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Meteorological Comparison of Three Cave Systems Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects Honors College at WKU 2019 Meteorological Comparison of Three Cave Systems Matthew Wine Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses Part of the Geology Commons, and the Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Wine, Matthew, "Meteorological Comparison of Three Cave Systems" (2019). Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects. Paper 835. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses/835 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METEOROLOGICAL COMPARISON OF THREE CAVE SYSTEMS A Capstone Experience/Thesis Project Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Bachelor of Science with Honors College Graduate Distinction at Western Kentucky University By: Matthew Wine ***** Western Kentucky University 2019 CE/T Committee: Approved by: Dr. Patricia Kambesis, Advisor Dr. Greg Goodrich __________________________________ Dr. Dennis Wilson Advisor Department of Geography & Geology Copyright by: Matthew Wine 2019 ABSTRACT Cave systems are home to delicate underground ecosystems that can be affected by changes in surface atmospheric conditions which in turn affect underground meteorology. Modern human use of caves is typically for tourism, so understanding surface-underground weather-climate interactions is important when caves carry streams that are prone to flooding in response to surface precipitation. The purpose of this research is to document the effects of surface weather conditions on cave meteorology in three different cave system types located in different geographic locations including an island, the central USA, and at high elevations in British Columbia. The study caves include Kaumana Cave in Hawaii, Coldwater Cave in Iowa, and Cody Caves in British Columbia. All harbor unique ecosystems, carry cave streams, and see tourist activity. Data loggers measuring temperature and relative humidity were installed in each cave system with a sampling interval of 5 to 10 minutes for a span of 5-7 days depending on the cave. Additional long-term sampling was conducted for Coldwater and Cody Caves. The data for all three caves, and local surface meteorological data from all locations were statistically analyzed and compared with results showing that there is a statistically significant relationship between surface meteorological conditions and cave system meteorology. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to profusely thank Dr. Patricia Kambesis for far more than her assistance with this project. She took me on a potentially once-in-a-lifetime trip to be the first person that has ever explored portions of the 1880-1881 lava flow in Hawaii. Beyond that, she has always been in my corner ready to pick me up when I thought I couldn’t go any further. I will truly be forever in debt to you, PK. Much of the same can be said for Dr. Goodrich: he set an example of a true man while going through extremely difficult circumstances, and I needed to see that. I needed to know that I could be stronger and put a better foot forward than what I presented my Junior year. Also, much thanks to John Pollack for all of his data from Cody Caves and for the personal encouragement while we were in Hawaii. Shout out to the whole team from the Hawaii exploration trip! Finally, thanks to the entire staff at the Kentucky MESONET at WKU, but specifically Dr. Foster and Patrick Collins for the instrumentation used in the research of the lava tube. An extra thanks to Patrick for the help analyzing the lava tube data and for being available at all times of the day for my constant questions. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………iii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………..v Chapters: 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..1 2. Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………….1 3. Site Description…………………………………………………………………………………3 4. Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………5 5. Results…………………………………………………………………………………………..7 6. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………..11 7. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………14 8. Future Work…………………………………………………………………………………...14 References………………………………………………………………………………………..16 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Cody Caves with sensor locations……………………………………………………...4 2. T and RH Entrance sensor of Cody Cave Oct. 25th – 31st……………………………………...7 3. T and RH Conservancy sensor of Cody Cave Oct. 25th – 31st………………………………….7 4. Average surface temp in Nelson, B.C. …………………………………………………………8 5. Air and Water Temps Coldwater Cave…………………………………………………………8 6. Kaumana Cave Sensor………………………………………………………………………….8 7. Upper Portion lava tube sensor…………………………………………………………………8 8. Entrance sensor of Cody Cave Oct. - Dec. 2018……………………………………………….9 9. Conservancy sensor of Cody Cave from Oct. – Dec. 2018…………………………………….9 10. Long-term Cascase Passage - Coldwater Cave………………………………………………10 11. Spatial variation of cave stream temperature and precipitation events………………………11 12. 5-min surface data located near lava tube……………………………………………………12 13. Cody Cave average daily temperature in degrees Celsius…………………………………...12 14. Hourly surface data near Coldwater Cave…………………………………………………...13 15. Data logger locations and distance from surface water inputs………………………………14 v 1. Introduction This investigation conducted analysis of the meteorological conditions inside of the Kaumana 1880-1881 lava flow during October 2018. The purpose of the research was to compare the conditions of 3 caves and determine to what extent a cave system’s atmosphere changes throughout the day and to what degree those changes came directly from the surface conditions present just prior to the observed changes. Analysis was conducted in a recently discovered upper portion of the lava tube as well as in the lower portion of the lava tube which is a tourist attraction. Much of this lava flow has yet to be mapped, so continued researched will be necessary in order to determine what combination of entrances or other cave characteristics influence the weather inside the lava tube. Beyond the scope of the original project, the team ran into a fortuitous flooding event after heavy rainfall overcame the lower portion of the cave. Research conducted on this fortunate circumstance included the rate of flow of the stream and also where the water seeped into a secondary passage under the main tube. Preliminary results from the sensors indicate that both temperature and relative humidity did in fact fluctuate slightly in both portions of the cave throughout the time period. The meteorological conditions also differed distinctly between the upper and lower portions of the cave system. 2. Literature Review Cave meteorology has long been considered unchanging, but recent research has proven that the atmospheric conditions inside of caves can change quite a bit depending on many different factors of the cave itself. Caves that change drastically in elevation can experience large swings in temperature and other conditions just as one would expect the atmosphere above ground to do 1 (Covington and Perne 2015). Deep caves saw significant decreases in temperature for the first 50-100 meters in cave depth. Beyond the 100m mark, all the caves studied had an increase in temperature to the deepest point measured (Covington and Perne 2015). Conditions along a lateral profile of the cave will also change depending on the proximity of the sensor to the opening of the cave. The further a location is away from an opening to the cave, the less change there is in that location’s meteorological conditions (McCann 2013). Cave airflow changes depending on multiple other factors including the temperature gradient near the main opening of the cave, the width of the tunnel itself, and if there are any sunlight openings or other minor entrances into the cave (Covington and Perne 2015). Another factor is allogenic properties of the cave: if a large amount of water seeps into the cave, this will change both the humidity and temperature of the cave system (McCann 2013). A study on the extent of allogenic effects conducted on the Iowa and Minnesota border showed that water introduced into the cave closely resembled the temperature of the soil above the cave. The effects of the stream on the air conditions inside the cave were felt primarily at points less than 500 meters from the start of the stream, but tiny effects were felt all the way to 820 meters from the stream’s start (Kambesis 2013). Data collected from the start of the stream’s entrance to a data logger 198 meters away showed a significant range of temperatures when compared to the mean annual stream outlet temperature; therefore, the stream was capable of having significant effects on the air conditions up to that point in the cave (Kambesis 2013). Diurnal changes in relative humidity (RH) and temperature were observed and followed that of the changing conditions outside of the day with distinct maximum and minimum temperatures and RH values (Forbes 1998). Multiple studies studied beyond the short-term changes in cave conditions and logged data for months and even years (Kambesis 2013; Sanderson and Bourne 2002). These studies showed that clear 2 seasonal changes
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