Check List 10(5): 1083–1103, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution pecies S

of Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Himachal 1 2 1 ists L Pradesh, Western Himalaya Dinesh Kumar Pal , Amit Kumar * and Bhupender Dutt

21 Department of Forest Products. College of Forestry. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry. Nauni-Solan. 173 230. Himachal Pradesh. India. [email protected] Department of Habitat Ecology, Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box #18, Chandrabani. Dehra Dun. 248001. Uttarakhand. India. * Corresponding author. E-mail: Abstract:

We provide a check list of the vascular plants of Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Himachal Pradesh has been extensively surveyed2 in terms of flora by a large number of workers, albeit highly confined to prioritized areas. The floristic inventorization resulted in a total of 442 vascular plant species belonging to 311 genera and 117 families from an area of 512 km . Out of these, 408 species belonged to Angiosperms, 7 to Gymnosperms and 27 to Pteridophytes. The predominant families among Dicotyledons were Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae. Among the Monocotyledons, the most represented family was Poaceae, followed by Liliaceae and Cyperaceae. Pinaceae and Pteridaceae were found to be the most represented families among the Gymnosperms andLantana Pteridophytes, camara and respectively. Parthenium Species hysterophorus richness was highest in shrubberies, which formed an ideal habitat for many herbaceous species within different habitat types. Strategic eradication of weed species, especially obnoxious species such as is required for effective management in the area.

DOI: 10.15560/10.5.1083

Introduction

and reported 1326 species of flowering plants belonging The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) comprises five to 113 families. bio-geographic zones including Trans, North-West, West, The exploration of floral resources holds importance; Central and East Himalaya (Rodgers and Panwar 1988), as otherwise unknown species may disappear without anand area supports of ca. more than 18,4402 species of flowering plants there ever having been knowledge of their existence –et outal. of which 25 % are endemic to the region, covering (Singh and Minoo 2003). Subsequently, there is a vital 419,873 km (Singh and Hajra 1996; Samant need to identify our natural wealth, document it and raise 1998). In particular, Himachal Pradesh has been awareness about its utility and the repercussions if it were regarded as a veritable emporium of plant resources, rich to go to extinct. Therefore, it is essential to explore the in medicinal and aromatic plants (Chauhan 1999, 2003). currently little known microhabitats of Forest Divisions The State is mountainous with an elevational range from (FD), which represent the main unit in the hierarchy of 460 to 6,600 m. It has a deeply dissected topography, forest departments for the management of forests in India. complex geological structure, wide elevational range and Hence, the present exploration for the inventory of plant climatic conditions. There are six major forest types in the species was conducted. The information can be used as a state, which include Tropical Dry Deciduous, Sub-tropical baseline by managers, conservationists and researchers Pine, Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen, Himalayan Moist Materialsfor future studies. and Methods Temperate, Himalayan Dry Temperate, and Sub-alpine and Study area Alpine forest types (Ministry of Environment and Forests 2001). The state is a rich repository of plant wealth and has been extensively surveyed in terms of flora by a large The Theog Forest Division, lies between 31°5′ N and number of workers (Chauhan 1999, 2003). The earliest 31°10′ N and 77°22.5′ E and 77°30′ E. The area is situated attempt to collect plants from Himachal Pradesh was in the west of Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, made by William Moorcroft (1765–1825) who collected located in Nnorthern India (Figure 1). The division is plants from Kangra, Kullu, Lahaul and Spiti in 1821; with surrounded by Rohru Forest Division in the east, Shimla these collections sent to Wallich (Chowdhery and Wadhwa Forest Division in the west, Kotgarh Forest Division in 1984). The floristics and the vegetation of the state are hathe ( north,ca. and Rajgarh and Chopal Forest Divisions in the broadly known through a number of studies (Collett 1902; south. The total geographical area of the division is 64,000 Champion and Seth 1968; Nair 1977; Chowdhery and 512 km²), out of which 32,045 ha (50.07%) of the Wadhwa 1984; Aswal and Mehrotra 1994; Chauhan 1999; total geographical area is under tree cover. Dhaliwal and Sharma 1999; Kaur and Sharma 2004). As The entire tract is mountainous with moderate to a result, about 3500 species of higher plants have been steep slopes, which are at places precipitous, particularly ofidentified ca. in the2 state flora. Collett (1902) collected plants in the northern and eastern aspects, namely Shali-Dhar from Shimla and adjacent areas in 1885, covering an area and Chambi-Dhar, respectively. Elevation ranges from 804 km with an elevational range of 600–3500 m 1000–3160 m. The Narkanda-Kufri is the main ridge1083 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

Figure 1.

Map showing the location of Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India. which forms the watershed between the Sutlej in the north climate and flora (Polunin and Stainton 1984). Our field and Giri in the south. Another main ridge is Shali-Dhar visits were scheduled and the areas to be covered selected dividing Shimla and Theog Forest Divisions. The only river taking this into account. Extensive field surveys of the flowing through the study area is Giri, which originates entire study area were conducted in different growing from Garaog, near Kharapathar in Rohru Forest Division. seasons between 2009 and 2010, including low-lying areas It flows through the southern part and crosses over to like Satog, Balag, Naina, Maipul and Sainj in the Giri Valley, Rajgarh Forest Division and drains into the river Yamuna, as well as up to the highest peak of the division at Jaobag one of the main tributaries of the river Ganges. on Hatu Dhar. Field visits to these areas were planned to The lithology is dominated by limestone, shale and collect the plant species either in flowering or fruiting quartzite in large areas of Theog and Balson ranges. Shale, stage to facilitate the process of correct identification. phyllite, limestone, schist, gneiss and amphibolite are well Voucher specimen numbers for each collection were exposed at Mahasu and Chambi areas while shale, sand, assigned and important field characters were recorded. quartzite, limestone and shale conglomerates occur in Identification of the plant specimens was done based on areas just south of Kotgarh Division, at Chhaila, Ghund and field characters noted during the collection and with the near Deha. The soil type is more or less clayey or clayey- aid of available monographs, taxonomic revisions and loam throughout the tract, except at few places where it floras (Hooker 1872–1897; Collett 1902; Chowdhery and tends to be sandy-loam. The climate is mostly temperate Wadhwa 1984; Polunin and Stainton 1984; Stainton 1988; at the higher elevations and sub-tropical at the lower Chauhan 1999; Khullar 1994, 2000). The plant specimens ones. The minimum and maximum temperatures remain were cross-checked with authentic specimens housed in between 16–26°C, and rise up to 35°C (summer) in the the herbarium of University of Horticulture and Forestry lower areas along the river Giri, but it remains between (UHF), and were deposited here for future reference. 15–22°C in monsoon season and drops to 0–10°C in Unidentified specimens were confirmed by comparison winters. The precipitation in the form of snow is received with specimens housed in the Dehradun herbarium in January-February and sometimes in November- (DD). Specimens were collected and preserved following December at higher elevations, whereas lower elevations Jain and Rao (1977).et al., Based on modern phylogenetic arereceive Deodar-Kail, rains in June-August. Fir-Spruce TheChir area and on Oak average receives studies, APG III classification (Angiosperm Phylogeny an annual rainfall of about 1200 mm. The major forests Group 2009; Haston 2009) was followed to classifyet al. , . The forests, the Angiosperm species. Similarly, Gymnosperms and throughout the tract are both coniferous and broad- Pteridophytes were classified following Christenhusz leaved, grouped as dry-tropical, montane sub-tropical and Results(2011a, b) respectively. Floristicmontane survey temperate types (Champion and Seth 1968). Floristic diversity

Elevation is deemed most important among the various A total of 442 vascular plants belonging to 312 genera factors which combine to create contrasts in habitat, and 97 families, were collected and recorded (Tables 1 and1084 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

3). Out of these, 408 species were Angiosperms (352 species The elevational variation, irregular topography and of Dicotyledons and 56 species of Monocotyledons), 7 intercepted valleys form various microhabitats, which in were Gymnosperms and 27 were Pteridophytes. The most turn supports high floristic diversity. The dominant habitat represented families among Dicotyledons were Asteraceae types in the area wereBerberis the forestsCotoneaster (Chir Pine, Deodar–Rubus (31 genera and 45 species), Rosaceae (13 genera and 29 Kail, Euphorbia Ban Oak–Chir royaleana Pine mixed, Fir-Spruce and Kharsu species), Fabaceae (17 genera and 27 species), Lamiaceae (Oak),Apluda shrubberiesThemeda ( Chrysopogonspp., spp.,Eulaliopsis (20 genera and 25 species), Ranunculaceae (6 genera and spp., ), grassy and rocky open slopes 12 species), Amaranthaceae (7 genera and 11 species), spp., spp., spp., Euphorbiaceae (6 genera and 10 species), Brassicaceae (7 spp.) and cultivated/fallow areas. Species richness was genera and 8 species), Apiaceae (6 genera and 8 species) higher in shrubberies (98 species), followed by cultivated/ speciesand Acanthaceae (i.e., (5 genera and 8 species). Thirty one fallow areas (79 species), forests (62 species) and grassy families were represented by only a single genus per and rocky open slopes (40 species). Shrubberies, the monospecific). Among the Monocotyledons, most frequent habitat in the region, transition to forests, the most represented family was Poaceae (28 genera grasslands and rocky open slopes and therefore were and 31 species), followed by Liliaceae (4 genera and comparatively richer. These habitats also prevent livestock 8 species), Cyperaceae (5 genera and 7 species) and from grazing and therefore form ideal habitats for many Asparagaceae (3 genera and 4 species), whereas 5 families herbaceous species. The high diversity in the cultivated/ were monospecific. Pinaceae (4 genera and 5 species) and fallow areas in the region is due to the high representation Pteridaceae (5 genera and 11 species) were found to be of alien and opportunistic species. Subsequently, the the most represented families among the Gymnosperms grassy and rocky open slopes are mainly confined to and Pteridophytes, respectively. The dominant families (in southern aspects, which are devoid of woody elements terms of total number of species) (Figure 2) included two and are therefore comparatively poorer in vegetation.Lantana monocot (Poaceae and Liliaceae) and one pteridophyte camaraA total of 21 species were Partheniumrecorded as weedhysterophorus species. (Pteridaceae) family. As per the type of growth form, The most obnoxious and abundant species were 13.8% were trees, 22.6% were shrubs, 52.5% were herbs, (Verbenaceae) and 5% were climbers and 6.1% were ferns (Table 2). Capsella(Asteraceae). bursa-pastoris, Other common Stellaria weed media speciesAlternanthera confined to The number of families, genera and species and their sessiliswastelandsCynoglossum near habitations glochidiatum andVeronica along roadsidepersica Bidens were respective percentage are accounted in Table 1. The , enumerated plants were classified into their respective , , , growth forms, including trees, shrubs (erect, under shrubs, epiphytic), herbs, climbers (woody and non-woody) and ferns (Table 2). Floristic details given in Table 3 include species and family, binomial and vernacular names, distribution and habitat specificity, flowering and fruiting Discussiontimes, elevational range and voucher specimen number.

Theog Forest Division revealed a total of 442 vascular plants that represents about 33.3% and 12.6% of the Flora of Shimla and Himachal Pradesh respectively. High diversity of vascular plants in the region is mainly attributedca. to climatic, topographic and edaphic factors. Annual rainfall of the Theog Forest Division was recorded ate.g., 1200 mm annually, which is similar to other floristically rich areas figure 2 present in the Greater Himalayan Range ( Kedarnath . Ten dominant families with their respective genera and species Table 1. Wildlife Sanctuary and Valley of Flowers National Park). in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India. Table 2. Number of families, genera and species documented in the study area.FAMILIES GENERA SPECIES HABIT-FORM Analysis of habit-formsNO. OF SPECIESof the documented% OFflora. TOTAL NAME OF TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL Trees 61 PLANT GROUP (% OF THE (% OF THE (% OF THE TOTAL) TOTAL) TOTAL) 13.8 Shrubs 10022 22.6 Erect 75 17.1 Angiosperms 85 (87.6) 291 (93.3) 408 (92.3) Under shrubs 232 5.0 Epiphytic 03 0.7 a) Dicotyledons 76 (78.4) 245 (78.5) 352 (79.6) Herbs 52.5 Annuals 81 18.5 b) Monocotyledons 9 (9.3) 46 (14.7) 56 (12.7) 22 Perennials 151 34.4 Gymnosperms 3 (3.1) 6 (1.9) 7 (1.6) Climbers 5.0 Woody 08 1.8 Pteridophytes 9 (9.3) 15 (4.8) 27 (6.1) Non-woody 14 3.2 Ferns 27 6.1 Total 97 (100) 312 (100) 442 (100) Total 442 100 1085 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya pilosa, Rumax nepalensis, Cannabis sativa, Circium verutum, Flora of Lahaul-Spiti (A cold desert in North West Himalaya). Bidens pilosa, Malva verticillata and Trifolium repens. The Aswal, B.S. and B.N. Mehrotra. 1994. Bisen SinghA Revised Mahendra Survey Pal of the Singh, Forest Dehradun, Types of Jacaranda mimosaefolia , Grevillea robusta India. 761 pp. major ornamental tree species planted in the area were Champion, H.G. and S.K.Medicinal Seth. 1968. and Aromatic Plants of Himachal Pradesh Robinia pseudoacacia Acacia Government of India Press, New Delhi. 404 pp. mearnsii (Bignoniaceae) Chauhan, N.S. 1999. . (Proteaceae), Medicago (Fabaceae)polymorpha, and Trifolium Indus PublishingIndian Forester Company, New Delhi. 632 pp. (Fabaceae). Widespread plant species near to Chauhan, N.S. 2003. Important medicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal pratense, Trifolium repens, Eleusine indica, Cannabis sativa, Pradesh. 129(8): 979–998. Oxaliscultivated corniculata, areas included Euphorbia hirta, Ricinus communis, Christenhusz M.J.M., PhytotaxaJ.L. Reveal, A. Farjon, M.F. Gardner, R.R. Mill and M.W. Malva verticillata, Polygonum nepalense, Rumex nepalensis, Chase. 2011a. A new classification and linear sequence of extant and gymnosperms. 19: 55–70. (http://www.mapress.com/ Solanum nigrum, Dicliptera bupleuroides, Bidens pilosa phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdf). Phytotaxa Digitaria sanguinalis. Christenhusz M.J.M., X. ZHANG and H. Schneider. 2011b. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. A total 28 plants were recorded as 19: 7–54. (http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/Flora of Himachal Pradesh: Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Anpt00019p054.pdf analysis ). Juglanscultivated regia, species, Punica of whichgranatum 6 were and tree Sapindus species, mukorossi namely; Chowdhery, H. J. and B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. .Flora Vols. Simlensis1–3. Department of Environment, Government of , India, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah, India. 860 pp. Dodonaea viscosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Collett, H. 1902. . ThackerFlora Spink of and Kullu Co., LondonDistrict (Reprinted(Himachal Neriumwhich were indicum planted and Jasminumin orchards mesneyi and agricultural fields; 3 1971).Pradesh) Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India. 652 pp. were shrubs ( Fagopyrum esculentum, Amaranthus Dhaliwal, D. S. and M. Sharma. 1999. ) and 12 were herb . Bisen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun India. 744 pp. paniculatus, Phytolacca acinosa, Solanum melongena, Haston E., J. E. Richardson, P. F. Stevens,Botanical M. W. ChaseJournal and of the D. J.Harris.Linnean Ocimumspecies basilicum, (including Cosmos bipinnatus, Tagetes patula, etc . Society2009. The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: A linear sequence of the familiesFlora in of APG British III. India ) 161(2): 128–131. (doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x). Hooker, J.D. 1872–1897. Handbook, vols. of 1–7. Field L. and Kent, Herbarium England: Most of the Poaceae and CyperaceaeApluda members mutica, are Arthraxon relished Methods.Reeve & Co. (Reprint edition). lanceolatus,as fodder by Bromus livestock mollis, and Chrysopogon mountain ungulates fulvus, Cynodon and act Jain, S. K. and R. R. Rao (eds.). 1977. as good soil binders, such as New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow’sFlora of Sirmaur Printers (Himachal & Publishers. Pradesh) 157 dactylon, Eleusine indica, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda pp. anathera, Phragmites communis, Carex Cyperus Kaur, H. and M. SharmaIllustrated (2004). fern flora of the West Himalaya . michelianus. Dehradun: Bisen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 770 pp. sp. and Khullar, S. P. 1994. Illustrated fern flora of the West Himalaya, Vol. 1. Dehradun: International Book Distributors. 506 pp. Threatened taxa Khullar, S. P. 2000. Medicinal Plants , Vol. 2. Acer caesium ex Dehradun: International Book Distributors. 544 pp. Kurian, A. and M. A. Sankar. 2007. . New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. 356 pp. and Podophyllum Wall.hexandrumBrandis (Sapindaceae), which is Ministry of Environment and Forests. 2001. Sate of Forest Report 2001. listedis as vulnerable in IUCN Red Data Book of Indian Plants, Forest SurveyFlora of India.of Bashahr Dehradun: Himalayas Ministry of Environment and Royle (Berberidaceae) which Forests. Nair, N. C. 1977. Flowers of the. International Himalaya Biosciences Critically Endangered in Appendix II of CITES, were also Publishers, Hissar, Madras, India. 360 pp. recorded from the area. Both species are endemic to the Polunin, O. and A. Stainton. 1984. Medicinal. Delhi: Plants Oxford of Acknowledgments:Himalaya. IndianUniversity Himalaya. Press. 580 Diversity pp. Distribution Potential Values. Samant, S.S., U. Dhar, and L.M.S. Palni. 1998. Authors are grateful to Dean, Y.S.P. University Floristic diversity Nainital: of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (HP) for providing the necessary Gyanoghaya Prakashan. 163Changing pp. Perspectives of Biodiversity Status facilities and Himachal Forest Department for providing necessary Singh,in D.K.the Himalayasand P.K. Hajra. 1996. ; pp. 25–38, in: Gujral, permission and support. Thanks are also due to Dr. N.S. Chauhan, Dr. G. S. G. and V. Sharma (eds.), Rawat and Dr. Umesh Tiwari for their help in the correct identification of . New Delhi: British Council Division, British High plants. We thank Ms Samhita Bose for help in preparing the map and GIS CommissionIndian publication. Forester 186 pp. Cell; HPFD is also acknowledged for providing shape files of the map. We Singh, A. P. and P. Minoo.Flowers 2003. of the The Himalaya: floral diversity A Supplement. of Gujarat State: A also thank to anonymous reviewers and Upma Manral for critical reviews review. 129(12): 1461–1469. and valuable suggestions. We aknowledge the help from Ms Akansha Stainton, A. 1988. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 86 pp. LiteratureSaxena and Roopa cited Bhardwaj in preparing the ‘Taxalist’.

APG III.Botanical 2009. Journal An update of the of Linnean the Angiosperm Society Phylogeny Group Received: August 2013 classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Accepted: August 2014 III. 161(2): 105–121. (doi: Published online: October 2014 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x). Editorial responsibility: Paul A. Egan

1086 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

12142, 12643 12818 12937, 12916 12902 11293, 12103 12118 12893, 12814

11298, 12621 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12783, 12784 12864 12288 12870 12244 12628 12936 12789 12963 -- 12221 12754 12793 12794 12182 12659 12792 12186

1500-2600 1500-2500 2000-3500 2500-3500 1000-2400 1800-3500 1800-3000

upto 3500 upto ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 2000-3000 1000-2500 1800-3000 1800-3000 1200-2400 1500 upto 1800-3000 1800-3000 1500 upto 2000 upto 1600 upto 2200 upto 2000-3500 2000-3500 2200-3500 1500 upto upto 3500 upto 1500-3000

May-Aug May-Sept May-July May-Aug Mar-June Apr-June May-Sept

Aug-Nov FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING May-June April-Oct June-Sept May-Aug July-Oct July-Oct May-Aug June-Aug May-Sept July-Sept Aug-Nov Aug-Oct May-Nov TY TY June-Nov April-Nov June-Aug

Common climber in forests and shrubberies climber in forests Common Shrubberies Fairly common on the forest floor and open slopes common on the forest Fairly Shrubberies and open slopes climber in the shrubberies Common Shrubberies and open slopes Shrubberies and open slopes

Dry open slopes and grasslands In temperate forests and shrubberies forests In temperate Shrubberies in shrubberies found Occasionally slopes on dry exposed in India, generally and naturalized Planted and shrubberies Grasslands or as a live-hedge Ornamental crop areas in damp shady and cliffs on rocks Common ravines and near areas Moist shady in forests areas Damp shady and in wastelands, In fields, near villages, along roadsides areas in moist shady especially DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION of forests areas in shady Near water-courses areas Shady in the dry valleys and naturalized Cultivated slopes and meadows Grassy places on the mountain-slopes Shallow slopes exposed and sometimes as an escape, on dry Planted Near lakes, springs and ponds Near lakes, Dry open slopes and grasslands

S S S S C C C C C T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH WC HABIT

Shondlu-ri-lo, Shondlu-ri-lo, Kukardari Mahameda Meda

Gor-baggar Klandru Chindi, Chirudi, Singli-mingli Sohnu Ridhi Ramban Kleunti, Kelti VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Sanp-alu, Jhangush Gwar-patha Shalbo Ramban Sharduli Wall. (Franch. & Savat.) Savat.) & (Franch. ex Nees gigantea gigantea & Burkill Griseb. (Linn.) Allioni (Linn.) Allioni (Wallich) Royle (Wallich) ex Prain Prain (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Hook. f. & (Wall.) Roxb. D. Don D. (Wall.) Wall. (Wall.) Klotzsch Haw. J. E. Smith var. (D. Don) Momiyama & Hara & Don) Momiyama (D. Linn. Roxb. (Nees) Parker rochebrunii Linn. subsp. rochebrunii The floristic details of binomial, Theog Division, with vernacular Shimla, Himalaya Forest name, their Western distribution Family, and habitat, flowering and fruiting, elevational range and specimen Voucher Orchidaceae Schisandraceae Araceae Dioscoreaceae Liliaceae Decne. vaginata Smilax Iridaceae Asparagaceae Zingiberaceae Smilacina purpurea Wall. purpurea Smilacina Linn. aspera Smilax glaucophylla Smilax Cyperaceae Polygonatum multiflorum Polygonatum verticillatum Polygonatum Scirpus roylei Scirpus roylei Lauraceae melanophyma Dioscorea cirrhifolium Polygonatum cantula Agave adscendens Asparagus gloriosa Yucca Nees cardiolepis Carex remota Carex Kuk. (Linn.) Link michelianus Cyperus Eriophorum comosum FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY grandiflora Schisandra Neolitsea pallens Schott flavum (Forsskal) Arisaema Wall. deltoidea Dioscorea Mill. barbadensis Aloe Habenaria intermedia Don Iris nepalensis D. angustifolia Agave purpurea Roscoea R. Br. breviculmis Carex Table 3. Table number. WC: Woody climber; C: Non-woody climber; AH: Annual herb; PH: Perennial herb; T: Tree; S: Shrub; F: Fern; TY: Throughout the year; *: Threatened plant. *: Threatened the year; Throughout TY: Fern; S: Shrub; F: Tree; T: herb; PH: Perennial climber; AH: Annual herb; climber; C: Non-woody Woody WC: number.

1087 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

12196 12657 12655 12950, 12661 12951, 12618 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12845 12658 12200 12948 12619 12169, 12181 12791 12662 12949 12620 12198 12622 12664 12945, 12944 12168, 12176 12278 12663 12173, 12175 12946 12193 12947 12174 12179 12656 12617 12912, 12913

upto 2000 upto 2000 upto 1800 upto upto 1500 upto 2000 upto ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE upto2200 upto2200 2400 upto 1800 upto 1500 upto 1200-3000 2000-3500 2000 upto 1800 upto 1801 upto 2500 upto 1200 upto 1500 upto 2000 upto upto 2000 upto 1600 upto 1800 upto 1700-4000 1800 upto 1500-3800 500-2200 1600 upto 3200 upto 1000 above 1200-2800 2300-3000

TY TY TY TY April-Oct FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING TY TY TY TY TY April-Oct TY TY TY TY TY Sporadic Sporadic TY TY June-Oct TY TY TY June-Oct June-Oct Apr-July TY TY TY gregarious

Cultivated fields, waste places, poor soils and along roadsides places, poor fields, waste Cultivated places common near watery Very and along roadsides, wastelands areas, near cultivated Common in damp conditions especially Found in open habitats, grasslands and waste places and waste in open habitats, grasslands Found and dry areas Hot Common near the fields Common and in dry soils, along roadsides on stony in grasslands; Common soils sandy and Assam; often Himalaya A common bamboo of Eastern Himalaya hills of Western in lower cultivated slopes India; on dry Occurs throughout DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION soil, on poor along roadsides, banks, river shrubberies, In forests, grounds in waste areas and near cultivated Moist ground pine forests in open places, under Along roadsides, moist areas and grassland, In dry woodland and along roadsides areas near cultivated Common places and in abandoned places, open grassy Gregariously riverbanks soils fertile and on well-drained aspects in grasslands, Warmer places in all warm distributed Widely and open forests ground waste in grasslands, Along roadsides, In disturbed places and open habitats, in shallow drainage, drainage, places and open habitats, in shallow In disturbed soils. and deep loamy ground waste roadsides, places in damp and swampy growing Common; Himalaya the north-western Throughout in especially forests, in montane conifer as undergrowth Common areas moist shady Usually found on both wet and dry sites, along roadsides, in fields along roadsides, sites, and dry on both wet found Usually and open grounds dry slopes and grazeries On exposed open slopes on dry Common on the southern aspects open slopes, especially on dry Common the plains Throughout alongside fields Common but and along streams; areas Rich moist soils, near cultivated on dry hill slopes and occurring too resistant drought regions in temperate Widespread

S S S PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH HABIT

Drabh Rai, Safed Rai Safed Rai, Samak, Sanwak Mandla Munji Kaghzi bans Kaghzi Lathi-bans, Nar-bans, Nagri Dundi Joi Dholu Goria, Gurla, Jhinjra Joob, Doob VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Ponai Kamrodhi Kusha Khadar Bichhru, Naltura Flaccid grass Khadar Bajra Chiriya Narkul, Dar, Beard-grass Parikh Ringal, Roem. & Schult. & Roem. Nees & Arn. exNees & Munro (Forssk.) Stapf (Forssk.) (Spreng.) Druce (Spreng.) (Linn.) Henr. (Roxb.) Nees (Roxb.) ex (Linn.) Beauv. Trinius (Steudel) A. Camus (Steudel) Trin. (Roxb.) Hochstetter (Roxb.) (Linn.) P. Beauv. (Linn.) P. Griseb. (Roxb.) J. F. Watson J. F. (Roxb.) ex Steudel L. C. Rich. L. C. (L.) Scop. (Roxb.) Steud. (Roxb.) Schreber (Linn.) P. Beauv. (Linn.) P. (Spreng.) Chiov. (Spreng.) (Linn.) Pers. Nees (Linn.) Gaertner Linn. Continued. Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli crus-galli Echinochloa Eleusine indica gangetica Eragrostis (Retz.) C. E. Hubbard C. (Retz.) binata Eulaliopsis arundinacea Festuca Scleria sp. Berg. Scleria lanceolatus Arthraxon bengalensis Arundinella nepalensis Arundinella Linn. fatua Avena mollis Bromus assimile Capillipedium Chrysopogon fulvus martinii Cymbopogon dactylonCynodon (Linn.) Pers. hamiltonii Dendrocalamus strictus Dendrocalamus annulatum Dichanthium sanguinalis Digitaria FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Linn. mutica Apluda Heteropogon contortus contortus Heteropogon cylindrica Imperata cristata Koeleria arundinacea Neyraudia flaccidum Pennisetum orientale Pennisetum Linn. Phalaris paradoxa communis Phragmites fugax Polypogon Steud. filifolium Saccharum Munro (Trin.) spathiflorus Thamnocalamus Table 3. Table

1088 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

12668, 12805 12882, 12877 12719, 11267 12891 12862, 11241 12968 11240, 12289 11258 12919 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12199 12904, 12717 12861 12812 12892 12194 12259 12999 12886, 12782 12139, 12138 12920 12873 12898, 12899 12895 12706, 12280 12603 12246, 12626 12743, 11251

1200-3000 2600-4000 2500 upto 2600-4200 1500-2800 upto 1500 upto 2000-3500 1000-3000 2200-3500 ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 1200-2500 2100-3500 1800-2800 1500-2800 2500-3500 400-1600 upto 1800 upto 1500 upto 2000-3000 1500-3000 2500-4500 2000-3000 2700-4000 2400-3200 1800-3000 500-1300 800-2600 1800- 4000

Jun-Oct April-Aug April-June May-Sept Apr-Sept May-Sept April-June April-July April-Aug FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING TY Sept-Oct April-Sept May-Oct May-Sept Sept-Nov April-Sept April-May Jun-Oct April-June May-Aug July-Oct May-Sept May-Oct July-Oct July-Nov July-Sept April- May

Fairly common in shrubberies and forests common in shrubberies Fairly Common in fields as a weed of cultivation in the temperate regions regions in the temperate of cultivation in fields as a weed Common Common on open slopes and shrubberies, in moist sub-alpine Common areas areas floor in moist shady On the forest in damp areas, in shrubberies and near cultivated Common conditions Common in shrubberies on dry exposed slopes in shrubberies on dry exposed Common and alpine pastures at damp places in forests found Frequently Roadsides and in fields Roadsides in shrubberies Common DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION on open dry slopes Abundant Occasionally found in shrubberies and grassy places of temperate places of temperate in shrubberies and grassy found Occasionally Himalaya western Very common in open pastures and shrubberies and shrubberies common in open pastures Very forests in temperate in moist areas Common areas In forested On open slopes and grazeries Common in shrubberies, grasslands and near cultivated areas and near cultivated in shrubberies, grasslands Common along the roads tree as an avenue planted Often aspects on shady floor, on the forest Common in damp forests On rocks Common on rocks in shady places of the forests in shady on rocks Common Common in shrubberies in lower Himalaya in shrubberies lower Common Himalaya and temperate in shrubberies sub-tropical Common and open hillsides shrubberies common in forests, Quite Occasionally found in shrubberies found Occasionally of alpine and temperate in shrubberies and meadows Common Himalaya western of temperate in shrubberies and forests found Occasionally Himalaya western and shrubberies in forests Common

S S S S C C T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH WC WC WC WC HABIT

Pili-jari, Mamiri Bhutjata, Bhutkis Pitpapra Jhinchra, Bankakri Badailtu Kashmal Bharband Kashmal Chotra, Dhonlu, Ghatira, VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Nirbisi, Jadwar Nirbisi, Haiza, Tatara Haiza, Patendu, Patha Patendu, Padar Rattanjog, Pashanbhed Pashanbhed Belkangu Budlu-ri-lo Khari bel (DC.) Forman (DC.) Hook. f. Hook. ex DC. ex DC. hirsuta hirsuta ex Thoms. f. & Hook. D. Don ex D. Royle Steud.) Hack. ex Steud.) aristata aristata ex DC. Wall. DC. D. Don ex D. ex R. Br. DC. D. Don ex D. Royle Wall. D. Don D. Linn. (Nees (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. (D. (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Engl. (Hook. f. & Benth. Roxb. (Medik.) Kuntze Wall. Buch.- Ham. DC. var. DC. (Haw.) Sternb. (Haw.) Royle (Hausskn.) Pugsley Wall. Continued. Proteaceae Menispermaceae Ranunculaceae Papaveraceae Grossulariaceae Saxifragaceae Berberidaceae Buxaceae Crassulaceae Fumaria indica indica Fumaria Thalictrum foliolosum Corydalis govaniana govaniana Corydalis lycium Berberis hexandrum *Podophyllum laetus Ranunculus Themeda anathera Themeda anathera FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Anemone vitifolia vitifolia Anemone hirtellus Ranunculus Argemone mexicana mexicana Argemone Linn. var. pareira Cissampelos aristata Berberis obtusiloba Anemone Cunn. robusta Grevillea saligna Sarcococca emodense Rehd. Ribes Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. integra Kalanchoe Bergenia ciliata ciliata Bergenia stracheyi Bergenia Aquilegia fragrans fragrans Aquilegia Edgew. barbellata Clematis buchananiana Clematis gouriana Clematis grata Clematis Buch.-Ham. montana Clematis denudatum Delphinium Table 3. Table

1089 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12606 12184 12532 12210, 12647 12250 12997 12601 12254, 12790 12208 12276

12838 12765 11263 12772, 11242 12958 12975 12781 12955 12811, 11253 12616 12234 12977 12273, 12274 12855, 12856 12665 12788 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12742, 11237 12247 11261, 12808 12667 12675, 12982 upto 2500 upto 1800 upto 1300 upto 1800 upto 1800 upto 1300 upto 400-2000 500-2800 1600 upto 1200-2800

upto 2400 upto upto 2300 upto 1200-2500 1200-2500 upto 1300 m upto 1300 upto up to 2200 up to 1500 upto 1500-3500 1500 upto 500-1800 upto 1500 upto 1500-2500 1500-2500 1200-3000 2500 upto ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 1800-3000 1800 upto 1800-3000 1000-2500 upto 1300 upto May-Oct Mar-Apr July-Oct May-Sept Mar-May Aug-Sept Apr-Oct Aug-Oct June-Nov May-Oct

May-Sept Apr-Oct Apr-Aug Apr-Sept July-Oct May-June July-Dec TY May-Oct Apr-Aug Aug-Oct Apr-Aug May-Oct Aug-Oct Aug-Oct FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING April-June June-Sept April-May Aug-Oct May-Nov Fairly common in grasslands Fairly in grasslands Common areas cultivated and near in wastelands Common in shrubberies and forests Common in shrubberies and forests Common slopes common on open grassy Fairly Himalaya ; temperate and shrubberies in grazeries Common Commonly planted in villages or wild forests planted Commonly slopes On grassy in villages or wild woods planted Commonly Himalaya ; temperate and shrubberies in grazeries Common

Often planted along roadsides or growing along riversides; occurs along riversides; or growing along roadsides planted Often Himalaya Outer throughout Common at moist shady places near cultivated areas and in the areas places near cultivated at moist shady Common forests cultivated as an ornamental plant and as an avenue tree as an ornamental plant and avenue cultivated areas common near cultivated Fairly Only a few shrubby individuals were encountered, perhaps perhaps encountered, were individuals shrubby a few Only cosmopolitan in distribution planted; India Occurs throughout Common in shrubberies and grasslands; throughout Northern Northern throughout in shrubberies and grasslands; Common India areas and near cultivated roadsides in wasteland, Common Introduced and widely cultivated cultivated and widely Introduced and on the forest areas near cultivated in grasslands, Common Himalaya floor; temperate Himalaya Western throughout common in grasslands; Fairly As an avenue tree in hot valleys tree As an avenue Common in shrubberies and open forests; throughout temperate temperate throughout in shrubberies and open forests; Common Himalaya Himalaya slopes; throughout on open grassy Common of Himalaya regions of the temperate common in grazeries Fairly Occasionally encountered on shady aspects in grazeries and aspects in grazeries on shady encountered Occasionally shrubberies forests in coniferous Common DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION and walls on damp rocks in forests Common Common on open grasslands Common Hot valleys Hot

S S S S S S S S S S C T T T T T T T T T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH WC HABIT Bara-salpan Karail Shershu Bankola, Shisham Barachi Mooti Kathi Kathi

Babul, Kikar Siran Mahori Subabul Kathi Mushe Re Kan Mushe Re Panibel Ban-lo, Phlankar VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Khair ex Merrill Spach et ex Horn. ex Maxim. ex Brandis D. Don ex D. . indica ex Delile subsp . indica (Royle) Planchon (Royle) ex Fresen. Buch.-Ham DC. (Lamk.) de Wit Benth. ex Baker Wallich Graham Maxim. (Roxb.) Planchon (Roxb.) Linn. Linn. Linn. Linn. (L. f.) Pers. de Wild Willd. (Linn.) Willd. Continued. Polygalaceae Atylosia scarabaeoides (Linn.) Benth. scarabaeoides Atylosia Bauhinia variegata floribunda Cav.Cassia mimosoides Cassia sissoo Roxb.Dalbergia concinnum Desmodium DC. elegans Desmodium Kuntze (Willd.) O. macrophylla Flemingia atropurpurea Indigofera dosua Buch.- Ham. Indigofera Vitaceae Fabaceae (Royle) Jaub. (Royle) flaccidum Argyrolobium Trifolium pratense pratense Trifolium Linn. repens Trifolium Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. chinensis Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Albizia (Benth.) Brenan Leucaena leucocephala leucocephala Leucaena Lotus corniculatus polymorpha Linn. Medicago himalensis Rhynchosia Linn. pseudoacacia Robinia Acacia nilotica nilotica Acacia Indigofera heterantha heterantha Indigofera gerardiana Lespedeza juncea Lespedeza stenocarpa Lespedeza (Edge.) Ohba (Edge.) rosulata Rosularia himalayana Parthenocissus FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY latifolia Ampelocissus Acacia catechu catechu Acacia R. Br. abyssinica Polygala Acacia mearnsii Acacia Table 3. Table

1090 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

12887 12126, 12204 11262 12128, 12867 12180, 12156 12753, 12810 12924 12122 12879 12799, 12236 11232 12844, 11286 11292, 12101 11257, 12849 12854, 12807 12148, 12847 11249, 12914 12926 12925 12741, 12135 12795, 12796 12901, 12242 12112, 12766 12768, 11284 11291 12868 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12778 12713 12115 12804 12953 12803, 12764 12609

2700-4000 2200-3000 1000-2100 2000-3000 2000-3200 2000-2600 2700-4500 2000-3000 2500-3500 2000-3000 1800-3000 3000 upto 800-2800 1200-2500 2000-3500 upto 2500 upto 1800-3500 2000-3200 2000-3200 1800-2500 2000-3000 1800-3000 1000-2800 1000-2500 1000-2000 800-2600 ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 1200-3000 1800-2800 1800-4000 800-3000 800-1800 1200-3000 800-2500

May-Sept Apr-May March-May April-June May-July Apr-Sept July-Oct March-Sept May-Aug May-June Apr-Aug Feb-July Apr-Nov April-June May-Sept April-May April-June Jun-Oct Jun-Oct Apr-Aug Apr-Aug May-Oct Apr-Nov Mar-Apr Nov-May Apr-Aug FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING May-Aug April-June April-June Jun-Oct Jun-Oct Apr-Aug July-Oct

Fairly common in forests and shrubberies common in forests Fairly and open slopes shrubberies in forests, Common and shrubberies in forests Common in shrubberies Common and shrubberies in forests areas shady in preferably Common aspects on shady especially in shrubberies and forests, Common and open slopes grounds on alpine grazing Abundant in shrubberies Common and shrubberies in woods Common fields cultivated in shrubberies and around Common Commonly cultivated Commonly Common in forests; throughout temperate Himalaya temperate throughout in forests; Common Common in forests and shrubberies and shrubberies in forests Common and shrubberies in forests Common Common in shrubberies and near cultivated areas in shrubberies and near cultivated Common Common on forest floor, open slopes and field bunds floor, on forest Common and open slopes occurring in grazeries Commonly and shrubberies slopes, forests on dry Common Very common in forests, shrubberies, roadsides and shady slopes and shady shrubberies, roadsides common in forests, Very and open slopes, abundant in occurring in shrubberies Commonly alpine pastures in shrubberies and open slopes; abundant on alpine Common grounds grazing on open slopes and grazeries Common Himalaya Western in distribution; temperate Sporadic in or near villages Cultivated and wild cultivated Often Commonly cultivated Commonly Common on forest floor in shady areas floor in shady on forest Common in shrubberies and open slopes Common temperate and grazeries; on open dry slopes, rocks Common Himalaya villages and near shrubberies common in forests, Fairly areas shrubberies and near cultivated in forests, Found DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION areas and near cultivated in shrubberies, forests Common parts warmer of low-lying and shrubberies in forests Distributed

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH WC HABIT

Taku, Chaku Taku, Jangli Gulab Jangli Bhasm-dhoru Heinser Heinra, Klainchha Gatheru Chopru Kainth Khajin Kuja, Peepli Phophle Banakru Bhumke Banakru Rattanjot, Laljari Bekhal, Bekhli Khurmani, Chuli Paza Nakh, Nashpati Thalt Patairo Rheunsh Jhwarwa VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Ghain Gaunt Gardhan, ex Lindley ex Lehm. Roxb.) Lawson Roxb.) ex Lindley ex ex Smith ex Royle Lodd. Royle) Steud. Royle) D. Don ex D. Linn. . ex . ex Wall. (Lindl.) Rehder (Wallich (Wallich Linn. Roxb. D. Don. D. D. Don D. ex Lacaita Lindley Lindl. (Andr.) Focke (Andr.) Linn. D. Don D. (Wall (Linn.) Batsch (Osbeck) M. C. Johnston (Osbeck) M. C. Buch.-Ham. Lindley Sims Lindl. Continued. Elaeagnaceae Rosaceae Rhamnaceae Rubus biflorus Rubus Sm. ellipticus Rubus foliolosus Rubus Edgew. hypargyrus Rubus macilentus Camb. Rubus Kuntze cuneata Sibbaldia tomentosa Sorbaria bella Spiraea canescens Spiraea Prunus persica Prunus persica Pyrus communis Rosa brunonii Rosa macrophylla Rosa sericea Rosa Fragaria nubicola nubicola Fragaria Wallich argyrophylla Potentilla atrosanguinea Potentilla fragarioides Potentilla Ser. leschenaultiana Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Potentilla Prinsepia utilis Royle Prunus armeniaca Prunus cerasoides Prunus cornuta Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. Cotoneaster bacillaris Wallich Cotoneaster Wallich microphylla Cotoneaster indica Duchesnea virgatus Rhamnus thea Sageretia FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Don) Nakai nepalensis (D. pilosa Ledeb. var. Agrimonia Elaeagnus parvifolia triqueter Rhamnus Table 3. Table

1091 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

11259 12941 12869, 11294 12255 11265 12971 12961 12226 11268 12973 11285 12232

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12769 12612 11287, 12104 12291, 12292 12201 12290 12110 12107, 12129 11296 12922 11281 12871

800-2200 2000 upto 1200-2800 500-2000 2000 upto 1500 upto upto 1500 upto 500-2000 500-2400 1500 upto 1300-3000 2050 upto

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 2800 upto upto 1800 upto 2400 upto 1200-3000 1500-3500 1200-3000 2400 upto 2000-2800 1200-2500 2500-3800 1000-2800 1000-2500

April-July Feb-May Apr-June May-Oct May-Sept Mar-June July-Jan July-Dec Apr-Oct Apr-Aug Apr-Aug May-Oct

FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING June-Sept Apr-Aug Apr-Aug May-Oct May-Oct May-Oct May-Oct April-May Apr-Oct May-June Aug-Nov Mar-May

Climbing and creeping on steep banks on steep and creeping Climbing Often cultivated as a fodder tree; throughout India and sub- throughout tree; as a fodder cultivated Often Himalaya as temperate as well tropical near villages planted Often Not very common Not very Common near cultivated areas near cultivated Common India; planted and Central tract Occurs wild in the sub-Himalayan India throughout Fairly common; wild in forests and shrubberies common; wild in forests Fairly Wild in forests and shrubberies; also cultivated and self-sown near near and self-sown also cultivated and shrubberies; Wild in forests villages near villages planted Generally Himalaya near villages; Outer Common Common in shrubberies Common Wild in the forests as well as widely cultivated cultivated as widely as well Wild in the forests

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION fields, and on common; near houses and cultivated Very wastelands Common in forests and shrubberies in forests Common Common in shrubberies Common cultivated and near forests shrubberies, in wastelands, Common areas shrubberies and wastelands in forests, Common areas and near cultivated wastelands in shrubberies, Wide-spread in shrubberies and grasslands Common Often found mixed with other oaks in moist-shady forests in moist-shady with other oaks mixed found Often along riversides Common and shrubberies in forests Common Common; often gregariously in moist hill-forests gregariously often Common; or forests altitude mixed in high gregariously generally Common; stands pure forming often more

S S S S S C T T T T T T T T T T T T T PH PH PH PH AH HABIT

Kamedu Kimu Kimu Phegra Pipal Chirlu, Kair Chirlu, Baer, Ber Baer, Kharki Tramble Lal-indrayan Khrot, Akhrot

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Bhang Siaru, Sansaru Bhabhar Bichhu-buti Bichhu-buti Mohru Kaunish, Kunish Aira Mokhri Ban Kharshu Banchar, ex Miq.) ex J. E. Smith nemoralis (Wall. nemoralis A. Camus (Lam.) Voigt. D. Don D. (D. Don) Rendle (D. (Lamk.) Gandhi Lamk. Lindley ex A. Camus Lindley Edgew. Lour. Linn. Roxb. Link. Linn. Linn. Continued. Urticaceae Ulmaceae Betulaceae Oxalidaceae Moraceae Poir. Morus australis Morus serrata Fagaceae Juglandaceae Coriariaceae Cucurbitaceae Ficus palmata Forssk. Ficus palmata Linn. Ficus religiosa Buch.-Ham. Ficus sarmentosa Corner Zizyphus oxyphylla Zizyphus oxyphylla Cannabaceae J. E. Smith var. Ficus nerifolia Zizyphus mauritiana FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY australis Celtis Linn. sativa Cannabis Ficus auriculata Debregeasia salicifolia salicifolia Debregeasia (Link) Fries diversifolia Girardinia ardens Urtica dioica Urtica bracteata Trichosanthes Boehmeria platyphylla platyphylla Boehmeria floribunda Quercus Juglans regia nitida (Spach) Endl. Alnus nepalensis Wallich Coriaria Solena amplexicaulis Quercus leucotrichophora leucotrichophora Quercus Smith semecarpifolia Quercus Table 3. Table

1092 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

12959 12652 12644 12261 12972 12650 12161 12624 12735, 12850 12213, 12734 12773 12736, 12900 12872 12534 12535

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12866, 12853 12286 12649 12636 12689 12809, 12851 12876 12817, 12177 12241, 12802 12608 12124, 12798 12633 13000, 12957

upto 1800 upto 1500 upto 1500 upto 1500 upto 2000 upto 1500 upto 1800-2800 500-1800 1500-2800 2200-3500 upto 2000 upto 1800-3500 2000 upto 1500 upto 1800 upto

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 2500 upto 1800-2500 1500 upto 1500 upto 1500-2800 1500-2600 1500-2500 800-2400 2500 upto upto 1300 upto 2000-3500 500-2000 1500 upto

June-July May-Sept Apr-Aug Oct-Feb May-Aug June-Aug April-May Apr-Oct Apr-Sept Jun-Oct Feb-May Mar-June Mar-Apr Mar-Apr Aug-Nov

FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING Apr-Oct May-Oct May-Sept Apr-Oct May-Sept Apr-Nov Apr-Sept Apr-Oct April-June Mar-Apr April-July May-Sept Feb-April

Common on dry exposed hill-slopes exposed on dry Common areas and near cultivated on roadsides Common India throughout Cultivated Near cultivated areas and in shrubberies areas Near cultivated India Throughout hot valleys of low-lying in forests Common Fairly common in shady areas near fields and on roadside walls; walls; fields and on roadside near areas common in shady Fairly Himalaya and subtropical temperate Common in moist-damp places in the forests, generally generally in moist-damp places the forests, Common gregariously and fields in orchards on open slopes, gregariously Common occurring on open-slopes and near fields orchards Commonly Introduced and often planted in gardens and near water-channels and near in gardens planted and often Introduced shrubberies and open slopes common in forests, Very near villages or planted along the rivulets Common along roadsides as an ornamental tree planted Often Successfully introduced both in the plains and hills introduced Successfully

Common weed, abundant in cultivated places and wastelands abundant in cultivated weed, Common in shrubberies found Occasionally and also as an escape in the wild in gardens Cultivated throughout and along roadsides; areas near cultivated Common parts of India the hotter areas in cultivated A weed DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION Common in forests and shrubberies in forests Common Common on forest floor, shrubberies and meadows floor, on forest Common and shrubberies in forests found Occasionally occurring on open-slopes and near fields Commonly Occurs throughout India, wild or sometimes cultivated; in sub- India, wild or sometimes cultivated; Occurs throughout Himalayas and Outer tract Himalayan Western India, also wild in outer throughout cultivated Commonly Himalaya aspects on drier in shrubberies, especially Common Temperate forests Temperate

S S S S S S S S S T T T T T T T T PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH HABIT

Sru, Saru, Surai Sru, Saru, Chhoti dudhi Chhoti Sama Padeura, Kaimbal, Kamal Erandi Arand, Biloza Baloza, Bhanda Laljhari Majnu Bahila Besu, Laila Safeda

Bari dudhi Khat-maroli Gurguli VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Pina Phulnia Banaksha Kangu, Bilangra Daru Chalun, Chalan Chalun, Dhai Dhavsha, Choisy himalaicum Babu Boiss. var. Domin Linn. (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. (Decne.) Muell.-Arg. ex Royle Boiss. Linn. Roxb. Linn. (Burm. f.) Merrill Andersson Rehder ex Aiton L’Heritier Linn. Linn. Wallich (Royle) Benth. ex f. Hook. (Royle) Continued. Salicaceae Lythraceae Violaceae Euphorbiaceae Geraniaceae Myrtaceae Onagraceae Euphorbia thymifolia thymifolia Euphorbia Wight velutinum Glochidion Mallotus philippensis Linn. communis Ricinus Sapium insigne Geranium mascatense mascatense Geranium nepalense Sweet Geranium Don ex Sweet D. wallichianum Geranium Salix denticulata Salix denticulata Salix tetrasperma umbellata Eucalyptus Oxalis corniculata Linn. corniculata Oxalis Linn. heterophylla Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia maddeni Boiss. Euphorbia royleana Euphorbia FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY cordifolia Andrachne Hypericaceae Hypericum oblongifolium Flacourtia indica indica Flacourtia Viola canescens Hypericum dyeri lucidum Geranium granatum Punica rosea Oenothera Stapf citrinus (Curtis) Callistemon Populus ciliata Wall. ciliata Populus Salix babylonica (Linn.) Kurz fruticosa Woodfordia Table 3. Table

1093 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 11239 12983 12976 12759 12712, 12761 12640, 12758 12905 12673 12536

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12611, 11297 12672 12533 12629 12710 12986, 11260 12880, 12863 12962, 12806 12239 12757 11288 12750 12816 12714 12837 12995 12279, 12531 12703 12785 12980, 12979 1300-3000 1500 upto 1500 upto upto 3000 upto 2000-3500 2500 upto 2400-3000 upto 1500 upto 1800 upto

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 800-1500 1500 upto 500-2400 upto 1500 upto 2000-3000 1000-2500 1500-3200 2400 upto 1800-4000 2000-4000 2500 upto 2400 upto 1000-4000 2000-4000 upto 2000 upto 1600 upto 1500 upto 1800-2500 1800-2800 2000 upto May-Sept Feb-Nov Apr-Sept May-Oct Apr-Aug Apr-Oct April-Dec Feb-March April-May

FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING Mar-June Mar-June Mar-May Apr-Oct April-June April-June May-Sept May-Nov Jun-Oct April-July May-Aug April-June April-June April-June April-May Mar-May April-June Mar-May Jun-Oct Feb-June Common on dry open slopes, often gregariously as a weed of as a weed gregariously open slopes, often on dry Common grasslands Wild in shady areas of forests, sometimes planted of forests, areas Wild in shady cultivated Often Common; as weed of cultivation and in wastelands of cultivation as weed Common; and along roadsides on wastelands Common Common near cultivated areas areas near cultivated Common On shady aspects in the forests On shady Common in forests of lower valleys of lower in forests Common Commonly planted in villages and wild planted Commonly

Common in inhabited areas in inhabited Common DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION and shrubberies in forests Common hot and arid valleys in lower Common Common in forests, shrubberies and shady places and shady shrubberies in forests, Common areas in shrubberies and near cultivated Common ground and waste of cultivation A weed areas on open slopes and near cultivated Seldom encountered ground and waste of cultivation A weed ground sometimes on waste of cultivation, A weed Common in forests and shrubberies in forests Common in shrubberies and open slopes found Occasionally and on the marshes common along the streams Very in wastelands found Occasionally ground and waste of cultivation A weed Along roadsides and for reclamation of wastelands and landslips of wastelands reclamation and for Along roadsides in villages and along roadsides planted Commonly forests deodara in Cedrus Common Himalayas temperate Throughout on dry open especially in shrubberies and grazeries, Common slopes Occurring throughout India throughout Occurring

S S S S S S S S T T T T T T T T T T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH HABIT Bankhor, Pangar Bankhor, Nokhi dali Ritha Doda, Reetha, Khubasi Beoli Mandar Koki, Shaimbal Koki, Beol, Beul

Kakarsinghi Pechka, Jhingan Pechka, VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Thumba Tung, Ner Timri, Timru Aalam, Halim Khubkalan Kurry patta Kurry Chatrawla, Dalli Chatrawla, Jek, Bakain Bursha Dalmi Tuni; Tunsh Tuni; (Stewart) (Stewart) integerrima integerrima ex Steud. (Linn.) Medik. Meissn DC. DC. ex Camb. R. Br. Edgew. Salz ex Decne. ex Brandis (Miller) Swingle (Miller) Wall. Linn. Scop. ex Walp. Sieb., Zucc. (DC.) Bunge subsp. . Spreng Linn. Colebr. Wall. Linn. Continued. Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq. Dodonaea viscosa Gaertn. Sapindus mukorossi Rutaceae Malva verticillata Linn. verticillata Malva (Linn.) Garcke coromandelianum Malvastrum Thymelaeaceae Aesculus indica indica Aesculus Grewia optiva J. R. Drumm. ex optiva Burret Grewia rotundifolia Malva Rech. f. Rech. Anacardiaceae (Houtt.) Merrill Lannea coromandelica chinensis Pistacia Sapindaceae FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY coggygria Cotinus Skimmia laureola Skimmia laureola armatum Zanthoxylum Simaroubaceae bursa-pastoris Capsella Erysimum Linn. hieracifolium Willd. Lepidium apetalum Nasturtium officinale irio Linn. Sisymbrium Thlaspi arvense Thlaspi cochleariforme Santalaceae *Acer caesium caesium *Acer koenigii Murraya altissima Ailanthus Linn. azedarach Melia Bombax ceiba Daphne papyracea amplexicaulis Arabis Osyris quadripartita Meliaceae M. Roem. ciliata Toona Malvaceae canescens Wikstroemia Brassicaceae Table 3. Table

1094 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12120 12780 12170 12613 12183, 12249 12192, 12217 12214 12739 11270 12178

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12202 12284, 12111 12219 11231, 11290 12298 12237 12240 11269 12767, 12702 12884 11277 12209, 11276 11248, 12859 12223, 12222 12224 12615 12687, 12981 12745 1800-3000 1000-3000 1000-2200 1800 upto 3000 upto 1800 upto 1500 upto 2000-3000 700-2200 1500 upto

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 1500 upto 2000-3500 1500-3500 1500-3500 2000 upto 3000 upto 1200-2500 300-2500 800-4000 2000-4000 2000-3500 1800-3500 4000 upto 2400 upto 2500 upto 1800 upto 1500 upto 1500-3000 April-July April-Jan May-Oct April-June July-Sept July-Oct Aug-Oct May-Oct July-Oct May-Oct

FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING July-Oct Jun-Oct Jun-Oct Apr-Sept July-Oct Apr-Nov June-Nov Apr-Oct Apr-Oct Apr-Oct May-Aug April-July Apr-Oct May-Oct May-Oct May-Oct July-Oct May-June A common stem parasite of sub-tropical & temperate forests temperate & of sub-tropical parasite A common stem forests temperate & of sub-tropical parasite A common stem areas and near cultivated on wasteland Common India or as an escape throughout Cultivated India throughout A field weed in moist areas found Frequently places and fields as a weed in waste Common in shrubberies Common Quite common; a stem parasite, mostly on oaks mostly parasite, common; a stem Quite in shrubberies Common

Common; often gregariously in shrubberies and meadows gregariously often Common; areas shrubberies and near cultivated in woods, Common or as an escape Sometimes cultivated near water-sources Common fields and near cultivated in forests areas in shady Common areas in shrubberies and near cultivated Common floor and open slopes on forest Occurr gregariously plant colonized a widely weed; common and most variable A very Himalayas in temperate habitations and near in wasteland Common DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION as an escape perhaps India; also cultivated; Occurs throughout near villages areas near cultivated Common and in meadows; along roadsides areas, near cultivated Common areas in moist shady vigorous more and orchards in shrubberies, meadows Common and orchards in meadows occurring Commonly and near habitations in wasteland Common in shrubberies Common channels; a weed and along water in moist areas Common parts of India the warmer throughout near villages, forests seen as an escape into Occasionally sometimes cultivated

S S S S S PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH HABIT Garnat Banda Narata, Chaulai Bathu Kataili Chaulai Shanathu Sila Latman Banda, Vanda

Barik jhawarwa Puthkanda Phaphra, Phaphla Phaphra, Manana, Satbalon Khat-marora Marmaila Dhunpri Dhunpri phulkee Safed Kanchari VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Chitraka Puthkanda Jharka Narail, Hook. f. Hook. oleraceus oleraceus Schrad. (Lam.) Merr. Linn. Royle ex Bab. Royle Blume ex DC. (Linn.) R. Br. (Linn.) Blume (Roth.) Moq. (Roth.) Linn. Linn. var. D. Don D. (Linn.) Vill. Boiss. (Edgew.) Danser (Edgew.) Continued. (Wall.) Danser (Wall.) vestitus Taxillus Viscum album Linn. Plumbaginaceae paniculatus Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Amaranthus Linn. ambrosioides Chenopodium opulifolium Chenopodium tomentosa Cyathula Deeringia amaranthoides Phytolaccaceae Loranthaceae Polygonaceae Don) Hara dibotrys (D. Fagopyrum Moench esculentum Fagopyrum Linn. hydropiper Polygonum nepalense Meissn. Polygonum recumbens Polygonum hastatus Rumex nepalensis Sprengel Rumex Caryophyllaceae griffithii Silene (Moench) Garcke vulgaris Silene media Stellaria Amaranthaceae bidentata Achyranthes sanguinolenta Aerva sessilis Alternanthera blitum Amaranthus Nyctaginaceae FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Scurrula elata Linn. zeylanica Plumbago Don) Greene (D. amplexicaulis Bistorta Don D. Gypsophila cerastioides aspera Achyranthes acinosa Roxb. Phytolacca Table 3. Table

1095 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12960 12267 12954 12116, 12117 12132, 12134 12858 12819

12287 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12744, 12779 12874 12722, 12235 12733, 12908 12694 12265, 12264 12917 12243 12896 12133, 12715 12942, 12967 12671, 12763 12631 12943, 12625 12918, 12800 12676, 12993 12225, 12678 12166 12927 upto 1800 upto 500-2000 2200 upto 1800-3000 1800-3000 1500-2500 1800-2500

2000-3500 ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 2100-3300 1800-3000 upto 3500 upto 2000-4000 2400 upto 1800 upto 2500-4000 1200-3000 2400-3000 1500-2800 1500 upto 500-2800 upto 2000 upto 1200-1800 2000-4000 upto 1500 upto 1200-2500 1000-2000 2500-3500 May-Oct May-Aug Apr-Sept Apr-Oct July-Oct April-June April-May July-Oct

April-June July-August July-Oct Apr-Oct Apr-Oct FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING May-July May-Aug July-Oct May-Aug Mar-May Sept-Feb July-Nov Apr-Oct May-Sept May-Aug May-July July-Oct April-July April-May Found in shrubberies and open slopes in shrubberies Found in moist shady especially edges and wastelands, common on farm gardens as an escape from areas, as a hedge places and sometimes planted in waste Naturalized plant Occasionally found in shrubberies found Occasionally Temperate forests Temperate forests common in temperate Fairly Common on rocks and cliffs Common on rocks

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION Gregariously occurring in damp places on the forest floor and in occurring in damp places on the forest Gregariously shrubberies Occasionally found in shrubberies found Occasionally Common on rocks and open slopes Common on rocks Occurs in temperate Himalayas Occurs in temperate and grazeries Common in shrubberies, forests in Himalaya America; naturalised of tropical A native Common on forest floor in shady areas floor in shady Common on forest On rocks and cliffs On rocks Occasionally found in shrubberies and meadows found Occasionally Sporadic in occurrence; on the forest floor on the forest in occurrence; Sporadic and shrubberies, on open slopes Common in forests areas and near cultivated Common in shrubberies forests Common in shrubberies and on forest floor Common in shrubberies and on forest Cultivated throughout India as an ornamental crop, and India as an ornamental crop, throughout Cultivated sometimes seen as an escape In shrubberies and grasslands Common on open slopes and shrubberies Common on dry open slopes and shrubberies In shrubberies Occurring near water bodies and on shady damp rocks bodies and on shady Occurring near water Common on rocks and grassy slopes and grassy Common on rocks

S S S S S S S S S C C T T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH HABIT Sant, Punarnava Gulabbas, Gulabash Chapte-sru, Chapte-sru, Nagphana Dalichi

Tilgra VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Dalichi Buransh, Bras Buransh, Ayar Barik-munjtu Sadraila Kakatundi Sadraila Karaunda Jhinjru, Jhurlu Kikra Sadabahar Karanta Munjtu, Manjith (Ker-Gawler) (Ker-Gawler) dillenii ex Clarke ex Wallich Sm. Hardwicke Wall. Roem., Schult. Roem., Wall. Sm. DC. Craib Linn. R. Brown Linn. (Haw.) Haw. var. var. Haw. (Haw.) Continued. Mirabilis jalapa jalapa Mirabilis Cactaceae Hydrangeaceae Benson Balsaminaceae Boerhavia diffusa Boerhavia FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Opuntia stricta Deutzia staminea rotundifolia Androsace arboreum Rhododendron Rubiaceae Deutzia compacta Deutzia compacta Impatiens scabrida lanuginosa Androsace Drude (Wall.) ovalifolia Lyonia Galium aparine Linn. Don D. Halenia elliptica Lour. asiatica Buddleja Linn. curassavica Asclepias Primulaceae Androsace sarmentosa sarmentosa Androsace Galium asperuloides Edgew. Galium asperuloides (G. Don) Wall. cordata Swertia crispa Benth. Buddleja Linn. carandas Carissa Myrsine africana Linn. Myrsine africana Loganiaceae (Roxb.) Benth., Hook. f. (Roxb.) tetrasperma Randia Apocynaceae (Linn.) G. Don roseus Catharanthus Primula denticulata Primula denticulata Cryptolepis buchanani buchanani Cryptolepis Rubia cordifolia Linn. cordifolia Rubia Primula floribunda Wallich Gentianaceae Primula petiolaris Wallich Ericaceae Table 3. Table

1096 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12271, 12933 12238

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12602 12632 12206 12266, 12992 12260, 12970 12813 12145, 12137 12907 12248 12258, 12989 12716 12233 12648 12705 12604 12607 12746 12605 11273, 12149 12966 12885 12245 12653 12263 12964 12996 12227 1000-3500

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 500-2000 1500 upto 1200-3000 500-2500 1000-2000 500-2800 1500-3000 2400-4000 1500-3000 1200-3500 1200-2600 upto 2400 upto upto 2000 upto 800-3500 upto 1500 upto 1500 upto 1500-2800 1500 upto 1200-2500 upto 1500 upto 1500-3500 800-2800 upto 1500 upto 2000 upto upto 1300 upto upto 2000 upto 2000-2800 Jun-Oct

Jun-Oct Apr-Nov Aug-Oct July-Oct Apr-Oct July-Oct May-Sept Apr-Oct July-Aug Jun-Oct Apr-Oct Mar-Oct Aug-Oct FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING May-Sept Apr-Oct Feb-May Mar-May April-June Apr-Oct Apr-Oct May-Aug Apr-Oct Apr-Oct May-Sept Apr-Nov Apr-Oct Jun-Oct Aug-Nov Commonly occurring on open slopes and shrubberies Commonly

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION Occasionally found in shrubberies found Occasionally as an ornamental crop cultivated Often and wasteland in grazeries areas, near cultivated A common weed Common in shrubberies and forests and near cultivated along roadsides Common on wastelands, areas Common in shrubberies and dry slopes Common on roadsides Common on open slopes and grazeries Common in shrubberies and open slopes and shrubberies in forests encountered Occasionally Common on roadsides, near cultivated areas and in wastelands areas near cultivated Common on roadsides, Common in shrubberies and on wasteland Naturalized throughout India; common in wastelands and India; common in wastelands throughout Naturalized areas cultivated Cultivated throughout India, or as an escape throughout Cultivated and open slopes Common on roadsides Often cultivated as an ornamental plant; also, wild in shrubberies cultivated Often and as a live-hedge as an ornamental crop cultivated Commonly in fields A common weed common in shrubberies Fairly Common on roadsides and near cultivated areas and near cultivated Common on roadsides Occasionally found in shrubberies, wasteland and near cultivated and near cultivated in shrubberies, wasteland found Occasionally areas Occasionally encountered on open slopes encountered Occasionally Occasionally encountered in forests and shrubberies in forests encountered Occasionally Common on wasteland and along roadsides Common on wasteland The local wild brinjal variety; often cultivated for its edible fruits for cultivated often The local wild brinjal variety; Common in shrubberies and near cultivated areas Common in shrubberies and near cultivated Common in moist shady places, along the roads, near cultivated near cultivated places, along the roads, Common in moist shady and in wastelands areas Common in shrubberies

S S S S S S S S C C C PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH HABIT Ratpacha

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Kurang Kaner Akash-bel dhatura Safed chameli, Peeli Pitmalti Thande pindi Phulla Ban-tamaku, Kali Bainshti Tambaku Lahuriya Asheta Baltanga Chameli, Jati Ban-bhata Baingan, Bhanta Baingan, Binda Bhumera, Makoi Bhinchi ex Benth. ex Benth. Benth. Dunal ex. ex. Klotzsch and Garcke (Linn.) Gaertn. Linn. Linn. Linn. (Linn.) Roth O. Ktze. O. Linn. Poiret. Mill. reflexa Roxb. reflexa var. Roxb. Continued. Ajuga parviflora Benth. Ajuga FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Wight Marsdenia roylei Wall. Cynoglossum glochidiatum reflexa Cuscuta Linn. stramonium Datura Jasminum humile Linn. Willd. depressa Plantago hoffmeisteri Pedicularis Wallich bracteosa Ajuga Ipomoea purpurea Ipomoea purpurea Nerium indicum Kuntze O. (Roth) solanacea Vallaris Convolvulaceae physaloides Nicandra tabacum Nicotiana Hance Jasminum mesneyi Wall. erosa Plantago himalensis RoyleScrophularia thapsus Verbascum persica Veronica indica Anisomeles Solanaceae D. Don D. Solanum erianthum Linn. lanceolata Plantago Boraginaceae Jasminum officinale Lamiaceae Linn. Clinopodium vulgare Scrophulariaceae Solanum melongena Linn. Solanum melongena Sm. oppositifolia Colebrookia Plantaginaceae Solanum myriacanthum Solanum myriacanthum Solanum nigrum (D. Don) Rehder (D. Elsholtzia fruticosa Oleaceae Table 3. Table

1097 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12191, 12155

12911 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12256, 12635 12677, 12642 12974, 12991 12627 12638, 12965 12285, 12674 12154 12277, 12106 12928 12666 12670, 12956 12775, 12840 12985, 11283 12269 12842 12707, 11250 12215 12998 12297 12700 12153 12162, 12623 12645, 12651 12185 12218 12841 12614 12669, 11271 12637, 11275 11289, 12698 1800-3000

2200-4000 ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE upto 2800 upto upto 1800 upto 2000 upto 1500 upto 1800 upto 1500 upto 1000-2000 1000-3500 2600 upto 2000 upto 1500 upto 1500-2800 500-1800 1800 upto 2000-3000 1800-3500 1000-2500 upto 1500 upto 2200 upto 1800-3000 2200-2600 1800-3000 1200-2500 upto 1800 upto 1800-3500 1200-3000 upto 2200 upto upto 1500 upto 800-2800 500-2000 1800-2600 May-Oct July-Oct

Apr-Oct May-Oct Mar-Sept April-June Mar-May May-Nov FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING April-June Aug-Oct May-Dec Jun-Oct April-June Apr-Sept Apr-Oct May-Nov June-Sept Apr-Oct Apr-Oct March-May July-Oct Aug-Oct July-Oct May-Oct Aug-Oct Jun-Oct May-Oct Sept-Oct Aug-Oct Jan-Aug Apr-Oct Apr-Oct April-July Common in shrubberies and along roadsides

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION Common on forest floor and open slopes Common on forest Common on dry-precipitous slopes Common on dry-precipitous Common in shrubberies and near cultivated areas Common in shrubberies and near cultivated tree in India as an avenue Cultivated as an ornamental plant India and grown into Introduced Himalayas in Outer Common in shrubberies and grazeries; and obnoxious invasive in India, as a highly naturalized Widely areas shrubberies and cultivated in forests, weed Occasionally encountered on open slopes and in shrubberies encountered Occasionally Common in wet places near stream sides, nullahs, irrigation sides, nullahs, irrigation places near stream Common in wet channels, rivulets India Throughout Abundantly occurring in hilly areas occurring in hilly Abundantly and Nilgiris in the Himalaya naturalized of Brazil, A native Common in shrubberies and forests Common on dry open slopes, shrubberies, grazeries and near Common on dry open slopes, shrubberies, grazeries areas cultivated and near cultivated on wastelands Common along roadsides, areas Common on forest floor, generally gregariously generally floor, Common on forest Common on open dry slopes Common on dry slopes Common in shrubberies and wastelands floor and in shrubberies Common on forest Common in shady areas, meadows and near cultivated areas and near cultivated meadows areas, Common in shady Frequently occurring, generally gregariously, as undergrowth in as undergrowth gregariously, occurring, generally Frequently forests temperate Common in shrubberies Common in shrubberies and grazeries Common on open slopes and in shrubberies Often cultivated, sometimes as an escape into wild sometimes as an escape into cultivated, Often Common in damp areas in forest and shrubberies in forest Common in damp areas In shrubberies; in hilly regions regions In shrubberies; in hilly Common in shrubberies and grazeries Common on dry open slopes and shrubberies Fairly common in shrubberies and near cultivated areas common in shrubberies and near cultivated Fairly Common on open slopes, grazing lands and drier areas lands and drier areas Common on open slopes, grazing

S S S S S S S S S S S T T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH HABIT

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Bhuna, Dhurlu-ghas Tadrelu Phool-lakri, Mastiara Jungli Pudina Jungli Nirgandi Bouna Buthi Kirch, Somni Kirch, Pipli, Ban-ajwain Jungli ajwain Jungli Basuti Sathra Gulal tulsi Chhichhri Karwi Nees (Burm. f.) O. Ktze. (Burm. f.) O. ex Kunth ex Benth.) Hara (Kuntze) Bremek. (Kuntze) Nees Nees ex Sweet D. Don D. aculeata (L.) Moldenke aculeata (Ait.) Spreng. (Hardw.) Mabberley (Hardw.) Benth. Linn. Linn. (L.) Hudson L. var. Linn. Thunb. Wallich Linn. (D. Don) Baillon (D. Linn. Continued. Leucas lanata Benth. lanata Leucas FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Lamium album cristata Barleria mimosifolia Jacaranda bicolor Caryopteris Scutellaria linearis Scutellaria Mentha longifolia longifolia Mentha Dicliptera bupleuroides bupleuroides Dicliptera (Linn.) Juss. stans Tecoma Verbenaceae camara Lantana bonariensis Linn. Verbena D. Don Buch.–Ham. ex D. scandens Scutellaria Meriandra strobilifera Benth. strobilifera Meriandra roxburghiana Dicliptera negundo Vitex Thymus linearis Benth. Thymus D. Don) Benth. (Buch.-Ham. exD. biflora Micromeria Linn. Justicia adhatoda Strobilanthes atropurpureus atropurpureus Strobilanthes dalhousianus C. B. Clarke Strobilanthes Acanthaceae (D. Don) Hand.-Mazz. (D. laevigata Nepeta Justicia japonica Justicia japonica urticifolius Pteracanthus Bignoniaceae Nepeta leucophylla Benth. leucophylla Nepeta Ocimum basilicum Origanum vulgare vulgare Origanum (Burm. f.) Koidz. japonicus Plectranthus Plectranthus mollis Plectranthus Pogostemon benghalensis Pogostemon Rabdosia rugosa (Wallich rugosa Rabdosia Roylea cinerea cinerea Roylea Salvia lanata Roxb.Salvia lanata Salvia nubicola Salvia nubicola Table 3. Table

1098 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12762

12144, 12151 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12921, 12797 12207 12203 12721 12897& 12940 12171 12760 12231 12136 12939 12777, 12646 12257, 12296 12787, 12843 12108 12839, 12159 12251 12786 12102, 11299 12641 12860 11278, 12187 12270 12160, 12820 12727, 12123 12756 12732 12295 12692, 12229 12688, 12878 1500-2500 300-2400

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 2000-3000 upto 2500 upto 1800-2500 1500-2500 2200-4000 2000-3000 1800-2800 1200-2500 upto 3000 upto 1800-3500 2400 upto 1000-4000 1200-3000 1800-3000 1000-3000 upto 2500 upto 1200-2500 1200-2400 upto 2000 upto upto 3000 upto 1800-3500 1500-2500 1800-3000 2200-2600 1000-2500 1800-3000 1000-1800 1400-2500 1500-3000 May-Oct April-June

Mar–May FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING May-July Aug–Oct Sept-Oct Aug-Oct April-June Jun-Oct July-Oct Jun-Oct Apr-Sept Apr-Aug May-Oct Aug-Oct May-July May-Sept July-Oct Apr-Oct March-May Aug-Nov May-Sept Apr-Sept May-Oct May-Sept May-Oct May-July July-Oct Sept-Oct Sept-Oct July-Nov Occasionally found in damp shady places of the forests in damp shady found Occasionally and along roadsides Common on wasteland DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION Common on forest floor Common on forest Cultivated as an ornamental crop in home-gardens; also as an in home-gardens; as an ornamental crop Cultivated on open grassy occurring gregariously the meadows; escape into slopes Quite common in temperate forests; generally gregariously gregariously generally forests; common in temperate Quite floor occurring on the forest grounds Common in shrubberies and grazing Occasionally occurring in shrubberies, grazeries and open slopes occurring in shrubberies, grazeries Occasionally Seldom found in damp areas on forest floor on forest in damp areas Seldom found Sporadic; in meadows and moist-shady places in forests and moist-shady in meadows Sporadic; Common in open grasslands Common in shrubberies Common on wasteland and along roadside Common on wasteland Common in meadows, open slopes and near cultivated areas open slopes and near cultivated Common in meadows, Common in shrubberies and forests Common on wastelands and open slopes Common on wastelands and wastelands areas common on dry open disturbed Fairly Common on open slopes Common on wastelands and near cultivated areas and near cultivated Common on wastelands A native of America; introduced into India and occurs throughout India and occurs throughout into of America; introduced A native as a weed Himalaya and dry open slopes Common on rocks Common as a weed of cultivated areas and on wastelands, often often and on wastelands, areas of cultivated Common as a weed gregariously Common in grazeries and open slopes Common in grazeries Common; near cultivated areas, in grazeries and shrubberies in grazeries areas, Common; near cultivated Common in grazeries and open slopes Common in grazeries and in wastelands along roadsides areas, Common near cultivated Growing gregariously in pastures, waste places, roadsides and places, roadsides waste in pastures, gregariously Growing sites disturbed in shrubberies and on road-sides areas, Common; near cultivated Common on open slopes, along road sides and near fields Common on open slopes, along road Occasionally encountered in shrubberies and open slopes encountered Occasionally Common in shrubberies and pastures Common on open slopes

S S T PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH HABIT

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Karwi Buti Bhoon Bharari Darari, Jangli kuth Jangli Karyunshi Chhambar, Chhambar, Nagadouna Chhambar Chhambar Shorlu Kapasi Kumber Nanehi Kalbir Dudhli Bhuan leucanthemum leucanthemum Linn. var. ex DC. ex Besser ex DC. ex Clarke ex DC. ex Royle Linn. Koch (D. Don) Hook. f. (D. D. Don D. (Royle) Beauv. (Royle) Wall. DC. DC. (D. Don) Sprengel (D. (Lour.) Merrill, Sherff (Lour.) D. Don) DC. (Buch.-Ham. ex D. (Thunb.) Less. C. B. Clarke (L.) Babcock Wall. D. Don) DC. (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Continued. Asteraceae FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Aquifoliaceae dipyrena Ilex DC. aptera Ainsliaea Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.Cosmos Anaphalis adnata Anaphalis Crepis sancta sancta Crepis Anaphalis busua Anaphalis contorta Anaphalis lappa Linn. Arctium Echinops niveus Wall. niveus Echinops Artemisia indica Willd. indica Artemisia D. Don) Benth. ex C. (Buch.-Ham. ex D. bellidioides Erigeron B. Clarke Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. roxburghiana Artemisia Erigeron bonariensis Erigeron Wall. multicaulis Erigeron Artemisia vestita Wall. vestita Artemisia molliusculus Aster Bidens biternata Galinsoga parviflora Cav.Galinsoga Bidens pilosa Linn. Gerbera gossypina gossypina Gerbera Gnaphalium affine Carduus nutans Linn. nutans Carduus Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC. Gnaphalium hypoleucum Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Steyermark Hieracium vulgatum vulgatum Hieracium Inula cappa Cirsium verutum Cirsium verutum Cirsium wallichii japonica Conyza Inula cuspidata Inula cuspidata Myriactis nepalensis Less. Table 3. Table

1099 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

12865 VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12639 12935 12748, 12113 12704 12114, 12283 12852 12883 12300 12252 11274 12857, 11252 11247 12119, 11295 12888, 12846 12923, 12915 12230 12749 12130, 12691 12751 12731, 12220 12894 12205 12190 12755, 12211 12630 12105, 12150 12146 12268 12994 12969 upto 3000 upto ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE upto 1500 upto 2200-3000 2000-3000 2200-3000 1800-2800 2400-3000 2400-3500 1000-3000 2800 upto 1800-3500 2200-3000 1500-3500 1800-3000 1800-3200 2200-3000 1200-3000 2000-3200 1500-2800 3500 upto 2000-4000 2400-3200 upto 2500 upto 1800-3500 1200-2500 upto 2500 upto 500-5500 1800-3000 1200-2500 upto 1300 upto upto 2000 upto

July-Nov Aug-Oct April-June April-June Sept-Oct July-Oct FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING July-Oct July-Oct July-Oct May-Sept May-Oct Apr-Sept April-June Mar-Aug April-June June-Nov Jun-Oct April-June July-Oct May-Oct May-Nov Aug-Oct June -Oct July-Oct May-Oct Mar-Oct May-Aug Aug-Oct April-June Apr-Nov May-Aug

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION An obnoxious weed; in cultivated areas, along roadsides and on along roadsides areas, in cultivated weed; An obnoxious wasteland Common in sub-alpine meadows and shrubberies Common in forests and shrubberies Common in forests in deodar forests especially climber, A common woody and open slopes in forests Sporadic Common in grasslands and open slopes Common in grasslands shrubberies and open slopes Common in grasslands, Common on open slopes and open slopes Common in grazeries Sporadic in distribution in temperate forests in distribution temperate Sporadic Common in shrubberies and forests Common on dry open slopes and shrubberies in moist division peak in this forest on Hatoo Occurring only floor on forest areas shady and open slopes Common in grasslands Common on forest floor, shrubberies and open slopes floor, Common on forest Sporadic in distribution in temperate forests in distribution temperate Sporadic Common on wasteland and along roadsides Common on wasteland Common on open slopes and grazeries common on open slopes and pastures Quite Occasionally encountered in temperate forests in temperate encountered Occasionally Common in fields, wastelands and along roadsides Common in fields, wastelands and open slopes Common in grasslands A native of South America, naturalized near waste places and dry near waste of South America, naturalized A native slopes A native of America; cultivated as an ornamental crop or as an as an ornamental crop of America; cultivated A native escape near human habitations Very common on open dry slopes and shrubberies Very Common on grassy slopes Common on grassy Common in grasslands, shrubberies and wastelands, especially on especially shrubberies and wastelands, Common in grasslands, drier aspects Fairly common on wastelands and near roadsides common on wastelands Fairly Common on wastelands, near human habitations, and along Common on wastelands, roadsides places in forests Common at shady

S S S S S S PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH AH WC HABIT

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Bankunch Pilru, Pirlu Kaneri, Lablab Chora Patrala, Padara Patrala, Guch, Kunch Sipil Kalizewar, Nihani Mushkbala, Tagar Mushkbala, Richi Bhootakeshi Anrola Dudhli, Dodak Muramansi Bhogli, Gandhal-phool Genda Dudhli, Kanphul Banokra, Gokhru, Banokra, Adhasisi ex DC. ex Wiggers Linn. ex DC. DC. Linn. Decaisne Balakr. Wall. Wallich Wallich Weber DC. Jones (Edgew.) Clarke (Edgew.) ex DC. Linn. Decne. (Linn.) DC. DC. Edgew. Linn. Wall. (Linn.) Hill Continued. FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY hysterophorus Parthenium Don D. Viburnum cotinifolium angustifolia Lonicera nepalensis K. Koch Hedera glauca Angelica Adoxaceae Senecio alatus DC. Senecio chrysanthemoides Viburnum foetens Hardw. quinquelocularis Lonicera Apiaceae Linn. Bupleurum falcatum D. Don Buch.-Ham. exD. Senecio nudicaulis Bupleurum hamiltonii candicans Heracleum diversifolia Pimpinella D. Don Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D. jatamansi Valeriana Serratula pallida Serratula pyrolaefolia Valeriana Araliaceae DC. candollii Selinum D. Don Viburnum nervosum D. Sonchus asper Sonchus oleraceus Sonchus vaginatum Selinum Caprifoliaceae Tagetes minuta minuta Tagetes Tagetes patula Linn. Tagetes Taraxacum officinale Taraxacum D. Don D. gracilis Tragopogon Tricholepis elongata elongata Tricholepis Tridax procumbens Linn. procumbens Tridax Xanthium strumarium Xanthium Youngia japonica japonica Youngia Table 3. Table

1100 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 11234 12978 11243 11255, 12718 11238 12824 12272 11236 12685 12701 12140 12934 12875, 12143 12683, 12684 11235 12726 12682 12680, 12681 12932 12831 12827, 11280 12832

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12881 1800-4000 800-2000 2200-3500 1800-3500 2100-3300 1800-2500 1000-1600 3000 upto 1500 upto 1500-2500 2200-3500 2800 above 1500-2400 1400 upto 2000-3000 1200-2000 1500 upto 1400-1800 2600 upto 1800-2500 3000 upto 1800-3000

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 1800-3500 Apr-Jun (Fl.) Feb-May(Fl.) Apr-May & Apr-May Sept-Oct & Oct- Jun-July Nov & Apr-May Oct-Nov ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ Oct-Nov & Mar-May Sept-Nov ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗

May-Aug FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING A widely distributed species over a wide range of altitudes, in the a wide range species over distributed A widely Himalaya as moist aspects; temperate drier as well Gregariously occurring, forming extensive forests; sub-tropical sub-tropical forests; extensive occurring, forming Gregariously Himalaya Western and temperate Common in W. Himalaya ; usually occurring gregariously and occurring gregariously ; usually Himalaya Common in W. forests pure forming Blue Pine Deodar, with Fir, forests mixed forming Common; often and Kharsu Oak , especially on , especially smithiana with Picea forests mixed forming Usually aspects shady Grows in rock crevices in shady places in shady crevices in rock Grows 1000-1600 m altitude between occasionally encountered A fern places in shady of rivers and on the banks on walls on roadsides, growing Often and rivulets In open and shaded areas on forest floor on forest In open and shaded areas Occurring in drier areas, usually on limestone; sometimes planted on limestone; usually Occurring in drier areas, forests, mixed level of the high the under-storey forming Usually aspects on shady especially floor of the forest common fern A fairly altitudes common at lower Fairly 1500m altitude common around Fairly Occasionally found on water-courses, forming a mat-like a mat-like forming on water-courses, found Occasionally formation floor or as a weed on the forest areas common in temperate Fairly in orchards slopes in rock-crevices, growing altitude fern common low A very and walls mid-hills Himalayan Western in the temperate A common fern floor of and moist forest on rocks fern, found A frequently forests temperate floors forest in the temperate rocks Occurring on exposed areas in shady abundantly growing common fern A very areas in shady and cliffs of rocks In crevices

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION Occurring gregariously on forest floor in moist shady places floor in moist shady on forest Occurring gregariously

F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F T T T T T T T AH HABIT Kail Chil, Chir Rai, Rau Rai, Dyar, Deodar Dyar, Thaneira, Tosh Thaneira, Sulu

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON Dumni, Hansraj Galla, Gallu Birmi Thuner, Kakhash Gunkeri Kanghai, (Ag.)

. wightianum Moore) Underwood ex Moore) D.E. Meyer D.E. L. subsp. quadrivalens (Khullar) Khullar D. Don) G.Don ex D. (L.) Kuhn var (L.) Kuhn D. Don D. (Wall. (D.Don) Spr. (D.Don) Forsskal A. B. Jackson Verma et Khullar Verma DC. Sargent Royle (Zucc.) Pilger (Zucc.) Linn. subsp. wallichiana L. sp. Continued. Cupressaceae Pinus wallichiana Pinus wallichiana Cedrus deodara (Roxb. deodara Cedrus Boiss. (Wallich) smithiana Picea Pinus roxburghii Onychium lucidum Onychium L . Pteris cretica Pteris vittata Aspleniaceae Taxaceae Selaginellaceae Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridaceae venustum Adiantum Clarke albomarginata Cheilanthes Fraser-Jenkins (Roxb.) bicolor Cheilanthes brevifrons Cheilanthes dalhousiae Hook. Cheilanthes vestita Gymnopteris fragile Onychium Asplenium trichomanes FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY coniifolia Vicatia pindrow Abies Don D. torulosa Cupressus baccata Taxus Selaginella Pteridium aquilinum incisum Adiantum Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. Tryon Pinaceae Table 3. Table

1101 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya 12830 12823 12826 12833 12822 12679

VOUCHER VOUCHER SPECIMEN NUMBER 12724, 11256 12930 12725, 12828 upto 2400 upto 2200-2600 2000-2500 1800-2500 1000-2500 1500 upto

ELEVATIONAL ELEVATIONAL RANGE 1800-2500 1800-2500 2800 upto ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗ ˗

˗ ˗ ˗ FLOWERING FLOWERING & FRUITING Figure 3. Acer caesium Podophyllum hexandrum Geranium nepalense Berberis lycium (A) (B) (C) (D) in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India. A rare fern occurring near water bodies occurring near water fern A rare Occurring in damp forests near springs and beds of hilly ravines ravines near springs and beds of hilly Occurring in damp forests places in shade and other wet in damp forests found fern A rare areas in shady abundantly growing common fern A very Fairly common besides water-falls and ravines and ravines common besides water-falls Fairly of rocks Common in crevices

DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT DISTRIBUTION A common fern along the roadsides and on the forest floor and on the forest along the roadsides A common fern floor plants of the forest areas; Occurring in moist shady A very common fern growing abundantly in shady areas areas in shady abundantly growing common fern A very

F F F F F F F F F Figure 4. Silene vulgaris Zizyphus oxyphylla Indigofera

HABIT heterantha Corydalis govaniana Desmodium elegans Clematis buchananiana (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India.

VERNACULAR/ NAME COMMON . Hooker) ex Hooker) (Wallich (Makino) Nakai (Forssk.) Kuhn subsp Kuhn (Forssk.) (Fraser-Jenkins) Fraser-Jenkins (Fraser-Jenkins) Nakai (Clarke) Tardieu-Blot (Clarke) Murray) Kato Murray) (Thunb . ex Continued. Figure 5. Ailanthus altissima Pennisetum flaccidum Oxalis corniculata Delphinium denudatum Fragaria nubicola Athyriaceae Deparia japonica Hypodematiaceae Dryopteris nigropaleacea FAMILY & SPECIES FAMILY Thelypteridaceae erubescens Glaphyropteridopsis unigemmata Woodwardia flabellulatum Athyrium Hypodematium crenatum Fraser-Jenkins Dryopteris caroli-hopei Ching crenatum Blechnaceae Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris xanthomelas (Christ) C. Chr. Dryopteris xanthomelas neolobatum Polystichum

Table 3. Table (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India. 1102 Pal et al. | Floristic diversity of Theog Forest Division, Western Himalaya

Figure 8. Figure 6. Quercus semecarpifolia Fir-spruce forest, 2600–3100 m in Theog Forest Division, forest at 2600 m in Theog Forest Himachal Pradesh, India. Division, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Figure 9. Cedrus deodara

Pure (Deodar) stand at 2500 m in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Figure 10. Abies pindrow Figure 7. Yucca gloriosa Picea smithiana Alpine pasture in the forefront with alpine with typical southern aspect treeless mountain (Fir)– (Spruce) forest in the back view at 3150 m in Theog grassland at 2200 m in Theog Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India. Forest Division, Himachal Pradesh, India.

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