Maccabean Revolt I. Mattathias (167) Jewish Resurgence A. Antiochus IV B. Hasideans •Maccabean C. Modein II. Judas (166–160) A. Temple: 164 BC, 25th Chislev •Hasmoneanan (Hanukkah—Jn. 10:22) B. Acra : 162 BC = religious freedom •Roman III. Jonathan (160–143): 152 BC = high priesthood IV. Simon (143–134): 142 BC = tax exemption •Herod
Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean
Macc. Revolt Contributions: (1) Religious, political freedom Jewish Resurgence (2) Hasmonean high priesthood •Maccabean (3) Messianic expectations •Hasmonean (4) New Jewish heroes •Roman (5) Birth of apocalyptic literature •Herod
Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Hasmonean Rule Hasmonean Rule I. Simon (143–134) III.Aristobulus I (104–103) A. Tax exemption: 142 BC = religious freedom A.Calls himself "king" B. Gazara judaized by force B. Galilee judaized (later seedbed of Zealots) C. Political intrigue, Rome intervenes C. Dies, high priesthood jeapordized D. 140 BC, Rome declares Simon high priest, IV. Alexander Janneus (103–76) commander, ethnarch of Jews forever—the A. Levirite marriage to Queen Alexandra Hasmoneans are made a dynasty B. Opposed by Pharisees II. John Hyrcanus I (134–104): ruthless policies C. Hellenistic territories expanded A.Gerezim temple razed (128 BC) 1. Idumea secured, among others B. Idumeans forceably judaized 2. Antipas granted governorship C. Samaria destroyed (Pharisees withdraw support from Hasmoneans) Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean
Hasmonean Rule Onias III (198–174) Jason I 174–171 Menelaus 171–161 V. Salome Alexandra (76–67) Hellenizers A. Hyrcanus II made high priest Alcimus 161–159 B. Aristobulus II, ambitious brother Jewish (vacant) 159–152 C. Salome dies Jonathan 152–143 VI. Civil War (67–63) High Simon 142–134 A. Hyrcanus II made king Priests John Hyrcanus I 134–104 B. Aristobulus II revolts Aristobulus I 104–103 1.Seizes high priesthood, kingship Hasmonians Alexander Janneus 103–76 2.Rules as king (66–63 BC) John Hyrcanus II 76–67 C. Antipater's schemes 1.Son of Antipas, governor of Idumea Aristobulus II 66–63 2.Beseiges Jerusalem for Hyrcanus II John Hyrcanus II 63–40 Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Maccabean Leaders Hasmonean House Mattathias 168–166 Mattathias Judas Maccabeus 166–160 Jonathan Maccabeus 160–143 John Judas Simon Eleazar Jonathan Simon Maccabeus 143–134 Judas JohnJohn HyrcanusHyrcanus Mattathias John Hycanus 134–104 Aristobulus 104–103 Aristobulus Alex. Janneus = Salome Alexandra Alexander Jannaeus 103–76 Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Alexandra Salome 76–67 Hyrcanus II vs. Aristobulus II 67–63 Alexandra = Alexander Antigonus Hyrcanus II 63–40 Aristobulus III Mariamne = Herod the Great Antigonus 40–37 Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean
Syrian Throne Has. Rule Contributions: Seleucids versus Antigonids (1) Political power Antiochus III (2) Territorial expansion Antiochus IV Seleucus IV (?) (3) Ruthless policies Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander Balas (4) Roman involvement Demetrius II Antiochus VI (5) Religious disaffection Antiochus VII
Jewish Resurgence: Maccabean Jewish Resurgence: Hasmonean Rome's Rise I. Class Warfare (businessmen vs. aristocrats) Jewish Resurgence II. Mediterranean Conquest (2nd/1st cent. BC) A. Macedonia (168 BC) •Maccabean 1. Philippi 2. Thessalonica B. Achaia (146 BC) •Hasmonean 1. Athens 2. Corinth •Roman C. Asia (133 BC: Ephesus) D. Syria (66 BC) •Herod 1. Antioch 2. Galilee and Judea Jewish Resurgence: Roman
Rome's Rise Rome's Rise MacedoniaMacedonia (168(168 BC)BC) III. Political Instability (60s–30s BC) A. First Triumvirate (Pompey, Caesar) 1. Crossing the Rubicon 2. Egyptian Campaign 3. Antipater's heroism and reward 4. Political turmoil (Caesar assassinated in 44; Antipater murdered in 43) AsiaAsia (133(133 BC)BC) B. Second Triumvirate (Anthony, Octavian) Achaia (146 BC) 1. Battle of Actium (31 BC) SyriaSyria (66(66 BC)BC) 2. Herod's dilemma and audacity
Jewish Resurgence: Roman Jewish Resurgence: Roman Antipater's Rise To Power Rome's Contributions:
Roman Event (Date) Antipater (1) Political power Pompey Eastern Campaign shadow control (2) Territorial expansion (63 BC) of government Gabinius First Triumvirate procurator of (3) Social, economic change (60–53 BC) Jerusalem (4) Antipater's rise to power Caesar Egyptian Campaign procurator of (5) Jewish priviledges (48–47 BC) all Jewish lands (6) New Testament world
Jewish Resurgence: Roman Jewish Resurgence: Roman
Herod the Great I. Herod's Rise Jewish Resurgence A. Governor of Galilee (Antipater's rewards) B. Confirmed by Anthony (Caesar's death) •Maccabean C. Challenged by Antigonus (Hasmoneans) D. Crowned by Roman Senate (40 AD) •Hasmonean•Hasmonean E. Conquers Jerusalem (37 BC) F. Crisis of Actium (31 BC) 1.Anthony lost, commits suicide •Roman 2.Confirmed by Octavian •Herod•Herod
Jewish Resurgence: Herod Herod the Great Herod's Contributions: II. Herod's Reign (37–4 BC) A.Early Reign (37–27) (1) Hellenistic rule 1. Consolidating power (2) Political stability 2. Battle of Actium, 31 BC 3. Mariamne executed, brief insanity (3) Economic prosperity B. Public Buildings (27–13) (4) Tremendous buildings 1. Caesarea, Masada, Temple 2. Patron of culture, commerce (5) Deep animosities C. Domestic Troubles (13–4) 1. Herod's sons (6) New Testament stage 2. Herod's will
Jewish Resurgence: Herod Jewish Resurgence: Herod