Evolution of Cave Living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Description of a Remarkable New Cave Species
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 156, 114–139. With 11 figures Evolution of cave living in Hawaiian Schrankia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with description of a remarkable new cave species MATTHEW J. MEDEIROS1*, DON DAVIS2, FRANCIS G. HOWARTH3 and ROSEMARY GILLESPIE4 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 2Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20560, USA 3Department of Natural Sciences, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, USA 4Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, Division of Organisms and Environment, 137 Mulford Hall MC 3114, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA Received 13 March 2008; accepted for publication 12 May 2008 Although temperate cave-adapted fauna may evolve as a result of climatic change, tropical cave dwellers probably colonize caves through adaptive shifts to exploit new resources. The founding populations may have traits that make colonization of underground spaces even more likely. To investigate the process of cave adaptation and the number of times that flightlessness has evolved in a group of reportedly flightless Hawaiian cave moths, we tested the flight ability of 54 Schrankia individuals from seven caves on two islands. Several caves on one island were sampled because separate caves could have been colonized by underground connections after flightlessness had already evolved. A phylogeny based on approximately 1500 bp of mtDNA and nDNA showed that Schrankia howarthi sp. nov. invaded caves on two islands, Maui and Hawaii. Cave-adapted adults are not consistently flightless but instead are polymorphic for flight ability.
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