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Home , Aristobulus II, Eleazar, Eleazar (High Priest)

10. A Jewish King Reigns In

10.0 What Specifically Started the Jewish Revolt?

The first chapter of 1 up the events between the time of Alexander and the time of Antiochus IV. It describes Antiochus IV attempts to Hellenize Judah. It also describes Antiochus’ theft of Temple goods and the Abomination of Desolation

After word spread of the Abomination of Desolation, the tension between Judah and its Seleucid Hellenist overlords was so great, it wouldn’t have taken much of a spark to set off a rebellion. Chapter 2 of 1 Maccabees describes the events that took place in the town of Modein where a priest, Mattathias performed the first act of rebellion

10.1 How Did Mattathias Begin the Revolt?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) (r. 160-143 BCE) (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143

• Mattathias, a descendant of a man named Asmoneas (the source of the name Hasmonean that would later be applied to a dynasty of Jewish kings descended from Mattathias), was a priest in the town of Modein.

• A legate sent by Antiochus IV came to Modein to enforce the King’s command that all men must offer sacrifice to pagan gods. Mattathias was the town’s priest and so was asked to serve as an example and step up to be the first man in Modein to obey the King’s command.

• Mattathias refused and killed a fellow townsman who tried to obey the King’s command. He next killed the King’s legate. Finally, he called on the people of Modein to flee with him to the mountains and resist the command of the King to apostasize. He and his sons formed a guerilla force in the mountains. Mattathias died soon after and was replaced by his son, Judas Maccabee (the Hammer) This story is described in Chapter 2 of 1 Macc.

10.2 What Role Did Judas Maccabeus Play in the Revolt?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) Jonathan (r. 160-143 BCE) Eleazar (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143

• Against overwhelming odds Judas defeated several generals of the Seleucid army including a general named Lysias. • Judas captured Jerusalem and much of the surrounding land. He cleansed the Temple that had been defiled by Antiochus IV (origin of ). • When Antiochus IV died, Lysias became the regent of the new Seleucid child-king Antiochus V. Lysias defeated Judas in a second battle but, because his forces were needed elsewhere, Lysias agreed to a truce that allowed the Jewish people to be exempt from earlier decrees of Hellenization and were allowed to maintain their traditional culture and worship. Judas’ brother Eleazar died in this second battle with Lysias. 10.3 What Happened to Judas Maccabeus?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) Jonathan (r. 160-143 BCE) Eleazar (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143

• Demetrius I, took the Seleucid throne away from the child Antiochus V. Some of the Jewish people, happy under the Seleucids (not all were anti-Hellenist), opposed Judas and asked Demetrius I for protection.

• Demetrius I appointed their candidate, who claimed to be a Zadokite related to Onias (2 Macc. 14:7), as High Priest. Judas opposed the appointment but the Hasidim, who been key supporters of Judas, broke with him on this issue. They favored Alcimus because of his alleged lineage. To show his appreciation, Alcimus later slaughtered a number of his Hasidim supporters proving Judas right. These stories of Judas Maccabeus • Judas fought back but was killed in a series of are described in 1 Macc. 3:1-9:22 reprisals. His men regrouped in the mountains 10.4 What Role Did Judah’s Brother Jonathan Maccabeus Play?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) Jonathan (r. 160-143 BCE) Eleazar (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143 • More a politician than his brother Judas, Jonathan did not immediately act but bided his time. He finally acted when yet another “Game of Thrones” broke out among the Seleucids. • At first, Jonathan played both sides against the other but, at just the right time, he gave his support to the eventual winner, Alexander Balas.

• As a reward, Jonathan was named governor of Judah and High Priest in Jerusalem. His brother Simon was named Governor of the region of the Philistines • Jonathan’s forces expanded the amount of territory controlled from Jerusalem

10.5 What Happened to Jonathan?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) Jonathan (r. 160-143 BCE) Eleazar (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143 • Alexander Balas’ victory was short-lived. The “Game of Thrones” continued as Alexander’s rival, Demetrius II, won the day but, for some reason, Demetrius II chose not to confront Jonathan.

• Antiochus VI was the next Seleucid to step to the plate. He claimed the throne against Demetrius II. Trypho, a supporter of Antiochus VI, was worried about Jonathan’s political skills, especially his political exchanges with Rome which were first undertaken by his brother Judas. Trypho schemed to capture and kill Jonathan to get These stories are described in 1 him out of the way. He succeeded. Macc. 9:23 through 12:53

10.6 What Role Did Jonathan’s Brother Simon Maccabeus Play?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) Jonathan (r. 160-143 BCE) Eleazar (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143

• Simon succeeded Jonathan and aligned himself with Demetrius II over Antiochus VI in this latest internal battle of the Seleucids. Demetrius II won. When he took the throne @143 BCE, he granted Jewish independence. “the yoke of the heathen was lifted from Israel” (1 Mac. 13:41)

• Simon became the political leader (King, though he did not take that title), religious leader (High Priest) and military commander of the newly independent land. The goal of the Maccabean family had finally been reached These stories are described in Chapters 13 through 16 of 1 Macc. 10.7 What Happened to Simon Maccabeus?

Mattathias (d. 166 BCE)

John Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) Judas (r. 166-160 BCE) Jonathan (r. 160-143 BCE) Eleazar (d. 134 BCE) (d. 160 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) HP, E HP 152-143 • The new kingdom did not last long. About five years after taking a leadership role in Judah, Simon was killed by his son-in-law, Ptolemy, who conspired with the Seleucid supporters of Antiochus VI. • Simon’s son John managed to escape but Judah, though independent, was once again a client kingdom of the Seleucids • Simon expanded even further the territory governed from Jerusalem. Since Simon didn’t actually claim the title of king, some claim that he did not begin the Hasmonean line of Jewish kings. Others dispute that claim These stories are described in Chapters 13 through 16 of 1 Macc. • As a side note; the fifth son of Mattathias, John 2 Macc. Does not go beyond the also called Gaddi, died on what was thought to be a events pf 1 Macc. rather looks at peaceful mission to the Nabateans those same events from a different perspective 10.8 Who Was the First Hasmonean to be King in Jerusalem?

Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) HP, E (d. 134 BCE)

John Hyrcanus I (r. 134-104 BCE) HP, E (d. 104 BCE)

• Those who do not believe that Simon Maccabee was the first Hasmonean king hold that this honor belongs to Simon’s son, John who took the name Hyrcanus. After his escape, John returned and managed to reclaim his father’s throne. Unlike his father Simon, John also took the title of King. A Jewish King once again ruled in Judah. Nearby territories such as , Perea and Idumea came under the rule of Jerusalem in Judah

• During the first seven years of Hyrcanus’ rule, the Kingdom, though independent, still relied heavily on the favor of the Seleucids, now ruled by Antiochus VII. In 128 BCE Antiochus VII died, and the independence of the Jewish nation was now guaranteed by their new ally, Rome.

10.9 Was a Hellenist or a Traditional Jewish King?

Simon (r. 143-134 BCE) HP, E (d. 134 BCE)

John Hyrcanus I (r. 134-104 BCE) HP, E (d. 104 BCE)

• John Hyrcanus was a devout Jew and, as he expanded his kingdom, he imposed the Mosaic law on those whom he conquered. This is very likely when the family of an Idumean man named Antipater, whom we will encounter later, converted to . He was also maintained good relations with Rome and Ptolemaic Egypt. • John put scribes from the Hassidim in charge of imposing the law. The grew out of this movement as did the Essenes, though they chose to isolate themselves from politics

• The , who favored the Hellenistic culture of the Seleucids, opposed Hyrcanus’ reforms

• The Sadducees, who favored the Hellenistic culture of the Seleucids, opposed Hyrcanus’ reforms 10.10 The Hasmoneans and the Messiah

Were the members of the Maccabees family, the Hasmoneans, messiahs? Yes. In a very real sense they were not unlike the Judges who saved Israel over and over again after the death of were Messiahs

These men took advantage of internal strife with the once mighty and brought a King to the throne in Jerusalem who ruled a Kingdom not much different in size than that of and defeated

How did this affect Jewish yearnings for a Messiah during the Roman occupation? As we shall soon see, Rome took advantage of internal strife within the Hasmonean Kingdom to assert their dominance over it. But Rome did not immediately do away with the King. That took time.

When they finally did away with a King, a few years after Jesus’ birth, the desire for a King burned again in many hearts in Judah

Did the Jewish people actually believe they could defeat the mighty ? As we view these events through twenty-first century eyes, it does seem silly. You must remember, though, that Judah had just defeated another once mighty empire by taking advantage of a civil war. Less that twenty years after Roman occupation, Rome went through its own series of civil wars. This did not escape anyone’s attention 10.11 What Happened to the Kingdom After Hyrcanus Died?

John Hyrcanus I (r. 134-104 BCE) HP, E (d. 104 BCE)

(Judah) (r. 104-103 BCE) HP,E (Jonathan) Alexander Janaeus (r. 103-76 BCE) HP, K (d. 103 BCE) (d. 143 BCE) married (r. 76-69 BCE) Q (d. 69 BCE) • John Hyrcanus was an effective King and devout Jew who was aligned with the Pharisees. His children however, raised in the luxury of the palace, were less devout and more at home with the Hellenistic culture so loved by the Sadducees

• John died in 104 BCE. His wife ought to have become Queen and his son, Judah (who preferred the Greek name Aristobulus) to become the High Priest. Instead, Aristobulus had his mother and all his brothers arrested. All but one starved to death in prison. Aristobulus himself died a year after taking power

• The surviving brother, Jonathan, succeeded Aristobulus. He married Alexandra, his brother’s widow. Jonathan took the Greek name Alexander Janaeus. • By this time, the Hellenist Sadducees and the Hebrewist Pharisees had developed into true political parties. Alexander, more at home with the Sadducees, decided to “make peace” with Pharisees. Shortly thereafter Alexander slaughtered 800 Pharisees at a dinner supposedly in their honor 10.12 A Coin From the Time of Alexander Janaeus

Note that the coin’s inscription uses the Paleo-Hebrew script based on the Phoenician alphabet rather than the Hebrew Block Script in use at the time. The Hebrew script in use today is known as square script, block script or Assyrian script. One entry in the Talmud suggests that introduced the modern block script into Hebrew. Paleo-Hebrew was never abandoned by the and continues to be used today by the few hundred Samaritans that remain in Israel 10.13 Who Ruled Judah After Alexander Janaeus?

John Hyrcanus I (r. 134-104 BCE) HP, E (d. 104 BCE)

Aristobulus I (r. 104-103 BCE) HP,E (Jonathan) Alexander Janaeus (r. 103-76 BCE) HP, K (d. 103 BCE) (d. 76 BCE) married Salome Alexandra (r. 76-69 BCE) Q (d. 69 BCE)

Hyrcanus II (r. 47-41BCE) E (76-69 and 63-41) HP Aristobulus II (r. 69-63 BCE) HP,K (d. 30 BCE) (d. 49 BCE)

• On his deathbed, Alexander Janaeus, repented of his Hellenistic ways and advised his wife, the new queen Salome (age 64 at the time) to avoid the Sadducees and rule according to traditional Jewish laws • During Salome’s reign, the Pharisees held the upper hand over the Sadducees. Being a woman, Salome could not serve as High Priest. She appointed her son, Hyrcanus II, to that post. He was rumored to have a somewhat weak personality. Her other son, Aristobulus II was appointed as commander of the military

• When Salome Alexandra died, the same kind of internal strife that caused the Seleucids so much pain started in Judah 10.14 Internal Strife in Judah Salome Alexandra (r. 76-69 BCE) Q (d. 69 BCE)

Hyrcanus II (r. 47-41BCE) E (76-69 and 63-41) HP Aristobulus II (r. 69-63 BCE) HP,K (d. 30 BCE) (d. 49 BCE)

Alexandra (d. 27 BCE) ---- m ----- Alexander (d. 49 BCE) Antigonus (r. 40-37 BCE) HP, K (d. 37 BCE)

• Hyrcanus II, the High Priest at the time of Salome’s death, ruled as King. Aristobulus II, immediately led an army of Sadducees against Jerusalem . Hyrcanus II and the Pharisees were caught by surprise and surrendered without a fight. Aristobulus II then proclaimed himself to be both King and High Priest over the Jewish nation • The two bothers tried to resolve their differences. They sealed this reconciliation by the marriage of their children. The reconciliation didn’t last. Hyrcanus II fled to Nabatea and there met a man named Antipater, the governor of the Jewish province of Idumea (ancient Edomites among whom Ishmael and later Esau lived). Antipater urged Hyrcanus II to reclaim his throne. Hyrcanus and allies from Nabatea laid siege against Aristobulus II in Jerusalem • Hyrcanus II may well have managed to regain his throne so Aristobulus II, sensing defeat, decided to appeal to his ally, Rome, for help 10.15 An Important Life Lesson Who is more dangerous, your brother who wants to regain his position as King and High Priest or this man?

Hi, I’m from the Roman Government and I’m here to help!

10.16