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European Glossary on Education, Volume 1 - Examinations, Qualifications and Titles Titles Examinations,And Qualifications- 1 Volume Education, on Glossaryeuropean EURYDICE Directorate-General for Education and Culture European European Glossary on Education, volume 1 - Qualifications and Examinations, Titles European Glossary on Education Volume 1 – Second edition EURYDICE, the information network on education in Europe Examinations, Qualifications and Titles Eurydice is an institutional network for gathering, monitoring, processing and circulating reliable and readily comparable information on education systems and policies throughout Europe. The Network focuses primarily on the way education in Europe is structured and organised at all levels. Its publications output may be broadly divided into descriptions of national education systems, comparative studies devoted to specific topics, and indicators A and statistics. E Eurydice works mainly for those involved in educational policy-making nationally and in the European Union institutions, as well as at regional and local levels. However, its publications may be consulted by anyone and are available both in print and over the Internet. FK First launched by the European Community in 1980, the Eurydice Network consists of a European Unit set up by the European Commission in Brussels and National Units established by education ministries in all countries taking part in Socrates, the EU education action programme. Eurydice has been an integral part of Socrates since 1995. The Network boosts European cooperation in education by developing exchanges L of information about systems and policies and producing studies on issues common to G education systems. Eurydice is a dynamic interdependent Network to whose work all Units contribute. The T European Unit coordinates the activity of the Network, drafts and distributes most of its Ü publications, and designs and administers Eurydice databases and the central website. National Units provide and are involved in processing the data on which this activity relies and ensure that the output of the Network reaches target groups within their countries. In PV most countries, Units are situated within the education ministry. In a few, however, they are located in library resource centres, or bodies for administration and research. QR EURYDICE on the Internet: http://www.eurydice.org European Commission EURYDICE European Glossary on Education Volume 1 − Second edition Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles Eurydice The information network on education in Europe This document is published by the Eurydice European Unit with the fi nancial support of the European Commission (Directorate-General for Education and Culture). Available in English (European Glossary on Education. Volume1 − Second edition: Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles), French (Glossaire européen de l’éducation. Volume 1 − Deuxième édition: Diplômes, examens et titres) and German (Europäisches Glossar zum Bildungswesen. Band 1 − Zweite Ausgabe: Prüfungen, Abschlüsse und Titel). D/2004/4008/4 ISBN 2-87116-366-9 This document is also available on the Internet (http://www.eurydice.org). Text completed in February 2004. © Eurydice, 2004. The contents of this publication may be reproduced in part, except for commercial purposes, provided that the extract is preceded by a complete reference to ‘Eurydice, the information network on education in Europe’, followed by the date of publication of the document. Requests for permission to reproduce the entire document must be made to the European Unit. Eurydice European Unit Avenue Louise 240 B-1050 Brussels Tel. +32 2 600 53 53 Fax + 32 2 600 53 63 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.eurydice.org Printed in Belgium PREFACE Every education system uses its own specifi c terminology to describe the characteristics of its organisation and operation. In trying to understand and compare how the various education systems in Europe really work, we are confronted with questions of terminology. The development of precise ‘markers’ for reference purposes is thus absolutely essential for better mutual understanding and quality cooperation between European countries. In order to cater for this need, the Eurydice Network has established a publications series entitled the European Glossary on Education. Four volumes on diff erent subjects have been published since 1999. The fi rst volume dealt with ‘examinations, qualifi cations and titles’, while the second was devoted to ‘educational institutions’ (2000), the third to ‘teaching staff ’ (2002) and the most recent to ‘management, monitoring and support staff ’ (2003). The four volumes also constitute a ‘dynamic’ database that may be accessed on the Eurydice website (http://www.eurydice.org). Terminology associated with examinations, qualifi cations and titles is changing rapidly in an enlarged Europe in which student and teacher mobility as well as the opening up of education and training systems to the wider world are essential aims of cooperation. It is for this reason that the Eurydice Network has decided to update the fi rst volume of the Glossary published in 1999. In contrast to the previous edition that covered 24 countries (the 15 Member States of the European Union, the EFTA/EEA countries and the fi rst six countries of central and eastern Europe which took part in the activities of the Network), the present glossary now also includes the Baltic countries, Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta. The book provides detailed coverage of the terminology used at national level to refer to the examinations, qualifi cations and titles specifi c to each education system. Each term in the original language is accompanied by a structured summary description providing for ready understanding and comparison of information that is becoming increasingly essential for experts and researchers, as well as for those responsible for or involved in mobility in Europe, translators, and many other people active in the world of education. A guide to use of the Glossary is included by way of introduction. It contains all relevant defi nitions and outlines the diff erent aspects covered in the explanatory note on each term. The Eurydice European Unit is very grateful to all National Units in the Eurydice Network for their invaluable contribution to the content of this publication, not to mention its quality and reliability, as well as the national representatives of the NARIC Network (National Academic Recognition Information Centres), who were consulted about the tertiary education terms. By making this second edition of the fi rst volume of the Glossary available to all who attempt to compare or understand more about the examinations, qualifi cations and titles associated with European education systems, the Eurydice Network hopes to make a further contribution to the greater transparency of those systems, which is itself essential for more ambitious cooperation. The European Unit remains entirely responsible for the presentation and drafting of this book. Patricia Wastiau-Schlüter Head of the Eurydice European Unit March 2004 Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 3 Contents Preface 3 Introduction 7 User’s guide 9 Part I – Glossary 15 Part II – Summary tables 209 European Union • Belgium • French Community 210 • German-speaking Community 212 • Flemish Community 213 • Czech Republic 216 • Denmark 217 • Germany 218 • Estonia 220 • Greece 221 • Spain 223 • France 224 • Ireland 226 • Italy 227 • Cyprus 229 • Latvia 230 • Lithuania 232 • Luxembourg 233 • Hungary 234 • Malta 235 • The Netherlands 236 • Austria 238 • Poland 239 • Portugal 241 • Slovenia 242 • Slovakia 245 • Finland 246 • Sweden 248 • United Kingdom • England, Wales and Northern Ireland 249 • Scotland 252 EFTA/EEA countries • Iceland 254 • Liechtenstein 255 • Norway 256 Candidate countries • Bulgaria 258 • Romania 259 Acknowledgements 261 Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 5 Introduction This Glossary is a compilation of the terminology used to designate examinations, qualifi cations and titles in 30 European education systems. It covers almost 1000 specifi c terms of this kind. The aim is to off er readers the defi nitions of frequently used terms that they might encounter when reading about or dealing with the education system of any given country. Only offi cial or widely used and recognised names specifi c to each education system are included. The qualifi cations considered are those off ered by or in partnership with educational institutions. Qualifi cations awarded to persons with special educational needs, as well as offi cial qualifi cations obtained in adult education programmes are also included. Standard tests held in primary and secondary education to guide or select pupils or to monitor the education system are included if they have an offi cial title or name, or are widely used and recognised. Qualifi cations awarded to foreign students who have completed part of their course in a foreign institution (such as certifi cates awarded to students who have taken part in the Socrates/Erasmus programme) are not included. The present Glossary is neither a dictionary nor a directory of professional titles used in the world of work. Qualifi cations and titles corresponding to names of professions, such as ‘teacher’ or ‘pharmacist’ have been avoided as far as possible. Only qualifi cations and academic titles in their own right have been included. *** In order to provide easy access for a wide range of readers, the terms relating to examinations, qualifi cations and titles are presented in two sections. In the fi rst section, the reader will fi nd all the terms for all countries and all educational levels listed in alphabetical order. Only
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