murder of Uriyah.

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES

2969 1043 Dawid is rebuked by Nathan. 2988 1024 The birth of , son of Solomon 2970 1042 The birth of SH’LOMO (Yedidiyah).

2987 1025 Dawid takes census of the People, and is punished.

2988 1024 The birth of REKHABOAM, son of Sh’lomo.

2989 1023 Death of Dawid. 2989 1023 The Death of David Between the period of 2990

and 3028 A.M.E., the books 2990 1022 Sh’lomo sits upon the throne as King of Yisrael. Between the period of 2990 2990 1022 Solomon sits on the throne as King of Israel of Proverbs, Song of Songs and 3028 A.M.E., the books and Ecclesiastes were 2992 1020 The foundation of the Temple is laid. of Proverbs, Song of Songs 2992 1020 The foundation of the Temple is layed written.and Towards Ecclesiastes the end were of

this period,written. Towards Solomon the end meets of 2994 1018 Temple is dedicated. this period, Solomon meets 2994 1018 The Temple is dedicated the Queen of Sheba, and the Queen of Sheba, and sometime afterwards, falls 3030 982 King Sh’lomo dies; succeeded by his son sometime afterwards, falls 3030 982 King Solomon dies, and is succeeded by his son into intoidolatry. idolatry. Rekhaboam. Rehoboam

THE DIVIDED MONARCHIES

OF YEHUDAH AND YISRAEL

YEHUDAH YISRAEL

AME BCE BIBLICAL EVENTS AME BCE BIBLICAL EVENTS

3030 982 Rekhaboam begins reign as King of 3030 982 YEROBOAM begins reign of Northern Judah for 17 years. Tribes after rebelling against Yehudah

3031 981 Priests and righteous Hebrew Israelites 3052 960 is succeeded by NADAB join the southern kingdom of Yehudah 3050 958 Nadab is killed by BAASHA, who usurps 3034 978 Shishak, king of Egypt, invades the the kingdom, and reigns 24 years Kingdom of Yehudah 3074 934 ELAH, son of Baasha becomes king, and reigns for 2 years, after which he is killed 3046 966 Rekhaboam dies, and is succeeded by by his servant ABIYAH who reigns for 3 years

3076 932 ZIMRI takes throne; rules for 7days; after 3049 963 ASA succeeds Abiyah, and reigns 40 learning of a revolt against him by , he years commits suicide.

3063 949 Asa conquers Zerah the Cushite , who 3076 932 OMRI succeeds Zimri as king, and makes invades Judah Samaria his capital and reigns for 12 years

3090 922 succeeds his father 3088 920 Omri dies and is succeeded by his Asa as king of Judah and reigns for 25 son and reigns for 22 years years

3094 918 The Prophet ELIYAH predicts a famine, and 3092 920 Jehoshaphat makes Reforms in his is fed by ravens kingdom concerning True Worship

3098 914 Eliyah’s Challenge and mockery to the false 3115 897 JEHORAM, son of Jehoshaphat, reigns prophets of Baal for 8 years and introduces idolatry into

Judah 3105 907 Ahab, king of Israel, seizes the vineyard of

Naboth 3123 889 Jehoram dies of an incurable disease and

is succeeded by AHAZIAH, who reigns 3114 898 He is killed at Ramoth Gilead, and 1 year succeeded by AHAZIAH, who reigns for 2

years 3124 888 Ahaziah dies; , his mother,

murders the royal family, and becomes 3116 896 JEHORAM/JORAM becomes king upon “Queen of Judah” death of his brother Ahaziah , and reigns for

12 years 3126 886 the Priest anoints as

king and kills Athaliah

3148 864 Joash commands that the Temple be repaired

AME BCE BIBLICAL EVENTS AME BCE BIBLICAL EVENTS

3164 848 Zechariah the Priest, the son of Jehoiada, 3128 884 slays Jehoram/Joram, and reigns is stoned in the Temple by order of Joash over the kingdom of Israel 28 years

3167 845 Joash, king of Judah, is murdered and 3142 870 The Ninevites repent after the reluctant is succeeded by AMAZIAH, who reigns preaching of the Prophet JONAH 29 years 3156 856 Jehu dies and is succeeded by JEHOAHAZ, 3178 834 Amaziah wages war against Jehoahash, his son, who reigns for 17 years king of Israel and is taken prisoner 3173 839 Jehoahaz dies and is succeeded by his son, 3196 816 Amaziah, king of Judah is killed JEHOASH/JOASH, who reigns for 16 years

14 YEAR INTERREGNUM nd 3189 823 Jehoash/Joash dies, and is succeeded by his (2 Kings 14:1-2,23; 15:1-2) son JEROBOAM II, who reigns for 41 years

3220 772 Jeroboam II dies 3210 802 / , the son of Amaziah becomes king, reigns 52 years 12 YEAR INTERREGNUM nd 3262 750 JOTHAM succeeds his father Azariah/ (2 Kings 14:23; 15:1,8) Uzziah, reigns 16 years 3232 760 ZECHARIAH, son of Jeroboam, takes the 3279 733 succeeds his father Jotham, in the throne, and reigns 6 months 17th year of , king of Israel, and reigns 16 years 3232 760 Zechariah is assassinated by the son of Jabesh, who reigns 1 month 3296 716 succeeds his father Ahaz as king of Judah, and reigns for 29 years, 3232 760 Shallum is assassinated by , the implementing great spiritual reforms son of Gadi, who reigns for 10 years

3303 709 Shalmaneser, king of Assyria dies and is 3242 750 Menahem dies and is succeeded by his son succeeded by , who , who reigns for 2 years invades Judah 3244 748 Pekahiah is assassinated by PEKAH , who 3309 703 Hezekiah’s sickness and divine recovery reigns for 20 years

3312 700 , son of Sennacherib, 3268 732 TIGLATH PILESER III, king of Assyria, succeeds to the throne invades Israel and takes captives

3325 687 Hezekiah dies, and is succeeded by his 3264 728 Pekah is murdered son , who reigns 55 years 3265 727 Tiglath Pileser III dies, and is succeeded by 3341 671 Manasseh is taken prisoner to Babylon by his son SHALMANESER Esarhaddon 4 YEAR INTERREGNUM 3344 668 Manasseh, after repenting, is restored to (2nd Kings 15:27; 16:1-2; 17:1) his kingdom

3380 632 Manasseh dies, and is succeeded by his 3288 724 , 4 years after murdering Pekah, son AMMON, who reigns 2 years takes the throne, and reigns 9 years (2 years as king, 7 years as vassal to Assyria) 3382 630 Ammon is assassinated, and his son reigns 31 years 3290 722 Shalmaneser , king of Assyria, invades Israel, captures Hoshea and deports the 10 3394 618 Josiah makes spiritual reforms and Northern Tribes; thus, bringing an end to restores True Worship and Culture the Kingdom of Israel

3413 599 Josiah is killed in battle; JEHOAHAZ his son reigns 3 months, and afterward is PROPHETS OF JUDAH PROPHETS OF ISRAEL replaced by his brother , who reigned 11 years Isaiah (Uzziah - Hezekiah) Ahiyah (Jeroboam-Nadab) Micah (Jotham-Hezekiah) Jehu (Baasha-Omri) 3424 588 JEHOIAKIN, son of Jehoiakim, is made Zephaniah (Josiah-Exile) Eliyah (Ahab) king & reigns for 3 months and is carried Jeremiah (Josiah-Exile) Micaiah (Ahab) captive to Babylon. Solomon’s Temple is Habakkuk (Jehoiakim) Elisha (Ahaziah-Joash) destroyed and is laid waste Joel (-Exile) Jonah (Ninevites) Ezekiel (Exile) Amos {Jeroboam II to} 3424 588 ZEDEKIAH, the brother of Jehoiakin, is Daniel (Exile) Hosea { Hosheah } made king by NEBUCHADNEZZAR, Obadiah (Exile) Nahum (Ninevites) and reigns for 11 years; thus bringing to (Exile) an end the Zechariah (Exile) Malachi (Exile)

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES 3290-3426SECULAR A.M.E EVENTS.: After the kingdom of Israel was taken into exile by Shalmaneser, king of 3424 588 The 70 year Captivity begins with a great portion Assyria, they were scattered of Hebrew Israelites being sent into Babylon by beyond the Euphrates; however, they did not “disappear” as is Nebuchadnezzar. Among these captives were commonly taught. They DANIEL, HANANIAH, MISHAEL & AZARIAH eventually crossed over a large body of water, traveled for a 3425 587 GEDALIAH, son of Ahikam, is made governor year and a half, and came to a land called ARSARETH, “where of the “province” of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar nd mankind had never dwelt” (2 Esdras 13:39-46). According to 3432 580 Nebuchadnezzar builds the Golden Image and historical and anthropological decrees that it be universally worshipped, after research, the land of ARSARETH is the Americas!! which Daniel & his companions refuse The Northern Kingdom tribes eventually established the Inca, 3450 562 Nebuchadnezzar dies and is succeeded by his son Mayan & Aztec civilizations. EVIL MERODACH

3450 562 Evil-Merodach releases JEHOIAKIN from prison 3452-AME:After settling in Egypt and Ethiopia (Zephanyah 3:10) and establishing towns 3494 518 CYRUS II becomes king of Persia, and makes a and villages, many Israelites proclamation that the Children of Israel return to began to migrate further south their land and rebuild; thus the 70 Year Captivity and eventually settling in the country of Madagascar and comes to an end established a heavy Israelite cultural environment. To this 3494 518 The captive Hebrew Israelites return to the land day, many Hebrewisms can be of their Fathers; EZRA is made Governor and found amongst the population, NEHEMIAH is made “co-Governor”; the even though may of these people have long been converted to rebuilding of Jerusalem and the Temple begins Christianity and Islam.

3496 516 The rebuilding is completed; Ezra, Nehemiah, 3510 AME: The books of Ezra and enforce and 1st & 2nd Chronicles are spiritual and cultural reformations written around this time; the first compilation of the Scriptures begin to take shape. 3558 454 HADASSAH (Esther) and her cousin MORDECAI become established in Persia ARTAXERXES I (Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther) becomes 3691 321 Hebrew Israelite community and temple is king of Persia, after the death of established at Alexandria, Egypt his father Xerxes I and reigns 40 years (3558-3598 AME). The 3692 320 ONIAS (Oniyah) succeeds (Yadua’) as books of Esther and Nehemiah are compiled around this time. Hebrew Israelite High Priest at Jerusalem

3712 300 Onias dies, and is succeeded by Simeon I 3689 AME: Alexander the Greek dies; Greco-Macedonian empire is divided unto his four 3720 292 Simeon I dies, and is succeeded by his brother highest generals: Lysimachus, in the High Priesthood Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus. 3735 277 The Hebrew Scriptures, by the “authority” of Ptolemy Philadephus, are translated into Koine 3728 AME: PTOLEMY Greek by 72 Hebrew Israelite scholars and scribes, LAGUS gives his rulership and has since been called the “SEPTUAGINT”. At of the Egyptian empire to this time, the LETTER OF ARISTEAS takes it’s his son PTOLEMY form. PHILADELPHUS, who being a bibliophile, sets out to collect a copy of every known book in the world.

A.M.E. B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES 3762 250 ONIYAH II becomes High Priest in Jerusalem 3837 AME: This wicked “high priest” committed many abominable acts against his 3795 217 SIMEON II succeeds his father Oniyah II as High nation, such as forcing Israelites Priest to abandon their native culture and the Truth of YAH, dressing 3817 195 Simeon II dies and is succeeded by his son up as Greeks, sacrificing swine flesh to the Greek god Adonis, ONIYAH III and building a gymnasium for the Israelite youth to partake 3837 175 JASON, a Hellenized Israelite, by usage of a bribe, in. Knowing that the word usurps the High Priesthood from his brother “gymnasium” means to “EXCERSISE NAKED”, and Oniyah III the Greek culture was known to embrace homosexuality, this 3840 172 Jason is supplanted by , who becomes gives us further understanding High Priest of the wickedness of Jason.

3844 168 Antiochus, king of Syria, sends one of his generals 3822-3828 AME: The books of Apollonius to completely destroy Jerusalem Ben Sira, Tobit, Yehudith (Judith) & Shoshanah (Susanna) takes its final form 3844 168 The Hebrew Israelites, on account of their True at this time. Way of Life, are persecuted and the Temple is desecrated 3856 AME: The book Wisdom (of Solomon) takes final form at 3844 168 Matithyahu Ben Yakhanan and his sons take up this time. arms against Apollonius Antiochus, all Gentiles

and the Hellenized Israelites, and lays the 3844 AME: The Hebrew foundation for the “MACCABEAN REVOLT” Israelite factions of the (Parooshim)& (Tzadokim) comes to 3846 166 Yehudah Ha Makhabyah (Judas Maccabee), prominence at this time. The obtains multiple victories over Antiochus conflicts between the two far Epiphanes and his Euro-Gentile forces precede their casual and jaded mention in the “New Testament”. In spite of what 3847 165 Yehudah recovers Jerusalem, sanctifies the the “New Testament” may say Temple and ushers in the “KHASHMONI concerning these factions, we (Hasmonean) DYNASTY” must realize that the conflicts of the Pharisees & Sadducees

3851 161 Demetrius Soter sends his general Nicanor against (from their origins and to later history) was a revival of the the Hebrew Israelites, who with his army, is ancient, unresolved conflicts defeated by Yehudah Makhabyah between the Prophets and the Priesthood. 3851 161 Yehudah is killed in battle by Bacchides, and is succeeded by Yahanatan, his brother

3859 153 Yahanatan is promoted to the High Priesthood of Jerusalem

3868 144 Yahanatan, after superior successes in war against Demetrius Soter and the Euro-Gentiles, is murdered

3868 144 Simeon, the brother of Yahanatan, becomes his successor as the leader of the Hebrew Israelites

3878 134 Simeon and two of his sons are murdered, and is succeeded by his son

A.M.E B.C.E. BIBLICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & . HISTORICAL NOTES 3888 AME: The book of 1st is composed at this time. 3878 134 Hyrcanus, as well as being the General/Leader of the Hebrew Israelites, becomes High Priest 3902 AME: HILLEL THE ELDER’ the great Pharasaic 3908 104 Aristobulus and Antigonus, the sons of John scholar was born at this time, Hyrcanus, conquers and devastates Samaria and subsequently established the “School of Hillel”. On most 3908 104 Aristobulus causes his brother Antigonus to be issues pertaining to the HEBREW SCRIPTURES, his killed, and takes possession of the government school was more progressive & practical in their orientation. 3909 103 Aristobulus dies, and his brother Alexander 3961 AME: SHAMMAI, the Janneus succeeds him great Pharasaic scholar and opponent of Hillel, was born at 3935 76 Alexander Janneus dies, and is succeeded by his wife this time, and subsequently , who becomes Queen founded the “School of Shammai” In matters pertaining to HEBREW 3944 67 Queen Salome makes her son John Hyrcanus II the SCRIPTURES and the High Priest interpretation of it, his school was more orthodox and conservative in its orientation. 3945 66 John Hyrcanus II is dispossessed of his office by Aristobulus II 3966 AME: Hebrew Israelites begin to migrate to, and 3948 63 John Hyrcanus II is returned to power but only as establish strongholds in Libya. an Ethnarch (secondary ruler of the people)

3971 40 The Parthians gain control of Jerusalem, and place 3974 AME: Herod the Edomite is made “king of ” by the Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, on the throne Roman Senate. Although claiming to be an Israelite (by 3974 37 Aristobulus III takes the office of High Priest, but is faith at least), his pedigree was later murdered (drowned), by order of Herod, his never taken seriously by true Hebrew Israelites. brother in law. The Khashmoni Dynasty comes to an end. 3998 AME: PHILO JUDAEUS, the Hellenistic Hebrew Israelite 3974 37 Herod the Edomite is made “king of Judea” by philosopher, was born at this Rome. time.

3991 20 Herod creates “” and begins to rebuild the Temple of Yerushalem.

4007 4 The “birth” of Yehoshua/Yeshua/Yahawahshi (who is commonly referred to as J.C.)

A.M.E A.C.E. BIBLICAL/HISTORICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & . HISTORICAL NOTES

4044 37 YOSEPH BEN MATITHIYAHU (Flavius ) is born at this time.

4047 40 GAMALIEL I, grandson of Hillel the Elder, becomes leader of the Sanhedrin. He is referred to in the N.T.as the alleged teacher of “PAUL”.

4073 66 The Hebrew Israelite revolt against Rome begins.

4074 67 Yoseph Ben Matithiyahu (Flavius Josephus), for reasons that are debatable, becomes a turncoat, abandons his Zealot comrades, and becomes an informant to the Roman government.

4075 68 Qumran, the Hebrew Israelite Essene community, is Destroyed by Roman army.

4077 70 The holy city of Yerushalem falls to the Romans.

4081 74 The Hebrew Israelite Revolt comes to a climactic th end at Mount Masada (15 of Abib/Nissan).

4081 74 Over 1,000,000 Hebrew Israelites flee from Judea into the land of Kham (Africa)

4082 75 Yoseph Ben Matithiyahu (Flavius Josephus) 4097 A.M.E.: At this time, the completes his literary work, “THE YEHUDITE (Jewish) WARS”. “Council of Yamnia”was allegedly formed. This “council”, contrary to popular opinion, was not formed to 4101 94 Yoseph Ben Matithiyahu (Flavius Josephus) discuss the “fixing” of the Hebrew completes his second work, “HISTORY OF THE Israelite Canon of Scripture, but ISRAELITES” (Antiquities of the ). only the canonicity of the books of Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) and Shear Sheariym (Song of Songs). There is 4104 97 Yoseph Ben Matithiyahu (Flavius Josephus) no recorded evidence that the completes his third work, “AGAINST APION”. Hebrew Israelite elders came to a decision concerning the status of these two books, much less the 4106 99 Yoseph Ben Matithiyahu (Flavius Josephus) canon of the Hebrew Scriptures. completes his fourth and final work, “THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS”.

4107 100 Yoseph Ben Matithiyahu (Flavius Josephus) dies at age 63.

4122 115 Hebrew Israelites of southwest Asia and North Africa rebel against emperor Trajan of the .

4139 132 The second Hebrew Israelite revolt against Rome begins, led by SIMEON BAR KHOKBAR, and supported by the Israelite scholar RAVI AKHIBA.

4143 136 After the Roman Legion defeats the armies of SIMEON BAR KHOKBAR, Yerushalem is renamed AELIA CAPITOLINA (meaning “Gentilic Temple”),by emperor Hadrian. Hebrew Israelites are forbidden to enter the city, nor come within eyesight of it.

A.M.E A.C.E. BIBLICAL/HISTORICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & . HISTORICAL NOTES 4145 138 Antoninus Pius, the successor of Hadrian, repeals 4184-4238 A.C.E.: Origen, most of the harsh and barbaric policies previously the so-called Christian established against the Hebrew Ibsraelites. scholar, begins his work at this time. 4177 193 The Roman emperor Lucious Septimus Severus treats the Hebrew Israelites relatively well (for political reasons) , allowing them to participate in 4204-4254 A.C.E.: The public offices and have exemptions from anything Amoraiym (Mishna contrary to the Tanakh. However, our ancestors scholars) flourish & come were not allowed to “convert” anyone. to prominence during this time. Their writings are not

4184 200 The “original” MISHNA (Hebrew Israelite universally accepted by wisdom teachings) is compiled by this time, and is Israelites, since it is not edited under the authority of YEHUDAH the clear whether these writers Prince. were actually Israelites, or if they’re Babylonian Edomites. Much of these 4187 203 Due to his failing health, Yehudah the Prince relocates the center of Hebrew Israelite education writings are controversial from Beth Sheariym to Tzipporiy, 4 miles north of and not always in line with Nazareth. Tanakh.

4196 212 The Roman emperor Caracalla allows freed Israelites within the empire to become full Roman THE ZA HEBREW DYNASTY OF citizens. GHANA

4204 220 Hebrew Israelite Academy established at Sura. LIST OF KINGS

(NOTE: The regnal years are not 4284 300 An Israelite named Za-el Yemeni migrates from clear due to the Islamic invasion of central Algeria (an influential Hebrew district) to the 13th century. The reigns have western Sudan, and established the first Sudanic a margin of error of 5-8 years.) Hebrew dynasty. From this point, mass migration

of Israelites into central and western Africa would Za El Yemeni 4284-4299 continue for the next 1200 years. Zakoy 4299-4309 Takai 4309-4324 4413 490 Mass migrations of Israelites into the southern Mata Khay 4324-4348 Ku 4348-4381 Saharah desert because of persecution by the Elifay 4381-4410 Byzantine emperors. Biyu Kumoy 4410-4452 Biyu 4452-4466 4539 616 The Visigoth (German) king SISEBUT, after Za Kuroy 4466-4509 Yama Karaway 4509-4545 conquering the Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal), Yama 4545-4587 90,000 Hebrew Israelites to be baptized and Yama Kiba’u 4587-4605 “converted” to Catholicism/Christianity, under the Kukuray 4605-4654 penalty of expulsion and property loss. Kinkin 4654-4689 Kusoy Dam 4689-4726 Hankuz Dam 4726-4775 4607 684 An Israelite named Dihyah Cohenah , who ruled Biyu Ki Kiyma 4775-4789 over Nigeria, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco & Nintasanay 4789-4813 Mauratania, goes to war against invading Arab Biyu Kayna Kinba 4813-4821 Kayna Shanyunbu 4821-4858 tribes and defeats them. Tiyb 4858-4901 Yama Dahd 4901-4935 4776 853 Around this time, Hebrew Israelites establish a Fadazu 4935-4957 university of Tanak in Sijilmasa, a city in eastern ‘Ali Kuru 4957-4994 Bir Fuluku 4994-5005 Morroco. Yasiboi 5005-5016 Duru 5016-5029 4815 892 Saadia Gaon, scholar of Hebrew & Arabic Zenka Baru 5029-5042 literature as well as Greek & Arab philosophy, was Bisi Baru 5042-5057 Bada 5057-5071 born at this time. Bisi Baro Bayr 5071-5093

A.M.E. A.C.E. BIBLICAL/HISTORICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES

4848 925 Khasdai ibn Shaprut (925-975), famous Hebrew Israelite physician in the Arab/Moorish kingdoms, was born.

4916 993 Samuel ibn Naghdela (993-1056), an advisor to a Moorish king as well as army general of the Moorish forces in Grenada, was born at this time.

4944 1021 Shelomo Ben Yehudah ibn Gevirol (1021-1058), Hebrew Israelite poet & philosopher, is born in Malaga, Spain.

4980 1057 Moses Ben Yaaqob ibn Ezra (1057-1139), the great Hebrew Israelite poet, linguist & philosopher, was born in Grenada, Spain.

4998 1075 Yehudah Ha Lewi (1075-1141), Hebrew Israelite poet, physician & philosopher, was born in Toledo, Spain.

5058 1135 Moshe Ben Maimon (Moses Maimonides), a direct descendant of Rabbi Yehudah the Prince and great mathematician, philosopher & scientist, was born at this time.

5068 1145 The Hebrew Israelite university, along with the entire city of Sijilmasa, are plundered & destroyed by invading Islamic Arabs called Almohades.

5407 1484 King John of Portugal, by royal edict, begins mass deportations of Hebrew Israelites to the island of San Thome.

5415 1492 A royal decree, signed by King Ferdinand on st March 31 , begins the process of expelling Hebrew Israelites from Spain.

5422 1499 The first royal decree by the King of Portugal is established, forbidding Hebrew Israelites from leaving the country without special permits.

5454 1531 The second royal decree in Portugal to prevent Hebrew Israelites from leaving the country without a permit, is established.

5470 1547 The papal office of Portugal authorized the establishment of a system called the “Inquisition”, for the purpose of rooting out “secret Jews” (Israelites), who practiced Christianity in public, but were Torah Keepers in secret.

5546 1623 Over 3,800 Hebrew Israelites of San Thome island were tried for heresy by the Inquisition. During this time, many of those who escaped persecution migrated to Angola in west Africa.

SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL A.M.E A.C.E. BIBLICAL/HISTORICAL EVENTS . NOTES

5776 1865 Elder William Christian, a former slave in Mississippi and a pioneer of the early Hebrew Israelite resurrection, is born.

5797 1877 Rabbi Arnold Josiah Ford is born in Barbados.

5806 1886 The Prophet Frank S. Cherry, a seaman & cook on the Sante Fe Railroad, establishes the first recorded Hebrew Israelite congregation in William Saunders Crowdy Chattanooga, Tennessee, officially ushering in the (1847-1908) resurrection of the Nation of Yisrael in the Diaspora.

5808 1888 After preaching (as a Christian) for many years in Wrightsville, Arkansas, Elder William Christian received a vision that he was teaching “the doctrine of man, and not God”. He then changed his doctrine and began teaching that the Israelites were black & that modern Blacks are descended from them.

Arnold J. Ford (1877-1933?) 5809 1889 Elder William Christian establishes the second recorded Hebrew Israelite congregation in the U.S., in Wrightsville, Arkansas named “THE CHURCH OF THE LIVING GOD”.

5812 1892 Wentworth Arthur Matthew ( Rabbi Matthew) is born in St. Kitts, British West Indies.

5816 1896 Prophet William Saunders Crowdy, after receiving a vision, establishes a congregation in Lawrence, Kansas. Rabbi W.A. Matthews (1892-1973)

5818 1898 Eber Ben Yomin (Abba Bivens), was born.

5819 1899 Rabbi Leon Richlieu establishes the Moorish Zionist Temple in Brooklyn, N.Y. (among his students was a young man named Timothy Drew, who later became Noble Drew Ali and established the Moorish Science Temple in Newark, N.J.)

5832 1912 Elder Warien Roberson (Warren Robinson) establishes an Hebrew Israelite congregation in Atlantic City, N.J. Ben Ammi Ben Israel (1939-Present)

5835 1915 Prophet Frank S. Cherry moves his congregation from Tennessee to Philadelphia, Pa.

5837 1917 Elder Roberson establishes another congregation in Harlem, N.Y. called “TEMPLE OF THE GOSPEL OF THE KINGDOM”.

5839 1919 Elder Grover C. Redding establishes an Israelite congregation in Chicago, perhaps the first in that city. A.M.E A.C.E. BIBLICAL/HISTORICAL EVENTS SECULAR EVENTS & HISTORICAL NOTES

th 5840 1920 On June 20 , Elder Grover C. Redding organized an Israelite parade in Chicago, where he and another congregant, Oscar McGavick, publically

burned the American flag. After a white spectator objected to this act, an altercation ensued, where Elder Redding shot the spectator. Another bystander was killed and two more were wounded from gunfire.

5841 1921 On June 24, Elder Grover C. Redding & Oscar Eber Ben Yomin (Abba Bivens) McGavick were executed for the killings of the 1898-1979) spectators.

5842 1922 Rabbi Mordecai Herman becomes leader of the Moorish Zionist Temple.

5843 1923 Elder Roberson begins to establish many other congregations throughout the country, in cities such as Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit & Absecon, N.J.

5844 1924 Rabbi Arnold Josiah Ford, while serving as the Ash Ben Yehudah Music Director for Marcus Garvey’s U.N.I.A., establishes Beth B’nai Abraham congregation in Harlem, N.Y.

5849 1929 Eber Ben Yomin (Abba Bivens), as a former Student of Prophet F.S. Cherry, begins to teach in Philadelphia, PA. At this time, he moves to New York City and establishes the Israeli Tanak School. He taught that in order to be apart of this School, you must “have a gift”, “control the mind so that lust would not consume [our] bodies”. His fellow students under Prophet F.S. Cherry were Robin Humphrey and Peter Krooms. Moshe Ben Charim 5889 1969 Eber Ben Yomin develops many students, notably (King Masha) Yoseph Ben Abraham, Ash Ben Yehudah, Barak Ben Lewi, Malak Ben Yakee, Moshe Ben Charim, Peter Sherod (Yaiqab) and Ari Ben Yehudah (Chief High Priest Ahriyah)

5899 1979 Eber Ben Yomin is brutally assaulted in Newark, N.J. by members of N.O.I. Mosque 25 (the same mosque that sanctioned the murder of Malcolm X). A week later, he dies from his injuries.

5901 1981 After the death of Elder Eber Ben Yomin, another congregation was established, called Peter Sherod (High “THE ISRAELI SCHOOL OF UNIVERSAL Priest Yaiqab) PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE”, under the new leadership of his former students Moshe Ben Charim (King Masha), Peter Sherod (Yaiqab) & and Ari Ben Yehudah (High Priest Ahriyah).