EURYDICE

Directorate-General฀for฀Education฀and฀Culture European฀Glossary฀on฀Education,฀volume฀1฀-฀Examinations,฀Qualifications฀and฀Titles฀฀

European฀Glossary฀on฀Education Volume฀1฀–฀Second฀edition EURYDICE,฀the฀information฀network฀฀ on฀education฀in฀Europe Examinations,฀Qualifications฀฀ and฀Titles Eurydice฀is฀an฀institutional฀network฀for฀gathering,฀monitoring,฀processing฀and฀circulating฀ reliable฀and฀readily฀comparable฀information฀on฀education฀systems฀and฀policies฀throughout฀ Europe.฀The฀Network฀focuses฀primarily฀on฀the฀way฀education฀in฀Europe฀is฀structured฀and฀ organised฀at฀all฀levels.฀Its฀publications฀output฀may฀be฀broadly฀divided฀into฀descriptions฀of฀ national฀education฀systems,฀comparative฀studies฀devoted฀to฀specific฀topics,฀and฀indicators฀ A and฀statistics. E Eurydice฀works฀mainly฀for฀those฀involved฀in฀educational฀policy-making฀nationally฀and฀ in฀the฀European฀Union฀institutions,฀as฀well฀as฀at฀regional฀and฀local฀levels.฀However,฀its฀ publications฀may฀be฀consulted฀by฀anyone฀and฀are฀available฀both฀in฀print฀and฀over฀the฀ Internet.฀ FK First฀ launched฀ by฀ the฀ European฀ Community฀ in฀ 1980,฀ the฀ Eurydice฀ Network฀ consists฀ of฀a฀European฀Unit฀set฀up฀by฀the฀European฀Commission฀in฀Brussels฀and฀National฀Units฀ established฀ by฀ education฀ ministries฀ in฀ all฀ countries฀ taking฀ part฀ in฀ Socrates,฀ the฀ EU฀ education฀ action฀ programme.฀ Eurydice฀ has฀ been฀ an฀ integral฀ part฀ of฀ Socrates฀ since฀ 1995.฀The฀Network฀boosts฀European฀cooperation฀in฀education฀by฀developing฀exchanges฀ L of฀ information฀ about฀ systems฀ and฀ policies฀ and฀ producing฀ studies฀ on฀ issues฀ common฀ to฀ G education฀systems. Eurydice฀is฀a฀dynamic฀interdependent฀Network฀to฀whose฀work฀all฀Units฀contribute.฀The฀ T European฀Unit฀coordinates฀the฀activity฀of฀the฀Network,฀drafts฀and฀distributes฀most฀of฀its฀ Ü publications,฀and฀designs฀and฀administers฀Eurydice฀databases฀and฀the฀central฀website.฀ National฀Units฀provide฀and฀are฀involved฀in฀processing฀the฀data฀on฀which฀this฀activity฀relies฀ and฀ensure฀that฀the฀output฀of฀the฀Network฀reaches฀target฀groups฀within฀their฀countries.฀In฀ PV most฀countries,฀Units฀are฀situated฀within฀the฀education฀ministry.฀In฀a฀few,฀however,฀they฀are฀ located฀in฀library฀resource฀centres,฀or฀bodies฀for฀administration฀and฀research.฀ QR

EURYDICE฀on฀the฀Internet:฀http://www.eurydice.org European฀Commission EURYDICE

European Glossary on Education

Volume 1 − Second edition

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles

Eurydice The information network on education in Europe This document is published by the Eurydice European Unit with the fi nancial support of the European Commission (Directorate-General for Education and Culture).

Available in English (European Glossary on Education. Volume1 − Second edition: Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles), French (Glossaire européen de l’éducation. Volume 1 − Deuxième édition: Diplômes, examens et titres) and German (Europäisches Glossar zum Bildungswesen. Band 1 − Zweite Ausgabe: Prüfungen, Abschlüsse und Titel).

D/2004/4008/4 ISBN 2-87116-366-9

This document is also available on the Internet (http://www.eurydice.org).

Text completed in February 2004.

© Eurydice, 2004.

The contents of this publication may be reproduced in part, except for commercial purposes, provided that the extract is preceded by a complete reference to ‘Eurydice, the information network on education in Europe’, followed by the date of publication of the document.

Requests for permission to reproduce the entire document must be made to the European Unit.

Eurydice European Unit Avenue Louise 240 B-1050 Brussels

Tel. +32 2 600 53 53 Fax + 32 2 600 53 63 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.eurydice.org

Printed in Belgium PREFACE

Every education system uses its own specifi c terminology to describe the characteristics of its organisation and operation. In trying to understand and compare how the various education systems in Europe really work, we are confronted with questions of terminology. The development of precise ‘markers’ for reference purposes is thus absolutely essential for better mutual understanding and quality cooperation between European countries.

In order to cater for this need, the Eurydice Network has established a publications series entitled the European Glossary on Education. Four volumes on diff erent subjects have been published since 1999. The fi rst volume dealt with ‘examinations, qualifi cations and titles’, while the second was devoted to ‘educational institutions’ (2000), the third to ‘teaching staff ’ (2002) and the most recent to ‘management, monitoring and support staff ’ (2003). The four volumes also constitute a ‘dynamic’ database that may be accessed on the Eurydice website (http://www.eurydice.org).

Terminology associated with examinations, qualifi cations and titles is changing rapidly in an enlarged Europe in which student and teacher mobility as well as the opening up of education and training systems to the wider world are essential aims of cooperation. It is for this reason that the Eurydice Network has decided to update the fi rst volume of the Glossary published in 1999.

In contrast to the previous edition that covered 24 countries (the 15 Member States of the European Union, the EFTA/EEA countries and the fi rst six countries of central and eastern Europe which took part in the activities of the Network), the present glossary now also includes the Baltic countries, Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta.

The book provides detailed coverage of the terminology used at national level to refer to the examinations, qualifi cations and titles specifi c to each education system. Each term in the original language is accompanied by a structured summary description providing for ready understanding and comparison of information that is becoming increasingly essential for experts and researchers, as well as for those responsible for or involved in mobility in Europe, translators, and many other people active in the world of education.

A guide to use of the Glossary is included by way of introduction. It contains all relevant defi nitions and outlines the diff erent aspects covered in the explanatory note on each term.

The Eurydice European Unit is very grateful to all National Units in the Eurydice Network for their invaluable contribution to the content of this publication, not to mention its quality and reliability, as well as the national representatives of the NARIC Network (National Academic Recognition Information Centres), who were consulted about the tertiary education terms.

By making this second edition of the fi rst volume of the Glossary available to all who attempt to compare or understand more about the examinations, qualifi cations and titles associated with European education systems, the Eurydice Network hopes to make a further contribution to the greater transparency of those systems, which is itself essential for more ambitious cooperation.

The European Unit remains entirely responsible for the presentation and drafting of this book.

Patricia Wastiau-Schlüter Head of the Eurydice European Unit March 2004

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 3

Contents Preface 3

Introduction 7

User’s guide 9

Part I – Glossary 15

Part II – Summary tables 209

European Union • Belgium • French Community 210 • German-speaking Community 212 • Flemish Community 213 • Czech Republic 216 • Denmark 217 • Germany 218 • Estonia 220 • Greece 221 • Spain 223 • France 224 • Ireland 226 • Italy 227 • Cyprus 229 • Latvia 230 • Lithuania 232 • Luxembourg 233 • Hungary 234 • Malta 235 • The Netherlands 236 • Austria 238 • Poland 239 • Portugal 241 • Slovenia 242 • Slovakia 245 • Finland 246 • Sweden 248 • United Kingdom • England, Wales and Northern Ireland 249 • Scotland 252 EFTA/EEA countries • Iceland 254 • Liechtenstein 255 • Norway 256 Candidate countries • Bulgaria 258 • Romania 259 Acknowledgements 261

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 5

Introduction

This Glossary is a compilation of the terminology used to designate examinations, qualifi cations and titles in 30 European education systems. It covers almost 1000 specifi c terms of this kind. The aim is to off er readers the defi nitions of frequently used terms that they might encounter when reading about or dealing with the education system of any given country.

Only offi cial or widely used and recognised names specifi c to each education system are included. The qualifi cations considered are those off ered by or in partnership with educational institutions. Qualifi cations awarded to persons with special educational needs, as well as offi cial qualifi cations obtained in adult education programmes are also included.

Standard tests held in primary and secondary education to guide or select pupils or to monitor the education system are included if they have an offi cial title or name, or are widely used and recognised.

Qualifi cations awarded to foreign students who have completed part of their course in a foreign institution (such as certifi cates awarded to students who have taken part in the Socrates/Erasmus programme) are not included.

The present Glossary is neither a dictionary nor a directory of professional titles used in the world of work.

Qualifi cations and titles corresponding to names of professions, such as ‘teacher’ or ‘pharmacist’ have been avoided as far as possible. Only qualifi cations and academic titles in their own right have been included.

***

In order to provide easy access for a wide range of readers, the terms relating to examinations, qualifi cations and titles are presented in two sections.

In the fi rst section, the reader will fi nd all the terms for all countries and all educational levels listed in alphabetical order. Only generic terms, abbreviations and common synonyms appear in the alphabetical list. Apart from the explanatory note on the term, the information given for each entry includes a country reference, ‘associated terms’, i.e. the most common grammatical forms of the basic term, and the levels of the one or more educational programmes concerned.

The second section comprises summary tables. These are presented by country. The terms of the category in question, i.e. examinations, qualifi cations and titles, are classifi ed by level of education using the International Standard Classifi cation of Education (ISCED). The countries are presented in the order used by the European Union. Only generic terms are included in the national tables and the abbreviations are shown in brackets. The names of the examinations, qualifi cations and titles are presented vertically and the levels of education horizontally. Wherever the use of special terms calls for a distinction between mainstream education, adult education and provision for persons with special needs, this is indicated at each level concerned.

The symbol (•) or (■) after a term means that it may also be used in adult or SEN education, respectively.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 7 Certain details relating to national characteristics are shown below the summary tables where this is felt to contribute to a better understanding of the situation in a particular country.

The advantage of this dual structure is that it off ers diff erent routes of access to information. Readers who know a term but do not know what it means can search in the alphabetical list to fi nd the name of the country, the explanatory note and related terms. However, if for example they need to search for all the terms used in a given country to refer to any particular level of education, they may consult the national summary table and can then return to the alphabetical table for a fuller defi nition of each of the terms.

8 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 User’s guide

Vysvědčení o maturitní zkoušce Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o maturitní zkoušce Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Explanatory note: • Certifi cate awarded by schools of general, technical and vocational upper secondary education (gymnázium, střední odborná škola and střední odborné učiliště) to pupils who pass the ➧ Maturitní zkouška examination. The certifi cate indicates the subjects and marks obtained in the examina- tion and, in the case of vocational and technical upper secondary schools, the subject of speciali- sation. • Certifi cate awarded to pupils who pass the maturitní zkouška examination after 2 years of exten- sion courses at post-secondary level (nástavbové studium). The content and organisation of the courses are similar to those in vocational or technical upper secondary schools. The certifi cate is a basic qualifi cation for entry to university or non-university tertiary education.

Main terms (in original language) This section lists terms in the nominative singular form, unless only the plural is used. When the term varies with gender, both forms are indicated with the masculine form given fi rst (for example Magister/tra). The expression appears in the offi cial language of the country. Greek and Bulgarian terms are translit- erated into the Roman alphabet with the term in the Greek or Cyrillic alphabet in brackets. In principle, the offi cial name of the examination, the qualifi cation or the title appears. Popular refer- ences have only been included if they are widely used and well known and liable to appear in texts about the education system (such as Selectividad in Spain). Where two diff erent terms are used for the same examination or qualifi cation, there are two entries, but only the main term has an explanatory note which mentions the synonym. The explanatory note for the synonym includes only a reference back to the main term. Where the same term is used for the examination, the qualifi cation (diploma) or the title, there is only one entry but the explanatory note indicates that the term has several meanings. Where a generic term is preceded or followed by the name of the area of specialisation or fi eld of study, only the general term is entered and not all the diff erent areas or fi elds. In these cases, the term is followed by a bracket indicating that the name of the area of specialisation generally precedes or follows the term in question. Common examples are the term Licence (+) and not the full range of pos- sible Licences, such as Licence in chemistry, physics, journalism, etc.; ‘doctorate’ (+) or Ingénieur (+) and not bio-ingénieur, ingénieur en agronomie, etc. Common abbreviations for examinations and qualifi cations are entered separately, with cross-refer- ences to the unabbreviated terms in the explanatory notes. Abbreviations used in several countries appear only once, with an indication of the countries concerned and a cross-reference to the full terms in the explanatory notes. The names of examinations and qualifi cations that have recently been superseded but are still found in offi cial documents are indicated, as are the old names of those that have been renamed, with a cross-reference to the new term

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 9 Grammatical variants This heading covers the grammatical variants of each term (feminine, declined and plural forms, with the exception of those in English and French which involve only the addition of -s), indicating the main forms that the term may take in a text. These associated terms make it possible to fi nd entries and the defi nition of a term even if the spelling is not identical with that of the basic term. In lan- guages which use a large number of diff erent grammatical forms, such as Finnish or Hungarian, only the plural and the root of the word marked with an asterisk (*) are indicated, so that the reader will recognise the invariable part of the word. Levels of education The level of education specifi ed corresponds to the level of the educational programme on comple- tion of which an examination is held, a qualifi cation awarded or a title conferred. The defi nitions of each level of educational programme comply with the criteria used in the UNESCO International Standard Classifi cation of Education (ISCED 1997). This Classifi cation is an instrument geared to the collection of statistics on education at international level. It covers two cross-classifi - cation variables, namely fi elds of study and levels of education, with the two further dimensions of general/vocational/pre-vocational orientation and the transition from education to the labour mar- ket. It covers ‘all organized and sustained learning activities for children, youth and adults including those with special educational needs, irrespective of the institution or entity that provides them or the form they take’. The ISCED 97 headings, together with their short descriptions and the way they are used in the present Glossary, are explained below. For further information on ISCED 97, readers should visit: http://portal.unesco.org • ISCED 0: The initial stage of organised instruction, which generally begins at the age of 3 and lasts between 2 and 3 years (pre-primary education). These programmes are designed to introduce very young children to a school-type environment. On completing them, children continue their education at ISCED level 1. Given the subject dealt with, this level is not directly relevant to the present Glossary. • ISCED 1: Programmes at this level generally begin between the ages of 5 and 7 and last 4 to 6 years. They are designed to give pupils a sound basic education in reading, writing and mathemat- ics, along with an elementary understanding of other subjects such as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music. This level also includes programmes suited to children with special educational needs and programmes for adults. In many countries, ISCED level 1 corresponds to primary education, or the fi rst years of basic education, wherever compulsory education is provided in the form of a single structure with no distinction between its primary and secondary levels. • ISCED 2: Educational content at this level is generally designed to complete the provision of basic education beginning at ISCED level 1, and usually entails 3 to 4 years of schooling. Programmes at this level are often based on a more subject-oriented pattern. Completion of ISCED level 2 often coincides with the end of compulsory education. Education is normally general, but in some coun- tries technical or vocational courses are off ered at this level. It also includes programmes suited to children with special educational needs and adult education programmes. ISCED level 2 corresponds to the fi nal years of basic education, wherever compulsory education is provided in the form of a single structure with no distinction between its primary and secondary levels. In all cases, this Glossary uses the common expression ‘lower secondary education’ in the explanatory notes on terms for examinations or qualifi cations awarded on completion of an ISCED level 2 programme. In countries in which compulsory education is provided in a single structure without any transition between ISCED levels 1 and 2, the name of the examination (and/or the certifi cate) corresponding to completion of the course is indicated, and only the level concerned is referred to in the ‘level of education’ column.

10 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 • ISCED 3: This usually begins at the end of full-time compulsory education. There is greater spe- cialisation in these programmes than at ISCED level 2 and they are often subdivided into general, technical and vocational streams. The age for admission to this level is typically 15 or 16. Education at ISCED level 3 may either be terminal (preparing students for direct entry into working life), or transitional (preparing for entry to tertiary education). The qualification obtained on completion of a programme at this level is necessary (but not always sufficient) for securing access to tertiary edu- cation. ISCED level 3 also includes programmes suited to children with special educational needs and programmes for adults. In all cases, this Glossary uses the common expression ‘upper secondary education’ in the explana- tory notes on terms for examinations or qualifications awarded on completion of an ISCED level 3 programme. • ISCED 4: This comprises education or training courses provided between secondary and tertiary education. Programme content is normally more specialised or detailed than in the second stage of secondary education. In the national context, the content of these courses is not considered as be- ing of ISCED level 3 and a qualification testifying to satisfactory completion of level 3 is not always required for admission. Courses are generally more advanced and more specialised than secondary education courses. They are often of a technical or vocational nature and normally last between 6 months and 2 to 3 years. Programmes at this level are widely known as post-secondary non-terti- ary education. • ISCED 5: This comprises programmes with a more advanced educational content than those offered at ISCED levels 3 and 4. Admission normally requires at least the satisfactory completion of ISCED level 3 or its equivalent. ISCED level 5 includes programmes with an academic emphasis (ISCED 5A) that are largely theoretically based and intended to provide sufficient qualifications for gaining entry into research programmes or professions with high skills requirements, and programmes of practical or technical training (ISCED 5B) that are generally shorter than the former and prepare for entry to the labour market. This level may also include adult education programmes. ISCED level 5 programmes correspond to studies leading to a first or second tertiary education degree. • ISCED 6: This level relates to tertiary education programmes which lead to the award of an ad- vanced research qualification. Such programmes correspond to the second stage of tertiary edu- cation and, in most countries, to doctoral programmes.

In this Glossary, the corresponding ISCED level is noted in the case of each national term.

To clearly identify special terms for exams held or qualifications awarded by special schools at the end of programmes for persons with special educational needs, the abbreviation ‘SEN’ (in brackets) is added after the ISCED level, as in the case of Befähigungsnachweis in the German-speaking Commu- nity of Belgium (ISCED 3 (SEN)). Terms relating to adult education are also very often the same as those awarded in mainstream edu- cation for children and young people. The abbreviation of ‘adult education’ (i.e. ‘A.Ed.’) is added directly after the ISCED level solely if the term concerned is different from the one used in mainstream educa- tion (for example Potrdilo o izobraževanju, potrdilo o izpopolnjevanju in Slovenia – ISCED 3 and 5 (A.Ed.)). If the same term is used to denote a qualification or an examination in both mainstream and adult education, this is indicated in the explanatory note. Explanatory notes/definitions of terms The explanatory notes provide a definition of the examination, qualification or title indicated in the first section with a brief description of its main characteristics. Some specific terms needed to under- stand the context fully have been kept in the original language with a translation into the language of the Glossary – for example, names of institutions or stages of education.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 11 All cross-references to other terms, in particular from an examination to the qualifi cation to which it leads, are marked by an arrow (➧) followed by the name of the term in question.

Defi nitions The aspects covered in the defi nitions of the various terms are as follows:

1. Examination Generally, an examination can be defi ned as a test or a series of tests (oral, written, or practical) in which students have to demonstrate their capacity, knowledge and skills in order to obtain a qualifi - cation or access to a certain level of education. In the majority of cases, these are external examina- tions organised and/or set at central level, or by an authority – local or regional – above that of the institution concerned, and they have a specifi c name.

Examinations for admission to tertiary education are included where they have an offi cial name spe- cifi c to the education system concerned. The same applies to intermediate examinations such as the propedeutisch examen in tertiary education in the Netherlands.

The standard explanatory note for an examination includes the following information: • the level of education, stage or year of study during which the examination is held; if study pro- grammes vary in duration, an average indication is given; • details of the branch of study (vocational, technical or general) in secondary education and the type of programme (university, non-university, theoretical, practical or technical, advanced study, etc.) in tertiary education; • the administrative level or the body responsible for organising/setting the examination (national, regional, the school or any combination of levels); • whether the examination is compulsory or optional for those wishing to obtain the qualifi cation; • the content and organisation of the examination; its nature (written, oral or practical); the number of subjects to be taken by pupils and the common core of subjects all pupils must take; • the name of the qualifi cation awarded (with a cross-reference to the corresponding term in the Glossary) awarded or the level of education to which it gives access.

2. Diploma and certifi cate A diploma/certifi cate is the offi cial proof of a qualifi cation acquired by a pupil or student after comple- tion of a particular stage or whole course of training with or without a fi nal examination. The standard explanatory note for a qualifi cation or certifi cate includes the following information: • the level of education, stage or year of study at the end of which the qualifi cation is awarded; if study programmes vary in duration, an average indication may be given; • whether there is an examination or whether the qualifi cation is awarded at the end of the course without an examination; where the examination has a specifi c name, the note refers to the term using an arrow; if the examination is organised by the school but does not have a specifi c name, its main characteristics are described (content and subjects, written or oral examinations etc.); • the level of education to which the qualifi cation gives access (or whether it gives access to the labour market); • the details indicated on the certifi cate, such as the specialised fi eld, the subjects taken and/or passed, the grades and marks obtained in the examination; • where appropriate, the title it confers (with a cross-reference to the corresponding term in the Glos- sary).

If the qualifi cation forms part of an old or new system, the date when the new system came into force, and the date up to which the old system will remain in application are indicated.

12 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 3. Title In the Glossary, the word ‘title’ refers to a person’s title, for example that of doctor (in general abbrevi- ated to Dr). It may also refer to the title of a qualifi cation. In this case the holder of the qualifi cation may often employ it in a professional or academic context and use it before or after the name (e.g. Bachelor of Arts, or its abbreviation BA). In most countries, titles are conferred only in tertiary education. Only academic titles are mentioned, such as those obtained following a certain qualifi cation or degree. Names of professional titles involving the common name of a profession (pharmacist, veteri- nary surgeon etc.) are not included here, with the exception of the titles of architect and engineer in those countries in which they are in normal practice used as academic titles. The standard explanatory note for a title includes the name of the qualifi cation that confers the title in question and a cross-reference, with an arrow, to the relevant term.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 13

Part I – Glossary

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 15

Aa

A level Abiturprüfung Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Country: Germany Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Abiturprüfungen, Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General Cer- Abiturprüfung* tifi cate of Education Advanced level. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Final examination held at the A2 end of the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (general upper Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) secondary education) after 12 or 13 years at ➧ ➧ Level: ISCED 3 school leading to the Abitur and Allgemeine Hochschulreife, which are certifi ed in the ➧ Zeugnis : Abbreviation used for the sec- Explanatory note der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife. The examination ➧ ond year of the General Certifi cate of Education consists of written and oral tests in four subjects, Advanced level. but in some Länder a fi fth subject, or a besondere Lernleistung (particular academic achievement), A-attest may be included. The subjects examined must Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) cover three diff erent subject areas: languages, Level: ISCED 2 and 3 literature and the arts; the social sciences; and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Oriënterings- mathematics, natural sciences and technology. attest A. Depending on the Land, the Schulaufsichtsbe- hörde (school supervisory authority) will either set Abgangszeugnis the topics for the written tests centrally or merely Country: Germany approve them if they are set by individual schools. Grammatical variants: Abgangszeugnisse, Vocational schools (berufl iches Gymnasium, Fach- Abgangszeugnis* gymnasium or the 3-year Berufsfachschule) also Level: ISCED 2 and 3 hold the vocational part of this examination Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils ➧ Berufl iche Abschlussprüfung. who have not achieved the educational goals of Abschlusskolloquium lower and upper secondary education, but have Country: Austria fulfi lled their compulsory schooling requirement. Grammatical variants: Abschlusskolloquien, Abschlusskolloquium* Abitur Level: ISCED 5 Country: Germany Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examination Grammatical variants: Abitur* taken by students at the end of a 7-year university Level: ISCED 3 course of study in psychotherapy. This is internally Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate obtained organised and comprises both a written disserta- by pupils who have passed the ➧ Abiturprüfung tion and an oral examination. Successful students at the end of the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (general are awarded the ➧ Abschlusszertifi kat. upper secondary education), normally after com- Abschlussprüfung pleting 13 school years or, in some Länder, 12 ➧ Country: Austria school years. The Abitur is certifi ed in the Zeugnis Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungen, der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife, entitling its holder Abschlussprüfung* to take any subject at any tertiary education insti- Level: ISCED 5 tution. It may also be obtained in Zweite Bildungs- Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examina- weg (‘second-chance’ education) and other adult tion taken by students at the end of university education institutions. courses of varying duration. The examination is

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 17 Abschlussprüfung der berufsbildenden mittleren Schule internally organised and varies according to the Explanatory note: Compulsory examination subject area. Successful students are awarded the organised by the school at the end of 4 years of ➧ Abschlussprüfungszeugnis. general lower secondary education (Realschule). The content of the examination, which includes Abschlussprüfung der berufsbildenden written and oral tests in German, mathematics and mittleren Schule English, is determined by each school. An addi- Country: Austria tional examination in French is optional. Success- Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungen, ful pupils receive the certifi cate ➧ Abschlusszeug- Abschlussprüfung* nis der Realschule. Level: ISCED 3 Abschlussprüfungszeugnis : Examination taken on com- Explanatory note Country: Austria pletion of 3- or 4-year secondary technical and Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungs- vocational school (berufsbildende mittlere Schule) zeugnisse, Abschlussprüfungszeugnis* leading to the ➧ Abschlussprüfungszeugnis der Level: ISCED 5 berufsbildenden mittleren Schule. It includes both Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- a written part and an oral examination before an dents who pass the ➧ Abschlussprüfung in various examining board. university courses of varying duration. The area of study, course subjects and marks are indicated. Abschlussprüfung der Grundschulbildung Depending on the regulations, this may be a pro- Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) fessional qualifi cation. If the course comprises at Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungen least 30 ECTS credits, graduates receive the title Level: ISCED 1 ➧ Akademische/r (+). Explanatory note: Primary education examina- tion before an examination board external to Abschlussprüfungszeugnis der the school, which is appointed by the Ministry berufsbildenden mittleren Schule of the German-speaking Community with a view Country: Austria to awarding the ➧ Abschlusszeugnis der Grund- Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungs- schule. The examination is organised for children zeugnisse, Abschlussprüfungszeugnis* Level: ISCED 3 and adults without a primary school leaving cer- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils tifi cate, and children who for any reason have not who successfully complete the ➧ Abschlussprü- attended primary school. Since the decree on fung der berufsbildenden mittleren Schule. The sub- Schlüsselkompetenzen (2002) came into eff ect, it jects passed and grades achieved are indicated. consists of written and oral tests in all subjects (it Holders are entitled to exercise certain regulated previously included tests in German, a fi rst foreign trades and occupations. language and mathematics). The examination has replaced the ➧ Kantonalprüfung since 2000. Abschlusszertifi kat Country: Austria Abschlussprüfung der Oberschule Grammatical variants: Abschlusszertifi kate, Country: Liechtenstein Abschlusszertifi kat* Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungen, Level: ISCED 5 Abschlussprüfung* Explanatory note: Final certifi cate awarded to Level: ISCED 2 students who pass the ➧ Abschlusskolloquium. Explanatory note: Optional examination mark- The area of specialisation is indicated on the cer- ing the completion of 4 years of general lower tifi cate, which testifi es to fully completed profes- secondary education (Oberschule). Schools them- sional training as a psychotherapist. selves decide whether to hold this examination, Abschlusszeugnis der berufsbildenden which includes written and oral tests in German, mittleren Schule English, mathematics and science, and are fully Country: Austria responsible for its organisation. Successful pupils Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, receive the certifi cate ➧ Abschlusszeugnis der Ober- Abschlusszeugnis* schule. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Abschlussprüfung der Realschule on completion of 1- or 2-year berufsbildende Country: Liechtenstein mittlere Schule (secondary technical and voca- Grammatical variants: Abschlussprüfungen, tional school). There is no fi nal examination. Abschlussprüfung* The certifi cate indicates the subjects and marks Level: ISCED 2 obtained and gives access to the labour market.

18 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Abschlusszeugnis der Oberstufe des Sekundarunterrichts

Abschlusszeugnis der Berufsschule the Ministry, to those who have passed the Country: Austria ➧฀Abschlussprüfung der Grundschulbildung which Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, since 1999/2000 has replaced the ➧฀Kantonal- Abschlusszeugnis* prüfung. Level: ISCED 3 The certificate gives pupils access to secondary Explanatory note: Certificate awarded after education and its form is centrally determined by successful completion of the last year of a government decree. Berufsschule. The certificate includes a list of marks and indicates the final level of achievement. Abschlusszeugnis der Hauptschule The apprentice can take the ➧฀Lehrabschluss- Country: Austria prüfung at the end of the apprenticeship. Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, Those who are holders of the Abschlusszeugnis der Abschlusszeugnis* Berufsschule do not have to take the theoretical Level: ISCED 2 part of this examination. Explanatory note: Certificate awarded at the end of general lower secondary education in a Haupt- Abschlusszeugnis der Berufsschule schule (4 years). It is awarded on the basis of per- Country: Germany formance in the course of the year without a final Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, examination. The subjects passed and grades Abschlusszeugnis* achieved are indicated on the certificate which Level: ISCED 3 entitles the pupil to proceed to upper secondary Explanatory note: Certificate awarded by a education. Berufsschule (vocational school) at the end of the schooling component in the duales System (dual Abschlusszeugnis der Oberschule system of vocational training), on the basis of at Country: Liechtenstein least adequate academic performance. The cer- Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, tificate is always awarded together with a ➧฀Fach- Abschlusszeugnis* arbeiterbrief, a ➧฀Kaufmannsgehilfenbrief or a Level: ISCED 2 ➧฀Gesellenbrief documenting the final examina- Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of lower tion (➧฀Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung) before the secondary education in an Oberschule, which authority (chamber) responsible for vocational is awarded by schools to pupils who pass the training. Besides giving access to the occupa- ➧฀Abschlussprüfung der Oberschule. The certificate tion or trade concerned, the certificate incor- is recognised by the State and gives access to porates entitlement to the ➧฀Ersten allgemein vocational upper secondary education in a Fach- bildenden Schulabschlusses, known in most Länder schule or Berufsschule. as ➧฀Hauptschulabschluss. Depending on the can- ➧฀ Abschlusszeugnis der Oberstufe des didate’s achievements, a Mittlere Schulabschluss Sekundarunterrichts may also be awarded. Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) Abschlusszeugnis der Grundschule Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) Abschlusszeugnis* Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, Explanatory note: Certificate awarded at the end Abschlusszeugnis* of the third cycle of secondary school (the Bestim- Level: ISCED 1 and 2 mungsstufe, or ‘determination’ cycle) following six Explanatory note: years of general or technical secondary education, • Certificate awarded by decision of the Klassen- or seven years of vocational secondary education. rat (class council) to pupils at the end of their Its form is centrally determined by government sixth year of primary school (Primarschule). The decree. The certificate indicates the type of educa- certificate testifies to sufficient acquisition of tion (general, technical or vocational) and branch the ‘core skills’ for primary education laid down of study. It is awarded by decision of the Klassenrat in the Decree of 16 December 2002. Pupils who (class council) or, if pupils pass the ➧฀Prüfung zum finish primary school without obtaining the Erwerb des Abschlusszeugnisses der Oberstufe des certificate may still obtain it at the end of the Sekundarunterrichts examination, by the exter- first year of the Beobachtungsstufe (observation nal examination board appointed by the Minis- cycle corresponding to the first cycle of second- try. The certificate also confirms the pupil’s right ary education), or even later in part-time sec- to attend tertiary education. Article 92 of the so- ondary education. called Grundlagendekret of 31 August 1998, which • Certificate awarded by an examination board will take effect as soon as there is a new decree on external to the school and appointed by secondary education, states that the division of the

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 19 Abschlusszeugnis der Polytechnischen Schule

latter into lower and upper cycles will be replaced is centrally determined by government decree. by a division into three cycles of two years each. The certificate indicates the type of education As soon as the new secondary education decree (general, technical, or vocational) and is awarded comes into force, this certificate will be known as by decision of the Klassenrat (class council) or, if the Abschlusszeugnis der Sekundarschule. pupils pass the ➧฀Prüfung zum Erwerb des Abschluss- zeugnisses der Unterstufe des Sekundarunterrichts Abschlusszeugnis der Polytechnischen Schule examination, by the external examination board Country: Austria appointed by the Ministry. The certificate gives Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, access to certain public service entrance exam- Abschlusszeugnis* inations (which has meant little since compulsory Level: ISCED 3 education was extended to the age of 18), but it Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils is no longer a prerequisite for admission to upper who complete the one-year Polytechnische Schule secondary education. Article 92 of the so-called at the level of general upper secondary educa- Grundlagendekret of 31 August 1998, which will tion. It is awarded on the basis of performance in take effect as soon as there is a new decree on sec- the course of the year without a final examination. ondary education, states that the division of the The subjects passed and grades achieved are indi- latter into lower and upper cycles will be replaced cated. The certificate entitles the pupil to proceed by a division into three cycles of two years each. to the more demanding courses of the vocational As soon as the new secondary education decree school (Berufsschule) and to enter secondary tech- comes into force, this certificate will be replaced nical and vocational schools, as well as general by the Stufenzeugnis der zweiten Stufe testifying to upper secondary schools. completion of the Orientierungsstufe (‘orientation’ Abschlusszeugnis der Realschule cycle), the second cycle of secondary school. Country: Liechtenstein Absolutorium Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, Country: Czech Republic Abschlusszeugnis* Level: ISCED 2 Grammatical variants: Absolutoria, absolutori* Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of lower Level: ISCED 5 secondary education in a Realschule, which is Explanatory note: Final examination testi- awarded by schools to pupils who pass the fying to satisfactory completion of technical ter- ➧฀Abschlussprüfung der Realschule. The certificate tiary education lasting 2 to three-and-a-half years is recognised by the State and gives access to at the vyšší odborná škola, or 6 to 8 years at the general or vocational upper secondary education konzervatoř (conservatoire). Successful students in a Fachschule, Berufsschule or Gymnasium. receive the ➧฀Vysvědčení o absolutoriu certifi- cate and the diploma ➧฀Diplom. The design and Abschlusszeugnis der Sekundarschule content of the examination are determined by Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) the head of the institution concerned, and it is Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, assessed by an examining committee appointed Abschlusszeugnis* by the regional education authority. It includes Level: ISCED 3 a theoretical examination in the subjects of Explanatory note: Certificate which will replace specialisation, an examination in a foreign lan- the ➧฀Abschlusszeugnis der Oberstufe des Sekundar- guage, preparation and defence of a final written unterrichts as soon as there is a new decree on sec- assignment, a performance at the conservatoire ondary education. and, where appropriate, an examination to qualify as a teacher in the arts. Abschlusszeugnis der Unterstufe des Sekundarunterrichts Absolutórium Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) Country: Slovakia Grammatical variants: Abschlusszeugnisse, Grammatical variants: Absólutória, absolutórium Abschlusszeugnis* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧฀Absolventská Explanatory note: Certificate awarded at the skúška. end of the third year of general or technical sec- ondary education, or the fourth year of voca- Absolventská skúška tional secondary education, to pupils who suc- Country: Slovakia cessfully meet the required standard. It may also Grammatical variants: Absolventské skúšky*, be awarded by an examination board external to absolventsk* skúšk* the school and appointed by the Ministry. Its form Level: ISCED 5

20 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Advanced Higher

Explanatory note: Examination held on comple- Advanced diploma level 3 (+) tion of vocational tertiary education lasting at Country: Malta least 1 year. The examination is also organised for Level: ISCED 4 students of the konzervatórium and špecializačné Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students pomaturitné štúdium who have continued to who successfully complete a further 2 years at the specialise after obtaining the ➧฀Vysvedčenie o Institute of Tourism Studies after obtaining their maturitnej skúške. Successful students receive ➧฀Intermediate level 2 certificate in (+). This level is the ➧฀Absolventský diplom certificate. The require- offered only in food and beverage service, and ments of this examination are approved by the food preparation and production. The diploma headteacher and vary depending on the type of indicates the field of specialisation and grades institution concerned. In general, they include (distinction, credit or pass). Students are continu- written and oral examinations, as well as a prac- ously assessed through a combination of practical tical part covering the subjects of specialisation. and assignment-based activities appropriate to Synonym: Absolutórium. the subject concerned. The modules of the course include assessment by final examination at the Absolventský diplom end of each semester. These courses are designed Country: Slovakia for students who seek management responsibil- Grammatical variants: Absolventské diplomy, ities in their chosen area of activity. absolventsk* diplom* Level: ISCED 5 Advanced Extension Award Explanatory note: Leaving certificate awarded by Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) vocational tertiary education institutions to stu- Level: ISCED 3 dents who have passed the ➧฀Absolventská skúška Explanatory note: A qualification introduced examination. The certificate indicates the main in 2002 to help differentiate between the most ➧฀ subjects of specialisation, as well as the examina- able candidates at General Certificate of Educa- tion marks, and varies depending on the type of tion Advanced level, particularly in subjects where institution concerned. It gives access to the labour a high proportion of students achieve A grades. Advanced Extension Awards are based on the market. same subject content as GCE A level but ask more Access in-depth questions. They are assessed externally Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) and graded ‘merit’ or ‘distinction’, and are also Level: ISCED 2 and 3 awarded in adult education. In the summer of Explanatory note: A 1-year national qualification 2002, 17 subjects were available from a variety of which is usually awarded to pupils in upper sec- awarding bodies. Abbreviation: AEA. ondary education (fifth and sixth years) but can Advanced Higher also be taken in the final (fourth) year of lower Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) secondary education. The qualification is avail- Level: ISCED 3 and 4 able in a range of academic and vocational sub- Explanatory note: A 1-year national qualification jects and may also be obtained in adult education. which is usually awarded to pupils at the end of There is no compulsory number or common core the final (sixth) year of secondary education and of subjects that all students are required to study. may also be obtained in adult education. It is Access covers 3 sub-levels. Access 3 is at level 3 on available in a range of academic and vocational the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework subjects and there is no compulsory number or (SCQF), broadly equivalent to ➧฀Standard Grade common core of subjects that all students are (General level). Access qualifications are divided required to study. The qualification is divided into into units which are internally assessed on the units which are internally assessed on the basis of basis of coursework. Units can be taken separately coursework, but there is also an external assess- and there is no external assessment. Particular ment which determines the grade on a scale from groupings of units at Access levels 2 and 3 lead to A to C. Units can be taken separately. The Scottish cluster awards, which are qualifications designed Qualifications Authority (SQA) awards the qual- especially for students with learning difficulties ification, carries out external assessments and or those returning to study after obtaining few moderates internal assessments. Assessments are or no qualifications at school. The Scottish Qual- usually written, though depending on the sub- ifications Authority (SQA) awards the qualification ject studied, oral and practical assessments may and moderates internal assessments. Students also be undertaken. The qualification is at Scot- can progress to the courses leading to ➧฀Standard tish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) Grade Foundation or ➧฀Intermediate 1. level 7 and, though not a formal entry require-

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 21 Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education

ment, is usually studied as a precursor to tertiary AESS education. Advanced Highers are also studied to Country: Belgium (French Community) assist entry into employment. The qualification Level: ISCED 5 replaced the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Agrégé/e de in 1999/2000. l’enseignement secondaire supérieur and ➧฀Agréga- tion de l’enseignement secondaire supérieur. Advanced Vocational Certificate of Education Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Afgangsbevis fra Folkeskolen Level: ISCED 3 Country: Denmark Explanatory note: Qualification which replaced Grammatical variants: Afgangsbeviset, the advanced ➧฀General National Vocational Qual- afgangsbeviser, afgangsbeviserne ification (GNVQ) in September 2000. It is awarded Level: ISCED 2 to young people over compulsory school age who Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to all remain in full-time education, although it can be pupils who have completed compulsory educa- taken by students of any age. Working within a tion (folkeskole). It includes marks for the year’s framework regulated by the qualifications and work, and marks obtained in the optional final ➧฀ curriculum authorities, the awarding bodies draw examinations Folkeskolens afgangsprøve (organ- ➧฀ up the syllabuses, carry out external assessment, ised after the ninth year) or Folkeskolens udvi- and moderate course work to ensure consistency dede afgangsprøve (after the tenth year), if they were sat. The certificate gives pupils access to of standards. The qualification is available in three, vocational education and training at upper sec- six and 12 units. The three-unit qualification, avail- ondary level. If the required optional final exam- able in only a few subjects, is equivalent to the ➧฀ inations have been taken, it gives access to the General Certificate of Education Advanced Sub- general upper secondary education courses of sidiary level (GCE AS level). The six-unit qualifica- the gymnasium, HF, HHX and HTX. tion is available in 14 subjects and is equivalent to the full ➧฀General Certificate of Education Advanced Afsluitend examen level (A2). The 12-unit qualification (double award) Country: The Netherlands is equivalent to two A levels and is available in 13 Grammatical variants: Afsluitende examens subjects. These qualifications are designed to be Level: ISCED 5 related to National Occupational Standards in rele- Explanatory note: Final examination held on vant sectors, but do not provide training for a spe- completion of a first- or second-cycle course in cific job. Assessment is based on coursework and university education (wetenschappelijk onderwijs, is both internal and external. The internal compo- or wo), or professional tertiary education (hoger nent normally contributes two-thirds of the final beroepsonderwijs, or hbo). It reviews the academic marks and the external component one-third. The achievements of students to determine whether aggregation of unit results gives an overall qual- all course requirements have been met, and ification grade (A-E) but individual unit results are whether they have passed all intermediate exam- also available. It is not necessary to pass all con- inations (tentamens) as required by the regula- stituent units for the qualification to be awarded. tions of their institution. The content and organi- It may qualify students for entry to tertiary edu- sation of the examination are the responsibility of cation, depending on the institution and pro- the institution concerned. Students who pass it ➧฀ gramme concerned and the grade obtained. Also are awarded the certificate Getuigschrift van het known as: Vocational A level. Abbreviation: AVCE, afsluitend examen. VCE A level. Afsluttende fagprøve Country: Denmark AEA Grammatical variants: Afsluttende fagprøver, Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) afsluttende fagprøverne Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Advanced Explanatory note: Compulsory final examination Extension Award. organised by the Ministry of Education, held dur- ing the final six months of vocational training in AESI the commercial and clerical fields (handelskole) Country: Belgium (French Community) and the equivalent of the ➧฀Svendeprøve taken Level: ISCED 5 within the technical trades. It consists of a writ- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Agrégé/e ten project report and an oral examination in the de l’enseignement secondaire inférieur and ➧฀Agré- presence of an external examiner. Pupils receive gation de l’enseignement secondaire inférieur. the ➧฀Uddannelsesbevis certificate.

22 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Agronomexamen

Agent technique breveté subjects taken, the subject of the two lessons Country: France given in public and the final marks obtained. It Level: ISCED 3 confers on its holders the title of ➧฀Agrégé/e de Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders l’enseignement secondaire supérieur and enables of the diploma ➧฀Brevet de technicien. Synonym: them to teach at the level of upper secondary and Technicien breveté. short non-university tertiary education. Abbrevia- Agrégation tion: AESS. Country: France Agrégation de l’enseignement supérieur Level: ISCED 5 Country: Belgium (French Community) Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to those Level: ISCED 6 who have performed successfully in the national Explanatory note: Qualification awarded by uni- competitive examination (of the same name) to recruit teachers for upper secondary education. versities to students who have taken an examina- The examination is open to holders of a qual- tion before a university examining board, after ➧฀ ification testifying to at least four years of post- obtaining the degree Doctorat en (+). The quali- secondary studies, which has been awarded in a fication indicates the field of study, the subject of Member State of the European Union or the Euro- any dissertation and of each of the theses. It ena- pean Economic Area. Students may work for this bles its holders to teach at university level, though certificate at university or in tertiary level institu- it is not compulsory, and confers on them the title tions known as the écoles normales supérieures. of ➧฀Agrégé/e de l’enseignement supérieur. Successful performance in the examination gives access to a year of teacher training in an institut Agrégé/e de l’enseignement secondaire universitaire de formation des maîtres (IUFM) prior inférieur to entrance to the teaching profession as a profes- Country: Belgium (French Community) seur agrégé. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on those Agrégation de l’enseignement secondaire who have obtained the diploma ➧฀Agrégation de inférieur l’enseignement secondaire inférieur. Abbreviation: Country: Belgium (French Community) AESI. Synonym: Régent/e. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the Hau- Agrégé/e de l’enseignement secondaire tes Écoles to those who have passed the curricu- supérieur lar examinations organised by the school in each Country: Belgium (French Community) subject, and submitted the final written assign- Level: ISCED 5 ment (mémoire) on completion of three years of Explanatory note: Title conferred on those who non-university tertiary level teacher training. The have obtained the ➧฀Agrégation de l’enseignement diploma indicates the section, option, subjects secondaire supérieur. Abbreviation: AESS. taken, the subject of the written assignment and the final marks obtained. It confers on its holders Agrégé/e de l’enseignement supérieur the title of ➧฀Agrégé/e de l’enseignement secondaire Country: Belgium (French Community) inférieur and enables them to teach the first three Level: ISCED 6 years of general, technical and artistical secon- Explanatory note: Titre conferred on those who dary education, as well as the seven years of voca- have obtained the ➧฀Agrégation de l’enseignement tional secondary education. Abbreviation: AESI. supérieur. Agrégation de l’enseignement secondaire Agronomexamen supérieur Country: Sweden Country: Belgium (French Community) Grammatical variants: Agronomexamina Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualification awarded by Explanatory note: Professional degree in agri- university tertiary education institutions or the culture, awarded after a four-and-a-half-year Hautes Écoles (offering long tertiary courses in full-time study programme, including a degree economics), to students who already hold the project, at the Swedish University of Agricul- ➧฀Licence en (+), and who have passed the exami- tural Sciences. The degree certificate indicates nations organised by the institution in each sub- the subjects passed and marks obtained. It ject, carried out exercises in teaching and given gives access to employment and its holders are two public lessons on completion of one year of also eligible for doctoral studies leading to the university studies. The qualification indicates the ➧฀Doktorsexamen (+).

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 23 Akad.

Akad. (+) Explanatory note: Certificate of completion of 8 Country: Slovenia years of education in an általános iskola, awarded Level: ISCED 5 by school on the basis of class marks, without a Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Akadem- final examination. It mentions the subjects and ski/ka (+), which is always followed by the abbre- the final year marks. It is required to gain access to viation of the field of specialisation concerned (for upper secondary education or to employment. example akad. slik. in painting). Ammatillinen opistoasteen tutkinto Akademische/r (+) Country: Finland Country: Austria Grammatical variants: tutkinnot, tutkinto*, Grammatical variants: Akademische, tutkinno* Akademisch* Level: ISCED 4 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualification formerly obtained Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on completion of 2 to 3 years of vocational studies on students who have been awarded the in post-secondary opisto institutions. There was ➧฀Abschlussprüfungszeugnis. It is always followed no final examination. The qualification indicates by the field of specialisation, e.g. Akademische/r Mediator/in (conciliator), Akademische/r the field of specialisation, the subjects passed, and PR-Berater/in (public relations counsellor), the marks obtained during the course of study. Akademische/r Tourismusmanager/in (tourism Since 1999, this qualification has been replaced manager), etc. by the ➧฀Ammattikorkeakoulututkinto following the transfer of the courses concerned from post- Akademski/ka (+) secondary institutions to professionally oriented Country: Slovenia tertiary polytechnic institutions (Ammattikorkea- Grammatical variants: Akademske, akademsk* koulu). Holders of the qualification are entitled to Level: ISCED 5 embark on studies at a higher level. Swedish term: Explanatory note: First professional title awarded Yrkesexamen på institutnivå. to students who have successfully completed 4 years of an artistic academically oriented pro- Ammatillinen perustutkinto (+) gramme, passed the ➧฀Diplomski izpit examination Country: Finland and obtained the ➧฀Diploma at akademija. It gives Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, access to the labour market or further tertiary -tutkinno* education leading to the ➧฀Magister/trica umet- Level: ISCED 3 nosti, ➧฀Magister/trica znanosti, ➧฀Specialist/ka (+) Explanatory note: Qualification awarded after or ➧฀Doktor/ica znanosti degree. The title is always three years of studies in vocational upper secon- followed by the field of study in question (for dary education. There is no final examination, but example, akademski/ka slikar in painting). Abbre- students’ knowledge and skills are assessed after viation: Akad. (+). General term: Strokovni naslov. the completion of each study module. This qualifi- cation can also be obtained on passing the ➧฀Näyt- Allgemeine Hochschulreife tötutkinto examination. A qualification certificate Country: Germany (➧฀Todistus toisen asteen ammatillisista opinnoista) Grammatical variants: Allgemein* Hochschulreife is awarded on the completion of all studies in the Level: ISCED 3 individual study plan, and may also be obtained in Explanatory note: General higher education entrance qualification entitling its holder to take adult education. Swedish term: Grundexamen. any subject at any tertiary education institution. Ammattikorkeakoulun jatkotutkinto It is usually obtained in the Gymnasiale Oberstufe Country: Finland (general upper secondary education) after com- Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, pleting 13 school years or, in some Länder 12 school years, and passing the ➧฀Abiturprüfung. The -tutkinno* qualification may also be obtained in Zweite Bil- Level: ISCED 5 dungsweg (‘second-chance’ education) and other Explanatory note: New further degree intro- adult education institutions. It is certified in the duced in 2002 on an experimental basis in 20 ➧฀Zeugnis der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife. polytechnic institutions, following authorisation from the Ministry of Education, for a trial period Általános iskolai bizonyítvány up to 2005. There is no clearly specified duration Country: Hungary of studies because the degree is meant to be Grammatical variants: Általános iskolai taken while working, but it corresponds to 40-60 bizonyítványok, általános iskolai bizonyítvány* Finnish credits depending on the field concerned. Level: ISCED 1 and 2 It is intended for those who have already obtained

24 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Apliecība par profesionālās ievirzes izglītības ieguvi the ➧฀Ammattikorkeakoulututkinto (+) or other Anotero diploma appropriate degree, and at least three years of (Ανώτερο δίπλωμα) subsequent work experience in a related field. The Country: Cyprus type of education to which the degree will give Grammatical variants: Anotera diplomata, access has not yet been decided. The decision will anoter* diplom* be taken on the basis of experience acquired dur- Level: ISCED 5 ing the experiment. Swedish term: Påbyggnads- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by both examen vid yrkeshögskola. public and private tertiary education institutions (dimosies scholes, idiotikes scholes tritovathmias Ammattikorkeakoulututkinto (+) ekpaedefsis) after completion of studies of 3 years Country: Finland duration, to candidates who have passed the Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, examinations in all of the subjects studied. The -tutkinno* qualification indicates the specialisation, the title, Level: ISCED 5 the overall mark and the grade obtained. It gives Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students access to employment, in the field of the special- who have successfully completed three-and-a- isation, as well as entry to higher studies leading ➧฀ half to four-and-a-half years of full-time stud- to Ptychio (+) and bachelor. ies at professionally oriented tertiary education Apliecība par pamatizglītību institutions (Ammattikorkeakoulu, or AMK). Since Country: Latvia 1999, the degree has replaced the qualifications Grammatical variants: Apliecības par obtained under the old system of post-secon- pamatizglītību, apliecību par pamatizglītību dary (opisto) and tertiary vocational education Level: ISCED 2 and training ➧฀Ammatillinen opistoasteen tutkinto. Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils There is no final examination. The degree certifi- who have successfully completed the 9 years of cate indicates the field of specialisation, the sub- basic education (pamatizglītība), and been satis- jects passed and the marks obtained. It gives factorily assessed in all subjects in the curriculum access to the labour market or, with effect from and passed the ➧฀Valsts pārbaudījumi. The certifi- 2002 (in a trial period up to 2005), to studies lead- cate may also be obtained in special education. It ing to the ➧฀Ammattikorkeakoulun jatkotutkinto is awarded by schools in accordance with govern- degree. It is also awarded in adult education. The ment regulations and has a supplement that indi- prefix in the name of the degree refers to the field cates the subjects taken and final marks obtained. of study, for example datanomin ammattikorkea- It gives access to all types of upper secondary koulututkinto. Swedish term: Yrkeshögskoleexamen. education. Ammattitutkinto (+) Apliecība par profesionālās ievirzes izglītības Country: Finland ieguvi Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, Country: Latvia -tutkinno* Grammatical variants: Apliecības par profesio- Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) nālās ievirzes izglītības ieguvi, apliecību par Explanatory note: Further vocational qualifica- profesionālās ievirzes izglītības ieguvi tion testifying to acquisition of the vocational pro- Level: ISCED 1, 2 and 3 ficiency required by skilled workers in their field. Explanatory note: Certificate confirming the satis- factory completion of introductory vocational edu- This qualification can only be obtained on the ➧฀ cation in art, culture or sports, alongside basic and basis of competence tests (see Näyttötutkinto), secondary education. The certificate is awarded to and is primarily intended to demonstrate the prac- pupils who have successfully completed a licensed tical competence and vocational skills of adults in introductory vocational programme (of at least a variety of fields. Participation in a test requires 160 hours) alongside basic or (upper) secondary payment of a fee. Although taking part in compet- education programmes in an accredited educa- ence tests does not call for formal preparation, tion institution and passed their examinations and many participants acquire preparatory training in assessment in all subjects or sports concerned. vocational institutions or apprenticeship, in which The certificate is awarded by schools in accord- they are offered individual learning programmes. ance with regulations fixed by the government The requirements of these qualifications are deter- and the Minister of Education and Science and has mined by the National Board of Education, while a a supplement indicating the subjects taken and national tripartite examination board is respon- final marks obtained. Holders of the certificate sible for organising and supervising the examina- may continue vocational education or embark on tions. Swedish term: Yrkesexamen. various continuous vocational training courses.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 25 Apliecība par profesionālās pilnveides izglītības ieguvi

Apliecība par profesionālās pilnveides Explanatory note: Generic term for ➧฀Apolytirio izglītības ieguvi dimotikou scholeiou, ➧฀Apolytirio gymnasiou and Country: Latvia ➧฀Apolytirio eniaeou lykeio. Grammatical variants: Apliecības par profesio- nālās pilnveides izglītības ieguvi, apliecību par Apolytirio dimotikou scholeiou profesionālās pilnveides izglītības ieguvi (Απολυτήριο δημοτικόυ σχολείου) Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) Country: Cyprus Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu- Grammatical variants: Apolytiria dimotikou dents in adult education who have successfully scholeiou, apolytiri* completed a licensed professional development Level: ISCED 1 programme of at least 160 hours at an accredited Explanatory note: Leaving certificate awarded at institution, and have been satisfactorily assessed the end of primary education (dimotiko scholeio) or passed in all subjects or sports and examina- (6 years), to pupils who pass all of the subjects tions. The certificate is awarded by schools in studied. There is no final examination. The certif- accordance with regulations fixed by the govern- icate refers to the mark and grade of the pupil’s ment and Ministry of Education and Science, and overall assessment, and gives access to lower sec- has a supplement indicating the subjects taken ondary education. Generic term: Apolytirio. and final marks obtained. It gives access to the labour market, and its holders may continue voca- Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou tional education or embark on various continuous (Απολυτήριο ενιαίου λυκείου) vocational training courses. Country: Cyprus Apliecība par profesionālo pamatizglītību Grammatical variants: Apolytiria eniaeou Country: Latvia lykeiou, apolytiri* Grammatical variants: Apliecības par profesio- Level: ISCED 3 nālo pamatizglītību, apliecību par profesionālo Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of upper pamatizglītību secondary education (eniaeo lykeio, techniki scholi) Level: ISCED 2 lasting 3 years, awarded to candidates on the basis Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils of internal ongoing assessment throughout their who have successfully completed 1-2 years of basic studies in all of the subjects taken and final end- vocational education (profesionālā pamatizglītība) of-year exams in Greek, maths, and 2 optional sub- and passed the ➧฀Kvalifikācijas eksāmens. The cer- jects (the subjects chosen by each student). The tificate testifies to possession of a Level 1 qualifi- certificate refers to the course subjects and marks cation. It is awarded by the institution concerned obtained, as well as the average mark and the in accordance with government regulations and grade. This diploma is a qualification for employ- standards, and has a supplement indicating the ment in clerical positions, provides access to local subjects taken and final marks obtained. The and overseas tertiary education establishments certificate gives access to the labour market. and enables its holders to take national examina- tions ➧฀Eisagogikes exetáseis which give access to Apolytiries exetaseis the University of Cyprus or universities in Greece. (Απολυτήριες εξετάσεις) Generic term: Apolytirio. Country: Greece Grammatical variants: Apolytiríon exetaseon, Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou apolytiri* exetas* (Απολυτήριο ενιαίου λυκείου) Level: ISCED 3 Country: Greece Explanatory note: Internal written examinations Grammatical variants: Apolytiria eniaeou organised in some subjects at the end of the third lykeiou, apolytiri* year of eniaeou lykeiou. The body responsible for Level: ISCED 3 these examinations is the school unit and suc- cessful examination results are indicated in the Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of upper ➧฀Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou. These examinations secondary general education (eniaeo lykeio) last- are complemented by external written examina- ing 3 years, awarded by the school to candidates tions organised at national level called ➧฀Panel- on the basis of internal assessment called ➧฀Apoly- ladikes exetaseis. tiries exetaseis – with the exception of 9 externally assessed subjects – throughout their studies in Apolytirio all of the subjects taken and on the basis of an (Απολυτήριο) external asssessment (➧฀Panelladikes exetaseis) in Country: Cyprus 9 subjects examined at national level. Both types Grammatical variants: Apolytiria, apolytiri* of assessment, internal and external, are prere- Level: ISCED 1, 2 and 3 quisites for the certificate. This certificate refers

26 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Architecte

to all the course subjects and the marks obtained to sit entrance exams for a technological tertiary in each subject (in both the internally organised education institution (TEI) or to participate in the apolytiries exetaseis and externally assessed panel- national final examinations of eniaeo lykeio, ➧฀Pan- ladikes exetaseis), the field of studies, the average elladikes exetaseis. mark and the grade. Apotheker Apolytirio gymnasiou Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) (Απολυτήριο γυμνασίου) Grammatical variants: Apothekeres Country: Cyprus Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Apolytiria gymnasiou, Explanatory note: Qualification and title of phar- apolytiri* macist obtained by students who have satisfacto- Level: ISCED 2 rily completed the 2-year first cycle of university Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of lower studies in pharmacy and obtained the ➧฀Kandi- secondary education (gymnasio) lasting 3 years, daat in de (+), and then completed the 3-year sec- awarded to candidates on the basis of internal ond cycle. The written, oral and/or practical exam- assessment throughout their studies in all of the inations are organised by the university institu- subjects taken. It mentions the course subjects tion concerned and cover all subjects studied. and marks obtained, as well as the average mark The degree certificate indicates the name of the and grade. This certificate gives access to upper institution and title of the qualification, while a secondary education (eniaeo lykeio or techniki supplement gives details of the subjects studied scholi). Generic term: Apolytirio. and marks awarded. The qualification gives access to the profession of pharmacist, as well as to the Apolytirio gymnasiou third cycle of university studies leading to the (Απολυτήριο γυμνασίου) ➧฀Doctor in de (+). Country: Greece Grammatical variants: Apolytiria gymnasiou, Architect apolytiri* Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of lower Explanatory note: Qualification and title obtained secondary education (gymnasio) lasting 3 years, by students who have successfully completed the awarded by the school to candidates on the 2-year first cycle of non-university tertiary educa- basis of internal assessment throughout their tion in architecture or interior design and obtained studies in all of the subjects taken. It mentions the ➧฀Kandidaat in de (+), and then completed the the course subjects and marks obtained, as well second cycle of studies in architecture (3 years) or as the average mark and the grade. This certifi- interior design (2 years) in a Hogeschool. The qual- cate gives access to upper secondary education ification gives access to the profession of archi- (eniaeo lykeio or TEE). tect although, in the case of interior design, both it and the title are termed interieurarchitect. It also Apolytirio technologikou epaggelmatikou gives access to appropriate continuing or further ekpaedeftiriou tertiary training programmes for those wishing to (Απολυτήριο τεχνολογικού επαγγελματικού become Geaggregeerde voor het secundair onder- εκπαιδευτηρίου) wijs-groep 2 (qualified teachers in upper secon- Country: Greece dary education) and/or obtain a ➧฀Gediplomeerde Grammatical variants: Apolytiria technologikou in de voortgezette studies van (+). For information epaggelmatikou ekpaedeftiriou, apolytiri* on examinations and the details indicated on the Level: ISCED 3 certificate, see ➧฀Apotheker. Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of upper secondary vocational education (technologika Architecte epaggelmatika ekpaedeftiria or TEE) lasting 3 Country: Belgium (French Community) years, awarded to pupils on the basis of internal Level: ISCED 5 assessment throughout their studies in all of the Explanatory note: Diploma and title awarded by subjects taken. It indicates the specialisation, the the Instituts Supérieurs d’Architecture to students course subjects and the marks obtained, as well as who have passed the curricular examinations the average mark and grade. This diploma confers for each subject and submitted the final written on its holder the title ➧฀Ptychiouchos technologikou assignment (mémoire) on completion of three epaggelmatikou ekpaedeftiriou and gives access to years of second-cycle tertiary education after employment in the field of specialisation and, for obtaining the ➧฀Candidature en (+). The diploma those wishing to continue their studies, the right indicates the subjects taken, the subject of the

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 27 Architecte diplômé par le Gouvernement

mémoire and the final marks obtained. It enables time studies in the field of architecture at uni- its holders to enter the architectural profession versity (ylipisto or korkeakoulu). There is no final subject to satisfactory completion of a two-year examination and, to obtain the degree, students placement and to register officially with the Order prepare a thesis which is assessed and approved of Architects. by the university department board. Details indi- cated on the degree certificate are not governed Architecte diplômé par le Gouvernement by national regulations but determined by the Country: France university concerned. The degree gives access Level: ISCED 5 to the labour market, or to advanced study and Explanatory note: Diploma and title obtained research leading to the ➧฀Tohtorin tutkinto (+). by students who have passed their final exam- It confers on its holder the title of ➧฀Arkkitehti. inations on completion of six years of non-uni- Swedish term: Arkitektexamen. versity studies in architecture. These written and oral examinations prepared by the institution Arkkitehti concerned cover all subjects studied. The diploma Country: Finland gives access to the profession or to a year of fur- Grammatical variants: Arkkitehdit, arkkitehti*, ther specialised studies. arkkitehdi* Arhitect diplomat Level: ISCED 5 Country: Romania Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of Grammatical variants: Arhitecţi diplomaţi the ➧฀Arkkitehdin tutkinto degree. Swedish term: Level: ISCED 5 Arkitekt. Explanatory note: Title conferred to students who have obtained the ➧฀Diplomă de arhitect Arquitecto diplomat. Country: Portugal Grammatical variants: Arquitectos, arquitecta, Arkitekt arquitectas Country: Finland Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: -en, -er, -erna Explanatory note: Title conferred by the ordem Level: ISCED 5 dos arquitectos (public professional association of Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧฀Arkkitehti. architects) on those who have obtained a ➧฀Licen- ciatura degree in architecture. Professional activ- Arkitektexamen ity as an arquitecto is dependent on conferral of Country: Finland this title by the ordem, testifying to effective mem- Grammatical variants: -examina bership of the latter. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧฀Arkkitehdin Arquitecto tutkinto. Country: Spain Grammatical variants: Arquitecta/os Arkitektexamen Level: ISCED 5 Country: Sweden Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained Grammatical variants: Arkitektexamina by students who have passed the examinations Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Professional degree in archi- required by the programme and a final exami- tecture, awarded after a four-and-a-half-year nation (a written report on a practical project) at full-time study programme, normally including a the end of long-cycle university studies in archi- degree project, at a university or university col- tecture (5 years) in an Escuela Técnica Superior. The lege (universitet or högskola). The degree cer- written and/or oral examinations are organised by tificate indicates the subjects passed and marks each teacher and cover every subject taken. The obtained. It gives access to employment and its degree certificate indicates the field of specialisa- holders are also eligible for doctoral studies. tion, and the qualification gives access to the pro- fession and/or to advanced study and research Arkkitehdin tutkinto leading to a ➧฀Doctorado en (+). The degree cor- Country: Finland responds to the ➧฀Licenciatura en (+). Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, -tutkinno* Arquitecto Técnico Level: ISCED 5 Country: Spain Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Grammatical variants: Arquitecta/os Técnica/os who have successfully completed 5 years of full- Level: ISCED 5

28 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Attest

Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained the end of vocational or technological upper by students who have passed the examinations secondary education in liceu. It indicates the spe- required by the programme and a final examina- cialisation and gives access to employment. tion (a written report on a practical project) at the end of first-cycle university studies in architecture Atestāts par arodizglītību (3 years) in an Escuela Universitaria. The written Country: Latvia and/or oral examinations are organised by each Grammatical variants: Atestāti par arodizglītību, teacher and cover every subject taken. The degree atestātu par arodizglītību certificate indicates the field of specialisation, and Level: ISCED 3 the qualification gives access to the profession Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils and/or to second-cycle university studies lead- who have successfully completed 2-3 years of ing to the ➧฀Licenciatura en (+). The degree cor- vocational education (arodizglītība) subsequent responds to the ➧฀Diplomatura en (+). to basic education, and passed the ➧฀Kvalifikācijas eksāmens or ➧฀Centralizēts profesionālās kvalifi- Årskursbevis kācijas eksāmens. The certificate testifies to pos- Country: Norway session of a Level 2 qualification. It is awarded Grammatical variants: Årskursbeviset, by the institution concerned in accordance with årskursbevisene government regulations and standards, and has Level: ISCED 3 a supplement indicating the subjects taken and Explanatory note: Certificate awarded without final marks obtained. While the certificate does a final examination to pupils on the completion not qualify its holders to continue their education of courses lasting 1 year in an upper secondary at tertiary level, those who wish to pursue their school, as well as to external candidates. studies may embark on 2-year programmes in vocational secondary education and, on comple- ArtD. ting them, then undertake tertiary level studies. Country: Slovakia The certificate gives access to the labour market. Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of doktor umenia Atestāts par vispārējo vidējo izglītību in the field of arts. See ➧฀Doktor (+). Country: Latvia Grammatical variants: Atestāti par vispārējo Arts vidējo izglītību, atestātu par vispārējo vidējo Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) izglītību Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualification and title Level: ISCED 3 obtained by students who have successfully com- Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pleted the 3-year first cycle of university stud- pupils who have successfully completed the ies in medicine and obtained the ➧฀Kandidaat in 3 years of general (upper) secondary educa- de (+), and then completed the 4-year second tion, and been satisfactorily assessed in all cycle. The qualification gives access to the medi- subjects in the curriculum and passed the ➧฀ cal profession, as well as to the third cycle of uni- Valsts pārbaudījumi. The certificate may also versity studies for those wishing to specialise be obtained in special education. It is awarded and obtain the degree of ➧฀Doctor in de (+). For by schools in accordance with government regu- information on examinations and the details lations and has a supplement that indicates the indicated on the certificate, see ➧฀Apotheker. subjects taken and final marks obtained. It gives Synonym: Dokter. access to all types of tertiary education. AS level Attest Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 (A.Ed.) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀General Cer- Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to learn- tificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary level. ers in adult education and training who pass the examinations relating to part of a module Atestat profesional (eenheid). The examinations, which are written, Country: Romania oral and/or practical as decided by the teacher, Grammatical variants: Atestatul profesional are organised by the individual institution and Level: ISCED 3 cover all subjects studied. The certificate is not Explanatory note: Certificate of vocational regarded as a document of great civil importance. proficiency awarded to students who have It is awarded as proof of the limited skills achieved passed the practical test ➧฀Probă practică, at by learners who have not completed a self-con-

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 29 Attest van gedane studies

tained unit at their institution. They are normally contained unit recognised on the labour market. expected to follow the other eenheden (compo- The certificate is issued to pupils who do not nents of the module) in order to complete it for obtain a ➧฀Getuigschrift (for a course in training a ➧ Deelcertificaat (+), and subsequently complete form 3 of special secondary education). The exam- a full modular course to obtain a ➧฀Certificaat (+). inations, which are written, oral and/or practical as The attest also gives limited access to the labour decided by the teacher, are organised by the indi- market and indicates the skills that have been vidual institution and cover all subjects studied. acquired. The certificate indicates the skills acquired, and may sometimes give access to limited occupa- Attest van gedane studies tional activity in the sector concerned. Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 2 and 3 (SEN) Attest voor het (+) Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) who have not completed a course of social and Level: ISCED 1, 2 and 3 (SEN) vocational training (in form 3 of special secon- Explanatory note: dary education) because of frequent absence, or because they left school prematurely, or lacked • Attendance certificate that may be issued to all the motivation required, etc. The certificate is not pupils who leave a school for special primary regarded as a document of great civil significance. education normally lasting 7 years. The written, oral and/or practical examinations are organised Attest van regelmatige lesbijwoning by the individual school or teacher and cover all Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) subjects studied. The certificate entitles pupils Level: ISCED 3 and 4 to enter the first year of special secondary edu- Explanatory note: This certificate takes two forms, cation and, in some cases, the first year of sec- depending on the type of education received: ondary education in the B-stream. Some pupils • An attendance certificate issued to pupils in may receive the ➧฀Getuigschrift basisonderwijs part-time vocational education who leave certificate, which is equivalent to the certifi- school before the end of the school year, cate gained at the end of mainstream primary or to pupils who do not obtain an ➧฀Attest education and gives access to the first year of van verworven bekwaamheden, a ➧฀Studie- secondary education in the A- or B-streams. getuigschrift, or a ➧฀Kwalificatiegetuigschrift van The entire name is Attest voor het buitengewoon het deeltijds beroepsonderwijs. basisonderwijs. • An attendance certificate issued to pupils who • Certificate of special secondary education fo- have taken a 1-year post-secondary prepar- cused on social adjustment and vocational atory course offered in the third year of the third preparation issued to pupils who have regularly stage of secondary general and art education, attended classes in training form 2 of special for example in art subjects and engineering. secondary education. They are offered general The aim of such a course is to prepare prospect- ive students for the entrance examinations to and social training with the aim of securing embark on study in the fields concerned. The their integration into a protected environment certificate is not a compulsory requirement for and work situation. The certificate is a basic re- admission to tertiary education. quirement for working in a sheltered workplace. The entire name is Attest voor het buitengewoon These certificates are not regarded as documents secundair onderwijs tot sociale aanpassing en of great civil significance. They are awarded as arbeidsgeschiktmaking. proof of the limited skills achieved by pupils or students who, for example, did not complete a • The certificate of special secondary education self-contained unit at their institution, or to tes- focused on social adjustment may be issued to tify to limited school attendance during a given pupils who have regularly attended the activit- period. ies of training form 1 in special secondary edu- cation. They are offered social training with the Attest van verworven vaardigheden aim of securing their integration into a protec- Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) ted environment in sheltered accommodation. Level: ISCED 2 and 3 (SEN) The entire name is Attest voor het buitengewoon Explanatory note: Certificate testifying to the secundair onderwijs tot sociale aanpassing. limited skills which are acquired by pupils who pass part of a specific course of social and voca- Attest voor verworven bekwaamheden tional training (in form 3 of special secondary Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) education), but which do not constitute a self- Level: ISCED 3

30 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Avgangsprøve

Explanatory note: Certificate testifying to the Aukštojo mokslo diplomas limited skills acquired by pupils who do not Country: Lithuania complete satisfactorily a full course in part-time Grammatical variants: Aukštojo mokslo diplom* vocational secondary education, and thus do not Level: ISCED 5 obtain a ➧฀Kwalificatiegetuigschrift van het deeltijds Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on satisfac- beroepsonderwijs. The examinations, which are tory completion of non-university programmes, written, oral and/or practical as decided by the first level, second level or integrated consecu- teacher, are organised by the individual institu- tive university programmes, or the third level of tion and cover all subjects studied. The certificate professional studies at universitetas, akademija or indicates the skills acquired, and gives access to kolegija, after passing examinations and/or suc- certain appropriate occupations. cessfully defending a thesis. The diploma certifies that its holders have been awarded a professional Augstākās profesionālās izglītības diploms qualification in a certain field of study and confers Country: Latvia on them the title of ➧฀Profesinė kvalifikacija but no Grammatical variants: Augstākās profesionālās academic title. izglītības diplomi Level: ISCED 5 Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to stu- Country: Germany dents who have successfully completed either a Grammatical variants: Ausbildungsabschluss- second-level professional tertiary education pro- prüfungen, Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung* gramme (of at least 4 years) which may lead to the Level: ISCED 3 professional degree of ➧฀Bakalaurs (+), or a pro- Explanatory note: Final examination held at the fessional tertiary education programme (of 1-2 end of vocational training in the duales System years) possibly leading to the professional degree (dual system of vocational training) to ascertain of ➧฀Maģistrs (+) and entitlement to a level V pro- whether trainees possess the required skills and fessional qualification. The diploma is awarded to practical and theoretical knowledge. Depending those who pass the ➧฀Valsts pārbaudījums. Those on the occupation concerned, successful comple- who hold it currently have access to the labour tion of this examination leads to the award of a ➧฀ ➧฀ market, and may embark on further academic or Facharbeiterbrief, Kaufmannsgehilfenbrief or ➧฀ professional studies in Master’s programmes. The Gesellenbrief. The authority (chamber) respon- ➧฀Augstākās profesionālās kvalifikācijas diploms is a sible for vocational training sets the examination, which includes a practical and a written compo- specific form of this diploma. nent. Augstākās profesionālās kvalifikācijas AVCE diploms Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Country: Latvia Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Augstākās profesionālās Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Advanced kvalifikācijas diplomi Vocational Certificate of Education. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: A specific form of ➧฀Augstākās Avgångsbetyg från grundskolan profesionālās izglītības diploms, in which the Country: Finland name of the professional title conferred with Grammatical variants: -betyget, -betygen the diploma may be included, e.g. Ārsta diploms, Level: ISCED 2 Zobārsta diploms. Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧฀Peruskoulun päättötodistus. Aukštesniojo mokslo diplomas Country: Lithuania Avgangsprøve Grammatical variants: Aukštesniojo mokslo Country: Norway diplomai, aukštesniojo mokslo diplom* Grammatical variants: Avgangsprøven, Level: ISCED 5 avgangsprøver, avgangsprøvene Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Level: ISCED 2 who pass the final examinations of aukštesnioji Explanatory note: School-leaving examination mokykla, or obtain the second-stage (tertiary held at the end of compulsory education lasting level) course certificate of the konservatorija. The 10 years (grunnskole). It involves a written exam- diploma indicates the subjects studied, the cred- ination, in Norwegian (both forms)/Sami, mathe- its covered and marks obtained. It gives access to matics or English. The examination is compulsory employment. and organised by the National Board of Education.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 31 Avgangsprøve

Pupils are assessed by two external examiners, and may also have to take a locally organised oral examination in which they are assessed by teach- ers from another school. Since the year 2000, they have additionally had to complete a final project in the last term of year 10, for which the teacher’s written assessment (but no mark) is included in the ➧฀Vitnemål. Successful pupils can progress to upper secondary school (videregående skole). B

32 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Bb

B. (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of Sci- Country: The Netherlands ence/Bakkalaureus Scientiarum, mainly in mathe- Level: ISCED 5 matics and the natural sciences. See ➧฀Bachelor (+). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Bachelor (+). The abbreviation is written after the name of the B.Sc. holder of this title and may be followed by letters Country: Ireland indicating the field of study. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of Sci- B.A. ence, see ➧฀Bachelor’s degree, awarded in science Country: Denmark subjects to students who successfully complete a Level: ISCED 5 degree programme lasting 4 years if taken from Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of scratch, or 1-2 years subsequent to a ➧฀National Arts. See ➧฀Bachelor (+). Diploma (+). Classification of the degree award is determined by the student’s performance. B.A. Country: Germany BA Level: ISCED 5 Country: Iceland Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor Level: ISCED 5 of Arts/Bakkalaureus Artium, mainly in arts and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Bachelor of humanities. See ➧฀Bachelor (+). arts. B.Eng. BA Country: Ireland Country: Ireland, United Kingdom Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of ➧฀ Engineering. See Bachelor’s degree. Arts. See ➧฀Bachelors degree. B.F.A Baccalaureat Country: Iceland Country: Liechtenstein Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 ➧฀ Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of Explanatory note: First degree awarded by the fine arts. Internationale Akademie für Philosophie (IAP) in B.MUS various areas of study, to students who pass the Country: Iceland corresponding examination on completion of Level: ISCED 5 the 2-year basic course of study (Grundstudium). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Bachelor of The examination is compulsory and consists of music. papers in philosophy and two subjects chosen by the student. Its requirements and content are B.Sc. established internally by the IAP. The degree gives Country: Denmark access to the labour market or to second-cycle Level: ISCED 5 university studies leading to the title of ➧฀Magis- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of ter Artium. Science. See ➧฀Bachelor (+). Baccalauréat B.Sc. Country: France Country: Germany Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu-

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 33 Baccalau reus

dents who have passed the fi nal national exam- Level: ISCED 5 ination of the same name held on completion Explanatory note: Degree awarded by univer- of general and technological upper secondary sity and polytechnic institutions (universidade, education (3 years) or vocational upper second- academia or instituto politécnico) to students who ary education (4 years). The examination is organ- pass all curricular units at the end of a specifi c ised by the ministry of education and consists of course (usually lasting 3 years). The degree testi- compulsory written papers and oral tests, and fi es that they have been scientifi cally, academic- optional examinations. The common compulsory ally and culturally educated to a standard suf- subjects in the general track are mathematics, fi cient for them to exercise certain professional science, a foreign language, a second language activities. The degree always indicates the sub- (which may be foreign or regional, or Latin in the ject area, the grade awarded, the marks obtained case of students working for a literary Baccalau- and, where applicable, the relevant qualifi cation. réat), philosophy, history/geography, civics and It confers on its holder the title of ➧ Bacharel and physical and sports education; the optional exam- gives access to employment or, in certain cases, inations vary depending on whether students are to further study leading to the ➧ Licenciatura working for the general, technological or voca- degree. tional baccalauréat. The certifi cate indicates the type of baccalauréat obtained and the fi nal marks. Bachelier/ère It gives access to tertiary education and/or, in the Country: France case of those who have opted for vocational edu- Level: ISCED 3 cation, the labour market. It confers on its holder Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of the title of ➧ Bachelier/ère. the ➧ Baccalauréat. Baccalau reus Bachelor Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Country: Cyprus Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Intermediate qualifi cation and Explanatory note: Equivalent to ➧ Ptychio (+) title obtained by students who have successfully awarded in private institutions. completed a 2-year fi rst cycle of university studies in philosophy and ethics. This corresponds to the Bachelor (+) degree of ➧ Kandidaat in de (+) in other fi elds of Country: Denmark study. The qualifi cation gives access to the second Grammatical variants: Bacheloren, bachelorer, cycle of university studies in some fi elds, leading bachelorerne to the ➧ Licentiaat in de (+). For information on Level: ISCED 5 examinations and details indicated on the certifi - Explanatory note: Title conferred on students cate, see ➧ Apotheker. who have obtained the ➧ Bachelorgrad. It is fol- lowed by the name of the fi eld concerned. Abbre- Baccalaureus (+) viations: B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science) in natural sci- Country: The Netherlands ences and engineering and B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) Grammatical variants: Baccalaurei in all other fi elds. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Bachelor (+) who have successfully completed fi rst-cycle pro- Country: Germany fessional tertiary education in non-technical fi elds Level: ISCED 5 and obtained the ➧ Getuigschrift van het afsluitend Explanatory note: First academic degree and examen. It may be followed by reference to the fi eld title which were introduced in 1998 by the Hoch- of specialisation concerned. Abbreviation: Bc. (+). schulrahmengesetz or HRG (Framework Act for Higher Education) and are obtained on comple- Bacharel tion of three to four years of study at universities, Country: Portugal other equivalent tertiary education institutions Grammatical variants: Bacharéis and Fachhochschulen (universities of applied sci- Level: ISCED 5 ences). The degree gives access to the labour mar- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students ket or to second-cycle university studies leading who have obtained the ➧ Bacharelato degree. to the ➧ Master (+). In the case of Bachelor courses that are more application oriented, the term Bacharelato Bachelor is followed by reference to the fi eld of Country: Portugal study, in the form Bachelor of (+), e.g. Bachelor of Grammatical variants: Bacharelatos Engineering. Abbreviations: B.A. and B.Sc.

34 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Bachelor’s degree

Bachelor (+) Explanatory note: Title awarded by a tertiary Country: The Netherlands education institution (kennaraháskóli or háskóli) Grammatical variants: Bachelors to students who have obtained the degree Level: ISCED 5 ➧ BEd-gráda in the fi eld of educational sciences. Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Abbreviation: BEd. who have successfully completed fi rst-cycle ter- tiary university education (wo) or professional Bachelor of fi ne arts education (hbo), and obtained the ➧ Getuigschrift Country: Iceland van het afsluitend examen. It may be followed by Level: ISCED 5 reference to the fi eld of specialisation in which it Explanatory note: Title conferred by an academy was obtained. Abbreviation: B. (+). of the arts (listaháskóli) at the end of a 4-year course of tertiary education studies in drama on students Bachelor i (+) who have obtained the B.F.A.-gráða degree. For all Country: Norway information, see ➧ BA-gráda and ➧ BA-próf. Abbre- Level: ISCED 5 viation: B.F.A. Explanatory note: First academic degree and title which, with eff ect from 2003, may be obtained by Bachelor of music students on successful completion of 3 years of Country: Iceland studies (4 years in the case of music) after pass- Level: ISCED 5 ing the fi nal examinations set by each institution. Explanatory note: Title conferred by an academy For certain professional qualifi cations, such as of the arts (listaháskóli) at the end of the fi rst cycle those in teacher training, the paramedical pro- of tertiary education studies in music on students fessions and engineering, the Ministry of Educa- who have obtained B.MUS-gráða degree. For all tion and Research establishes a framework plan. information, see ➧ BA-gráda and ➧ BA-próf. Abbre- The degree gives access to studies leading to the viation: B.MUS. second degree ➧ Master i (+) in the main fi eld con- cerned. Bachelor of science Country: Iceland Bachelor of (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Ireland Explanatory note: Title conferred by a tertiary Level: ISCED 5 education institution (háskóli) on students who Explanatory note: Title describing the holder of a have obtained the degree ➧ BS-gráda in the fi eld ➧ Bachelor’s degree. of economics, business administration, medicine, natural sciences and engineering. Abbreviation: Bachelor of (+) BS. Country: Liechtenstein Level: ISCED 5 Bachelor’s degree Explanatory note: First university degree and Country: Ireland title obtained by students who have passed Level: ISCED 5 ➧ the Bachelor-Prüfung. The degree is awarded : Degree awarded to students ➧ Explanatory note together with the Bachelor-Urkunde diploma, who successfully complete a fi rst-degree course and gives access to the labour market or second- ➧ normally involving 3 or 4 years of study, but in cycle university studies leading to the Master some subjects up to 6 years, in universities, Col- of (+). The title is Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Busi- leges of Education and in certain Institutes of Tech- ness Administration or Bachelor of Science, depend- nology. Arts and science degrees may be taken ing on the fi eld of study concerned. at general or honours level, the latter demand- Bachelor of arts ing more specialised study at a higher level. Hon- Country: Iceland ours degrees are classifi ed as fi rst, second (upper/ Level: ISCED 5 lower or I/II) or third class while general degrees Explanatory note: Title conferred by a tertiary are unclassifi ed, i.e. obtained on a pass/fail basis. education institution (háskóli) on students who Degrees are generally awarded in accordance have obtained the ➧ BA-gráda degree in human- with the student’s results in a fi nal examination ities, social sciences and visual arts. Abbreviation: which, depending on the institution, may be com- BA. bined with marks obtained in intermediate exam- inations and/or in assessed course work and/or, Bachelor of education depending on the discipline, practical work. Hold- Country: Iceland ers of an honours degree may proceed to sec- Level: ISCED 5 ond-cycle studies or advanced study and research

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 35 Bachelor’s degree

leading to a ➧ Master’s degree and ➧ Doctorate degree is awarded by the institution concerned respectively. Holders of a general degree may and indicates the subjects examined, credits proceed to certain postgraduate courses, such obtained in any other examinations, the marks as those for teacher training, or to a professional obtained, and the title and the fi eld of specialisa- qualifi cation or enter employment. The most tion. It confers on its holders the title ➧ Bachelor (+) common Bachelor’s degrees are those in arts and or ➧ Diplomingeniør (in the fi eld of engineering) science, abbreviated to BA and B.Sc. respectively and gives access to studies leading to the ➧ Candi- and in medicine MB. Bachelor’s degrees in educa- datus (+), and also to the labour market. tion are usually designated B.Ed. Holders are enti- tled to use the designatory letters BA, B.Sc., B.Eng., Bachelor-Prüfung BBS, etc. after their name. Country: Liechtenstein Grammatical variants: Bachelor-Prüfungen, Bachelor’s degree Bachelor-Prüfung* Country: Malta Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Final national-level examina- Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students tion organised at the end of fi rst-cycle university who successfully complete a fi rst-degree course studies lasting from 6 to 12 semesters in the Fach- lasting 3-5 years at the University of Malta. The hochschule. It consists of 3 parts, namely written degree indicates the fi eld of specialisation, the or oral examinations in various modules (sup- title, the overall mark and the grade obtained. plemented by student research, projects in areas Holders of an honours degree may proceed to such as architectural design, presentations, etc.), second-cycle or advanced study and research preparation of the written Bachelor-Thesis, and an leading to a ➧ Master’s degree and ➧ Doctorate interdisciplinary and exclusively oral fi nal exam- respectively. Holders of a general degree may pro- ination. Students have to pass the Bachelor-Prü- ceed to certain further courses leading to a ➧ Post- fung in order to obtain the ➧ Bachelor of (+) degree graduate certifi cate/diploma (+), e.g. in teacher and the ➧ Bachelor-Urkunde diploma. training, or to a professional qualifi cation, or enter employment. The most common Bachelor’s Bachelors degree degrees are those in arts and science, abbreviated Country: United Kingdom to B.A. and B.Sc. respectively. Bachelor’s degrees in Level: ISCED 5 education are usually designated B.Educ., those Explanatory note: Usually a fi rst degree awarded in commercial studies B. Com., etc. Holders are to students who successfully complete a course entitled to use the designatory letters BA, B.Sc., B. normally lasting 3 years (4 years in Scotland) but Educ. etc. after their name. longer in some subjects, such as medicine. Bach- elors degrees may be taken in one or more subjects Bachelor-Diplom at ordinary or honours level. Courses are off ered in Country: Liechtenstein universities and other tertiary education institu- Grammatical variants: Bachelor-Diplome, tions and, in some cases, further education institu- Bachelor-Diplom* tions. While universities remain free to decide on Level: ISCED 5 the designation of their degrees, and study of the Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Bachelor- same subject may lead to diff erent degrees in dif- Urkunde. ferent institutions, they are now encouraged to achieve greater consistency under the new frame- Bachelorgrad works for higher education qualifi cations, which Country: Denmark are being phased in from September 2003. Stu- Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, dents are normally required to sit fi nal examina- -graderne tions but the classifi cation of the degree usually Level: ISCED 5 takes into account their performance in interim Explanatory note: First university degree awarded examinations and coursework. Ordinary degrees after 3 years of study to students who have suc- are not graded and, under the above-mentioned cessfully completed the study programme at a new frameworks, will be classifi ed as an ‘Interme- universitet or a non-university tertiary institution diate level’ (I) qualifi cation in England, Wales and (teknika- or ingeniørhøjskoler). Study programmes Northern Ireland and, in Scotland, as ‘SHE level include project work equivalent to a minimum of 3’/‘SCQF level 9’. Honours degrees are normally two months’ full-time work. There is not just one classifi ed as fi rst, upper second, lower second, fi nal examination at the end, as examinations and third class and will be designated as ‘Honours are taken following the teaching of each individ- level’ (H) or, in Scotland, as ‘SHE level H’/‘SCQF ual subject throughout the course of study. The level 10’. Degree certifi cates normally indicate the

36 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Bakalauras

name of the institution, the subject(s) studied and by a tertiary education institution (háskóli) to for how long, and the grade obtained. Bachelors students who successfully complete a 3-year degrees are recognised for progression within ter- fi rst course of university education in the fi eld of tiary education and by employers and, in some humanities, social sciences and visual arts end- cases, may lead to professional accreditation. ing with the ➧ BA-próf examination. It states the Holders of a good honours degree (fi rst class or courses and the results obtained in the exam-ina- upper second) may apply to study for a ➧ Masters tion. It gives access to the labour market or to uni- degree or ➧ Doctorate. The most common titles for versity education in the corresponding fi eld at Bachelors degrees are Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor the second level leading to the ➧ Meistaragráda of Science, abbreviated to BA and BSc respectively. degree. It confers the title ➧ Bachelor of arts. The Some Bachelors degrees, particularly in vocational equivalent degree in the fi eld of music is called ➧ subjects, have more specifi c titles. For example, B.MUS-gráða and leads to the title Bachelor of music; in fi ne arts it is called B.F.A.-gráða and leads degrees in education are usually designated BEd, ➧ and degrees in medicine are designated Bachelor to the title Bachelor of fi ne arts. of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery, abbreviated as Bakalár MB ChB, MB BCh, MBBS or BMBS. Country: Slovakia Grammatical variants: Bakalári, bakalár* Bachelor-Urkunde Level: ISCED 5 Country: Liechtenstein Explanatory note: Title conferred by tertiary educa- Grammatical variants: Bachelor-Urkunden, tion institutions on students who have obtained the Bachelor-Urkunde* ➧ Vysokoškolský diplom (+). Abbreviation: Bc. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Bakalář/ka who pass the ➧ Bachelor-Prüfung. It indicates the Country: Czech Republic fi eld of study and the academic degree and title of Grammatical variants: Bakaláři, bakalář* ➧ Bachelor of (+). Synonym: Bachelor-Diplom. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Bachiller who have obtained the diploma ➧ Vysokoškolský Country: Spain diplom and the certifi cate ➧ Vysvědčení o státní Level: ISCED 3 závěrečné zkoušce. Abbreviation: Bc., and BcA. in Explanatory note: Certifi cate and title obtained the fi eld of arts. at the end of general upper secondary educa- tion corresponding to 2 years of a Bachillerato Bakalaura diploms (+) course as defi ned by the 1990 Ley Orgánica de Country: Latvia Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE, Grammatical variants: Bakalaura diplomi, or Organic Law on the General Organisation of bakalaura diplomiem, bakalaura diplomus the Education System). The certifi cate is awarded Level: ISCED 5 to pupils whose continuous assessment in every Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students subject has been satisfactory. With the full imple- who have successfully completed the fi rst stage mentation of the 2002 Ley Orgánica de Calidad of academic studies lasting three or four years at de la Educación (LOCE, or the Organic Act on the a universitāte or another tertiary education insti- Quality of Education), the Bachiller certifi cate will tution. The qualifi cation is generally awarded on the basis of the student’s results in the ➧ Gala be awarded, with eff ect from the 2005/06 school pārbaudījumi. Degrees are designated Bachelor of year, to those who secure a pass grade in all sub- ➧ Humanities, Education Sciences, Social Sciences, jects and successfully complete a Prueba General Engineering, etc., depending on the fi eld of study. de Bachillerato. Pupils with the Bachiller certifi cate They give access to the labour market, further pro- have direct access to the ➧ Pruebas de Acceso a la fessional programmes or the second stage of uni- Universidad, to tertiary non-university vocational versity education leading to the academic or pro- training (Formación profesional específi ca de grado fessional ➧ Maģistrs (+) degree. The diploma enti- superior), or to artistic tertiary education (as a tles its holder to the academic degree ➧ Bakalaurs rule provided they have received the certifi cate (+). ➧ Título profesional del grado medio de (+)). Bakalauras BA-gráda Country: Lithuania Country: Iceland Grammatical variants: Bakalaur* Grammatical variants: BA-grádu Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Bakalauro Explanatory note: General fi rst degree awarded laipsnis (+).

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 37 Bakalaureus

Bakalaureus Bakalauro laipsnis (+) Country: Estonia Country: Lithuania Grammatical variants: Bakalaureuse, Grammatical variants: Bakalauro laipsn* bakalaureust Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: First academic title conferred Explanatory note: Title conferred on students on students who have obtained the diploma who have obtained the ➧ Bakalaureusekraad ➧ Bakalauro diplomas. The title is followed by ref- degree. erence to the fi eld of study concerned. Synonym: Bakalauras. Bakalaureuseeksam Country: Estonia Bakalaurs (+) Grammatical variants: Bakalaureuseeksami, Country: Latvia bakalaureuseeksamit Grammatical variants: Bakalauram, bakalauru Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Academic or professional Explanatory note: Final examination taken at the degree obtained by holders of the ➧ Bakalaura end of the 3-4 years of fi rst level tertiary educa- diploms (+) or the ➧ Augstākās profesionālās tion (Bachelor’s study, or bakalaureuseõpe). For izglītības diploms (or ➧ Augstākās profesionālās students who defend their fi nal thesis this exam- kvalifi kācijas diploms), respectively. ination is not compulsory. It is organised by each institution, which also determines its content. Bakalavur Students who successfully defend their thesis or (Бакалавър) pass this examination are awarded the ➧ Bakalau- Country: Bulgaria reusekraad degree. Grammatical variants: Bakalavri Level: ISCED 5 Bakalaureusekraad Explanatory note: First academic title conferred Country: Estonia on students who have obtained the ➧ Diploma za Grammatical variants: Bakalaureusekraadi, zavurchena stepen na vischeto obrazovanie at the bakalaureusekraadiga end of fi rst-cycle university studies. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: First degree awarded to stu- Bakk. (+) dents who have successfully completed fi rst level Country: Austria tertiary education (Bachelor’s study, or bakalau- Level: ISCED 5 reuseõpe) and defended the Bachelor’s thesis or Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Bakkalau- passed the ➧ Bakalaureuseeksam examination at reus/rea (+), followed by designation of the fi eld universities. It is awarded together with a ➧ Dip- of study in abbreviated form, e.g. Bakk. rer.nat. lom. The degree confers the title of ➧ Bakalaureus Titles conferred by Fachhochschulen are followed and gives access to a Master’s study programme by the abbreviation FH. (magistriõpe) leading to the ➧ Magistrikraad in Bakkalaureatsprüfung accordance with the conditions and pursuant to Country: Austria the procedure established by the board of the Grammatical variants: Bakkalaureatsprüfungen, educational institution concerned. Bakkalaureatsprüfung* Bakalauro diplomas Level: ISCED 5 Country: Lithuania Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examination Grammatical variants: Bakalauro diplom* at universities and Fachhochschulen organised at Level: ISCED 5 the end of fi rst-cycle studies (minimum duration 3 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on sat- years). The examination is organised internally by the institution and takes place before a board. Its isfactory completion of fi rst level consecu- content is related to the individual course of study tive university programmes at universitetas or and includes written and oral examinations. Suc- akademija, after students have passed exam- cessful students receive the ➧ Bakkalaureatsprü- inations and successfully defended a thesis fungszeugnis. in a particular fi eld. The diploma confers on them the title of ➧ Bakalauro laipsnis (+) either Bakkalaureatsprüfungszeugnis alone or combined with ➧ Profesinė kvalifi kacija. Country: Austria It gives access to the labour market or to Grammatical variants: Bakkalaureatsprüfungs- second-cycle university studies leading to the zeugnisse, Bakkalaureatsprüfungszeugnis* ➧ Magistro diplomas. Level: ISCED 5

38 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 BEd

Explanatory note: First degree testifying to suc- cerned with each child’s knowledge, understand- cess in the ➧ Bakkalaureatsprüfung at universities ing, attitudes and skills on entry to primary school and Fachhochschulen. It indicates the fi eld and at the age of 4 or 5, so that staff can plan the cur- branch of study or Fachhochschule course of study. riculum appropriately and provide activities that Holders are entitled to exercise the relevant pro- meet children’s needs. Assessment must be car- fession or to commence study leading to a ➧ Mag- ried out within 7 weeks after they have started ister/tra (+). The degree confers on its holder the school in Wales and within the fi rst year in North- academic title ➧ Bakkalaureus/rea (+). ern Ireland. Language skills, mathematical skills and personal and social skills are assessed using Bakkalaureus/rea (+) an accredited assessment scheme. No certifi cates Country: Austria are provided but schools must discuss the results Grammatical variants: Bakkalaurei, Bakkalaureae, of this formative assessment with parents. In Eng- Bakkalaure* land, Baseline Assessment has been replaced by Level: ISCED 5 the ➧ Foundation stage profi le. Pupils progress to Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on key stage 1 of the National Curriculum or the North- holders of the ➧ Bakkalaureatsprüfungszeugnis. It ern Ireland Curriculum. is followed by an indication of the fi eld of study, e.g. Bakkalaureus/rea der Naturwissenschaften B-attest (natural sciences). Titles obtained through study Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) at a Fachhochschule are followed by the abbrevia- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 tion FH. Abbreviation: Bakk. (+). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Oriënte- ringsattest B. BA-próf Country: Iceland BBS Grammatical variants: BA-prófi , BA-prófs Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Examination organised at the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of end of the 3-year fi rst cycle of university educa- Business Studies. See ➧ Bachelor’s degree. tion within the fi eld of humanities, social sciences and visual arts held by a tertiary education insti- Bc. tution (háskóli). It comprises a series of tests and Country: Czech Republic examinations throughout the 3 years, as well as Level: ISCED 5 a fi nal dissertation. The content and assessment Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Bakalář/ka. of the examination vary depending on individual institutions. The examination is the responsibil- Bc. ity of the relevant faculty. It is compulsory for Country: Slovakia obtaining the degree ➧ BA-gráda. The equivalent Level: ISCED 5 examination in the fi eld of music is called B.MUS- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Bakalár. próf and leads to the B.MUS-gráda; in fi ne arts it is called B.F.A.-próf and leads to the B.F.A.-gráda. Bc. (+) Country: The Netherlands Barnmorskeexamen Level: ISCED 5 Country: Sweden Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Baccalau- Grammatical variants: Barnmorskeexamina reus (+), which is written after the name of the Level: ISCED 5 holder of this title and may be followed by letters Explanatory note: Diploma in midwifery, indicating the fi eld of study concerned. awarded after a full-time study programme of at least one-and-a-half years at a university or uni- BcA. versity college (universitet or högskola). Being a Country: Czech Republic registered nurse is a precondition for admission to Level: ISCED 5 the programme. The diploma indicates the sub- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Bakalář/ka jects passed and marks obtained and gives access in the fi eld of arts. to employment. BEd Baseline assessment Country: Iceland Country: United Kingdom (WLS/NIR) Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 0 and 1 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Bachelor of Explanatory note: Assessment scheme con- education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 39 BEd-gráda

BEd-gráda passed the qualifi cation examination before an Country: Iceland examination board comprising members of the Grammatical variants: BEd-grádu relevant trade or occupation. Its form is centrally Level: ISCED 5 determined by government decree. The certifi - Explanatory note: First degree awarded by a cate indicates the form of education (technical or tertiary education institution (kennaraháskóli or vocational) and the branch of study (special-isa- háskóli) to students who have successfully com- tion), and gives access to the relevant trade or pleted a 3-year fi rst cycle of university studies in occupation. The certifi cate awarded at the end of the fi eld of educational sciences and successfully the sixth year of vocational education may also be passed the ➧ BEd-próf examination. The degree obtained by attending part-time education. certifi cate indicates the courses and results obtained in the examination. The degree gives BEP access to the teaching profession at compulsory Country: France education level and to second-cycle university Level: ISCED 3 studies in the corresponding fi eld leading to the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Brevet ➧ Meistaragráda degree. It confers on its holder d’études professionnelles. the title ➧ Bachelor of education. Berufl iche Abschlussprüfung BEd-próf Country: Germany Country: Iceland Grammatical variants: Berufl iche Abschluss- Grammatical variants: BEd-prófi , BEd-prófs prüfungen, Berufl ich* Abschlussprüfung* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Examination held by a ter- Explanatory note: Second part of the fi nal exam- tiary education institution (kennaraháskóli or ination held at the end of double (general and háskóli) at the end of the fi rst 3-year cycle of vocational) qualifi cation courses at upper secon- university studies in the fi eld of educational dary level in a berufl iches Gymnasium, Fachgym- sciences. It comprises a fi nal dissertation, as well nasium or 3-year Berufsfachschule (types of voca- as a series of tests and examinations throughout tional school). The fi rst part, the ➧ Abiturprüfung, the course of study, the content and assessment leads to the ➧ Allgemeine Hochschulreife and gives of which vary depending on individual institu- tions. The examination is the responsibility of the right of access to tertiary education. The second relevant faculty. It is compulsory for obtaining the part, the vocational examination, consists of a degree ➧ BEd-gráda. written and a practical test and leads to vocational qualifi cations valid under Land law, for example as Befähigungsnachweis an Erzieher (youth or child care worker), physika- Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) lisch-technischer Assistent (paramedical assistant) Grammatical variants: Befähigungsnachweise or kaufmännischer Assistent (business assistant). Level: ISCED 3 (SEN) A combined certifi cate is issued for the fi rst and Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils second parts of the examination. who have completed the fourth and fi fth years of special vocational secondary education and Berufsbildungsreife successfully passed a qualifi cation examination Country: Germany before an examination board comprising mem- Level: ISCED 3 bers of the relevant trade or occupation. Its form Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for is centrally determined by government decree. Erster allgemein bildender Schulabschluss. For fur- The certifi cate indicates the branch of study (spe- ther information, see ➧ Hauptschulabschluss. cialisation) and gives access to the relevant trade or occupation. Berufsmaturität Country: Liechtenstein Befähigungsnachweis des sechsten Jahres des Level: ISCED 3 Sekundarunterrichts Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Berufsmatu- Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) ritätsprüfung. Grammatical variants: Befähigungsnachweise Level: ISCED 3 Berufsmaturitätsprüfung Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded at the Country: Liechtenstein end of the sixth year of technical and vocational Grammatical variants: Berufsmaturitäts- secondary education to pupils who have suc- prüfungen, Berufsmaturitätsprüfung* cessfully completed their vocational training and Level: ISCED 3

40 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Bevis for

Explanatory note: Final examination organised Level: ISCED 3 at national level at the end of vocational upper Explanatory note: Examination for candidates secondary education (four years in the duales Sys- who have not taken the ➧ Reifeprüfung. It may tem plus four semesters in the Berufsmittelschule). be taken by those who have successfully com- The content of this examination includes oral and pleted the secondary technical and vocational written tests in German and communication, Eng- school (berufsbildende mittlere Schule, with at lish, mathematics, applied mathematics and the least 3 years of studies) or who have passed the chosen subject of specialisation (from the four ➧ Lehrabschlussprüfung. The examination is organ- options of technical studies, economics, art and ised by recognised upper secondary schools and ICT). Students have to pass this examination in consists of written and oral examinations in four order to obtain the certifi cate ➧ Berufsmaturitäts- subjects – German, mathematics, a modern for- zeugnis. eign language and a specialised subject. It leads to the award of the ➧ Berufsreifeprüfungszeugnis. Berufsmaturitätszeugnis Country: Liechtenstein Berufsreifeprüfungszeugnis Grammatical variants: Berufsmaturitäts- Country: Austria zeugnisse, Berufsmaturitätszeugnis* Grammatical variants: Berufsreifeprüfungs- Level: ISCED 3 zeugnisse, Berufsreifeprüfungszeugnis* Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate of voca- Level: ISCED 3 tional upper secondary education awarded to Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by recog- students who pass the examination ➧ Berufsmatu- nised upper secondary schools to pupils success- ritätsprüfung. The certifi cate indicates the area of ful in the ➧ Berufsreifeprüfung. The subjects passed specialisation, the individual subjects, the exam- and grades achieved are indicated on the certifi - ination results and both the title and result of the cate, which gives its holders unrestricted access to project work in German and communication. It tertiary education (allgemeine Hochschulreife) but gives access to specialised tertiary education in a does not qualify them for an occupation. Fachhochschule, without an entrance examination. Betyg över avlagd yrkesexamen på andra Berufsqualifi zierender Abschluss stadiet Country: Germany Country: Finland Grammatical variants: Berufsqualifi zierende : Betyget, betygen Abschlüsse, Berufsqualifi zierend* Abschluss* Grammatical variants : ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Level : Swedish term for ➧ Todistus Explanatory note: Explanatory note toisen asteen ammatillisista opinnoista. Qualifi cation of a vocational training pro- gramme in the duales System (dual system of Betyg över kombinationsstudier vocational training), subsequent to completion Country: Finland of compulsory general education at the end of Grammatical variants: Betyget, betygen lower secondary education. The certifi cate gives Level: ISCED 3 access to the relevant occupation as a qualifi ed Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Todistus worker in one of approximately 350 recognised yhdistelmäopinnoista. occupations requiring formal training. Qualifi cation of a mostly 2-year full-time course Betyg över läroavtalsutbildning of study in a Berufsfachschule (vocational upper Country: Finland secondary school), which prepares students for Grammatical variants: Betyget, betygen a particular occupation. The ➧ Mittlere Schulab- Level: ISCED 3 schluss is usually a prerequisite for admission to Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Todistus such a course. oppisopimuskoulutuksesta. Berufsreife Country: Germany Bevis for (+) Level: ISCED 2 Country: Denmark Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder Grammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserne for ➧ Erster allgemein bildender Schulabschluss. For Level: ISCED 5 further information, see ➧ Hauptschulabschluss. Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by non- university tertiary education institutions (er- Berufsreifeprüfung hvervsakademier) following a short course (erhvers- Country: Austria akademiuddannelse AK) usually lasting 2 years. Grammatical variants: Berufsreifeprüfungen, There is a fi nal examination, which varies depend- Berufsreifeprüfung* ing on the fi eld but which essentially involves

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 41 Bevis for Højere Forberedelseseksamen

written and oral examinations, as well as written Billedkunstnergrad assignments. The examining board can consist of Country: Denmark internal or external examiners appointed by the Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, -graderne Ministry of Education on the recommendation of Level: ISCED 5 the institution. The diploma indicates the marks Explanatory note: Degree awarded by the obtained in the examinations and the professional kunstakademi (an artistic tertiary education insti- title conferred – usually the name of the trade or tution) to students who have successfully com- occupation to which it gives access (for exam- pleted 5 or 6 years of academic studies in the ple, administrationsøkonom AK, designteknolog visual arts. There is no fi nal examination, but AK, byggetekniker AK, markedføringsøkonom AK). continuous assessment of the artistic work of the Synonym: Eksamensbevis som (+). student throughout the course, as well as a fi nal written assignment. The degree indicates only Bevis for Højere Forberedelseseksamen the artistic fi eld concerned. It confers on its hold- Country: Denmark ers the title ➧ Billedkunstner and gives access to Grammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserne employment, as well as to studies lasting 2 years Level: ISCED 3 to prepare for work as an art teacher in the fi eld in Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils question (kunstformidler). who pass the ➧ Højere Forberedelseseksamen. It is awarded by the gymnasium and includes the BMBS Country: United Kingdom marks obtained in the examination in the com- Level: ISCED 5 pulsory and optional subjects and in the major Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of written assignment. The examination result is the Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery. See ➧ Bachelors average of these marks. The certifi cate is a basic degree. qualifi cation for entry to tertiary education. Brandos atestatas Bevis for Højere Handelseksamen Country: Lithuania Country: Denmark Grammatical variants: Brandos atestatai, Grammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserne brandos atestat* Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to who pass the ➧ Højere Handelseksamen. It is pupils who pass the ➧ Brandos egzaminai at the end awarded by the handelskole. For information of vidurinė mokykla or gimnazija, option 3 of voca- on elements included in the certifi cate and the tional secondary education (profesinė mokykla), or education to which it gives access, see ➧ Bevis for the fi rst-stage course of the konservatorija at upper Højere Forberedelseseksamen. secondary level. The certifi cate indicates the course subjects and the marks obtained. It is required for Bevis for Højere Teknisk Eksamen access to all types of tertiary education and post- Country: Denmark secondary vocational education profesinė mokykla Grammatical variants: Beviset, beviser, beviserne (option 4). Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Brandos egzaminai who pass the ➧ Højere Teknisk Eksamen. It is Country: Lithuania awarded by the teknisk skole. For information Grammatical variants: Brandos egzaminas, on elements included in the certifi cate and the brandos egzamin* education to which it gives access, see ➧ Bevis for Level: ISCED 3 Højere Forberedelseseksamen. Explanatory note: National examinations organ- ised at the end of upper secondary education by Billedkunstner Nacionalinis egzaminų centras, an external insti- Country: Denmark tution for which the Ministry of Education and Grammatical variants: Billedkunstnere Science is responsible. The examinations are all Level: ISCED 5 written and cover 4 subjects in the curriculum, of Explanatory note: Title conferred on students which Lithuanian has to be one. Successful cand- who have obtained the ➧ Billedkunstnergrad. idates are awarded the ➧ Brandos atestatas.

42 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 BSc

Brevet and consists of written, oral and practical parts. Country: France Where the area of specialisation is agriculture, Level: ISCED 2 the certifi cate is known as the brevet de technicien Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils agricole. It confers on its holder the title of ➧ Agent who have passed the fi nal national examina- technique breveté or ➧ Technicien breveté. The cer- tion (of the same name) held on completion of tifi cate indicates the chosen area of specialisation lower secondary education lasting four years (in and gives access to the labour market. Students a collège). The examination, which is held in three with the best marks may embark on further study categories (collège, technological, vocational), is in their area of specialisation leading to the ➧ Bre- organised at the level of the département. It con- vet de technicien supérieur. Abbreviation: BT, and sists of three parts (in French, mathematics and BTA where the area of specialisation is agriculture. history/geography/civics). In awarding this certifi - cate, the marks obtained in the fi nal two years in Brevet de technicien supérieur all subjects as a whole are also taken into account. Country: France The certifi cate indicates whether studies have Level: ISCED 5 been of a general, technological or vocational Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students nature. It is not required for access to upper sec- who have passed the required examinations in ondary education. the two-year programme of non-university ter- tiary studies. The examinations are organised by Brevet d’études professionnelles the institution concerned during or at the end Country: France of the course, and vary depending on the type Level: ISCED 3 of programme and area of specialisation. The : Certifi cate awarded to stu- Explanatory note diploma indicates the area of specialisation and dents who have passed the (compulsory) fi nal gives access to the labour market or further ter- national examination testifying to satisfactory tiary studies leading to the ➧ Diplôme national de completion of the fi rst two years of vocational technologie spécialisée or the ➧ Licence profession- upper secondary education (involving initial train- ➧ ing lasting two years in a lycée professionnel, con- nelle. It confers on its holder the title of Techni- tinuing training, or distance provision). The exam- cien supérieur. Abbreviation: BTS. ination is in two distinct (written and oral) parts Brevet de technicien supérieur covering general and vocational subjects. The cer- Country: Luxembourg tifi cate indicates the chosen area of specialisation. Level: ISCED 4 It gives access to the labour market as a skilled Explanatory note: Qualifi cation certifying the worker or employee, as well as to classes for stu- completion of studies awarded after 2 years of dents wishing to work towards the vocational or technological ➧ Baccalauréat. Abbreviation: BEP. post-secondary vocational training in technical lycées (upper secondary schools). It is awarded to Brevet de maîtrise students who pass a fi nal examination organised Country: Luxembourg by the Ministry of Culture, Higher Education and Level: ISCED 4 Research, and covers subjects in the curriculum Explanatory note: Certifi cate of technical and of the diff erent sections (secretarial studies and vocational profi ciency and the highest voca- offi ce automation, accounting/management, tional training qualifi cation in Luxembourg. It is overseas trade/marketing and cartoon anima- awarded following 3 years of study after obtain- tion). The qualifi cation indicates the area of spe- ing the ➧ Certifi cat d’aptitude technique et profes- cialisation and mark obtained and gives access to sionnelle and gives access to employment. Syno- employment. Abbreviation: BTS. nym: Maîtrise. BS Brevet de technicien Country: Iceland Country: France Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Bachelor of Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- science. dents who have passed the (compulsory) fi nal national examination of the same name held on BSc completion of general and technological or voca- Country: United Kingdom tional upper secondary education, depending Level: ISCED 5 on the area of specialisation. The examination is Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of organised by the national académie authorities Science. See ➧ Bachelors degree.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 43 BS-gráda

BS-gráda of two awarding bodies which merged to form Country: Iceland Edexcel in 1996. The diploma comprises six units, Grammatical variants: BS-grádu each involving 60 hours of guided study and is Level: ISCED 5 regulated by the qualifi cations and curriculum Explanatory note: First degree awarded by a ter- authorities. Assessment is internal or external tiary education institution (háskóli) to students and varies depending on the unit concerned. The who successfully complete a 3- to 4- year fi rst fi nal qualifi cation is graded ‘pass’, ‘merit’ or ‘distinc- course of university education in the fi eld of eco- tion’. This Diploma is a level 2 qualifi cation within nomics, business administration, medicine, nat- the National Qualifi cations Framework. Progres- ural sciences and engineering, and who have sion is possible to a level 3 qualifi cation such as passed the ➧ BS-próf examination. The degree the ➧ BTEC National Award, ➧ National Vocational indicates the subjects and the results obtained Qualifi cation (level 3) and ➧ General Certifi cate of in the examination, and gives access to university Education Advanced level. The diploma may also education in the corresponding fi eld at the second be obtained in adult education. level leading to the ➧ Meistaragráda degree. It also gives professional certifi cation in the fi eld of nurs- BTEC National Award ing and physiotherapy, and confers on its holder Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) the title ➧ Bachelor of science. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: A specialist work-related BS-próf qualifi cation focusing on applied knowledge and Country: Iceland understanding of a specifi c sector but available Grammatical variants: BS-prófi , BS-prófs in a range of sectors. It is now off ered by Edexcel Level: ISCED 5 (an independent awarding body) but has retained Explanatory note: Examination organised by the initials of the Business and Technology Educa- each faculty in a tertiary education institution tion Council, one of two awarding bodies which (háskóli) at the end of 3-4 years of fi rst-cycle uni- merged to form Edexcel in 1996. Students (young versity studies in the fi eld of economics, business people or adults) must normally hold a level 2 administration, medicine, natural sciences and qualifi cation such as a ➧ BTEC First Diploma. BTEC engineering. The examination comprises a series National Awards require 6 units of study while of tests and examinations throughout the 3-4 BTEC National Certifi cates and Diplomas comprise years as well as a fi nal dissertation. Its content and 12 and 18 units respectively. Each unit involves assessment vary depending on individual institu- 60 hours of guided study. The qualifi cations are tions. It is compulsory for obtaining the degree regulated by the qualifi cations and curriculum ➧ BS-gráda. authorities. Assessment is internal or external and BT varies depending on the unit concerned. Final Country: France qualifi cations are graded ‘pass’, ‘merit’ or ‘distinc- Level: ISCED 3 tion’. These qualifi cations are level 3 qualifi cations Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Brevet de within the National Qualifi cations Framework. Pro- technicien. gression is possible to a level 4 qualifi cation such as the Higher National Certifi cate, Higher National BTA Diploma and ➧ National Vocational Qualifi cation Country: France (level 4). Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of brevet de tech- BTEC National Certifi cate nicien agricole. See ➧ Brevet de technicien. Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Level: ISCED 3 BTEC First Diploma Explanatory note: Qualifi cation related to the Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) ➧ BTEC National Award but requiring 12 units of Level: ISCED 3 study. Explanatory note: Diploma designed to pro- vide specialist work-related qualifi cations in a BTEC National Diploma range of sectors, focusing on applied knowledge Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) and understanding of the specifi c sector stud- Level: ISCED 3 ied. It is now off ered by Edexcel (an independent Explanatory note: Qualifi cation related to the awarding body) but has retained the initials of the ➧ BTEC National Award but requiring 18 units of Business and Technology Education Council, one study.

44 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 BTS

BTS BTS Country: France Country: Luxembourg Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 4 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Brevet de Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Brevet de technicien supérieur. technicien supérieur

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 45

Cc

Cand. (+) completion of two or three years of university Country: Denmark or long non-university fi rst-cycle studies in ter- Level: ISCED 5 tiary education. It is awarded by university insti- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Candidatus (+), tutions, the Hautes Écoles, the Instituts Supérieurs followed by the Latin name of the fi eld concerned d’Architecture and the Écoles supérieures des Arts. usually in its abbreviated form, for example, The diploma indicates the fi eld of study, the sub- cand.med.vet. jects taken and the fi nal marks obtained. It confers on its holders the title of ➧ Candidat/e en (+) and Cand. (+) gives access to second-cycle university studies or Country: Iceland long second-cycle non-university studies in ter- Level: ISCED 5 tiary education leading to the degrees of ➧ Licence Explanatory note: Abbreviation of candidatus en (+), ➧ Maîtrise en (+), ➧ Ingénieur (+). followed by the name of the specialisation (also in the abbreviated form), e.g. cand. pharm. in phar- Candidatus (+) macy, cand. oecon. in economics, cand. med. in Country: Denmark the fi eld of medicine and cand. odont. in the fi eld Grammatical variants: Candidata of dentistry. See ➧ Kandidat (+). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Cand. (+) who have obtained the ➧ Kandidatgrad degree. Country: Norway It is followed by the Latin name of the fi eld con- Level: ISCED 5 cerned (for example, candidatus medicinae veteri- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Candidatus (+), nariae). Abbreviation: Cand (+). Synonym: Kandi- which is always followed by reference to the dat. fi eld of study in abbreviated form, for example cand.med. in the case of medicine, cand.agric. in Candidatus (+) agriculture, and cand.theol. in theology. Country: Norway Grammatical variants: Candidata Cand.mag. Level: ISCED 5 Country: Norway Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Level: ISCED 5 students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Candidatus tions and submit a fi nal dissertation at the end of magisterii. studies lasting 5 to 7 years at a university or other tertiary education institution. The degree may Candidat/e en (+) also be awarded to students holding a ➧ Candida- Country: Belgium (French Community) tus magisterii, ➧ Examinatus oeconomiae or equiv- Level: ISCED 5 alent diploma, who pass fi nal examinations at the Explanatory note: Title conferred on those who end of university studies lasting one-and-a-half to have been awarded the ➧ Candidature en (+). It is 2 years. The examinations are set by each institu- always followed by the name of the fi eld of study tion and assessed by two examiners, one of whom in which it has been obtained. is external. The degree indicates the student’s examination results, the average marks obtained Candidature en (+) in the main subjects, the subject of the fi nal dis- Country: Belgium (French Community) sertation and its assessment. It gives access to Level: ISCED 5 employment, to practical training leading to the Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students ➧ Praktisk-teologisk utdanning qualifi cation, or who have passed the curricular examinations to advanced study and research leading to the organised by their institution in each subject, on ➧ Doctor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree. The term candida-

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 47 Candidatus magisterii

tus is always followed by reference to the field of Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by uni- study concerned, for example candidatus medici- versities (universidade) to students who have nae in medicine, candidatus musicae in music and passed the ➧฀Prova de doutoramento. The diploma candidatus oeconomiae in economics. Abbrevia- always indicates the field of study and the mark tion: Cand. (+). obtained. It confers on its holder the title of ➧฀Dou- tor and gives access to the profession of university Candidatus magisterii teacher. Country: Norway Grammatical variants: Candidata magisterii Carta Magistral Level: ISCED 5 Country: Portugal Explanatory note: First degree and title obtained Grammatical variants: Cartas Magistrais by students who pass written and oral final exam- Level: ISCED 5 inations at the end of undergraduate studies last- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by universi- ing 4 years (three-and-a-half years in natural sci- ties (universidade) to students who have passed ences). The examinations are set by each institu- the curricular units of the specialisation courses tion and assessed by two examiners. The degree for the ➧฀Diploma de conclusão da parte curricular indicates the student’s results in the final exam- do Mestrado, and who have submitted and pub- inations and the average marks obtained in the licly defended an original dissertation (dissertação main subjects. It gives access to further tertiary de mestrado). The degree always indicates the education leading to the ➧฀Idrettskandidat, ➧฀Can- subject area, the grade awarded and the mark didatus (+) or ➧฀Kandidat (+) degree in the main obtained. It confers on its holder the title of ➧฀Mes- field concerned. Abbreviation: Cand.mag. tre. The Carta Magistral is awarded together with the ➧฀Mestrado degree and they both give access CAP to further study leading to the ➧฀Doutoramento. Country: Belgium (French Community) Level: ISCED 5 CATP Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat Country: Luxembourg d’aptitude pédagogique. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat CAP d’aptitude technique et professionnelle. Country: France Level: ISCED 3 C-attest Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) d’aptitude professionnelle. Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Oriënte- CAPAES ringsattest C. Country: Belgium (French Community) Level: ISCED 5 CCM Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat Country: Luxembourg d’aptitude pédagogique approprié à l’Enseignement Level: ISCED 3 supérieur. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat de Capacité Manuelle. CAPE Country: France CE Level: ISCED 5 Country: Belgium (French Community) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat Level: ISCED 3 and 4 d’aptitude au professorat des écoles. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat d’Études. CAPES Country: France Centraal examen Level: ISCED 5 Country: The Netherlands Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat Grammatical variants: Centrale examens d’aptitude au professorat de l’enseignement se- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 condaire. Explanatory note: Compulsory national exam- ination taken in schools in the final year of Carta Doutoral secondary education (vmbo, havo or vwo), which Country: Portugal is part of the ➧฀Eindexamen examination. It is held Grammatical variants: Cartas Doutorais under conditions applicable to all general secon- Level: ISCED 6 dary schools, and at a time specified by the Min-

48 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Certifi caat hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs ister of Education. The examination consists of a izglītību if they take and pass the required exam- written test for each subject and tests, assessment inations on completing of a vocational secon- and marking comply with national requirements. dary education programme in which they have In each type of school, there is a central examina- received fi nal pass marks in all subjects and tion for a chosen combination of at least 6 sub- practical training. Finally, they may be awarded jects, depending on the specialised component a ➧ Profesionālās kvalifi kācijas apliecība after pass- (in havo and vwo) or the sector and learning path- ing examinations taken on completing part of a way (in vmbo). Dutch and English are compulsory vocational education programme (subsequent to in all forms of secondary education. secondary education) or vocational secon-dary programme in which they have received fi nal Centralizēts eksāmens pass marks in all subjects and practical training. Country: Latvia The profesionālās kvalifi kācijas apliecība may also Grammatical variants: Centralizēts eksāmeni, be awarded to those who have satisfactorily com- centralizēts eksāmenu pleted extramural vocational education or voca- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 tional secondary education programmes, or a Explanatory note: Examination which is devel- continuing vocational education programme. oped in accordance with a specifi c methodology devised at central government level, and held at Cert the end of 9-year basic education (pamatizglītība) Country: Ireland and 3-year general (upper) secondary education Level: ISCED 5 (vispārējā vidējā izglītība). The examination has a Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ National specifi c order for assessing pupil attainment. It is Certifi cate (+). held in the subjects determined at national level, and is organised by the government and munici- CertHE pal education boards in cooperation with schools. Country: United Kingdom Level: ISCED 5 Satisfactory assessment in the subjects of exami- ➧ nation leads to the award of the ➧ Pamatizglītības Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Certifi cate of sertifi kāts (basic education) or ➧ Vispārējās vidējās Higher Education (+). izglītības sertifi kāts (upper secondary education). Certifi caat (+) Centralizēts profesionālās kvalifi kācijas Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) : ISCED 3, 4 and 5 eksāmens Level : Certifi cate awarded to pupils, Country: Latvia Explanatory note students and adult learners who pass the exam- Grammatical variants: Centralizēti profesionālās kvalifi kācijas eksāmeni, centralizēto profesionālās inations held on completion of an entire modu- kvalifi kācijas eksāmenu lar course in education or training, and who have obtained the ➧ Deelcertifi caat (+) in each module. Level: ISCED 3 and 4 The examinations, which are written, oral or prac- Explanatory note: Centrally organised examina- tical as decided by the teacher, are set by the indi- tion equivalent to the ➧ Kvalifi kācijas eksāmens. vidual school or institution and cover all subjects The Ministry of Education and Science selects studied. The certifi cate gives access to the corres- accredited vocational education institutions or ponding profession or occupation, or to other examination centres which organise and hold the (related) modules in modular courses. The name examination in cooperation with it. The examina- of the certifi cate is followed by reference to the tion takes place at the end of vocational educa- course (area of specialisation) concerned. tion (arodizglītība lasting 2-3 years) and vocational secondary education (profesionālā vidējā izglītība Certifi caat havo lasting 3-4 years), and enables those who pass it Country: The Netherlands to obtain second or third level vocational qualifi - Grammatical variants: Certifi caten havo cations in specifi c fi elds of training and education Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) programme groups. The content and assessment Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Certifi caat criteria for the examination are determined at hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs. Synonym: national level by the state institution responsible Havo-certifi caat. for the training fi eld or programme group con- cerned. The ➧ Atestāts par arodizglītību may be Certifi caat hoger algemeen voortgezet obtained by students who take and pass examina- onderwijs tions on completion of a vocational programme Country: The Netherlands in which they have received fi nal pass marks in Grammatical variants: Certifi caten hoger all subjects and practical training. Similarly, they algemeen voortgezet onderwijs may obtain the ➧ Diploms par profesionālo vidējo Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.)

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 49 Certifi caat mbo

Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to examen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs or pupils in general secondary adult education, vavo, diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend wetenschap- who pass in one or more compulsory examination pelijk onderwijs. See ➧ Diploma staatsexamen. subjects of hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs. The Minister of Education determines the blue- Certifi caat staatsexamen havo, vmbo, vwo print for the certifi cate, which indicates the type Country: The Netherlands of school and, on a separate list, the subject(s) Grammatical variants: Certifi caten staatsexamen passed with marks of 6 or over, the compo- havo, vmbo, vwo nent, the marks in the ➧ Schoolexamen and the Level: ISCED 2 and 3 ➧ Deeleindexamen, and the date of the fi nal result. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of certifi caat Abbreviation: Certifi caat havo. staatsexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet onder- Certifi caat mbo wijs, certifi caat staatsexamen voortgezet mid- Country: The Netherlands delbaar beroepsonderwijs and certifi caat staats- Grammatical variants: Certifi caten mbo examen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs. Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 See ➧ Certifi caat staatsexamen. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Certifi caat middelbaar beroepsonderwijs. Synonym: Mbo-cer- Certifi caat staatsexamen hoger algemeen tifi caat. voortgezet onderwijs Country: The Netherlands Certifi caat middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Grammatical variants: Certifi caten staatsexamen Country: The Netherlands hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs Grammatical variants: Certifi caten middelbaar Level: ISCED 3 beroepsonderwijs Explanatory note: For further information, see Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 ➧ Certifi caat staatsexamen (havo). Abbreviation: Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to pupils who have passed the partial examina- Certifi caat staatsexamen havo. tion of a vocational secondary education course. Certifi caat staatsexamen voorbereidend After they have passed all tests for the course, the certifi cates are replaced by the ➧ Diploma middel- middelbaar beroepsonderwijs baar beroepsonderwijs. Certifi cates are classifi ed Country: The Netherlands according to the four levels of secondary voca- Grammatical variants: Certifi caten staatsexamen tional education, each of which gives access to voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs the subsequent level, while the fourth level off ers Level: ISCED 2 pathways to higher education. Abbreviation: Explanatory note: For further information, see Certifi caat mbo. ➧ Certifi caat staatsexamen (vmbo). Abbreviation: Certifi caat staatsexamen vmbo. Certifi caat staatsexamen Country: The Netherlands Certifi caat staatsexamen voorbereidend Grammatical variants: Certifi caten wetenschappelijk onderwijs staatsexamen Country: The Netherlands Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Grammatical variants: Certifi caten staatsexamen Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs pupils who pass in one or more compulsory sub- Level: ISCED 3 jects in the partial state examination ➧ Deelstaats- : For further information, see examen of general secondary education involving Explanatory note ➧ havo, vwo, or the theoretical learning pathway Certifi caat staatsexamen (vwo). Abbreviation: of vmbo. The Minister of Education determines Certifi caat staatsexamen vwo. the blueprint for the certifi cate, which indicates the type of school, the subject(s) passed with Certifi caat vmbo marks of 6 or over, the fi nal grade for each sub- Country: The Netherlands ject, and the date of the fi nal result. After pupils Grammatical variants: Certifi caten vmbo have passed all compulsory examination subjects, Level: ISCED 2 their certifi cates are replaced by one of the follow- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Certifi caat ing diplomas: diploma staatsexamen voortgezet voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs. Syno- middelbaar beroepsonderwijs, diploma staats- nym: Vmbo-certifi caat.

50 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Certifi cado de aptitud del ciclo superior de las enseñanzas de idiomas

Certifi caat voorbereidend middelbaar Certifi caat vwo beroepsonderwijs Country: The Netherlands Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Certifi caten vwo Grammatical variants: Certifi caten Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Certifi caat Level: ISCED 2 voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs. Syno- Explanatory note: nym: Vwo-certifi caat. Leaving certifi cate awarded to pupils in pre-vo- Certifi cado académico del ciclo elemental de cational secondary education, vmbo, who have las enseñanzas de idiomas been failed defi nitively for the ➧ Eindexamen Country: Spain and leave school and who have obtained one Grammatical variants: Certifi cados académicos or more marks of 6 or over pass in one or more del ciclo elemental de las enseñanzas de idiomas compulsory examination subjects. Pupils leav- Level: ISCED 3 ing havo or vwo without the ➧ Diploma hoger Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils algemeen voortgezet onderwijs or ➧ Diploma who have passed the fi nal examination at the end voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs re- of 3 years in the elementary cycle of the fi rst level ceive a fi nal list of marks obtained in general of language studies (upper secondary education) secondary education. The Minister of Education in an offi cial language school (Escuela Ofi cial de Idiomas). The written and oral fi nal examination determines the blueprint for the certifi cate, is organised by each institution and focuses on which indicates the type of school and, on a the foreign language studied, which is indicated separate list, the subject(s) passed with marks on the certifi cate. The latter gives access to the of 6 or over, the fi nal grade for each subject, the advanced cycle of the fi rst level of language stud- marks in the ➧ Schoolexamen and the ➧ Deel- ies in the same kind of school leading to the cer- eindexamen, and the date of the fi nal result. tifi cate ➧ Certifi cado de aptitud del ciclo superior de Leaving certifi cate awarded to students in las enseñanzas de idiomas. general secondary adult education, vavo, who pass in one or more compulsory examination Certifi cado acreditativo del grado elemental subjects of voorbereidend middelbaar beroeps- de (+) onderwijs, vmbo-tl (theoretical programme). Country: Spain The Minister of Education determines the Grammatical variants: Certifi cados acreditativos blueprint for the certifi cate, which indicates del grado elemental de the type of school and, on a separate list, the Level: ISCED 2 subject(s) passed with marks of 6 or over, the Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils whose continuous assessment has been satis- component, the marks in the ➧ Schoolexamen ➧ factory during 4 years at the elementary level of and the Deeleindexamen, and the date of the studies in music or dance (lower secondary edu- fi nal result. cation) at a conservatorio. The certifi cate involves Abbreviation: Certifi caat vmbo. two areas of specialisation, music and dance, and in the case of the former indicates the subjects Certifi caat voorbereidend wetenschappelijk taken and fi eld studied. It entitles pupils to take onderwijs the entrance examinations for intermediate stud- Country: The Netherlands ies in music or dance. Grammatical variants: Certifi caten voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs Certifi cado de aptitud del ciclo superior de las Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) enseñanzas de idiomas Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded Country: Spain to pupils in general secondary adult education, Grammatical variants: Certifi cados de aptitud del ciclo superior de las enseñanzas de idiomas vavo, who pass in one or more compulsory exam- Level: ISCED 3 ination subjects of voorbereidend wetenschap- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils pelijk onderwijs. The Minister of Education deter- who have passed the fi nal examination at the end mines the blueprint for the certifi cate, which indi- of 2 years in the advanced cycle of the fi rst level cates the type of school and, on a separate list, the of language studies (upper secondary education) subject(s) passed with marks of 6 or over, the com- in an offi cial language school (Escuela Ofi cial de ponent, the marks in the ➧ Schoolexamen and the Idiomas). The written and oral fi nal examination is ➧ Deeleindexamen, and the date of the fi nal result. organised by each institution and focuses on the Abbreviation: Certifi caat vwo. foreign language studied, which is indicated on

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 51 Certifi cado de Escolaridad

the certifi cate. The latter is a useful supplemen- of post-secondary studies in the case of other tary qualifi cation for teachers in their compet- countries. The examination consists of written itive examinations to become civil servants and papers and, for those who achieve the required for their career advancement more generally. standard in them, an oral examination. Students may work to obtain this certifi cate in an institut Certifi cado de Escolaridad universitaire de formation des maîtres (IUFM). The Country: Spain certifi cate indicates the subject(s) of specialisa- Grammatical variants: Certifi cados de tion and gives access to a year of teacher training Escolaridad in an IUFM, which normally leads to the status of Level: ISCED 2 teacher with full tenure (professeur certifi é). Abbre- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils viation: CAPES. who have not obtained the ➧ Graduado Escolar certifi cate at the end of their 8 years of compul- Certifi cat d’aptitude au professorat des écoles sory education (Educación General Básica, or EGB) Country: France in the education system in existence prior to the Level: ISCED 5 1990 Ley Orgánica de Ordenación General del Sis- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to those tema Educativo (LOGSE, or Organic Law on the who have performed successfully in the com- General Organisation of the Education System). petitive examination to recruit teachers for nur- This certifi cate has not been awarded since the sery and ‘elementary’ schools (écoles maternelles 1997/98 school year. It gives access to vocational or écoles élémentaires). The examination is open upper secondary training or, in the new education to holders of a qualifi cation testifying to at least system established by the LOGSE, to the second three years of post-secondary studies, which has stage of compulsory lower secondary education been awarded in a Member State of the European (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, or ESO). With Union or the European Economic Area. Study for the implementation of the 2002 Ley Orgánica de this certifi cate in an institut universitaire de forma- Calidad de la Educación (LOCE, or the Organic Act tion des maîtres (IUFM) is optional. The examina- on the Quality of Education), this certifi cate will be tion is organised by the académie at regional level awarded to pupils w ho do not obtain the title of and consists of written papers and an oral exam- ➧ Graduado en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. ination. The certifi cate gives access to a year of teacher training in an IUFM, which normally leads Certifi cat (+) to the status of teacher with full tenure (professeur Country: Luxembourg des écoles). Abbreviation: CAPE. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the Certifi cat d’aptitude pédagogique Centre universitaire which is being incorporated Country: Belgium (French Community) into the new Université du Luxembourg with eff ect Level: ISCED 5 from October 2003. The certifi cate lists the sub- Explanatory note: Non-academic vocational jects studied and is obtained following success- certifi cate awarded to prospective teachers who ful completion of the single year of courses at have already obtained a technically oriented the Centre. It entitles its holders to pursue their diploma in lower secondary, upper secondary or second year of studies abroad, and indicates tertiary education, and who have passed the fi nal the fi elds of specialisation of those concerned examination organised by the French Commu- (for example, Certifi cat d’Études Juridiques et nity Examining Board. The examination consists Économiques, d’Études Littéraires et de Sciences of a written paper (comprising a summary, with Humaines, d’Études scientifi ques). explanations and comments on a text related to teaching) and an oral part (a lesson chosen by the Certifi cat d’aptitude au professorat de Examining Board and an oral examination in psy- l’enseignement secondaire chology, teaching, methodology and educational Country: France practice). It may also be obtained in education for Level: ISCED 5 promotion sociale (adult education). The length Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to those of studies depends on the level achieved in ini- who have performed successfully in the national tial technical studies. The certifi cate authorises competitive examination to recruit teachers for its holder to teach technical subjects in lower or general secondary education. The examination upper secondary education. Abbreviation: CAP. is open to holders of a qualifi cation testifying to at least three years of post-secondary studies, Certifi cat d’aptitude pédagogique approprié à which has been awarded in a Member State of the l’Enseignement supérieur European Union or the European Economic Area, Country: Belgium (French Community) or a qualifi cation testifying to at least four years Level: ISCED 5

52 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Certifi cat d’Enseignement Secondaire Supérieur

Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on com- Certifi cat d’Enseignement Secondaire du pletion of both theoretical training (in the socio- Deuxième Degré political or educational fi eld, or in interpersonal Country: Belgium (French Community) psychology) and practical training (practical Level: ISCED 3 supervision, analysis of practices and professional Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils development) at university or in the Hautes Écoles who have successfully completed the fi rst and off ering long tertiary courses in economics or in second cycles of general, technical, artistic or education for promotion sociale (adult education). vocational education. It may also be obtained in Candidates for the CAPAES are also expected to education for promotion sociale (adult education) prepare and submit a record of their professional or following a decision by the French Community experience. This certifi cate enables its holder to Examining Board. The certifi cate gives access to be employed or appointed as a teacher with per- the third cycle of secondary education which leads manent tenure in a Haute École. It may only be to the upper secondary school leaving certifi cate. obtained by those who hold an academic title It has replaced the ➧ Certifi cat d’Enseignement Se- authorising them to be recruited to the position condaire Inférieur. Abbreviation: CESDD. of maître de formation pratique, maître assistant or chargé de cours in a Haute École, and who are Certifi cat d’Enseignement Secondaire actually employed in such a post. Abbreviation: Inférieur CAPAES. Country: Belgium (French Community) Level: ISCED 3 Certifi cat d’aptitude professionnelle Explanatory note: Certifi cate which has been : France Country replaced by the ➧ Certifi cat d’Enseignement Se- Level: ISCED 3 condaire du Deuxième Degré since the 1997/98 Explanatory note: A certifi cate of vocational school year. It was awarded to pupils who success- qualifi cation awarded to students who have fully completed the fi rst two years (corresponding passed the (compulsory) fi nal national examina- to the fi rst ‘observation’ cycle) and a third year of tion on completion of two years of vocational upper secondary education in a branch of indus- general, technique de transition, artistic or voca- try, the crafts sector or the tertiary sector. The tional secondary education, or a third and fourth examination consists of written, oral and practical year of technique de qualifi cation or vocational parts prepared by the national académie author- secondary education. Abbreviation: CESI. ities. Students may work towards this certifi cate in Certifi cat d’Enseignement Secondaire initial training lasting two years in a lycée profes- Supérieur sionnel, in continuing training, or by means of dis- Country: Belgium (French Community) tance provision. The certifi cate indicates the area Level: ISCED 3 and/or 4 of specialisation and gives access to the labour Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on the market. Students who perform best may secure basis of school marks to fi nal-year students (at entry to 2-year courses for a ➧ Baccalauréat profes- the end of the third cycle) in general, technical sionnel. Holders of the certifi cate may also embark on a further year of specialisation. Abbreviation: or artistic upper secondary education (lasting 6 CAP. years) and vocational upper secondary educa- tion (7 years). It may also be awarded to pupils Certifi cat d’aptitude technique et who have successfully completed one of the sec- professionnelle tions in education for promotion sociale (adult Country: Luxembourg education) or following examinations organised Level: ISCED 3 by the French Community Examining Board. Explanatory note: General certifi cate awarded Most schools organise a fi nal internal examina- to pupils who pass the ➧ Examen de fi n tion covering the main subjects (determined by d’apprentissage at the end of the fi nal year of the school). The certifi cate indicates the branches vocational education (year 12, referred to as an of study as well as the sections within them. It essentially practical year), and who have success- constitutes a minimum qualifi cation for admis- fully completed both school-based and practical sion to tertiary education. While holders of the training. The certifi cate indicates the pupil’s area certifi cate for the professional branch may only of specialisation, but not the marks or subjects access non-university tertiary education, they studied. It gives access to courses for the ➧ Bre- may be admitted to university tertiary education vet de maîtrise and to employment. Abbreviation: if they obtain the ➧ Diplôme d’Aptitude à accéder à CATP. l’Enseignement Supérieur. Abbreviation: CESS.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 53 Certificat d’Études

Certificat d’Études to pupils who pass the examination covering the Country: Belgium (French Community) different courses organised in modules, and indi- Level: ISCED 3 and 4 cates the area of specialisation but not the marks Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils or subjects studied. This certificate gives access to who have successfully completed the sixth year of the second stage of apprenticeship for the ➧฀Cer- vocational education or the seventh year of tech- tificat d’aptitude technique et professionnelle and nique de qualification. This certificate may also be also to employment. Abbreviation: CITP. obtained in courses with a shorter timetable, in accordance with the conditions applicable to full- Certificat de absolvire time provision. It gives access to the labour mar- Country: Romania ket. Abbreviation: CE. Grammatical variants: Certificatul de absolvire Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 Certificat d’Études de Base Explanatory note: Country: Belgium (French Community) • Certificate of completion of general, vocational Level: ISCED 1 and 2 or technological upper secondary education in Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils liceu awarded without a final examination to who have successfully completed the final school students who fail the final national examination year or passed the final examination ➧฀Examen ➧฀Examen de bacalaureat. It certifies general cantonal held at the end of primary education qualification and gives access to certain schools (lasting 6 years). It may also be awarded to unsuc- of post-secondary education. cessful pupils if they have been satisfactorily • Certificate of completion of post-secondary assessed on completing the first or second year of studies (şcoala postliceală) awarded to students secondary education. The certificate may further who have passed the ➧฀Examen de absolvire. It be obtained by someone to whom an equivalent mentions the specialisation and certifies qual- qualification has been awarded in education for ification for a trade or occupation to which it promotion sociale (adult education). It gives auto- gives access. matic access to secondary education. Abbrevia- • Certificate awarded to all teachers by teacher tion: CEB. training departments, attached to universi- ties (universitate). It is issued on the basis of Certificat d’études pédagogiques academic results, without a final examination, Country: Luxembourg and indicates the subjects taken and marks Level: ISCED 5 obtained during training. Explanatory note: State certificate awarded by institutions administered by the Ministry of Cul- Certificat de capacitate ture, Higher Education and Research, on success- Country: Romania ful completion of 3 years of studies at the Institut Grammatical variants: Certificatul de capacitate supérieur d’études et de recherche pédagogiques Level: ISCED 2 (ISERP, or higher institute for studies and educa- Explanatory note: Certificate of completion of tional research). The ISERP is being incorporated lower secondary education (şcoala generală), last- into the new Université du Luxembourg with effect ing 4 years, issued to pupils who have passed the from October 2003. The certificate is obtained final national examination ➧฀Examen de capaci- by those who pass a final examination which is tate. It indicates the subjects taken and results organised by the Ministry and covers the cur- obtained in the examination, and gives access to riculum of the area of specialisation. It testifies to upper secondary education. training in one of two possible options – teaching in primary or pre-primary education – and entitles Certificat de capacité (+) its holders to sit the competitive examination for Country: France entry to the teaching profession in the area con- Level: ISCED 5 cerned. Explanatory note: National certificate awarded by universities accredited by the minister respon- Certificat d’Initiation Technique et sible for tertiary education, to students who Professionnelle have satisfactorily completed three or four years Country: Luxembourg of university studies in optical or speech ther- Level: ISCED 3 apy, respectively. The name of the qualification Explanatory note: Certificate testifying to sat- is always followed by reference to the area of isfactory completion of the first stage of a two- specialisation, for example certificat de capacité stage apprenticeship after a period of 2 to 4 d’orthoptiste. The certificate gives access to the years. It is awarded by the Ministry of Education profession concerned.

54 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Certificat du cycle moyen de l’enseignement secondaire technique

Certificat de Capacité Manuelle qualification’ in a ‘qualification’ stream at the end Country: Luxembourg of the third cycle of technical or vocational upper Level: ISCED 3 secondary education. This certificate may also be Explanatory note: Certificate awarded by the obtained in courses with a shorter timetable, in Ministry of Education to pupils who have passed accordance with the conditions applicable to full- only the practical part of vocational training and time provision. It may further be obtained in edu- thus only the practical subjects in the ➧฀Examen de cation promotion sociale (adult education) and, fin d’apprentissage. It indicates the area of special- subject to successful completion of further gen- isation but not the marks or subjects studied. This eral education, leads to the award of the ➧฀Certi- certificate gives access to low-skilled jobs in the ficat d’Enseignement Secondaire Supérieur. It gives labour market. Abbreviation: CCM. access to the labour market. Abbreviation: CQ. Certificat de fin d’études secondaires Certificat de réussite de 5 années d’études de Country: France l’enseignement secondaire Level: ISCED 3 Country: Luxembourg Explanatory note: Certificate awarded on com- Level: ISCED 3 pletion of upper secondary education to those Explanatory note: Certificate awarded by schools who have failed the ➧฀Baccalauréat examination to pupils who have successfully completed five but have obtained an average mark of at least 8/20 years of secondary education. It has been intro- in all its papers or tests. The certificate constitutes duced recently to certify qualification for access a formal record of results that does not give access to working life. to tertiary education. Abbreviation: CFES. Certificat de studii universitare de lungă Certificat de fin de scolarité durată Country: Luxembourg Country: Romania Level: ISCED 2 Grammatical variants: Certificatul de studii Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils universitare de lungă durată who complete their 9 years of compulsory educa- Level: ISCED 5 tion. There is no specific examination and it is not Explanatory note: Diploma of completion of necessary to have passed each year but just to university studies (universitate, academie or insti- have completed the 9 years, although pupils who tut) lasting 4 to 6 years, awarded to students who do pass are awarded a grade. The certificate en- have failed the ➧฀Examen de licenţă or ➧฀Examen de ables those who so wish to enter working life, or diplomă. It indicates the subjects of specialisation, to continue either in general upper secondary and may be obtained on simple request. education or in technical secondary education. Certificat de studii universitare de scurtă Certificat de formation générale durată Country: France Country: Romania Level: ISCED 2 Grammatical variants: Certificatul de studii Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to young universitare de scurtă durată people aged over 16 who have left the education Level: ISCED 5 system without any qualification. The certificate Explanatory note: Diploma of completion of testifies that its holder has acquired an essential short-term university education (colegiu universi- grounding in French and mathematics and know- tar) lasting 3 years, awarded by their institutions ledge of the contemporary world, and that pupils to students who fail the ➧฀Examen de absolvire. It in the final two years of ‘specialised’ lower secon- indicates the subjects of specialisation, and may dary education (section d’éducation spécialisée, or be obtained on simple request. SES, and établissements régionaux d’enseignement adapté, or EREA) are capable of social integration Certificat du cycle moyen de l’enseignement and securing an occupation. Abbreviation: CFG. secondaire technique Country: Luxembourg Certificat de Qualification Level: ISCED 3 Country: Belgium (French Community) Explanatory note: Certificate issued by schools Level: ISCED 3 and 4 to pupils who have successfully completed the Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils intermediate stage of secondary education and who have spent a sixth year (CQ 6) or seventh technical secondary education. It has been intro- year upgrading their qualifications or specialising duced recently to certify qualification for access (CQ 7), and who have passed an ‘examination for working life.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 55 Certificate in

Certificate in (+) Certificate of Sixth Year Studies Country: Malta Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu- Explanatory note: Certificate replaced in dents who successfully complete a 2-year course 1999/2000 by ➧฀Advanced Higher. at the Institute of Tourism Studies in different areas of the hospitality industry (e.g. travel agency Certificato di Specializzazione Tecnica operations). The certificate indicates the field of Superiore specialisation and grades (distinction, credit or Country: Italy pass). Students are continuously assessed through Grammatical variants: Certificati di a combination of practical and assignment-based Specializzazione Tecnica Superiore activities appropriate to the subject concerned. Level: ISCED 4 The modules of the course include assessment Explanatory note: Certificate awarded by the by final examination at the end of each semes- regional governments and autonomous prov- ter. The certificate gives access to employment or inces of Trento and Bolzano, since 1999, to cand- to appropriate studies at the Institute of Tourism idates who pass the final examination at the end Studies, leading to a ➧฀Diploma in (+). of an Istruzione e Formazione Tecnica Superiore (IFTS, or higher education and technical train- Certificate of Achievement ing) course lasting from a minimum of two to a Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) maximum of four semesters. This certificate gives Level: ISCED 3 ➧฀ access to the labour market and the skills acquired Explanatory note: Former term for Entry Level may be totally or partially recognised so that uni- Certificate. versity or other training courses can be taken for Certificate of Higher Education (+) a shorter period. Country: United Kingdom Level: ISCED 5 Certifikat o nacionalni poklicni kvalifikaciji Explanatory note: A tertiary education qualifica- Country: Slovenia tion awarded on successful completion of a short Grammatical variants: Certifikati o nacionalnih course (normally 1 year full time, or 2 years part poklicnih kvalifikacijah, certifikat* o nacionaln* time) and usually in a specialised or vocational poklicn* kvalifikacij* subject. Courses are offered by universities and Level: ISCED 3 and 5 (A.Ed.) other tertiary education institutions and, in some Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to cand- cases, further education institutions. They are of a idates who have successfully completed assess- standard equivalent to the first year of a ➧฀Bach- ment procedures in the system of national voca- elors degree programme. Individual institutions tional qualifications ➧฀Nacionalna poklicna kvali- determine assessment arrangements and also fikacija. They obtain a certificate indicating that the information (such as grades) included on the they have demonstrated the required standard in corresponding certificate; the subject area would the field assessed, together with knowledge and normally be indicated, e.g. Certificate in Textiles skills certified in accordance with the catalogue of or Certificate in Fundamentals of Accountancy. standards for national vocational qualifications. Courses leading to the Further and Adult Education Teachers’ Certificate are open to those with techni- CESDD cal qualifications who wish to teach in further edu- Country: Belgium (French Community) cation institutions. The Certificate of Higher Educa- Level: ISCED 3 tion will be incorporated into the lowest level of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat the new frameworks for higher education qual- d’Enseignement Secondaire du Deuxième Degré. ifications, which are being phased in from Sep- tember 2003, and is classified as ‘Certificate level’ CESI (C) or, in Scotland, ‘SHE level1’/‘SCQF level 7’. Cer- Country: Belgium (French Community) tificates of Higher Education are recognised for pro- Level: ISCED 3 gression within tertiary education (for example to Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat a Bachelors degree) and by employers, and in some d’Enseignement Secondaire Inférieur. cases may lead to professional accreditation. Cer- tain institutions use different terms for the qual- CESS ification such as University Certificate (+) or College Country: Belgium (French Community) Certificate (+). The name of the qualification is nor- Level: ISCED 3 and/or 4 mally followed by reference to the field of study Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat concerned. Abbreviation: CertHE. d’Enseignement Secondaire Supérieur.

56 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 CQ

CFES Civilingenjörsexamen Country: France Country: Sweden Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Civilingenjörsexamina Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat de Level: ISCED 5 fin d’études secondaires. Explanatory note: Professional degree in engin- eering, awarded after a four-and-a-half-year full- CFG time study programme, normally including a Country: France degree project, at a university or university col- Level: ISCED 2 lege (universitet or högskola). The degree cer- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat de tificate indicates the subjects passed and marks formation générale. obtained. It gives access to employment and its holders are also eligible for doctoral studies lead- CITO-toets ing to the ➧฀Doktorsexamen (+). Country: The Netherlands Level: ISCED 1 Colocviu Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧฀Eindtoets Country: Romania Basisonderwijs. Grammatical variants: Colocviul Level: ISCED 6 CITP Explanatory note: Examination held at the end Country: Luxembourg of a 1-year further tertiary level course, which Level: ISCED 3 has to be passed in order to obtain the ➧฀Diplomă Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat postuniversitară de specialisare. Its content and the d’Initiation Technique et Professionnelle. level of requirements depend on each institution. City and Guilds Certificates and Diplomas CQ Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Country: Belgium (French Community) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Vocational and occupational Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Certificat de qualifications which are awarded by City and Qualification. Guilds of London (awarding body) in a wide range of areas, and regulated by the national qualifi- cations and curriculum authorities. These quali- fications are intended for both young people and adults and offered largely by further educa- tion institutions and training providers, but some are also available in some schools. They may be taken full time, part time or on a day-release basis depending on the institution. The length of the course varies in accordance with the subject and mode of study. These awards retain the emphasis on developing practical skills and knowledge, but they tend to be classroom based with assessment by written and practical examination. They are usually available in five levels that relate closely to the National Qualifications Framework (NQF). Some awards are graded ‘pass’, ‘credit’ or ‘distinction’ but most are designated ‘pass’ or ‘fail’. The certificates indicate the title and level of the qualification and also the grade (where applicable). These qualifica- tions may give access to further vocational study, for example at the next level in the NQF. They are recognised by many employers and may in some cases lead to professional accreditation.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 57

Dd

DAES Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Country: Belgium (French Community) who have obtained the diploma ➧ Daktaro mokslo Level: ISCED 3 laipsnio diplomas. Synonym: Daktaras. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme d’Aptitude à accéder à l’Enseignement Supérieur. DEA Country: Belgium (French Community) DAEU Level: ISCED 5 Country: France Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme Level: ISCED 3 d’études approfondies. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme d’accès aux études universitaires. DEA Country: France Daktaras Level: ISCED 6 Country: Lithuania Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme Grammatical variants: Daktar* d’études approfondies. Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Daktaro mokslo DEC : Belgium (French Community) laipsnis (+). Country Level: ISCED 5 Daktaro mokslo laipsnio diplomas Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme Country: Lithuania d’études complémentaires. Grammatical variants: Daktaro mokslo laipsnio Deelcertifi caat (+) diplom* Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 Explanatory note: Advanced research degree Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils, ➧ awarded by universities to holders of the Ma- students and adult learners who pass the exam- gistro diplomas on satisfactory completion of inations held on completion of a single module in advanced study and research at universitetas and a modular course in education and training. The akademija, or sometimes also at research institu- examinations, which are written, oral or practi- tions. Studies last a maximum 4 years, of which cal as decided by the teacher, are set by the indi- one-and-a-half or two years are spent attending vidual school or institution and cover all subjects courses which may be jointly organised by tertiary studied. The certifi cate enables its holder to start education and research institutions for candidates the next module with a view to completing the who have defended a thesis in their subject of full course and obtaining a ➧ Certifi caat (+). It also specialisation before a university research coun- gives limited access to the labour market. The cer- cil. The degree indicates the academic fi eld con- tifi cate indicates in detail the skills acquired, and cerned and its holders are eligible for recruitment its name is followed by reference to the module to the posts of docentas and profesorius at tertiary concerned. education institutions (universitetas or akademija). The title conferred on them is ➧ Daktaro mokslo Deeleindexamen laipsnis (+). Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Deeleindexamens Daktaro mokslo laipsnis (+) Level: ISCED 2 and 3 (A.Ed.) Country: Lithuania Explanatory note: The partial school-leaving Grammatical variants: Daktaro mokslo laipsn* examination corresponding to the ➧ Eindexa- Level: ISCED 6 men in less than the compulsory number of sub-

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 59 Deelstaatsexamen

jects in pre-vocational (theoretical programme) Explanatory note: Foreman’s examination open – vmbo, and general secondary education – havo to those who have satisfactorily completed 3-year and vwo as presented in general secondary adult vocational upper secondary education (poklicna education – vavo. The deeleindexamen is taken šola) or 4-year technical upper secondary educa- in schools under the same conditions and at the tion (srednja strokovna šola) with at least 3 years same time as the eindexamen and leads to a ➧ Cer- of work experience. Those who pass this examina- tifi caat voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonder- tion obtain a qualifi cation at the level of technical wijs – vmbo-tl (theoretical programme), ➧ Certifi - upper secondary education. The content of the caat hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs or ➧ Cer- examination is determined by the Ministry of the tifi caat voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs Economy in accordance with the requirements for each subject passed. of the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and Deelstaatsexamen consists of the following four (oral and written) Country: The Netherlands parts: a practical part involving the preparation Grammatical variants: Deelstaatsexamens of a product or service; a professional part focus- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 ing on the subject of specialisation at the level Explanatory note: The partial state examina- of technical secondary school; a managerial part tion corresponding to the ➧ Staatsexamen in less enabling candidates to demonstrate their abil- than the compulsory number of subjects for gen- ity to manage a working group; and a teaching/ eral secondary education involving havo, vwo or educational part enabling them to demonstrate the theoretical learning pathway of vmbo. The the teaching skills needed to work with others in deelstaatsexamen is taken before a state board the lifelong learning process. Successful students of examiners under the same conditions and at obtain the ➧ Spričevalo o delovodskem izpitu certi- the same time as the staatsexamen and leads fi cate, while those who pass the examination with to a ➧ Certifi caat staatsexamen for each subject outstanding results receive the listina o odličnosti. passed. If they also pass examinations in general subjects included in the ➧ Poklicna matura, they may enter Delkompetansebevis the two-year višje strokovne šole. Country: Norway Grammatical variants: Delkompetansebeviset, DES delkompetansebevisene Country: Belgium (French Community), France Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: A ‘partial competence’ certifi - Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme cate awarded to testify that pupils/apprentices d’études spécialisées. have completed a three-year or fi ve-year period of training, but have not satisfi ed the conditions DESC for receiving a diploma or a ➧ Fagbrev, ➧ Svenne- Country: France brev (craft/journeyman’s) certifi cate. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme Delovodja/dkinja (+) d’études spécialisées complémentaires. Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Delovodje/dkinje, Designkandidat delovod* Country: Norway Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred by the Slo- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by venia Chamber of Commerce and Industry on students who pass fi nal examinations at the end persons who have obtained the ➧ Spričevalo o of four-and-a-half years of studies at a university delovodskem izpitu certifi cate. It indicates the or other tertiary education institution. The degree fi eld of specialisation before or after the word certifi cate may also be awarded to students hold- delovodja/dkinja (e.g. delovodja/dkinja v elektro- ing a ➧ Høgskolekandidat (involving 3 years of energetiki, gradbeni delovodja/dkinja). General study) who pass fi nal examinations at the end of term: Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe. further university studies lasting one-and-a-half years. Delovodski izpit Country: Slovenia DESS Grammatical variants: Delovodski izpiti, Country: Belgium (French Community), France, delovodsk* izpit* Luxembourg Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Level: ISCED 5

60 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diferencialni izpit

Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Diplôme • students who already hold the degree ➧฀Master (+) d’études supérieures spécialisées. in the field concerned, after preparation of a doctoral thesis which has been presented in DET public and approved by a university commit- Country: Portugal tee which assesses its originality and judges Level: ISCED 4 whether it makes a significant contribution to Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Diploma de knowledge in that field; especialização tecnológica. • students with only a ➧฀Ptychio (+) who, after sat- isfying legal procedures for second cycle stud- DEUG ies, prepare a doctoral thesis as in the previous Country: France case. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Diplôme This degree confers on its holder the title of d’études universitaires générales. ➧฀Didaktor (+). DEUST Didaktoriko diploma (+) Country: France (Διδακτορικό δίπλωμα) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Greece Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Diplôme Grammatical variants: Didaktorika diplomata, d’études universitaires scientifiques et techniques. didaktorik* diplom* Level: ISCED 6 DF2CEM Explanatory note: Doctoral degree awarded by Country: France a university institution (panepistimio, polytech- Level: ISCED 5 neio) to students who have completed advanced Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Diplôme de study and research lasting a minimum of 3 years, fin de deuxième cycle des études médicales. and who EITHER: • already hold the degree ➧฀Metaptychiako diplo- DI ma eidikefsis (+), after preparation of a doctoral Country: Austria thesis which has been presented in public and Level: ISCED 5 approved by a seven-member university com- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of the title mittee which assesses the originality of the ➧฀Diplom-Ingenieur. Titles obtained through study thesis and judges whether it contributes sig- at a Fachhochschule are followed by the abbrevia- nificantly to knowledge in the chosen field; tion FH. OR hold a ➧฀Ptychio (+), after preparing a doctoral DI • thesis as in the previous case. Country: Finland Level: ISCED 5 The name of the degree, which confers the title of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Diplomi- ➧฀Didaktor (+), is followed by reference to the field insinööri. concerned. Didaktor (+) Dierenarts (Διδάκτωρ) Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Country: Cyprus, Greece Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Didaktores, didaktor* Explanatory note: Qualification and title Level: ISCED 6 obtained by students who have successfully com- Explanatory note: Title awarded to students who pleted the 3-year first cycle of university studies already hold the diploma ➧฀Didaktoriko diploma (+). in veterinary science leading to the ➧฀Kandidaat in It is followed by the name of the subject of special- de (+), and then the 3-year second cycle. The isation. qualification gives access to the profession of veterinary surgeon, as well as to the third cycle Didaktoriko diploma (+) of university studies for those wishing to obtain (Διδακτορικό δίπλωμα) the degree of ➧฀Doctor in de (+). For information Country: Cyprus on examinations and the details indicated on the Grammatical variants: Didaktorika diplomata, certificate, see ➧฀Apotheker. didaktorik* diplom* Level: ISCED 6 Diferencialni izpit Explanatory note: Doctorate awarded by Country: Slovenia universities after completion of advanced study Grammatical variants: Diferencialni izpiti, and research lasting a minimum of 3 years, to: diferencialn* izpit*

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 61 Dip.

Level: ISCED 3 and 5 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: General term for special types Diploma of vocational competence awarded to of examination for pupils or students who would students who pass the ➧ Diplomprüfung at the like to change their course of study in the middle end of post-secondary non-tertiary education of schooling (e.g. from a technical programme to in nursing (Gesundheits- und Krankenpfl ege- a general gimnazija programme), or for those who schulen), or on completion of upper secondary do not have the certifi cate required for enrolment education in medical/technical schools (Schulen at school. The particular school determines what für den medizinisch-technischen Fachdienst). At kind and type of programme candidates should schools for nursing, it is awarded along with the have completed and the knowledge they have ➧ Diplomprüfungszeugnis. to demonstrate when examined. Examinations Diploma of vocational competence awarded to can be taken at the school or (in the case of ter- students who have passed the ➧ Diplomprüfung tiary education in particular) at the National at the end of non-university tertiary education Examinations Centre. Pupils or students who pass in academies for high-level medical/technical the examination can enrol for the programme professions and academies for midwifery (mini- concerned. mum duration 3 years). Dip. The term for the diploma is always used with an Country: Ireland indication of the professional fi eld concerned, e.g. Level: ISCED 5 Diplomierte Gesundheits- und Krankenschwester Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ National (qualifi ed nurse) obtained on completion of post- Diploma (+). secondary non-tertiary education, or Diplomierte/r Physiotherapeut/in (qualifi ed physiotherapist) DipHE obtained in tertiary education. The diploma gives Country: United Kingdom access to the relevant profession. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diploma of Diplom (+) Higher Education. Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) Grammatical variants: Diplome, Diplom* Dipl. (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Germany Explanatory note: Professionally qualifying Level: ISCED 5 higher education certifi cate awarded to stu- ➧ Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Diplom (+), dents who pass the fi nal examination at the end which is supplemented by reference to the sub- of a 3-year course in the Nursing College (Kran- ject in abbreviated form, e.g. Dipl. -Ing. for Diplom- kenpfl egeschule) or one of the two teacher train- Ingenieur (graduate engineer). When awarded by ing colleges (Pädagogische Hochschule). The fi nal a Fachhochschule or other tertiary education insti- examination includes tests in all subjects covered tution off ering applied science courses, the suffi x and a fi nal written dissertation presented to an FH is added to the degree title. examination board. The form of the certifi cate Dipl. (+) is centrally determined by government decree. Country: Slovenia The certifi cate indicates the area of specialisation, Level: ISCED 5 the topic of the fi nal dissertation, the compul- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplomirani/ sory and optional subjects taken, and the overall na (+), which is always followed by the abbrevia- examination mark obtained. Its full name always tion of the fi eld of study concerned (for example includes the area of specialisation, as in Diplom dipl. inž. met.). eines graduierten Krankenpfl egers, Diplom eines Pri- marschullehrers, or Diplom einer Kindergärtnerin. Dipl.-Ing. The certifi cate entitles students to exercise the Country: Austria profession concerned and gives access to further Level: ISCED 5 study at another higher education institution or Explanatory note: Abbreviation of the title university. ➧ Diplom-Ingenieur. Titles obtained through study at a Fachhochschule are followed by the abbrevia- Diplom tion FH. Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Diplomy, diplom* Diplom (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Austria Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Grammatical variants: Diplome, Diplom* who have passed the ➧ Absolutorium fi nal exam- Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 ination at the end of technical tertiary education

62 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diplóma

lasting 2 or three-and-a-half years at the vyšší employment in the fi eld concerned, as well as odborná škola, or 6 to 8 years at the konzervatoř entry to further university studies leading to (conservatoire). The diploma indicates the area of ➧ Anotero diploma. specialisation, gives access to employment, and confers on its holders the qualifi cation of ➧ Diplo- Diploma (+) movaný specialista v oboru. (∆ίπλωμα) Country: Greece Diplom Grammatical variants: Diplomata, diplom* Country: Estonia Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Diplomi, diplomit Explanatory note: Level: ISCED 5 Degree of completion of university studies last- Explanatory note: ing from 4 to 6 years, awarded by an institution Diploma awarded at the end of vocational of polytechnic tertiary education (polytechneio) tertiary education programmes (diplomiõpe, to candidates who have passed the examina- tions in all subjects studied. The diploma in- kutsekõrgharidusõpe, rakenduskõrgharidusõpe) dicates the fi eld of specialisation, the title, the to students who have completed the curriculum ➧ overall mark and the grade obtained. It gives and passed the fi nal examination Lõpueksam access to employment in the fi eld concerned, as or successfully defended their fi nal dissertation. well as to second-cycle university studies. The It gives access to a Master’s course (magistriõpe) name of the degree is always accompanied by in accordance with the conditions and pursuant the name of that fi eld. to the procedure established by the board of Synonym for ➧ Ptychio (+) for polytechnic ter- the educational institution concerned. tiary education. Diploma which is awarded together with the degrees of ➧ Bakalaureusekraad, ➧ Magistrikraad Diploma and ➧ Doktorikraad, and which certifi es them. Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Diplome, diplom* Diplom (+) Level: ISCED 5 and 6 Country: Germany Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded to stu- Grammatical variants: Diplome, Diplom* dents who have successfully completed diff er- Level: ISCED 5 ent types of academic or professional study pro- Explanatory note: Professional title conferred on gramme and passed the ➧ Diplomski izpit exam- students who have obtained the ➧ Diplomgrad ination at akademija, fakulteta or visoka strokovna degree. It is followed by reference to the fi eld of šola. The qualifi cation includes the name of the study concerned, e.g. Diplom-Ingenieur (gradu- educational institution, the fi eld of study and the ate engineer), Diplom-Psychologe (graduate psy- professional or academic title and is awarded by chologist). When awarded by a Fachhochschule the institution concerned. Depending on the type or other tertiary education institution off ering of programme and institution, it confers on its applied science courses, the suffi x Fach hoch schu le holder one of the various fi rst or second academic ➧ or FH is added to the degree title; when awarded or professional titles. See Akademski/ka (+), ➧ Diplomirani/na (+), ➧ Doktor/ica (+), ➧ Doktor/ica by the Berufsakademie, the suffi x B.A. is added. ➧ ➧ Abbreviation: Dipl. (+). znanosti, Magister/tra farmacije, Magister/trica umetnosti, ➧ Magister/trica znanosti, ➧ Profesor/ica, ➧ ➧ Diploma Specialist/ka (+) and Univerzitetni/na diplomi- (∆ίπλωμα) rani/na (+). These titles are regulated by the Pro- Country: Cyprus fessional and Academic Titles Act: professional titles are used after the name, and academic titles Grammatical variants: Diplomata, diplom* before it. The qualifi cation gives access to the Level: ISCED 5 labour market or further tertiary education. Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by public and private schools of tertiary education (dimo- Diplóma sies scholes tritovathmias ekpaedefsis, idiotikes Country: Iceland scholes tritovathmias ekpaedefsis) after comple- Grammatical variants: Diplóma, diplómur tion of studies of two years duration, to can- Level: ISCED 5 didates who have passed the examinations in Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded by a all subjects studied. The qualifi cation indicates tertiary education institution (háskóli) at the end the fi eld of specialisation, the title, the overall of 1½-2 year practical studies in the fi eld of lan- mark and the grade obtained. It gives access to guages, educational sciences and business to

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 63 Diplomă de absolvire

students who have passed the ➧฀Diplóma-próf Level: ISCED 5 examination. It gives access to further university Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by universi- studies in the corresponding field leading to the ties (universidade), to students who have passed ➧฀BA-gráda or ➧฀BS-gráda. The completion of stud- the curricular units of the specialisation course for ies confers no collective title. the ➧฀Mestrado degree. Assessment covers both the written work submitted, and oral and writ- Diplomă de absolvire ten examinations marked on a scale from 0 to 20. Country: Romania Candidates can additionally obtain the ➧฀Carta Grammatical variants: Diploma de absolvire Magistral. Level: ISCED 3 and 5 Explanatory note: Diploma certifying the com- Diplomă de doctor pletion of upper secondary vocational studies Country: Romania (şcoala profesională or şcoala de ucenici) or short Grammatical variants: Diploma de doctor university studies (colegiu universitar – 3 years), Level: ISCED 6 issued to students who have passed the ➧฀Exa- Explanatory note: Advanced research degree men de absolvire. In all cases, it indicates the field in various fields which is awarded by the institu- of specialisation and gives access to the profes- tion concerned (universitate, academie, institut sion or (for students of university level) to the con- or research institutions) to students who have tinuation of university studies lasting 4 to 6 years passed the examination ➧฀Teză de doctorat at the in a similar field leading to ➧฀Diplomă de licenţă, end of a 4-year doctoral programme accredited ➧฀Diplomă de inginer diplomat or ➧฀Diplomă de arhi- by the Ministry of Education and Research. In tect diplomat. order to embark on the programme, candidates must hold one of the following qualifications Diplomă de arhitect diplomat ➧฀Diplomă de licenţă, ➧฀Diplomă de arhitect diplo- Country: Romania mat or ➧฀Diplomă de inginer diplomat. The degree Grammatical variants: Diploma de arhitect indicates the field of specialisation and confers diplomat on its holder the title of ➧฀Doctor. It gives access Level: ISCED 5 to employment in research or the academic pro- Explanatory note: Degree certifying the comple- tion of university studies (universitate) in architec- fession. ture lasting 6 years, awarded to students who have Diploma de ensino básico ➧฀ passed the examination Examen de diplomă. The Country: Portugal degree indicates the field of specialisation and ➧฀ Grammatical variants: Diplomas de ensino confers the title Arhitect diplomat. It gives access básico to employment and/or to specialised second- Level: ISCED 2 cycle or doctoral studies leading to ➧฀Diplomă Explanatory note: Certificate which is awarded postuniversitară de specialisare, ➧฀Diplomă de stu- by the school at the end of the 9 years of com- dii academice postuniversitare, ➧฀Diplomă de studii pulsory education (ensino básico), divided into aprofundate or, in the case of doctoral studies, ➧฀Diplomă de doctor. three cycles, to pupils who are successful in the final assessment of the third cycle but with no Diplomă de bacalaureat final examination. The certificate is awarded Country: Romania by the school board and indicates the subjects Grammatical variants: Diploma de bacalaureat studied and grade obtained. It entitles its holder Level: ISCED 3 to proceed to upper secondary education. The Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by liceu ➧฀Diploma de qualificação profissional de nível 2 is to students who have passed the final national equivalent to it. examination ➧฀Examen de bacalaureat after 4 or 5 years of upper secondary education. It indicates Diploma de especialização tecnológica the subjects taken and results obtained in the Country: Portugal examination. It is a basic qualification for entry Grammatical variants: Diplomas de to tertiary education (universitate, academie or especialização tecnológica institut). Level: ISCED 4 Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils Diploma de conclusão da parte curricular do who have completed a technological specialisa- Mestrado tion course in a public or private escola profis- Country: Portugal sional, a public or private escola secundária which Grammatical variants: Diplomas de conclusão is autonomous in the area of teaching, an escola da parte curricular do Mestrado tecnológica under the Ministry of Economy, a

64 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diploma de qualifi cação profi ssional de nível 2

vocational training centre under the Ministry of Level: ISCED 5 Social Security and Labour, or a tertiary education Explanatory note: Degree certifying the comple- institution such as a university or a polytechnic tion of university studies (universitate, academie institution (universidade or instituto politécnico). A or institut) lasting 4 or 6 years, which is awarded course of this kind lasts between 1200 and 1560 to students who pass the examination ➧ Examen hours. The curriculum includes subjects in the de licenţă. It indicates the fi eld of specialisation scientifi c/technological and socio-cultural areas, and confers the title ➧ Licenţiat. It gives access plus a training period at the workplace that may to employment and/or to specialised second- last between 360 and 720 hours. The certifi cate cycle or doctoral studies leading to ➧ Diplomă indicates the name of the institution and the postuniversitară de specialisare, ➧ Diplomă de stu- course, and the mark obtained on the basis of dii academice post-universitare, ➧ Diplomă de studii continuous internal assessment. It gives access aprofundate, ➧ Diplomă de Master or, in the case of to employment as a specialised technician. Hold- doctoral studies, ➧ Diplomă de doctor. ers of the certifi cate obtain a level 4 professional qualifi cation and may also, under certain circum- Diplomă de Master stances, embark on tertiary education. Abbrevia- Country: Romania tion: DET. Grammatical variants: Diploma de Master Diploma de estudos secundários Level: ISCED 6 Country: Portugal Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Grammatical variants: Diplomas de estudos who pass the examination ➧ Dizertaţie at the secundários end of advanced study and research lasting 1 Level: ISCED 3 to 2 years (universitate, academie or institut). The Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils degree indicates the specialisation obtained and who successfully complete the 3 years of upper confers the title ➧ Master. This qualifi cation gives secondary education (ensino secundário), either in access to relevant professions and doctoral stud- general courses (CG) or technological courses (CT) ies leading to ➧ Diplomă de doctor. in a escola secundária, and who have passed the ➧ Exame fi nal de âmbito nacional. The certifi cate Diplomă de merit indicates the subjects and the fi nal assessment Country: Romania and, in the case of foreign languages, the number Grammatical variants: Diploma de merit of years they have been learnt. This certifi cate Level: ISCED 3 entitles pupils to embark on tertiary education Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on the com- and gives access to employment. The ➧ Diploma pletion of general, vocational or technological de qualifi cação profi ssional de nível 3 is equivalent upper secondary education at liceu to students to it. who have obtained a minimum score of 9.5 (on a scale of 1 to 10) during all years of study, and a Diplomă de inginer diplomat maximum of 10 in the fi nal national examination Country: Romania ➧ Examen de bacalaureat. It certifi es the student’s Grammatical variants: Diploma de inginer exceptional results. diplomat Level: ISCED 5 Diploma de qualifi cação profi ssional de nível 2 Explanatory note: Degree certifying the comple- Country: Portugal tion of university studies (universitate) in engineer- Grammatical variants: Diplomas de qualifi cação ing lasting 5 years, which is awarded to students profi ssional de nível 2 ➧ who have passed the examination Examen de Level: ISCED 2 diplomă. It indicates the fi eld of specialisation and Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils confers the title ➧ Inginer diplomat. It gives access who have completed an initial vocational train- to employment and/or to specialised second- ing course or a level 2 vocational qualifi cation cycle or doctoral studies leading to ➧ Diplomă postuniversitară de specialisare, ➧ Diplomă de course in an escola profi ssional, an escola básica, studii academice postuniversitare, ➧ Diplomă de an escola secundária, or a set of technical train- studii aprofundate or, in the case of doctoral ing supplementary credits in second-chance edu- studies, ➧ Diplomă de doctor. cation, qualifying them for a given occupation. The certifi cate indicates the subjects and grade Diplomă de licenţă of the course, and is recognised as equivalent to Country: Romania the ➧ Diploma de ensino básico. It gives access to Grammatical variants: Diploma de licenţă employment and to upper secondary education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 65 Diploma de qualifi cação profi ssional de nível 3

Diploma de qualifi cação profi ssional de nível 3 ive work in the student’s fi eld of specialisation. Country: Portugal The diploma indicates this fi eld and the title (e.g. Grammatical variants: Diplomas de qualifi cação Diploma di licenza in pittura for studies in paint- profi ssional de nível 3 ing). It gives access to employment in the fi eld Level: ISCED 3 concerned. Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils who have successfully completed a 3-year tech- Diploma di Laurea (+) nological upper secondary course (CT) in an Country: Italy escola secundária, or a vocational upper secon- Grammatical variants: Diplomi di Laurea dary course in an escola profi ssional. The certifi - Level: ISCED 5 cate issued by vocational schools (escola profi s- Explanatory note: sional) indicates the fi nal assessment based on In the case of students enrolled before the the pupil’s average grade and the fi nal assessment 2001/02 academic year, degree awarded by uni- in the ➧ Prova de aptidão profi ssional. It confers on versity institutions (università, istituti universitari, its holders the title of intermediate technician, politecnici) at the end of studies lasting from 4 entitles them to embark on tertiary education to 6 years. It gives access to employment and and gives access to employment. It is also recog- to study for advanced research degrees (e.g. nised as equivalent to the ➧ Diploma de estudos courses leading to the ➧ Dottorato di Ricerca). secundários. With eff ect from the 2001/02 academic year, degree awarded by university institutions at Diplomă de studii academice postuniversitare the end of fi rst-cycle studies lasting 3 years Country: Romania (corresponding to 180 credits). It gives access to Grammatical variants: Diploma de studii employment and to study for second degrees academice postuniversitare (e.g. courses leading to the ➧ Laurea specialis- Level: ISCED 6 tica, ➧ Master di I livello, Corso di specializzazione Explanatory note: Degree awarded to candidates di I livello). who pass the fi nal examination at the end of 1 to 2 years of advanced research courses which may be In either case, students have to pass the examina- organised by research centres, independent from tions in all subjects (➧ Esame di profi tto) plus the or attached to institutions of university level (uni- fi nal examination ➧ Esame di laurea. The degree versitate, academie or institut). The examination indicates the fi eld, the title and the grade only if it content and requirements depend on each insti- is the maximum grade. Upon special request, can- tution. The degree indicates the fi eld of specialisa- didates receive a certifi cate setting out all the sub- tion and gives access to employment. jects studied and the marks received in each. Since the 1998/99 academic year, the diploma di laurea Diplomă de studii aprofundate in scienze della formazione primaria has qualifi ed Country: Romania its holders to teach in pre-primary and primary Grammatical variants: Diploma de studii education. The title conferred is ➧ Dottore/ssa. aprofundate Abbreviation: DL. Standard name: Laurea. Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Diploma di Laurea Specialistica (+) who pass the examination ➧ Dizertaţie at the Country: Italy end of advanced study and research lasting one Grammatical variants: Diplomi di Laurea to one-and-a-half or two years at a universitate, Specialistica academie or institut. The degree indicates the fi eld Level: ISCED 5 of specialisation and gives access to the relevant Explanatory note: With eff ect from the 2001/02 profession. academic year, second degree awarded by uni- versity institutions (università, istituti universitari, Diploma di Accademia di Belle Arti politecnici) at the end of studies lasting 2 years Country: Italy (after the ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+)), to students Grammatical variants: Diplomi di Accademia di who pass the examination in all subjects (corres- Belle Arti ponding to 120 credits) and the fi nal examination Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Esame di laurea specialistica. Some courses last Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by 5 years (those in veterinary medicine, dentistry, Accademia di Belle Arti (Academies of Fine Arts), at pharmacy and architecture) or 6 years (medicine the end of studies lasting 4 years, to students who and surgery) and are not based on the Diploma pass the examinations in all subjects, plus the fi nal di Laurea. The degree indicates the fi eld, the title test. This test involves writing and presenting an and the grade only if it is the maximum grade. assignment on an artistic subject, as well as creat- The title conferred is ➧ Dottore/ssa specialista.

66 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diploma di superamento dell’esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore It gives access to employment, or to study for Diploma di Specializzazione other advanced degrees (e.g. courses leading to Country: Italy the ➧ Master di II livello, Corso di specializzazione Grammatical variants: Diplomi di di II livello or the ➧ Dottorato di Ricerca). Abbrevia- Specializzazione tion: DLS. Standard name: Laurea specialistica. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: iploma di licenza elementare D • In the case of students enrolled before 2001/02, Country: Italy second degree awarded by university institu- Grammatical variants: Diplomi di licenza tions (università, istituti universitari, politecnici) elementare at the end of further specialised studies lasting Level: ISCED 1 at least 2 years, to those who have already ob- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the tained the ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+) and who pass school at the end of primary education, lasting the examinations in all subjects, as well as the 5 years, to pupils who pass the fi nal examination fi nal examination ➧ Esame di specializzazione. ➧ Esame di licenza elementare. This certifi cate pro- • With eff ect from the 2001/02 academic year, vides a general assessment of their abilities and second degree awarded by university institu- gives access to secondary education. tions at the end of further specialised studies Diploma di licenza media lasting from 1 to 3 years (1 year in the case Country: Italy of those who hold the ➧ Diploma di Laurea Grammatical variants: Diplomi di licenza media specialistica (+), and 3 years for holders of the Level: ISCED 2 Diploma di Laurea (+)), to students who pass the Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the examinations in all subjects (obtaining from 60 school at the end of lower secondary education, to 180 credits) and the fi nal examination Esame lasting 3 years, to pupils who pass the fi nal exam- di specializzazione. ination ➧ Esame di licenza media. This certifi cate The degree indicates the specialisation and the provides a general assessment of their abilities, grade only if it is the maximum grade, and gives and gives access to upper secondary education. access to employment. It confers on its holders the title of ➧ Specializzato in (+). Abbreviation: DS. Diploma di maestro d’arte Country: Italy Diploma di superamento dell’esame di Stato Grammatical variants: Diplomi di maestro d’arte conclusivo dei corsi di studio di istruzione Level: ISCED 3 secondaria superiore (+) Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to pupils Country: Italy who pass the fi nal examination ➧ Esame di licenza Grammatical variants: Diplomi di superamento di maestro d’arte at the end of the fi rst 3-year cycle dell’esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio of art studies in secondary education in an istituto di istruzione secondaria superiore d’arte. The diploma indicates the area of special- Level: ISCED 3 isation and the marks obtained. The title conferred Explanatory note: Diploma which, since is ➧ Maestro d’arte. This diploma gives access to 1998/99, has replaced the Diploma di maturità. employment or to the second cycle of art studies It is awarded by the school at the end of upper in secondary education in an istituto d’arte. secondary education, lasting from 4 to 5 years, to pupils who pass the fi nal examination ➧ Esame Diploma di qualifi ca di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di istruzione Country: Italy secondaria superiore. It indicates the area of spe- Grammatical variants: Diplomi di qualifi ca cialisation (e.g. Diploma di superamento dell’esame Level: ISCED 3 di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di Liceo clas- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to pupils sico), the length of studies, the general assessment who pass the fi nal examination ➧ Esame di quali- mark obtained, the sum of the marks of the three fi c a at the end of the fi rst 3-year cycle of vocational written examinations, the mark of the oral exam- secondary education in an istituto professionale. ination, the formative evaluation and the school The diploma indicates the area of specialisation credits. Depending on the type of school, this and the marks obtained. The title conferred is diploma is a basic requirement for entry to tertiary ➧ Operatore. This diploma gives access to employ- education (candidates who have followed 4 years ment, as well as to the second stage of vocational of upper secondary education must still complete secondary education in an istituto professionale or an extra year of study), as well as to employment. to specialised courses in regional vocational train- Titles conferred on holders of the diploma are ing institutions. ➧ Diplomato dell’istruzione secondaria superiore in

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 67 Diploma epaggelmatikis katartisis

the case of general education courses, ➧ Tecnico assignment-based activities appropriate to the in the case of the istituto professionale (second subject concerned. The modules of the course stage) and ➧ Perito in the istituto tecnico. include assessment by fi nal examination at the end of each semester. The diploma gives access Diploma epaggelmatikis katartisis to employment or to appropriate studies at the (∆ίπλωμα επαγγελματικής κατάρτισης) University of Malta, leading to a ➧ Bachelor’s Country: Greece degree. Grammatical variants: Diplomata Diploma awarded by the University of Malta epaggelmatikis katartisis, diplom* to students who successfully complete a pro- Level: ISCED 4 gramme of 1, 2 or 3 years’ duration in various Explanatory note: Diploma of completion of fi elds, such as management studies, nursing, post-secondary studies lasting 4 semesters, or 2 etc. The diploma indicates only the area of spe- for students who have followed the programme cialisation and gives access to job opportun- of upper secondary education in an eniaeo lykeio ities in related fi elds. Students are assessed by or in a technico epaggelmatiko ekpaedeftirio (TEE). means of a fi nal examination and a dissertation. It is awarded by a vocational training institution The diploma gives access to further studies and, (instituto epaggelmatikis katartisis, or IEK) to stu- in some cases, to a Bachelor’s Degree. dents who pass the examinations in all subjects studied, obtain the certifi cate of completion of Diploma in de verpleegkunde their practical training placement, and pass the Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) fi nal examination before an examining board Level: ISCED 4 appointed by the Ministry of Education and Reli- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to pupils gious Aff airs. The diploma gives access to employ- who pass the examinations held on completion ment in the fi eld of specialisation. of the 3-year fourth stage of vocational secon- dary education in nursing. The written, oral and/ Diploma hoger algemeen voortgezet or practical examinations are organised by the onderwijs individual school or teacher and cover all subjects Country: The Netherlands studied. The diploma indicates its title and the Grammatical variants: Diploma’s hoger name of the institution, and gives men or women algemeen voortgezet onderwijs access to the nursing profession. Note: courses Level: ISCED 3 and 4 in nursing are also off ered at hogescholen. See Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to ➧ Gegradueerde in de (+). pupils who pass the ➧ Eindexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs in the fi fth and fi nal year of Diploma middelbaar beroepsonderwijs havo (general upper secondary education). The Country: The Netherlands Minister of Education determines the blueprint Grammatical variants: Diploma’s middelbaar for the certifi cate, which indicates the type of beroepsonderwijs school, the component opted for and the subjects Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 passed. The certifi cate lists the marks obtained for Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students each examination subject in the internal ➧ School- in vocational secondary education after obtain- examen and the national ➧ Centraal examen, as ing the ➧ Certifi caat middelbaar beroepsonderwijs well as the fi nal marks and the result of the ➧ Eind- in all tests for prescribed sections in the corres- examen. It gives access to hbo (vocational tertiary ponding training programme. The diploma indi- education). Abbreviation: Diploma havo. cates the type of course and its level. Abbrevia- tion: Diploma mbo. Diploma in (+) Country: Malta Diploma of Higher Education (+) Level: ISCED 4 and 5 Country: United Kingdom Explanatory note: Level: ISCED 5 Diploma awarded to students who successfully Explanatory note: A tertiary education qual- complete a course lasting 2-4 years at the Insti- ifi cation awarded on successful completion of a tute of Tourism Studies, in diff erent areas of the short course (normally 2 years full time, although hospitality industry (e.g. hospitality manage- some institutions off er 1-year courses) usually in ment), usually subsequent to studies leading to a specialised or vocational subject (e.g. nursing a ➧ Certifi cate in (+). The diploma indicates the or industrial minerals technology). Courses are fi eld of specialisation and grades (distinction, off ered by universities and other tertiary educa- credit or pass). Students are continuously as- tion institutions and, in some cases, further educa- sessed through a combination of practical and tion institutions. They are of a standard equivalent

68 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diploma staatsexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs to the fi rst 2 years of a fi rst degree programme. After the completion of compulsory education, Individual institutions determine assessment this diploma may also be obtained in adult educa- procedures and also the information (such as tion, or with the approval of the Examining Board grades) included on the corresponding certifi - of the Flemish Community. cate; the subject area would normally be indi- The diploma is a basic requirement for entry to cated. The qualifi cation will be incorporated into tertiary education. As far as the vocational, tech- the new frameworks for higher education qual- nical and art branches are concerned, it also gives ifi cations at ‘Intermediate level’ (I) or, in Scotland, access in most cases to the corresponding profes- ‘SHE level 2’/‘SCQF level 8’. These qualifi cations sion or occupation. Abbreviation: Diplo ma SO. are recognised for progression within tertiary education (for example to a ➧ Bachelors degree) Diploma SO and by employers, and in some cases may lead Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) to professional accreditation. Certain institutions Level: ISCED 3 use diff erent terms for the qualifi cation, such as Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diploma University Diploma (+) or College Diploma (+). The secundair onderwijs. name of the qualifi cation is normally followed by reference to the fi eld of study concerned. Abbre- Diploma staatsexamen viation: DipHE. Country: The Netherlands Diplomă postuniversitară de specialisare Grammatical variants: Diploma’s staatsexamen Country: Romania Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Grammatical variants: Diploma postuniversitară Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to de specialisare pupils who pass the ➧ Staatsexamen before a state Level: ISCED 6 board of examiners on completion of general sec- Explanatory note: Degree awarded at the end ondary education (havo, vwo or the theoretical of a 1-year supplementary advanced research learning pathway of vmbo). The Minister of Edu- course to students who pass the fi nal examination cation determines the blueprint for this qualifi ca- ➧ Colocviu held by each institution (universitate, tion. The certifi cates awarded via the staatsexa- academie or institut). The ➧ Diplomă de licenţă, men are the diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend ➧ Diplomă de arhitect diplomat or ➧ Diplomă de middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (theoretical learn- inginer diplomat is required in order to embark on ing pathway), the diploma staatsexamen hoger the course. The degree indicates the fi eld of spe- algemeen voortgezet onderwijs and the diploma cialisation, in which it gives access to employment. staatsexamen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs. Diploma secundair onderwijs Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Diploma staatsexamen havo, vmbo, vwo Level: ISCED 3 Country: The Netherlands Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to pupils Grammatical variants: Diploma’s staatsexamen ➧ who have already obtained the Getuigschrift havo, vmbo, vwo (tweede graad secundair onderwijs), and who pass Level: ISCED 2 and 3 the fi nal written and oral examinations held at the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of diploma staats- end of the 2-year third stage of secondary gen- eral, technical or art education. In vocational edu- examen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs, cation, the diploma is awarded to those who have diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend middelbaar already obtained the ➧ Getuigschrift (tweede graad beroepsonderwijs, and diploma staatsexamen secundair onderwijs), and who pass the fi nal exam- voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs. See inations held on completion of the 3-year third ➧ Diploma staatsexamen. stage or the fi rst year of the 3-year fourth stage of vocational secondary education. The written, oral Diploma staatsexamen hoger algemeen or practical examinations are set by the individ- voortgezet onderwijs ual school and cover all subjects studied. In the Country: The Netherlands vocational, technical and art branches, there is a Grammatical variants: Diploma’s staatsexamen combined test, the so-called geïntegreerde proef, hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs which is a kind of practical examination held at Level: ISCED 3 the end of the third stage and the years of spe- Explanatory note: For further information, see cialisation (3-year third stage). The test forms part ➧ Diploma staatsexamen. Abbreviation: Diploma of the overall assessment. staatsexamen havo.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 69 Diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs

Diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend Diploma višje šole middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Country: Slovenia Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Diplome višje šole, Grammatical variants: Diploma’s staatsexamen diplom* višje šole voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to stu- Explanatory note: For further information, see dents who have successfully completed 2 years ➧ Diploma staatsexamen. Abbreviation: Diploma of a tertiary vocational programme and passed staatsexamen vmbo. the ➧ Diplomski izpit examination at višja stroko- vna šola. The diploma indicates the name of the Diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend educational institution, the programme, and wetenschappelijk onderwijs the title of the vocational qualifi cation ➧ Naziv Country: The Netherlands poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe. It is awarded by the Grammatical variants: Diploma’s staatsexamen višja strokovna šola and gives access to the labour voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs market and to the second year of certain ter- Level: ISCED 3 tiary professionally oriented programmes at Explanatory note: For further information, see visoka strokovna šola or fakulteta. ➧ Diploma staatexamen. Abbreviation: Diploma Diploma vmbo, havo, mbo, vwo staatsexamen vwo. Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Diploma’s vmbo, havo, Diploma Superiore per le Industrie Artistiche mbo, vwo Country: Italy Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 Grammatical variants: Diplomi Superiori per le Explanatory note: Abbreviations of ➧ Diploma Industrie Artistiche voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs, Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Diploma hoger algemeen voortgezet onder- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by higher wijs, ➧ Diploma middelbaar beroepsonderwijs and institutes of the art industry (Istituto Superiore per ➧ Diploma voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onder- le Industrie Artistiche, or ISIA), at the end of studies wijs. Synonyms: Vmbo-diploma, havo-diploma, lasting 4 years, to students who pass the exam- vwo-diploma, mbo-diploma. inations in all subjects, plus the fi nal test which involves writing and presenting an assignment on Diploma voorbereidend middelbaar a practical project. The candidate’s achievements beroepsonderwijs throughout the course are also taken into consid- Country: The Netherlands eration. The diploma indicates the fi eld, the area Grammatical variants: Diploma’s voorbereidend of specialisation (e.g. Diploma di disegno indus- middelbaar beroepsonderwijs triale, for the diploma in industrial design), as well Level: ISCED 2 and 4 as the mark obtained. It gives access to employ- Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded ment in the fi eld concerned. to pupils who pass the two parts of the ➧ Eindexa- men in the fi nal (fourth) year of general lower sec- Diploma Universitario ondary education (vmbo, or voorbereidend mid- Country: Italy delbaar beroepsonderwijs). The Minister of Educa- Grammatical variants: Diplomi Universitari tion determines the blueprint for this certifi cate Level: ISCED 5 which indicates the type of school, the subjects Explanatory note: Degree which has been passed and the learning pathway selected for phased out, with 2000/01 the last year in which study. It also indicates the level at which the pro- students could enrol. It was awarded by university gramme has been studied, the marks obtained for each examination subject in the internal institutions (università, istituti universitari, politec- ➧ Schoolexamen and national ➧ Centraal examen, nici) at the end of studies lasting 2-3 years, to the fi nal marks and the result of the eindexamen. those who passed the examinations in all subjects, The diploma gives access to vocational education. ➧ plus the fi nal examination Esame di diploma uni- Abbreviation: Diploma vmbo. versitario. The degree indicated the fi eld, the title, the subjects studied, and the grade only if it was Diploma voorbereidend wetenschappelijk the maximum grade. Upon special request, cand- onderwijs idates could receive a certifi cate setting out all the Country: The Netherlands marks received. The title conferred was ➧ Diplo- Grammatical variants: Diploma’s voorbereidend mato universitario (+). Abbreviation: DU. wetenschappelijk onderwijs

70 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diplomato dell’istruzione secondaria superiore

Level: ISCED 3 and 4 didates who have publicly defended a thesis Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to relating to an individual or original academic pupils who pass the ➧ Eindexamen voorbereidend research project (of no specifi ed duration). wetenschappelijk onderwijs in the fi nal (sixth) year of pre-university education (vwo). The Minister of Diploma za zavurcheno sredno obrazovanie Education determines the blueprint for this certifi - (Диплома за завършена степен на висшето cate which indicates the type of school, the fi eld образование) of specialisation, the branch selected (Gymnasium Country: Bulgaria or Atheneum) and the subjects passed. It also lists Grammatical variants: Diplomi za zavurcheno the marks obtained for each examination subject sredno obrazovanie in the ➧ Schoolexamen and the ➧ Centraal examen, Level: ISCED 3 as well as the fi nal marks and the result of the Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the ➧ Eindexamen. It gives access to university educa- educational institution concerned to pupils who tion (wo) or to tertiary vocational education (hbo). have completed the last grade (year) and passed Abbreviation: Diploma vwo. the ➧ Durjaven zrelosten izpit fi nal examination. The certifi cate indicates the fi eld of specialisation, Diploma za zavurchena stepen na vischeto obrazovanie the average marks obtained in general and ‘orien- (Диплома за завършена степен на висшето tation’ courses during the last 3 years of study, and образование) the marks in the fi nal examination. It gives access Country: Bulgaria to employment and to tertiary education. Grammatical variants: Diplomi za zavurchena stepen na vischeto obrazovanie Diplomado en (+) Level: ISCED 5 and 6 Country: Spain Explanatory note: Grammatical variants: Diplomada/os en Level: ISCED 5 Degree certifying the completion of non-uni- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students versity tertiary studies (kolej) lasting 3 years, who have received the ➧ Diplomatura en (+) fi rst- or second-cycle university studies (lasting degree. It is followed by the name of the fi eld of 4 years and 1 year, respectively) or long-cycle university studies (lasting 5-6 years) at universi- specialisation concerned. ties. It is awarded by the institution concerned Diplóma-próf to students who have defended a fi nal thesis Country: Iceland or passed the ➧ Durjaven izpit examination. Grammatical variants: Diplóma-prófi , diplóma- The degree certifi cate indicates the average of prófs the marks obtained in all examinations taken throughout the period of study, an assessment Level: ISCED 5 of the thesis, its title and the specialised fi eld. Explanatory note: Examination consisting of This is always accompanied by a list of the marks. a series of tests for students held by a tertiary The degree confers on its holder the profession- education institution (háskóli) throughout their al title of ➧ Specialist po (+) (after non-university course in the fi eld of languages, educational studies), which gives access to the fi rst level of sciences and business. The content and assess- university studies, ➧ Bakalavur (fi rst-cycle uni- ment of the examination vary. It is the responsibil- versity studies) which gives access to the second ity of the faculty concerned and is compulsory for level of university studies or to the advanced those wishing to obtain the ➧ Diplóma. research programme, or ➧ Magistur (second- or long-cycle university education) which gives ac- Diplom-Architekt cess to advanced study and research, as well as Country: Liechtenstein to the labour market. Grammatical variants: Diplom-Architekten Advanced research degree awarded to students Level: ISCED 5 who have successfully completed 4 years of Explanatory note: Synonym for Master of Science. advanced study and research, and publicly See ➧ Master of (+). defended a doctoral thesis. Doctoral studies are organised by universities, specialised ter- Diplomato dell’istruzione secondaria tiary education institutions or scientifi c bodies. superiore The degree gives access to employment as a Country: Italy researcher. It confers on its holder the title of Grammatical variants: Diplomata, diplomati, ➧ Doktor. The title of doktor na naukite in the diplomate dell’istruzione secondaria superiore fi eld of research concerned is conferred on can- Level: ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 71 Diplomato universitario

Explanatory note: Title conferred on students dents who have passed the ➧ Examen d’Aptitude who have obtained the ➧ Diploma di superamento à accéder à l’Enseignement Supérieur held mainly dell’esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di at the end of the third cycle corresponding to the istruzione secondaria superiore in general educa- end of vocational upper secondary education in tion courses. the case of pupils who have obtained the ➧ Certi- fi cat d’Enseignement Secondaire Supérieur. It gives Diplomato universitario (+) access to university or non-university tertiary edu- Country: Italy cation. Abbreviation: DAES. Grammatical variants: Diplomata universitaria, diplomati universitari, diplomate universitarie Diplôme d’Éducateur Level: ISCED 5 Country: Luxembourg Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Level: ISCED 3 enrolled before 2001/02 who have obtained the Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded by the ➧ Diploma Universitario. The full title includes ref- Ministry of Education on successful completion erence to the fi eld concerned. of 3 years of upper secondary studies at the Insti- tut d’Études Éducatives et Sociales (IESS, or insti- Diplomatura en (+) tute of educational and social studies). The IESS Country: Spain is being incorporated into the new Université du : Diplomaturas en Grammatical variants Luxembourg with eff ect from October 2003. The Level: ISCED 5 training is open to pupils who have completed 5 Explanatory note: Degree awarded at the end of years of general or technical secondary education the fi rst (3-year) cycle of university studies, gen- without obtaining the ➧ Diplôme de fi n d’études erally in an Escuela Universitaria, to students who have passed the examinations required under the secondaires. At the end of the third year, they sit programme. These examinations are organised by a fi nal examination organised by the Ministry. each institution and cover every subject taken. Marks obtained in dissertations, as well as during The certifi cate indicates the (technical, scientifi c or the entire course, are taken into account in award- artistic) area of specialisation. It gives access to the ing the qualifi cation which indicates the chosen profession and/or to the second cycle of univer- area of specialisation and gives access to occupa- sity studies leading to the title of ➧ Licenciado (+), tions in the socio-educational fi eld. or ➧ Ingeniero en/de (+), or ➧ Arquitecto, or ➧ Titu- Diplôme d’éducateur gradué lado Superior en (+). It confers on its holder the Country: Luxembourg title of ➧ Diplomado en (+). Level: ISCED 5 Diplôme d’accès aux études universitaires Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded on suc- Country: France cessful completion of 3 years of tertiary level stud- Level: ISCED 3 ies at the Institut d’Études Éducatives et Sociales Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by accred- (IESS, or institute of educational and social stud- ited universities to those who have passed an ies), which is being incorporated into the new individual examination held on completion of Université du Luxembourg with eff ect from Octo- a preparatory year of university education. The ber 2003. The training is open to holders of a examination consists of written and oral parts to ➧ Diplôme de fi n d’études secondaires. At the end assess, on the one hand, knowledge and general of the third year, students sit a fi nal examina- level of education and, on the other, the approach tion organised by the Ministry. The overall marks and expertise of prospective students in relation awarded take account of the marks obtained in to the requirements of tertiary education. It is dissertations, as well as during the entire course. intended for those who have discontinued their The qualifi cation indicates the chosen area of spe- initial studies for at least two years. The certifi cate cialisation and gives access to occupations in the indicates the kind of work (littéraire or scientifi que) socio-educational fi eld. The title of ➧ Éducateur for which they are equipped and gives access to gradué is conferred on its holders. tertiary education. Abbreviation: DAEU. Diplôme d’État d’audioprothésiste Diplôme d’Aptitude à accéder à Country: France l’Enseignement Supérieur Level: ISCED 5 Country: Belgium (French Community) Explanatory note: National diploma awarded by Level: ISCED 4 universities accredited by the minister respon- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the sible for higher education, to students who have French Community Examining Board to stu- satisfactorily completed three years of university

72 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diplôme d’études complémentaires

studies in the treatment of auditory impairments torily completed fi ve years of studies after the using prostheses or other devices. The diploma ➧ Baccalauréat. The fi rst year is common to stud- gives access to the corresponding profession. ies in medicine, dentistry and midwifery. On com- pletion of this year, examinations are held to rank Diplôme d’État d’infi rmier/ère candidates competitively and admit just a limited Country: Luxembourg number (regulated annually by fi eld and institu- Level: ISCED 3 tion) to the second year of studies in medicine, Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded to dentistry and midwifery. Students have to select pupils who pass the fi nal examination at the end one of these three fi elds in accordance with their of technical upper secondary education (lasting 3 ranking in the examination and the numerus years) in the fi eld of health care. The examination clausus established for each fi eld. Students who is organised by the Ministry of Education and cov- choose to embark on four years of training in mid- ers both the theoretical and practical aspects of wifery continue their studies in an école de sage- the profession. It gives access to employment and femme accredited by the Ministry of Health. The to tertiary education. diploma gives access to the profession. Diplôme d’État de docteur (+) Diplôme d’études approfondies Country: France Country: Belgium (French Community) Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree awarded by univer- Explanatory note: Degree awarded on comple- sities accredited by the minister responsible for tion of at least one or two years of third-cycle higher education, to students who have satis- studies (over 2 years in some fi elds) to those who factorily completed studies in medicine (lasting have already obtained a university degree or quali- 9-11 years), dentistry (6-8 years) or pharmacy fi cation in long non-university tertiary education (6-9 years) and successfully defended a thesis. (➧ Licence en (+), ➧ Ingénieur (+) or ➧ Maîtrise en (+)) The fi rst year is common to studies in medicine, and who have passed the curricular examinations dentistry and midwifery. On completion of this organised by their institution in each subject. The year, examinations are held to rank candidates degree indicates the fi eld of study, the subjects competitively and admit just a limited number taken and the fi nal marks obtained. In some uni- (regulated annually by fi eld and institution) to the versities, it is one of the requirements for admis- second year of studies in medicine, dentistry and sion to courses leading to the ➧ Doctorat en (+). midwifery. Students have to select one of these Abbreviation: DEA. three fi elds in accordance with their ranking in the examination and the numerus clausus estab- Diplôme d’études approfondies lished for each fi eld. The same degree may also be Country: France obtained after third-cycle non-university studies Level: ISCED 6 in veterinary medicine (involving two years in a Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Classe Préparatoire aux Grandes Écoles and then who have submitted a fi nal dissertation (mémoire) four years of study and the defence of a thesis in and passed the examinations held on completion an école vétérinaire). The degree, which is referred of one year of third-cycle university studies open to as d’exercice (indicating that its holder is profes- to holders of the ➧ Maîtrise. The degree testifi es to sionally qualifi ed), gives access to the correspond- a year of research on a specifi c subject. The fi nal ing profession provided, in the case of medicine, (written and oral) examinations are prepared by that it is accompanied by a ➧ Diplôme d’études spé- the institution concerned and relate to the sub- cialisées or an attestation de qualifi cation en méde- jects studied. The degree indicates the fi eld of cine générale (document testifying that its holder specialisation and provides a grounding for work is qualifi ed in general medicine). The name of the leading to the ➧ Doctorat. In the new system, it will degree is always followed by reference to the cho- be replaced by the ➧ Diplôme de master (recher- sen fi eld, for example Diplôme d’État de docteur en che). Abbreviation: DEA. médecine. The qualifi cation confers on its holder the title of ➧ Docteur en (+). Diplôme d’études complémentaires Country: Belgium (French Community) Diplôme d’État de sage-femme Level: ISCED 5 Country: France Explanatory note: Degree awarded on comple- Level: ISCED 5 tion of at least one year of university studies (after Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by univer- the qualifi cation of ➧ Candidature en (+), ➧ Licence sities accredited by the minister responsible for en (+), ➧ Ingénieur (+) or ➧ Maîtrise en (+) obtained higher education, to students who have satisfac- in a university or an institution for long-cycle ter-

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 73 Diplôme d’études spécialisées

tiary education) to students who have passed the Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées curricular examinations organised by their institu- Country: Belgium (French Community) tion in each subject. These studies are intended to Level: ISCED 5 expand on or broaden basic studies in the same Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the fi eld or a diff erent one. The degree indicates the Hautes Écoles, at the end of one or two years of fi eld of study, all the subjects taken and the fi nal long non-university tertiary education (after the marks obtained. Abbreviation: DEC. qualifi cation of ➧ Licence en (+), ➧ Ingénieur (+) or ➧ Maîtrise en (+)), to those who have com- Diplôme d’études spécialisées pleted a placement concerned with research and Country: Belgium (French Community) development practice in a professional environ- Level: ISCED 5 ment and an end-of-course work assignment, Explanatory note: Degree awarded on com- and have passed the examinations organised by pletion of at least one year (and a maximum of the institution. The diploma indicates the fi eld of two years except in special cases) of specialised specialisation, the subjects taken and the fi nal studies (after the ➧ Licence en (+), ➧ Ingénieur (+) marks obtained. Abbreviation: DESS. or ➧ Maîtrise en (+) obtained in a university or an institution for long-cycle tertiary education) to Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées students who have passed the curricular exam- Country: France inations organised by their institution in each Level: ISCED 5 subject. This third-cycle degree indicates the fi eld Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students of specialisation, the subjects taken and the fi nal who have passed the fi nal examinations held on marks obtained. Abbreviation: DES. completion of one year of third-cycle studies, including a compulsory in-company placement. Diplôme d’études spécialisées These courses are open to holders of the ➧ Maî- Country: France trise (or an equivalent qualifi cation). The (written Level: ISCED 5 and oral) examinations are prepared by the insti- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by uni- tution concerned and relate to all the subjects versities accredited by the minister responsible studied. Candidates also have to submit a place- for higher education, to students on hospital ment report. The diploma indicates the fi eld of placements who have completed their theoret- specialisation and gives access to the labour mar- ical and practical university and hospital train- ket. In the new system, it will be replaced by the ➧ ing in a specialised medical or pharmaceutical Diplôme de master (professionnel). Abbreviation: fi eld. Procedures for recognising the satisfactory DESS. completion of training are the responsibility of Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées each institution concerned, acting in accordance Country: Luxembourg with national curricular guidelines. The name of Level: ISCED 5 ➧ the diploma is appended to the Diplôme d’État Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded by the de docteur (+) and indicates the fi eld in which its Centre universitaire which is being incorporated holder has specialised. The qualifi cation gives into the new Université du Luxembourg with eff ect access to professional activity in that fi eld. Abbre- from October 2003. The qualifi cation has been viation: DES. off ered since the 1999/2000 academic year at the end of specialised third-cycle university studies in Diplôme d’études spécialisées the fi eld of contentieux communautaires (1 year). complémentaires Abbreviation: DESS. Country: France Level: ISCED 5 Diplôme d’études universitaires générales Explanatory note: Diploma testifying to the satis- Country: France factory completion of further specialised training Level: ISCED 5 supplementing the ➧ Diplôme d’études spécialisées Explanatory note: Intermediate qualifi cation for students on hospital placements. The so-called awarded to those who have passed the required ‘group II’ diplomas, which enable those who study examinations in the fi rst-cycle programme of uni- for them to specialise more narrowly in certain versity studies lasting two years. The examina- fi elds, correspond to a precise qualifi cation (for tions are prepared by the institution concerned example, in thoracic and cardio-vascular surgery, and relate to each subject studied. The qualifi ca- maxillofacial surgery and stomatology, infantile tion indicates the main subject and gives access surgery, etc.). The work entailed lasts three years, to second-cycle university studies leading to the two of which are spent on a hospital placement. degree of ➧ Licence or ➧ Licence professionnelle. Abbreviation: DESC. Abbreviation: DEUG.

74 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diplôme de recherche technologique

Diplôme d’études universitaires scientifi ques the section as well as the branches in which pupils et techniques have been examined, and gives access to working Country: France life and all forms of tertiary education. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to those Diplôme de fi n de deuxième cycle des études who have passed the required examinations in médicales the programme of short university studies last- Country: France ing two years, which includes an in-company Level: ISCED 5 placement. The examinations are prepared by the Explanatory note: Diploma testifying to the com- institution concerned and relate to the subjects pletion of the fi rst six years of studies in medicine, studied. The diploma indicates the subject of spe- which is awarded by universities accredited by the cialisation and gives access to the labour market ministry responsible for awarding the ➧ Diplôme or studies leading to the ➧ Licence professionnelle. d’État de Docteur en (médecine). Abbreviation: Abbreviation: DEUST. DF2CEM. Diplôme d’Ingénieur industriel Diplôme de master Country: Luxembourg Country: France Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 and 6 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded by insti- Explanatory note: National degree established tutions administered by the Ministry of Culture, in April 2002, which testifi es to two years of study Higher Education and Research, at the end of four (M1 and M2) open to holders of the ➧ Licence or years of studies at the Institut Supérieur de Techno- ➧ Licence professionnelle. The degree corresponds logie (IST, or higher institute of technology) which to 120 European credits and should be equivalent is being incorporated into the new Université du to a total of 300 credits (5 years of study at uni- Luxembourg with eff ect from October 2003. In versity) subsequent to the ➧ Baccalauréat. It com- order to obtain this qualifi cation, students have to prises a vocational option (master professionnel) or sit a fi nal examination and prepare an independ- a research option (master recherche). Award of the ent project with a thesis. The fi nal mark is calcu- degree is based on assessment provided for in the lated on the basis of the marks for dissertations programme for each fi eld of study, the preparation and performance during the course. There are four of a mémoire, and a proven grasp of at least one fi elds of specialisation, namely mechanical engi- foreign language. The qualifi cation gives access to neering, electronic engineering, civil engineer- the labour market. The second year of the master ing and applied computer science engineering. recherche involves initiating students into research The qualifi cation provides for immediate access and is regarded as an integral part of studies lead- to employment, as well as enrolment for courses ing to the ➧ Doctorat (+). In the case of the master in university institutions abroad. It confers on its professionnel, access to doctoral studies depends holder the title of ➧ Ingénieur industriel. on the decision taken by institutions in each indi- vidual case. The degree confers on its holder the Diplôme de fi n d’études secondaires title (grade) of ➧ Master. Country: Luxembourg Level: ISCED 3 Diplôme de Premier Cycle Universitaire Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded to Country: Luxembourg pupils who pass the ➧ Examen de fi n d’études se- Level: ISCED 5 condaires held at the end of general secondary Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the Cen- education (lasting 7 years). The marks obtained in tre universitaire (which is being incorporated into this examination are specifi ed in an annexe to the the new Université du Luxembourg with eff ect qualifi cation. The latter indicates the area of spe- from October 2003) on satisfactory completion of cialisation and gives access to all forms of tertiary 2 years of university education in arts and social education. sciences, law, economics and science. Holders of the diploma may pursue their studies abroad. Diplôme de fi n d’études secondaires Abbreviation: DPCU. techniques Country: Luxembourg Diplôme de recherche technologique Level: ISCED 3 Country: France Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded to Level: ISCED 5 pupils who pass the ➧ Examen de fi n d’études se- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to those condaires techniques, at the end of technical upper who have presented the fi nal written dissertation secondary education. The qualifi cation indicates (mémoire) on completion of one-and-a-half or

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 75 Diplôme de spécialisation

two years of third-cycle university studies open to year vocational tertiary studies in the fi eld of tech- holders of a ➧ Maîtrise. The diploma testifi es to the nology (involving block release for in-company completion of technological research aimed at training). The examinations are prepared by the solving a problem related to the industrial or ter- institution concerned and vary from one fi eld of tiary sectors, in close cooperation with a business specialisation to the next. The diploma indicates undertaking. It indicates the area of specialisation the fi eld in question and enables its holder to take and gives access to the labour market. In the new the competitive examination to recruit teachers system, it is intended that it should be linked to for lycées professionnels. Abbreviation: DNTS. studies leading to the ➧ Diplôme de master. Abbre- viation: DRT. Diplôme universitaire de technologie Country: France Diplôme de spécialisation Level: ISCED 5 Country: Belgium (French Community) Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Level: ISCED 5 whose continuous assessment has been satisfac- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the Hau- tory on completion of two years of university ter- tes Écoles at the end of one year of further stud- tiary education in an institut universitaire de tech- ies in short non-university tertiary education, to nologie (IUT). The diploma indicates the fi eld of those who have passed the curricular examina- specialisation and gives access to the labour mar- tions organised by their institution in each sub- ket, or to further studies leading to the ➧ Diplôme ject. The diploma indicates the fi eld of specia- national de technologie spécialisée or ➧ Licence lisation, the subjects taken and the fi nal marks professionnelle. It confers on its holder the title of obtained. ➧ Technicien supérieur. Abbreviation: DUT. Diplôme de technicien Diplôme universitaire de Technologie Country: Luxembourg Country: Luxembourg Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded at the Explanatory note: Qualifi cation obtained on end of the upper stage of training for technicians, successful completion of short-term training in to pupils who have passed the ➧ Examen de fi n advanced management studies lasting 2 years d’études du technicien. The qualifi cation indicates at the Centre universitaire, which is being incor- the division (section) as well as the branches in porated into the new Université du Luxembourg which pupils have been examined. It gives access with eff ect from October 2003. Those awarded to employment at ‘technician’ level and to higher the qualifi cation have to pass a fi nal examination level technical studies in the area of specialisation with dissertations and, in the computer science chosen during training. section, the preparation of a project is compul- sory. The fi nal mark also takes into consideration Diplôme des grandes écoles the marks obtained during the whole course. The Country: France examination is administered by the Ministry of Level: ISCED 5 Education and Vocational Training which awards Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the the qualifi cation corresponding to the student’s grandes écoles to students who have passed all chosen section (section informatique de gestion, required examinations in the programme of non- section commerce et banque or section gestion et university tertiary studies (lasting 2-5 years) in the contrôle). The qualifi cation indicates the division various fi elds of specialisation. The examinations of the section concerned as well as the marks are prepared by the institution concerned and obtained and gives access to the labour market. vary from one fi eld of specialisation to the next. Abbreviation: DUT. The diploma indicates the fi eld in question and gives access to the labour market or studies lead- Diplomeksamen ing to the ➧ Diplôme de master. In certain cases, it Country: Norway confers on its holder the title of ➧ Ingénieur. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Diplôme national de technologie spécialisée who pass fi nal examinations at the end of uni- Country: France versity studies in music lasting 2 years following Level: ISCED 5 a ➧ Kandidat i musikk or equivalent degree. Each Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to holders institution defi nes the content and level required of the ➧ Brevet de technicien supérieur or ➧ Diplôme in the fi nal examination, which consists of a solo universitaire de technologie who have passed the recital or the composition of one or more musical required examinations in the programme of one- works. Students are assessed by two examiners,

76 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diplom-Ingenieur/in

one of whom one is external. The diploma gives a university or equivalent tertiary education insti- access to employment as a musician, singer or tution, it corresponds to the Master (+) and gives composer. access to further or advanced study and research leading to the ➧ Doktor (+). It confers on its holder Diplomeksamen (Musik) the professional title of ➧ Diplom (+). Country: Denmark Grammatical variants: -eksamenen, -eksamener, Diplomierter (+) NDS -eksamenerne Country: Liechtenstein Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the Explanatory note: University degree and title musikkonservatorium to students who have suc- obtained by students who have received the cessfully completed 5 years of academic studies in ➧ Nachdiplom. The degree gives access to the music. There is continuous assessment of the per- labour market, and the title is Diplomierter Wirt- formance of the student throughout and at the schaftsingenieur NDS, Diplomierter Bankmanager end of the course. Depending on the specialisa- NDS, Diplomierter Private Banking Experte NDS, tion, the student may also be assessed in theoret- depending on the fi eld of study concerned. ical subjects. The diploma indicates the fi nal marks in major and minor subject(s) as well as the Diplomi-insinööri area of specialisation. It gives access to the labour Country: Finland market or to admission tests for a programme of Grammatical variants: -insinöörit, -insinööri* specialisation lasting 2 to 4 years. Level: ISCED 5 Diplomgrad Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of Country: Germany the ➧ Diplomi-insinöörin tutkinto degree. Abbre- Grammatical variants: Diplomgrade, viation: DI. Swedish term: Diplomingenjör. Diplomgrad* Level: ISCED 5 Diplomi-insinöörin tutkinto Explanatory note: Country: Finland Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, Academic degree awarded on completion of -tutkinno* normally 4½ years of studies at universities Level: ISCED 5 and no more than 4 years at a Fachhochschule. The standard period of study leading to the Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Fachhochschule degree includes one or two who have successfully completed 5 years of full- semesters of practice. A Diplomgrad can also time study in technology at university (yliopisto or be awarded at the end of postgraduale Stu- korkeakoulu). There is no fi nal examination and, diengänge (further study, supplementary and to obtain the degree, students prepare a thesis follow-up courses). A tertiary education institu- which is assessed and approved by the univer- tion may also award a Diplomgrad on the basis sity department board. Details indicated on the of a state examination (see ➧ Staatsprüfung) or degree certifi cate are not governed by national ecclesiastical examination (see ➧ Kirch li chen regulations but determined by the university Abschlussprü fung) concluding a course of concerned. The degree gives access to the labour study. market, or to advanced study and research lead- State leaving certifi cate awarded by some Berufs- ing to the ➧ Tohtorin tutkinto (+). It confers on its akademien (professional academies) after 3 holder the title of ➧ Diplomi-insinööri. Swedish years of studies; the suffi x Berufsakademie or its term: Diplomingenjörsexamen. abbreviation B.A. is added to the degree title. The Diplomgrad is awarded to students who Diplom-Ingenieur/in have passed the ➧ Diplomprüfung. The certifi cate Country: Austria obtained after doing so indicates the results as Grammatical variants: Diplom-Ingenieure, well as the topic of the dissertation and the mark Diplom-Ingenieurinnen, Diplom-Ingenieur* obtained for it. It may also include information Level: ISCED 5 on the study programme and principal fi elds Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on of study. In terms of international comparison, students who have been awarded the ➧ Diplom- this degree is equivalent to the ➧ Bachelor (+) prüfungszeugnis at the end of technical tertiary with honours when awarded by the Fachhoch- education at universities or Fachhochschulen. schule, and gives access to the labour market or Abbreviations: Dipl.-Ing. and DI. Titles obtained to second-cycle tertiary education leading to the through study at a Fachhochschule are followed ➧ Master (+) or ➧ Magister (+). When awarded by by the abbreviation FH.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 77 Diplomingeniør

Diplomingeniør Diplompädagoge/in Country: Denmark Country: Austria Grammatical variants: -ingeniøren, -ingeniører, Grammatical variants: Diplompädagogen, -ingeniørerne Diplompädagoginne, Diplompädagog* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Explanatory note: Title conferred on students who have obtained the ➧ Bachelorgrad in eng- who have been awarded the ➧ Zeugnis über die ineering. Diplomprüfung für das Lehramt (+).

Diplomingenjör Diplomprüfung Country: Finland Country: Austria Grammatical variants: -en, -er, -erna Grammatical variants: Diplomprüfungen, Level: ISCED 5 Diplomprüfung* Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Diplomi- Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 insinööri. Explanatory note: Final examination at the end of two-and-a-half Diplomingenjörsexamen years of upper secondary training at Schulen Country: Finland für den medizinisch-technischen Fachdienst Grammatical variants: -examina (medical/technical schools) and 3 years of train- Level: ISCED 5 ing at post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools for Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Diplomi- nursing (Gesundheits- und Krankenpfl egeschu- insinöörin tutkinto. len). Students who pass the examination re- ceive the ➧ Diplomprüfungszeugnis (in the case Diplomirani/na (+) of nursing only) and the diploma of vocational Country: Slovenia competence ➧ Diplom (+). Grammatical variants: Diplomirane, diplomiran* Final examination at the end of 2 years of post- Level: ISCED 5 secondary commercial, social and technical/vo- Explanatory note: First professional title awarded cational courses at a Kolleg. The examination is to students who have successfully completed 3 – organised internally by the institution and takes or in exceptional cases – 4 years of a profession- place before a board. Students who pass it re- ally oriented programme, passed the ➧ Diplomski ceive the Diplomprüfungszeugnis. izpit examination and obtained the ➧ Diploma at Final examination following tertiary education fakulteta or visoka strokovna šola. It gives access courses taken at universities and Fachhochschu- to the labour market or further tertiary educa- len (minimum duration 4 years), or at academies tion leading to ➧ Specialist/ka (+) or, much less for high-level medical/technical professions or commonly under certain circumstances (further for midwifery (non-university tertiary educa- examinations taken, etc.), to the ➧ Magister/trica tion, minimum duration 3 years). The examina- znanosti degree. The title is always followed tion is organised internally by the institution by the fi eld of study in question (for example and takes place before a board. Its content is diplomirani/na ekonomist/ka). In technical, bio- related to the individual course of study and technical and engineering fi elds of study, the consists mainly of a written dissertation or title is diplomirani/na inženir/ka, followed by the Diplomarbeit (thesis), as well as written and oral name of the specifi c fi eld concerned (for example, examinations. Successful students receive the diplomirani/na inženir/ka metalurgije). Abbrevia- Diplomprüfungszeugnis, and/or the diploma of tion: Dipl. (+). General term: Strokovni naslov. vocational competence, the Diplom (+).

Diplomovaný/ná specialista/tka v oboru Diplomprüfung Country: Czech Republic Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Diplomovaní specialisté v Grammatical variants: Diplomprüfungen, oboru, diplom* specialist* v oboru Diplomprüfung* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation testifying to the Explanatory note: Final examination which is completion of technical tertiary education at the organised at the Fachhochschulen, universities vyšší odborná škola or konzervatoř. It is awarded to and sometimes at Berufsakademien, and leads to students who have obtained the ➧ Diplom. Abbre- the award of a career-qualifying ➧ Diplomgrad. viation: DiS. The examination consists of a written dissertation

78 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Diplomski izpit

as well as oral and/or written examinations in the Diploms par pirmā līmeņa profesionālo specialised subjects concerned, or artistic and augstāko izglītību creative examinations in arts or music subjects. Country: Latvia General term: Hochschulprüfung. Grammatical variants: Diplomi par pirmā līmeņa profesionālo augstāko izglītību Diplomprüfung für das Lehramt (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Austria Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to stu- Grammatical variants: Diplomprüfungen, dents who have successfully completed 2 years of occupationally-oriented studies (leading to Diplomprüfung* a level IV professional qualification) at koledža Level: ISCED 5 or another tertiary education institution. The Explanatory note: Compulsory final examina- diploma is awarded to those who pass the ➧฀Valsts tion taken by students after a minimum of 3 pārbaudījums. It gives access to the labour market years of teacher training at Pädagogische Aka- for work requiring a level IV professional qualifica- demien, Berufspädagogische Akademien, land- tion and to further tertiary education. und forstwirtschaftliche berufspädagogische Aka- demien or Religionspädagogische Akademien. It Diploms par profesionālo vidējo izglītību is organised internally by an examining board Country: Latvia Grammatical variants: Diplomi par profesionālo and includes written and oral examinations in vidējo izglītību, diplomu par profesionālo vidējo both the humanities and professional subjects/ izglītību didactics. Successful students are awarded the Level: ISCED 3 teaching qualification ➧฀Zeugnis über die Diplom- Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to prüfung für das Lehramt (+). The term is always pupils who have successfully completed 3-4 followed by the name of the specific school, for years of vocational (upper) secondary educa- example Diplomprüfung für das Lehramt an Volks- tion (profesionālā vidējā izglītība) subsequent schulen. to basic education, and passed the ➧฀Valsts noslēguma pārbaudījumi (including the ➧฀Kvalifi- Diplomprüfungszeugnis kācijas eksāmens or ➧฀Centralizēts profesionālās Country: Austria kvalifikācijas eksāmens). The certificate testifies to Grammatical variants: Diplomprüfungszeugnisse, possession of a Level 3 qualification. It is awarded Diplomprüfungszeugnis* by the institution concerned in accordance with government regulations and standards, and has Level: ISCED 4 and 5 a supplement indicating the subjects taken and Explanatory note: final marks obtained. The certificate gives access • Certificate awarded for passing the ➧฀Diplom- to the labour market or continuation of studies in prüfung at the end of post-secondary (non-ter- tertiary education. tiary) education in the area of schools for nurs- ing (Gesundheits- und Krankenpflegeschulen) Diplomski izpit Country: Slovenia along with the diploma of professional compe- Grammatical variants: Diplomski izpiti, ➧฀ tence Diplom (+). The individual examinations diplomsk* izpit* are listed on the Diplomprüfungszeugnis. Level: ISCED 5 • Certificate awarded for passing the Diplomprü- Explanatory note: Final examination required fung at the end of post-secondary (non-tertiary) to complete vocational tertiary programmes in education courses. It indicates the area of spe- višje strokovne šole, professionally oriented terti- cialisation and entitles its holders to exercise a ary education at visoke strokovne šole, or academic profession in the relevant vocational branch. or professionally oriented tertiary education in • Final degree certificate testifying to success in fakultete and akademije. Students have to dem- the Diplomprüfung at universities and Fach- onstrate knowledge of their field before a board hochschulen. It indicates the field and branch of of examiners, present a dissertation, which may be a written assignment or other type of pre- study or Fachhochschule course of study. Hold- sentation or performance (diplomsko delo), and ers are entitled to exercise the relevant profes- discuss topics arising from their dissertation with sion or to commence study for a doctorate. board members. In the case of second-cycle stud- Evidence of passing the Diplomprüfung leads to ies, they have to defend the magistrsko delo to conferral of the academic title ➧฀Magister/tra (+) obtain the academic title of ➧฀Magister/trica zna- or ➧฀Diplom-Ingenieur/in. nosti or ➧฀Magister/trica umetnosti or, in the case

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 79 DiS.

of advanced study and research, the doctoral dis- Docteur en (+) sertation (doktorska disertacija) to obtain the aca- Country: Belgium (French Community) demic title ➧ Doktor/ica znanosti. Students who Level: ISCED 5 and 6 pass this examination are awarded the ➧ Diploma Explanatory note: or ➧ Diploma višje šole depending on the type of Title conferred on those who have obtained the programme/institution concerned. degree ➧ Doctorat en (+). It is always followed by the name of the fi eld of study, for example doc- DiS. teur en sciences de l’éducation. : Czech Republic Country The title is also conferred on those who have : ISCED 5 Level obtained the doctorat in medicine or veterinary Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplo- medicine (docteur en médecine, docteur en mé- movaný specialista v oboru. decine vétérinaire). Dizertačná skúška Docteur en (+) Country: Slovakia Country: France Grammatical variants: Dizertačné skúšky, : ISCED 5 dizertačn* skúšk* Level Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of Level: ISCED 6 the ➧ Diplôme d’État de docteur (+). Explanatory note: Examination held at the end of advanced study and research for a doctorate. Docteur en (+) Students who pass it and satisfactorily defend a Country: France written dissertation (obhajoba dizertačnej práce) Level: ISCED 6 ➧ receive the title of Doktor (+) (Philosophiae doc- Explanatory note: Title (grade) conferred on tor, doktor umenia/artis doctor in the fi eld of arts). holders of the ➧ Doctorat (+). It is always followed In the fi eld of catholic theology, the title of Philos- by reference to the fi eld of specialisation con- ophiae doctor is supplemented by that of doktor cerned. teológie. Doctor (+) Dizertaţie Country: Ireland Country: Romania Level: ISCED 6 Grammatical variants: Dizertaţia Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of Level: ISCED 6 a ➧ Doctorate. The title includes reference to the Explanatory note: Examination organised by the area of specialisation in which the course of study educational institution concerned (universitate, was taken, e.g. Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviation: academie or institut) for students who have com- Ph.D.). pleted advanced study and research lasting one to one-and-a-half or two years. The examination Doctor (+) involves defending written work presented to a Country: Malta board of examiners (professors), and has to be Level: ISCED 5 and 6 taken by those wishing to obtain the ➧ Diplomă de Explanatory note: studii aprofundate or ➧ Diplomă de Master. Title conferred on students who successfully DL complete a programme of further specialised Country: Italy studies, e.g. in medicine (M.D.), law (LLD) and Level: ISCED 5 theology (SThD.). The title is followed by refer- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diploma di ence to the fi eld of specialisation concerned. Laurea (+). Title conferred on students who hold the ➧ Doc- torate. DLS Country: Italy Doctor (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Norway Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diploma di Level: ISCED 6 Laurea Specialistica (+). Explanatory note: Advanced research degree and title obtained by students who submit and defend DNTS a thesis at the end of a special course of doctoral Country: France studies lasting 3 years after the ➧ Candidatus (+), Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Fiskerikandidat, ➧ Hovedfagkandidat , ➧ Høyere Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme avdelings eksamen, ➧ Magister artium, ➧ Master i (+), national de technologie spécialisée. ➧ Master of (+), ➧ Sivilingeniør or ➧ Sivilarkitekt.

80 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Doctorado en

The degree indicates the subject of the thesis should normally include reference in the title to and its assessment. The qualifi cation and title the discipline concerned, as in Doctor of Educa- doctor philosophiae are more general and may tion (EdD). The title Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, be obtained in all fi elds without taking a special DPhil) should be restricted to degrees (in any dis- course. Students have to do advanced research cipline) in which assessment is based solely on a for several years leading to a thesis. The term doc- fi nal thesis or published work, or on performance tor is followed by reference to the fi eld in which accompanied by a written commentary. The title the degree was awarded, for example doctor sci- Doctor is the only title conferred by an academic entiarum in mathematics and natural sciences. It qualifi cation which is commonly used as a form of gives access to post-doctoral appointments and address in the UK. to the labour market. Abbreviation: Dr. (+). Doctoraat Doctor Country: The Netherlands Country: Romania Grammatical variants: Doctoraten Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Advanced academic title Explanatory note: Advanced research degree in diff erent fi elds conferred on holders of the awarded by universities to graduates who have ➧ Diplomă de doctor. Abbreviation: Dr. already obtained the title of ➧ Master (+), ➧ Doctor- andus, ➧ Meester or ➧ Ingenieur. Those concerned Doctor have to carry out independent research on a given Country: The Netherlands subject and complete a thesis on it under the Grammatical variants: Doctoren, doctors supervision of a full professor. The thesis has to Level: ISCED 6 be satisfactorily defended in public and its pub- Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on ➧ lication approved by the professor concerned. those who have obtained the Doctoraat degree. Design engineers conclude their doctorate with It is conferred only by universities and is written the satisfactory completion of a technological before the name of its holder. Abbreviation: Dr. design project (see ➧ Promotie). Most candidates Doctor en (+) obtain their degree following their appointment Country: Spain for a four-year period to an offi cial research train- Grammatical variants: Doctora/es en ing post, either as a university trainee research Level: ISCED 6 assistant (assistent in opleiding, or AIO) or a trainee Explanatory note: Title conferred on students researcher (onderzoeker in opleiding, or OIO) in who have received the ➧ Doctorado en (+) degree. a research school (onderzoekschool). However, It is always followed by the name of the fi eld of graduates may also complete a doctorate on their specialisation concerned. own, subject to the conditions outlined above. The title of ➧ Doctor is conferred on holders of this Doctor in de (+) degree. Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 6 Doctoraatsgetuigschrift Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) who have been awarded the ➧ Doctoraats- Level: ISCED 6 getuigschrift certifi cate after publicly defending Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- a dissertation based on original research cover- dents who have already obtained a second-cycle ing a period of at least 2 years. The title is followed university level qualifi cation (such as ➧ Licentiaat by reference to the fi eld of study concerned, in de (+), or ➧ Apotheker), and who have suc- and gives access to the profession of university cessfully completed an advanced research pro- teacher. gramme covering a number of courses, seminars and colloquia related to the chosen fi eld of spe- Doctor of (+) cialisation. In some universities, it is a requirement Country: United Kingdom for authorisation to defend a dissertation in pub- Level: ISCED 6 lic prior to securing the title of ➧ Doctor in de (+). Explanatory note: Title conferred on the holder Doctoral studies are only open to holders of a fi nal of a ➧ Doctorate. Registered medical practition- university degree or certain specifi c (academic) ers with a fi rst degree in medicine also use the hogescholen degrees. courtesy title of doctor. Under the new frame- works for higher education qualifi cations, which Doctorado en (+) are being phased in from September 2003, Doc- Country: Spain torates involving a substantial taught element Grammatical variants: Doctorados en

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 81 Doctorandus

Level: ISCED 6 the fi eld of study concerned. It gives access to Explanatory note: Advanced research degree a corresponding profession and/or to preparat- awarded to students who already hold the title ory work for the examination ➧ Agrégation de of ➧ Licenciado en (+), ➧ Ingeniero en/de (+) or l’enseignement supérieur. ➧ Arquitecto and have defended a thesis at the Degree awarded also on completion of second- end of advanced study and research. It confers cycle university studies in medicine (4 years) or on its holder the title of ➧ Doctor en (+) and gives veterinary medicine (3 years) to those who have access to the academic profession in the fi eld con- already obtained the ➧ Candidature en (+) and cerned. passed the curricular examinations organised by the institution in each subject. The degree Doctorandus indicates the subjects taken and the fi nal marks Country: The Netherlands awarded and is always followed by reference Grammatical variants: Doctorandussen, doctorandi to the fi eld of study in which it was obtained. Level: ISCED 5 It gives access to third-cycle university studies Explanatory note: Title which may be used by or specialised non-university studies in Hautes university graduates who have obtained the Écoles and/or to the corresponding profession ➧ Getuigschrift van het afsluitend examen on com- subject to formal registration with the Order of pletion of second-cycle university education. It Medical Practitioners or the Order of Veterinary is conferred on them together with the title of Surgeons. ➧ Master and is written before the name of the The degree confers on its holders the title of holder of the title. Abbreviation: Drs. ➧ Docteur en (+).

Doctorat (+) Doctorate Country: France Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Advanced research degree Explanatory note: Advanced research degree awarded to students who have successfully awarded 2 or 3 years after the ➧ Master’s degree defended their thesis on completion of three or (honours) or, under exceptional circumstances, 3 four years of third-cycle university studies open to or 4 years after the ➧ Bachelor’s degree to students ➧ holders of the Diplôme d’études approfondies or, who have undertaken original research and com- ➧ in the new system, the Diplôme national de mas- pleted and publicly defended a thesis. A doctorate ter (recherche). Holders of the degree may take the can be obtained in most fi elds of study, the most competitive examination to recruit maîtres de con- ➧ common being the Doctor of Philosophy. The title férence, or work for the qualifi cation Habilitation ➧ à diriger des recherches. The name of the degree is conferred on its holder is Doctor (+). The degree always followed by reference to the fi eld of spe- gives access to employment and to the academic cialisation concerned. It confers on its holder the profession. title (grade) of ➧ Docteur (+). Doctorate Doctorat en (+) Country: Malta Country: Belgium (French Community) Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 5 and 6 Explanatory note: Doctoral degree obtained on Explanatory note: successful completion of advanced study and Advanced research degree awarded to research lasting at least 3 years. The degree is those who have already obtained the ➧ Licence awarded by the University of Malta to students ➧ en (+), ➧ Ingénieur (+) or ➧ Maîtrise en (+) and who are already holders of a Bachelor’s degree submitted and defended in public a research (honours), ➧ Postgraduate certifi cate/diploma (+), report (comprising an original dissertation) and/or ➧ Master’s degree, and who have prepared and one or several additional theses, on the and presented in public a doctoral thesis which completion of three to fi ve years of studies. has been passed by a seven-member university Each university is free to lay down further committee. The committee assesses the original conditions for the award of the doctorate (in version of the thesis and judges whether it con- practice the ➧ Diplôme d’études approfondies is tributes signifi cantly to knowledge in the fi eld often required). The degree indicates the fi eld concerned. The degree confers on its holder the of specialisation, the subject of research and of title ➧ Doctor. Holders are entitled to use the des- the additional theses, as well as the fi nal marks ignatory letters Ph.D. (meaning Doctor of Philoso- obtained. It is always followed by reference to phy) regardless of their fi eld of study or research.

82 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Doktor

Doctorate Doktor Country: United Kingdom Country: Estonia Level: ISCED 6 Grammatical variants: Doktori, doktorit Explanatory note: An advanced research degree Level: ISCED 6 normally awarded to students who have success- Explanatory note: Title conferred on those who fully completed a thesis following 3 years of full- have obtained the ➧ Doktorikraad degree. time (or part-time equivalent) individual original Doktor research. Assessment is based on the thesis or Country: Finland other published work, or on performance accom- Grammatical variants: -n, -er, -erna panied by a written commentary. The thesis is Level: ISCED 6 normally read by a panel of examiners who subse- Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Tohtori (+). quently examine the student orally. Some Doctor- ates include a substantial taught element and, in Doktor (+) such cases, institutions may also require students Country: Germany to complete related written assignments. Insti- Grammatical variants: Doktoren, Doktor* tutions determine the information included on Level: ISCED 6 certifi cates, but the subject area would normally Explanatory note: Title conferred on graduates be indicated. Doctorates are the highest level of who have obtained the ➧ Doktorgrad. The title qualifi cation under the new frameworks and will includes the Latin name of the fi eld of study con- be classifi ed as ‘Doctoral level’ (D) or, in Scotland, cerned, e.g. Doctor philosophiae. Abbreviation: Dr. (+). ‘SHE level D’/‘SCQF level 12’. The degree confers on its holder the title ➧ Doctor of (+). Doktor (+) Country: Iceland Dokter Grammatical variants: Doktors Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred by a tertiary Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Arts. education institution (háskóli) on students who have obtained the ➧ Doktorsgráda. The title doc- Doktor tor philosophiae (dr.phil.) is awarded to liberal arts (Доктор) students following completion of a doctoral pro- Country: Bulgaria gramme, while students who carry out independ- Grammatical variants: Doktori ent research receive this title followed by the Latin Level: ISCED 6 name of their fi eld of specialisation. Explanatory note: Title awarded by a special- ised state body, the vischa atestatzionna komis- Doktor sia (Higher Attestation Commission) to students Country: Poland who have obtained the ➧ Diploma za zavurchena Grammatical variants: Doktorzy, doktor* stepen na vischeto obrazovanie and who have pub- Level: ISCED 6 licly defended a doctoral thesis on completion of Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of the ➧ Dyplom doktora degree awarded by the at least 4 years of doctoral studies after obtaining faculty council or academic council of the tertiary the title of ➧ Bakalavur or at least 3 years of doc- education institution concerned. Abbreviation: ➧ toral studies after obtaining the title of Magistur. Dr. Abbreviation: Dr. Doktor (+) Doktor (+) Country: Slovakia Country: Denmark Grammatical variants: Doktori, doktor* Grammatical variants: Doktoren, doktorer, Level: ISCED 5 and 6 doktorerne Explanatory note: Level: ISCED 6 Title conferred on students who have obtained Explanatory note: Title conferred on students the ➧ Vysokoškolský diplom (+) in the fi eld who have obtained the ➧ Doktorgrad. It is fol- of medicine (doktor všeobecného lekárstva; lowed by the Latin name of the fi eld concerned abbreviation: MUDr.), veterinary medicine (for example, doctor philosophiae in human sci- (doktor veterinárskeho lekárstva; abbreviation: ences, doctor scientiarum in natural sciences). MVDr.) and dentistry (doktor zubného lekárstva; Abbreviation: Dr. (+). abbreviation: MDDr.).

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 83 Doktor

The title is also conferred on students who have Explanatory note: Second title conferred on hold- obtained the title of ➧ Magister (+) and passed ers of the ➧ Dyplom doktora habilitowanego by the the ➧ Rigorózna skúška examination. It may be faculty council of the institution of tertiary edu- obtained in the fi eld of natural sciences (doktor cation concerned, institutions of the Polish Acad- prírodných vied; abbreviation: RNDr.), pharmacy emy of Sciences, or the scientifi c board of other (doktor farmácie; abbreviation: PharmDr.), hu- institutions authorised and approved by the Cen- man sciences and arts (doktor fi lozofi e; abbre- tral Commission for Academic Titles and Degrees. viation: PhDr.), law (doktor práva; abbreviation: Abbreviation: Dr hab. JUDr.), education (doktor pedagogiky; abbre- Doktor/ica (+) viation: PaedDr.) and theology, except catholic Country: Slovenia theology (doktor teológie; abbreviation: ThDr.). Grammatical variants: Doktorji/rice medicine, Highest academic title (philosophiae doctor; doktor* medicine abbreviation: PhD. or, in the fi eld of arts, dok- Level: ISCED 5 tor umenia; abbreviation: ArtD) conferred on Explanatory note: First professional title awarded students who have passed the ➧ Dizertačná to students who have successfully completed 6 skúška and obtained the vysokoškolský diplom, years of an academically oriented programme in on completion of advanced study and research, general medicine or dentistry, or 5 years in the including the defence of a dissertation (obha- case of veterinary medicine, passed the ➧ Diplom- ➧ joba dizertačnej práce). In the fi eld of catholic ski izpit examination and obtained the Diploma at fakulteta. It gives access to the labour mar- theology, students who have already obtained ➧ ket or further tertiary education leading to the the Licenciát teológie and successfully accom- ➧ Magister/trica znanosti, ➧ Specialist/ka (+) or plished the second part of advanced study and ➧ Doktor/ica znanosti degree. In general medi- research ending with the dizertačná skúška ex- cine, the title is doktor/ica medicine (abbreviation: amination and the vysokoškolský diplom receive Dr. med.); in dentistry (stomatology), doktor/ica both the philosophiae doctor (PhD) and doktor dentalne medicine (abbreviation: Dr. dent. med.); teológie (abbreviation: ThDr.). and in veterinary medicine, doktor/ica veterinar- The title is always followed by reference to the ske medicine (abbreviation: Dr. vet. med.). General fi eld of study in which it was obtained. term: Strokovni naslov. Note: Before 2003, the pro- fessional title of doktor/ica dentalne medicine was Doktor (+) doktor/ica stomatologije (abbreviation: Dr. stom.). Country: Sweden Doktor/ica znanosti Grammatical variants: Doktorn, doktorer, Country: Slovenia doktorerna Grammatical variants: Doktorji/rice znanosti, Level: ISCED 6 doktor* znanosti Explanatory note: Title conferred on the holder Level: ISCED 6 of a ➧ Doktorsexamen (+), with a prefi x referring to Explanatory note: Highest academic title con- the faculty, fi losofi e doktor, or area of study indi- ferred on students who have either obtained cated, e.g. doktor i medicinsk vetenskap. the academic title of ➧ Magister/trica znanosti or ➧ Magister/trica umetnosti and successfully Doktor der Philosophie completed 2 years of doctoral studies, or who Country: Liechtenstein have a fi rst professional title (➧ Akademski/ka (+), Level: ISCED 6 ➧ Diplomirani/na (+), ➧ Profesor/ica, ➧ Doktor/ica (+), Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on ➧ Magister/tra farmacije, ➧ Univerzitetni/na those who have successfully completed doctoral diplomirani/na), and have successfully com- studies and research at the Internationalen Aka- pleted 4 years of doctoral studies. On completion demie für Philosophie (IAP), which are open to of their studies, they have to pass the ➧ Diplom- those who have already obtained the title of ski izpit examination, involving the defence of the ➧ Magister Artium. Students must submit and doctoral dissertation (doktorska disertacija), and obtain the ➧ Diploma. The title gives access to the publicly defend a doctoral thesis and take an oral labour market (as scientists or educational staff examination in philosophy. There is no doctoral in higher education). General term: Znanstveni diploma. Abbreviation: Dr.phil. naslov. Abbreviation: Dr. Doktor habilitowany Doktor/in (+) Country: Poland Country: Austria Grammatical variants: Doktorzy habilitowani, Grammatical variants: Doktoren, Doktorinnen, doktor* habilitowan* Doktor* Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 6

84 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Doktori cím

Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on The institution concerned forms a special coun- students who have completed 2 years of study cil which approves the conditions, regulations at the third level of tertiary education, prepared and programmes governing these awards within a thesis and had it accepted and been awarded a particular branch of learning. The Latvian Coun- the ➧ Rigorosenzeugnis. Depending on the regula- cil of Science has also approved a classifi cation of tions, successful students then have access to all academic fi elds in which degrees at this advanced academic/scientifi c posts. The title is always fol- level may be obtained. The diploma confers on its lowed by the fi eld of study. Abbreviation: Dr. (+). holder the title of ➧ Doktors (+).

Doktor/ka (+) Doktorátus Country: Czech Republic Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: Doktoři, doktor* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 and 6 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Doktori cím and Explanatory note: ➧ Doktori fokozat. Title conferred on students of medicine or veterinary medicine who have obtained the Doktorgrad diploma ➧ Vysokoškolský diplom and the cer- Country: Denmark tifi cate ➧ Vysvědčení o státní rigorózní zkoušce. Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, -graderne Abbreviation: MUDr. in the fi eld of medicine, Level: ISCED 6 and MVDr. in the fi eld of veterinary medicine. Explanatory note: Advanced research degree ➧ Title conferred on holders of the Magistr/a awarded to students who have successfully degree who have obtained the diploma defended a thesis in public after a minimum of vysokoškolský diplom and the certifi cate 5 to 8 years of individual original research. It is vysvědčení o státní rigorózní zkoušce. The title may be obtained (without taking a special awarded by their university and identifi es the fi eld study programme) in the fi elds of law (abbre- of specialisation concerned. It confers on its hold- ➧ viation: JUDr.), human and social sciences and ers the title of Doktor (+) and may give access educational science (abbreviation: PhDr.), nat- to posts as full professor in tertiary education in ural sciences (abbreviation: RNDr.), pharmacy that fi eld. In medicine, holders of this qualifi cation (abbreviation: PharmDr.) and theology (abbre- have access to the top posts in hospitals. viation: ThDr.). Title conferred on holders of the magistr/a Doktorgrad degree, who have obtained the diploma Country: Germany vysokoškolský diplom and the certifi cate Grammatical variants: Doktorgrade, Doktorgrad* ➧ Vysvědčení o státní doktorské zkoušce at the Level: ISCED 6 end of advanced study and research. Abbrevia- Explanatory note: Advanced research degree tions: Ph.D., and Th.D. in the fi eld of theology. awarded by a university or equivalent tertiary education institution following a process termed Doktora diploms (+) ➧ Promotion. A Doktorgrad entitles its holder to Country: Latvia use the title ➧ Doktor (+). Grammatical variants: Doktora diplomi, doktora diplomiem, doktora diplomus Doktori cím (+) Level: ISCED 6 Country: Hungary Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Grammatical variants: Doktori címek, doktori cím* who have already been awarded the academic Level: ISCED 5 and 6 or professional degree of ➧ Maģistrs (+) or the Explanatory note: diploma ➧ Augstākās profesionālās kvalifi kācijas diploms (conferring certain professional titles, Title awarded to students who have obtained the mostly in medicine and pharmacy), and success- ➧ Egyetemi oklevél degree at the end of univer- fully completed 3-4 years of full-time advanced sity studies in the faculties of medicine, veterinary university study and research for a doctoral thesis. medicine, dentistry and law. Candidates are required to have published work Title awarded to students who have obtained in internationally established academic journals the ➧ Doktori fokozat degree. prior to defending their thesis. Universities and The title is always followed by reference to scientifi c research centres are authorised to award the fi eld of study in which it was obtained. doctorates by the Latvian Council of Science. Abbreviation: Dr. (+). Synonym: Doktorátus.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 85 Doktori fokozat

Doktori fokozat Doktorsexamen (+) Country: Hungary Country: Sweden Grammatical variants: Doktori fokozatok, Grammatical variants: Doktorsexamina doktori fokozat* Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Advanced research degree Explanatory note: Degree awarded at the end awarded after 4 years of full-time doctoral studies of advanced study and research to students in any university faculty. Students write a disserta- who have passed the fi nal ➧ Doktori szigorlat tion and defend it orally in the presence of exter- examination. The degree indicates the subjects of nal examiners. The degree certifi cate indicates the specialisation, gives access to employment and fi eld of specialisation, the title of the dissertation confers on its holder the title of ➧ Doktori cím. and the date it was defended. The doktorsexamen Synonym: Doktorátus. qualifi es its holders for teaching at university and confers on them the title of ➧ Doktor (+). The name Doktori szigorlat of the degree refers either to the faculty, for exam- Country: Hungary ple fi losofi e doktorsexamen (Doctorate of Philoso- Grammatical variants: Doktori szigorlatok, phy), or area of study in which it is obtained, for doktori szigorlat* example ekonomie doktorsexamen. Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Examination on completion of Doktorsgráda a doctoral programme involving advanced study Country: Iceland and research, which is compulsory for those wish- Grammatical variants: Doktorsgrádu ing to obtain the ➧ Doktori fokozat degree. It con- Level: ISCED 6 sists of the public defence, before an examining Explanatory note: Advanced research degree board, of a thesis, the content of which must be awarded to students who pass the ➧ Doktorspróf approved in advance by the council of doctors. examination. It entitles them to occupy a teaching or research position at a university institution and Doktorikraad confers on them the title of ➧ Doktor (+). Country: Estonia Grammatical variants: Doktorikraad, Doktorspróf doktorikraagiga Country: Iceland Level: ISCED 6 Grammatical variants: Doktorsprófi , Explanatory note: Advanced research degree doktorsprófs awarded to students who have already obtained Level: ISCED 6 the ➧ Magistrikraad degree (or its equivalent) and Explanatory note: Examination following a 3- to successfully completed three to four years of doc- 5-year advanced research programme to students toral study (doktoriõpe) at universities. Doctoral who already hold the ➧ Meistaragráda degree. study ends with the defence of a doctoral the- The doktorspróf also refers to students who have sis. This degree is always awarded with a diploma carried out independent research following the ➧ Diplom. It confers on its holder the title of ➧ Dok- ➧ Meistaragráda or ➧ Kandidatsgráda. The exam- tor. Pursuant to the procedure established by the ination is the responsibility of the relevant faculty board of the university concerned, a doctoral the- and leads to the ➧ Doktorsgráda degree. sis may be defended and a doktorikraad awarded without doctoral studies having been completed. Dott./Dott.ssa Country: Italy Doktors (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Latvia Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Dottore/ssa Grammatical variants: Doktoram, doktore, in (+). doktorus Level: ISCED 6 Dott./Dott.ssa specialista Explanatory note: Advanced research title con- Country: Italy ferred on holders of the ➧ Doktora diploms (+). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Dottore/ssa Doktorsexamen specialista in (+). Country: Finland Grammatical variants: -examina Dottorato di Ricerca Level: ISCED 6 Country: Italy Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Tohtorin Grammatical variants: Dottorati di Ricerca tutkinto (+). Level: ISCED 6

86 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Dr.

Explanatory note: Advanced research degree researcher with a doctorate. The project may con- awarded by university institutions at the end tinue for up to 6 years, renewable in exceptional of study and research lasting 3 years, to stu- circumstances. Holders of a ➧ Licenciatura with dents enrolled before 2001/02 who have already a minimum mark of 16 and of a ➧ Mestrado may obtained the ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+) or, since take this degree. In exceptional circumstances, 2001/02, the ➧ Diploma di Laurea Specialistica (+). and with due regard for their academic, scientifi c Candidates have to write and defend a thesis or and professional curriculum, other students may a graphic project before a national examining also be candidates for this degree which confers board. The degree indicates the fi eld, the subject on its holder the title of ➧ Doutor. of the thesis and the title. The title conferred is ➧ Dottore/ssa di Ricerca. Abbreviation: DR. DPCU Country: Luxembourg Dottore/ssa di Ricerca Country: Italy Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Grammatical variants: Dottori di Ricerca, Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Diplôme de dottoresse di ricerca Premier Cycle Universitaire. Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students DPhil who obtain the ➧ Dottorato di Ricerca advanced Country: United Kingdom research degree. Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doctor of Phi- Dottore/ssa in (+) losophy. See ➧ Doctor of (+). Country: Italy Grammatical variants: Dottori, dottoresse DR Level: ISCED 5 Country: Italy Explanatory note: Title conferred on candidates Level: ISCED 6 who have obtained the ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Dottorato It is always followed by reference to the fi eld di Ricerca. of study concerned. Standard name: Laureato. Abbreviation: Dott./Dott.ssa. Dr Country: Poland Dottore/ssa specialista in (+) Level: ISCED 6 Country: Italy Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor. Grammatical variants: Dottori specialisti, dottoresse specialiste Dr Level: ISCED 5 Country: The Netherlands Explanatory note: Title conferred on candidates Level: ISCED 6 who have obtained the ➧ Diploma di Laurea Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doctor, writ- Specialistica (+). It is always followed by reference ten before the name of its holder. to the fi eld of study concerned. Abbreviation: Dott./Dott.ssa Specialista. Dr hab. Country: Poland Doutor Level: ISCED 6 Country: Portugal : Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor Grammatical variants: Doutores Explanatory note Level: ISCED 6 habilitowany. Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on Dr. (+) holders of the ➧ Doutoramento degree. Country: Austria Doutoramento Level: ISCED 6 Country: Portugal Explanatory note: Abbreviation of the title Grammatical variants: Doutoramentos ➧ Doktor/in (+), always followed by the fi eld of Level: ISCED 6 study in abbreviated form, e.g. Dr.phil. Explanatory note: Advanced research degree awarded by universities (universidade) to stu- Dr. dents who have undergone the ➧ Prova de dou- (Д-р) toramento and in some cases the ➧ Provas com- Country: Bulgaria plementares. The research project is chosen by Level: ISCED 6 the student and supervised by a professor or Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 87 Dr.

Dr. (+) Dr.phil. Country: Denmark Country: Iceland Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of doctor philo- followed by the fi eld of study usually in its abbre- sophiae in liberal arts. See ➧ Doktor (+). viated form (for example, dr.phil. in human sci- ences, dr.scient in natural sciences). Dr.phil. Country: Liechtenstein Dr. (+) Level: ISCED 6 Country: Germany Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor der Level: ISCED 6 Philosophie. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor (+), written before the name, supplemented by the Drs Latin name of the fi eld concerned in abbreviated Country: The Netherlands form, e.g. Dr. phil. for Doctor philosophiae. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doctoran- Dr. (+) dus, written before the name of its holder. Country: Hungary DRT Level: ISCED 5 and 6 ➧ Country: France Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doktori cím Level: ISCED 5 which is followed by the abbreviation of the fi eld Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme de of study, for example dr.med., dr.jur. recherche technologique. Dr. (+) DS Country: Norway Country: Italy Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doctor (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diploma di followed by reference to the fi eld of study, also in Specializzazione. abbreviated form. DU Dr. Country: Italy Country: Romania Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diploma Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doctor. Universitario. Dr. Durjaven izpit Country: Slovenia (Държавен изпит) Level: ISCED 6 Country: Bulgaria Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ica Grammatical variants: Durjavni izpiti znanosti. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Final state examination held Dr. dent. med. in university and non-university institutions at Country: Slovenia the end of the fi nal year of study. Its content and Level: ISCED 5 requirements depend on the individual faculty. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doktor/ica The examination includes written and/or oral dentalne medicine. See ➧ Doktor/ica (+). parts and has to be taken by students wishing to obtain the ➧ Diploma za zavurchena stepen na Dr. med. vischeto obrazovanie. Country: Slovenia Level: ISCED 5 Durjaven zrelosten izpit Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doktor/ica (Държавен зpeлостен изпит) medicine. See ➧ Doktor/ica (+). Country: Bulgaria Grammatical variants: Durjavni zrelostni izpiti Dr. vet. med. Level: ISCED 3 Country: Slovenia Explanatory note: Final examination held in Level: ISCED 5 general upper secondary education including Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doktor/ica its ‘orientation’ sections and in technical schools veterinarske medicine. See ➧ Doktor/ica (+). (gymnazia, profi lirana gymnazia, sredno obchtoo-

88 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Dyplom ukończenia szkoły policealnej

brazovatelno utchilichte, professionalno utchilichte Dyplom doktora habilitowanego or professionalna gymnazia). It includes written Country: Poland examinations set by the Ministry of Education and Grammatical variants: Dyplomy, dyplom* Science, on Bulgarian language and literature and Level: ISCED 6 one general subject chosen by the candidate. The Explanatory note: Second advanced research examination has to be taken by those who wish to degree awarded to holders of the title of ➧ Doktor obtain the ➧ Diploma za zavurcheno sredno obra- who have passed the ➧ Kolokwium habilitacyjne zovanie. examination. The degree confers on them the aca- demic title of ➧ Doktor habilitowany and indicates Durjaven zrelosten izpit za pridobivane na their fi eld of specialisation. It also formally certi- profesionalna kvalifi katzia fi es that they are qualifi ed for the most important (Държавен зрелостен изпит за придобиване на positions in tertiary education or research institu- професионална квалификация) tions. Country: Bulgaria Grammatical variants: Durjavni zrelostni izpiti Dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych za pridobivane na profesionalna kvalifi katzia Country: Poland Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Dyplomy, dyplom* Explanatory note: Offi cial state examination Level: ISCED 5 held on completion of vocational secondary edu- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on the cation, which has to be taken for pupils to obtain completion of university education, by the sci- the ➧ Svidetelstvo za profesionalna kvalifi kasia cer- entifi c council of the faculty concerned, to stu- tifi cate. It consists of both theoretical and practi- dents who have passed the ➧ Egzamin magisterski cal examinations to test theoretical and practical examination following 5 to 6 years of study, or the knowledge of the trade or occupation concerned. ➧ Egzamin dyplomowy examination following 3 to These examinations are organised by vocational 4 years of study. The diploma confers on them the upper secondary schools in accordance with title ➧ Magister (+) in the case of the former and standard national requirements. The full name of ➧ Licencjat or ➧ Inżynier in the latter case. It indi- the examination is durjaven zrelosten izpit za pri- cates the fi eld of study and specialisation, the fi nal dobivane na profesionalna kvalifi katzia - teoria na marks and the title conferred. The diploma gives profesiata i praktika na profesiata. access to the labour market, or to studies lead- ing to the title of magister (in the case of 3-4 year DUT programmes) or advanced research programmes Country: France, Luxembourg leading to the title of ➧ Doktor (in the case of 5-6 Level: ISCED 5 year programmes). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Diplôme uni- versitaire de technologie. Dyplom ukończenia szkoły policealnej Country: Poland Dyplom doktora Grammatical variants: Dyplomy, dyplom* Country: Poland ukończeń* szkoł* policealn* Grammatical variants: Dyplomy doktora, Level: ISCED 4 dyplom* doktora Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion Level: ISCED 6 of post-secondary education (lasting one, two Explanatory note: Advanced research degree or two-and-a-half years), awarded on the basis awarded to students who have completed the of school results in the fi nal year of studies and doctoral programme and passed the ➧ Egzamin marks obtained in the ➧ Egzamin z przygotowania doktorski examination. The degree confers on its zawodowego examination (after two or two-and- holders the title of ➧ Doktor and indicates their a-half years of study leading to the title ➧ Technik) fi eld of specialisation. It also entitles their hold- or ➧ Egzamin z nauki zawodu (after 1 year of study ers to occupy posts in tertiary education or in leading to the title of ➧ Robotnik wykwalifi kow- research institutions and pursue further advanced any). The certifi cate gives access to the trade or research leading to the ➧ Dyplom doktora habilito- occupation with which it is associated, and is also wanego degree. awarded in adult education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 89

Ee

EdD subject chosen by the pupil. Oral examinations Country: United Kingdom (determined by each institution) cover Polish lan- Level: ISCED 6 guage and literature, one foreign language and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doctor of Edu- one optional subject. The examination may also cation. See ➧ Doctor of (+). be taken in adult education. With eff ect from 2005, a new external examination of this type is Éducateur gradué being introduced in upper secondary education. Country: Luxembourg Synonym: Matura. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Egzamin doktorski who have obtained the ➧ Diplôme d’éducateur Country: Poland gradué. Grammatical variants: Egzaminy doktorskie, egzamin* doktorski* Egyetemi oklevél Level: ISCED 6 Country: Hungary Explanatory note: National examination held at Grammatical variants: Egyetemi oklevelek, the end of doctoral studies lasting a minimum of egyetemi oklevél* 3 years, which has to be taken in order to obtain Level: ISCED 5 the ➧ Dyplom doktora degree, conferring on its Explanatory note: Diploma awarded at the end holder the academic title of ➧ Doktor. It involves of university studies, lasting from 4 to 6 years, to the defence of a thesis, and includes two oral students who have passed the fi nal ➧ Záróvizsga examinations related to the subject of the thesis examination. The diploma indicates the fi eld and one on a subject chosen from philosophy or of specialisation and the marks obtained in the economics. examination. It gives access to employment and/ or to doctoral programmes. It confers on its holder Egzamin dyplomowy the title ➧ Okleveles (+) or, in the fi elds of medicine Country: Poland and veterinary medicine, ➧ Doktori cím. Grammatical variants: Egzaminy dyplomowe, egzamin* dyplom* Egzamin dojrzałości Level: ISCED 5 Country: Poland Explanatory note: National examination held Grammatical variants: Egzaminy dojrzałości, on completion of short-term university studies egzamin* dojrzałości (3 or 4 years), which has to be taken in order to Level: ISCED 3 obtain the ➧ Dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych Explanatory note: National examination held at degree, conferring on its holder the title of the end of general or specialised upper secon-dary ➧ Licencjat or ➧ Inżynier depending on the fi eld of education (which, following the 1999/2000 reform, study. The examination is drawn up and assessed now lasts three years instead of four), or techni- by the particular faculty concerned. cal and vocational upper secondary education (now lasting 4 rather than 4/5 years). In 2004/05, Egzamin magisterski the examination will also be held on completion Country: Poland of 2 years of general or 3 years of technical further Grammatical variants: Egzaminy magisterskie, education. It is compulsory only for pupils wish- egzamin* magisterski* ing to obtain the ➧ Świadectwo dojrzałości certifi - Level: ISCED 5 cate, which is required for access to tertiary edu- Explanatory note: National examination held at cation. Set by the regional education authorities, the end of university studies lasting 5 to 6 years, the examination includes dissertations on Polish which has to be taken in order to obtain the language and literature, and one on an optional ➧ Dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych degree,

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 91 Egzamin na zakończenie gimnazjum

conferring on its holder the title of ➧ Magister (+) Explanatory note: Compulsory vocational pro- or ➧ Lekarz (+), depending on the fi eld and dura- fi ciency examination held at the end of the fi nal tion of the course. The examination involves the year of studies in technical upper secondary defence of a dissertation (praca magisterska) or, schools (technikum zawodowe) or post-secondary in the case of technical studies, of a project with schools (szkoła policealna) off ering courses last- practical applications. It also includes oral exam- ing two or two-and-a-half years. The examination inations which vary depending on the faculty and comprehensively tests practical knowledge of the fi eld of study concerned. techniques for a particular area of specialisation, and its content and level are determined by each Egzamin na zakończenie gimnazjum school. Those who pass it are entitled to the cer- Country: Poland tifi cate of completion of technical secondary edu- Grammatical variants: Egzaminy na zakończenie cation ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia technikum zawo- gimnazjum, egzamin* na zakończ* gimnazjum dowego or post-secondary education ➧ Dyplom Level: ISCED 2 ukończenia szkoły policealnej. The examination Explanatory note: External compulsory stand- may also be taken in adult education. ardised examination held at the end of ‘new’ lower secondary education lasting 3 years (gimnazjum), Eindattest van het deeltijds kunston derwijs following the 1999/2000 reform. This examina- Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) tion tests abilities, skills and knowledge in the Level: ISCED 1 humanities and sciences. Its content and level Explanatory note: Certifi cate of part-time artis- are determined by a Regional Examination Com- tic education awarded to pupils, young people mission, but the results obtained in it are readily and adults who have satisfactorily completed comparable at national level. Successful pupils the fi nal year at the lower level. Certifi cates may receive the ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia gimnazjum be awarded in the four disciplines of visual arts, music, verbal expression and drama, and dance. certifi cate. The examination may also be taken in Each discipline has its own structure with its own adult education. levels and options. Depending on the discipline Egzamin z nauki zawodu concerned, pupils may start at the age of 6 or 8. Country: Poland The certifi cate gives access to the intermediate or ➧ Grammatical variants: Egzaminy z nauki higher level leading to the Getuig schrift van het zawodu, egzamin* z nauki zawodu deeltijds kunstonderwijs (+). Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Eindexamen Explanatory note: Compulsory vocational Country: The Netherlands examination held at the end of vocational upper Grammatical variants: Eindexamens secondary education (zasadnicza szkoła zawo- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 dowa) which, following the 1999/2000 reform, Explanatory note: General term for the school- now lasts two or three years (instead of three leaving examination which is held at the end of years in all cases). The examination is also held secondary education in vmbo, havo and vwo, and at the end of 4-year vocational upper secondary equivalent to the ➧ Staatsexamen. It comprises a education (liceum zawodowe which will cease to ➧ Schoolexamen (internal school examination) exist in 2004/05) and post-secondary education and a ➧ Centraal examen (national examination). lasting 1 year (szkoła policealna). Its content and See ➧ Eindexamen voorbereidend middelbaar level are determined by each school. Those who beroepsonderwijs, ➧ Eindexamen hoger algemeen pass the theoretical and practical examinations voortgezet onderwijs and ➧ Eindexamen voorberei- for the occupation concerned are entitled to the dend wetenschappelijk onderwijs. ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia zasadniczej szkoły zawo- dowej, ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia liceum zawo- Eindexamen havo, vmbo, vwo dowego certifi cates and the ➧ Dyplom ukończenia Country: The Netherlands szkoły policealnej certifi cate, respectively. The Grammatical variants: Eindexamens havo, examination may also be taken in adult educa- vmbo, vwo tion. Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Eindexamen Egzamin z przygotowania zawodowego hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs, ➧ Eindexa- Country: Poland men voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Grammatical variants: Egzaminy z and ➧ Eindexamen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk przygotowania zawodowego, egzamin* z onderwijs. General term: Eindexamen. Synonyms: przygotowania zawodowego Havo-eindexamen, vmbo-eindexamen and vwo- Level: ISCED 3 and 4 eindexamen.

92 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Eksamen fra videregående opplæring

Eindexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet schappelijk onderwijs. It can also be organised in onderwijs adult education where individual subject certifi - Country: The Netherlands cates can be obtained and can lead to a complete Grammatical variants: Eindexamens hoger ➧ Diploma voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onder- algemeen voortgezet onderwijs wijs. Abbreviation: Eindexamen vwo. General term: Level: ISCED 3 Eindexamen. Explanatory note: School-leaving examina- tion held in the fi nal (fi fth) year of general upper Eindtoets Basisonderwijs secondary education (havo). It is divided into a Country: The Netherlands ➧ Schoolexamen and a ➧ Centraal examen. The Grammatical variants: Eindtoetsen havo examination covers six subjects, with Dutch Basisonderwijs language and literature and English compulsory. Level: ISCED 1 Successful candidates are awarded the ➧ Diploma Explanatory note: Optional test commissioned hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs. It can also by the Minister of Education and developed by be organised in adult education where individual the National Institute for Educational Measure- subject certifi cates can be obtained and can lead ment (Instituut voor Toetsontwikkeling) to meas- to a complete ➧ Diploma hoger algemeen voort- ure individual pupil attainment levels in the last gezet onderwijs. Abbreviation: Eindexamen havo. (eighth) year of primary education (basisonder- General term: Eindexamen. wijs). The test consists of four parts (the last of which is optional), each containing 60 multiple- Eindexamen voorbereidend middelbaar choice questions relating to language, arithmetic, beroepsonderwijs data handling and ‘the world around us’ (werel- Country: The Netherlands doriëntatie). The test measures the performance Grammatical variants: Eindexamens of individual pupils, and their school compared voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs to other schools taking part in it. While it does not Level: ISCED 2 lead to any qualifi cation, the results are used in Explanatory note: School-leaving examination the school report describing the attainment level held in the fi nal (fourth) year of general lower and potential of all pupils leaving primary educa- secondary education (vmbo, or voorbereidend tion. This report is made available for use by their middelbaar beroepsonderwijs). It is divided into chosen secondary school. Synonym: CITO-toets. a ➧ Schoolexamen and a ➧ Centraal examen. The vmbo examination covers at least six subjects, Eisagogikes exetáseis with Dutch and English compulsory. Successful (Εισαγωγικές εξετάσεις) candidates are awarded the ➧ Diploma voorberei- Country: Cyprus dend middelbaar beroepsonderwijss. In the case Grammatical variants: Eisagogikon exetaseon of vbo and mavo, new-style examinations were Level: ISCED 3 introduced in the 2002/03 school year as a result Explanatory note: Compulsory entrance exam- of an educational reform implemented in the ination for institutions of tertiary education, which 1999/2000 school year. Vmbo replaced both vbo is organised by the Ministry of Education and Cul- and mavo in August 1999. Abbreviation: Eindexa- ture at national level for candidates who have men vmbo. General term: Eindexamen. obtained their upper secondary school leaving certifi cate ➧ Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou. The exami- Eindexamen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk nations include written examinations determined onderwijs on the basis of the subjects the student intends to Country: The Netherlands study and has taken as optional subjects during Grammatical variants: Eindexamens the fi nal year of secondary education. Passing this voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs examination gives access to public-sector schools Level: ISCED 3 of tertiary education (dimosies scholes tritovath- Explanatory note: School-leaving examination mias ekpaedefsis), the University of Cyprus or in the fi nal (sixth) year of pre-university education universities in Greece. (vwo). It is divided into an internal ➧ Schoolexa- men and a national ➧ Centraal examen. The vwo Eksamen fra videregående opplæring examination covers a minimum of seven sub- Country: Norway jects, of which Dutch language and literature and Grammatical variants: Eksamenen, eksamenene English and, in the case of gymnasium pupils, one fra videregående opplæring classical language (Latin or Greek language and Level: ISCED 3 literature) are compulsory. Successful candidates Explanatory note: School-leaving certifi cate are awarded the ➧ Diploma voorbereidend weten- awarded by the national authorities at the end

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 93 Eksamensbevis som

of upper secondary education lasting 3 years ous school assessment and externally set tasks (videregående skole). It involves examinations in and tests. The certifi cate is an entry level qualifi ca- Norwegian language and literature and one or tion within the National Qualifi cations Framework more principal subjects in the fi nal year, and is a and its three grades are aligned with levels 1-3 prerequisite for obtaining a ➧ Vitnemål certifi cate. of the National Curriculum – the levels expected of typical 5-, 7-, and 9-year-olds. Students may Eksamensbevis som (+) progress to the General Certifi cate of Secondary Edu- Country: Denmark cation. Former term: Certifi cate of Achievement. Grammatical variants: -beviset, -beviser, -beviserne Érettségi vizsga Level: ISCED 5 Country: Hungary Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Bevis for (+). It Grammatical variants: Érettségi vizsgák, is always followed by the fi eld of studies in which érettségi vizsga* it was obtained. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Final general upper secon- End of Key Stage Assessment dary school leaving examination taken by pupils Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) who have already obtained the ➧ Gimnáziumi Level: ISCED 1 and 2 bizonyítvány certifi cate and completed diff erent ➧ Explanatory note: Synonym for National Cur- programmes (4, 6 or 8 years of education) in one ➧ riculum Assessment and Northern Ireland Curricu- of the three types of gimnázium. It is taken after lum Assessment. 12 years of study (normally at the age of 18). The Enfermeiro examination comprises a written part, set by the Country: Portugal Ministry of Education, and an oral part devised Grammatical variants: Enfermeiros, enfermeira, by the school, both of which cover a combination enfermeiras of compulsory and optional specialised subjects. Level: ISCED 5 The compulsory subjects are Hungarian language Explanatory note: Title conferred by the ordem and literature, mathematics, history and a foreign dos enfermeiros (public professional association of language and there is a freely chosen optional nurses) on those who have obtained a ➧ Licencia- subject. Successful pupils receive the ➧ Gimnázi- tura in nursing. Professional activity as a enfermeiro umi érettségi bizonyítvány. depends on conferral of the title by the ordem, testifying to eff ective membership of the latter. Erikoisammattitutkinto (+) Country: Finland Engenheiro Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, Country: Portugal -tutkinno* Grammatical variants: Engenheiros, engenheira, Level: ISCED4 (A.Ed.) engenheiras Explanatory note: Specialist vocational qualifi ca- Level: ISCED 5 tion testifying to command of the most demand- Explanatory note: Title conferred by the ordem ing work assignments in the fi eld concerned. For dos engenheiros (public professional associa- further information, see ➧ Ammattitutkinto. Swed- tion of engineers) on those who have obtained a ish term: Specialyrkesexamen. ➧ Licenciatura degree in engineering. Professional activity as an engenheiro is dependent on confer- Erikoistumistutkinto ral of the title by the ordem, testifying to eff ective Country: Finland membership of the latter. Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, -tutkinno* Entry Level Certifi cate Level: ISCED 5 Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Level: ISCED 1 who have successfully completed 3 to 6 years of Explanatory note: Certifi cate intended originally specialised further study in medicine, dentistry for pupils aged 16 completing compulsory educa- or veterinary medicine and who already hold tion who were thought to be unlikely to achieve the ➧ Lisensiaatintutkinto (+). There is a national grade G in the ➧ General Certifi cate of Secondary fi eld-specifi c written examination (valtakunnal- Education. However, the qualifi cation may now linen erikoisalakohtainen kuulustelu), in which also be obtained in adult education. It is off ered the theoretical knowledge of students and the by independent awarding bodies in a range of sub- appropriateness of action by them in clinical situ- jects and regulated by the qualifi cations and cur- ations are assessed. There are no national regula- riculum authorities. Its award is based on continu- tions governing what is indicated on the degree

94 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Esame di laurea

certifi cate, which is determined by the university Besides the entitlements granted to holders of concerned. The degree entitles graduates to enter a ➧ Mittlerer Schulabschluss, the certifi cate gives the profession and use the title Erikoislääkäri (in access to the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (general upper medicine), Erikoishammaslääkäri (dentistry) and secondary education) and Fachgymnasium (voca- Erikoiseläinlääkäri (veterinary medicine). Swed- tional upper secondary school). In some Länder, it ish term: Specialiseringsexamen or Yrkesinriktad is called the ➧ Erweiterter Sekundarabschluss I or påbyggnadsexamen. ➧ Qualifi zierter Realschulabschluss. Erster allgemein bildender Schulabschluss Erweiterter Sekundarabschluss I Country: Germany Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Erst* allgemein bildend* Grammatical variants: Erweitert* Schulabschluss* Sekundarabschluss* Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: General education school- Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for leaving certifi cate that may be obtained in all ➧ Erweiterter Realschulabschluss. Länder at the end of the ninth school year. In most Länder, it is designated by the term ➧ Hauptschul- Esame di diploma universitario abschluss but, in a few, also by the terms ➧ Berufs- Country: Italy bildungsreife or ➧ Berufsreife. It is awarded to those Grammatical variants: Esami di diploma who have already obtained the ➧ Abschlusszeug- universitario nis der Berufsschule. For further information, see Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Hauptschulabschluss. Explanatory note: Examination organised by uni- versity institutions (università, istituti universitari, Erweiterte Berufsbildungsreife politecnici) in accordance with national require- Country: Germany ments, for students enrolled before the 2001/02 Grammatical variants: Erweitert* academic year who had completed 2-3 years of Berufsbildungsreife* studies and already passed the examinations in all Level: ISCED 2 subjects ➧ Esami di profi tto. It involved the defence Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for of a fi nal written assignment before an examining ➧ Erweiterter Hauptschulabschluss. board appointed by the faculty council. Success- ful completion of this examination resulted in the Erweiterter Hauptschulabschluss award of the ➧ Diploma universitario. Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Erweitert* Esame di idoneità Hauptschulabschluss* Country: Italy Level: ISCED 2 Grammatical variants: Esami di idoneità Explanatory note: General education school- Level: ISCED 1, 2 and 3 leaving certifi cate awarded by certain Länder to Explanatory note: Examination held by state pupils who have successfully completed the tenth institutions of primary, lower and upper sec- school year at the end of general lower secondary ondary education for pupils who have followed education (Hauptschule). There is no fi nal exam- courses in an offi cially recognised private school. ination. The certifi cate gives access to the Berufs- The examination covers all subjects taught. Its suc- fachschule (vocational upper secondary school) cessful completion enables candidates to enter subject to certain admission requirements. Term the appropriate classes in primary, lower or upper used in some Länder: Erweiterte Berufsbildungs- secondary state education. reife. Esame di laurea Erweiterter Realschulabschluss Country: Italy Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Esami di laurea Grammatical variants: Erweitert* Level: ISCED 5 Realschulabschluss* Explanatory note: Examination held at university Level: ISCED 2 institutions (università, istituti universitari, politec- Explanatory note: General education school- nici) and organised and assessed, since 2001/02, leaving certifi cate that may be awarded in cer- in accordance with faculty regulations. It is taken tain Länder after the tenth school year. Pupils by students who have completed the study pro- must have successfully completed that year gramme and already passed the examinations and in some cases taken a fi nal examination in all subjects ➧ Esami di profi tto. It involves the and achieved the requisite level of attainment. defence of a fi nal written assignment before an

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 95 Esame di laurea specialistica

examining board appointed by the faculty coun- Esame di profi tto cil. Successful students are awarded the ➧ Diploma Country: Italy di Laurea (+). Grammatical variants: Esami di profi tto Level: ISCED 5 Esame di laurea specialistica Explanatory note: Examinations organised by Country: Italy university institutions (università, istituti universi- Grammatical variants: Esami di laurea tari, politecnici), which cover the individual sub- specialistica jects of the course curriculum leading to the Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Diploma Universitario (+), ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+) Explanatory note: Examination held at university or ➧ Diploma di Specializzazione. Candidates who institutions (università, istituti universitari, politec- complete these examinations successfully may nici) and organised and assessed, since 2001/02, sit the fi nal examination for this period of study in accordance with faculty regulations. It is taken ➧ Esame di diploma universitario, ➧ Esame di lau- by students who have completed the study pro- rea, ➧ Esame di specializzazione. Since 2001/02, gramme and already passed the examinations each examination has corresponded to a certain ➧ in all subjects Esami di profi tto. It involves the number of credits. defence of a fi nal written assignment before an examining board appointed by the faculty coun- Esame di qualifi ca cil. Successful students are awarded the ➧ Diploma Country: Italy di Laurea Specialistica (+). Grammatical variants: Esami di qualifi ca Level: ISCED 3 Esame di licenza di maestro d’arte Explanatory note: Examination held by the Country: Italy school at the end of the fi rst cycle of vocational Grammatical variants: Esami di licenza di upper secondary education (in an istituto profes- maestro d’arte sionale). Pupils are allowed to sit the examination Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Examination held by the only if they have received satisfactory marks dur- school at the end of the fi rst cycle of art studies ing their fi nal year. It includes two written tests and one oral test. This examination leads to the in upper secondary education in an Istituto d’Arte. ➧ Only pupils who have obtained satisfactory marks Diploma di qualifi ca. during their fi nal year of studies may enter. The Esame di specializzazione examination consists of written and oral tests cov- Country: Italy ering the entire range of subjects. It leads to the Grammatical variants: Esami di specializzazione ➧ Diploma di maestro d’arte. Level: ISCED 5 Esame di licenza elementare Explanatory note: Examination held at univer- Country: Italy sity institutions (università, istituti universitari, Grammatical variants: Esami di licenza politecnici) and organised and assessed, since elementare 2001/02, in accordance with faculty regulations. It Level: ISCED 1 is taken by students who have completed study Explanatory note: Examination held by the leading to the ➧ Diploma di Specializzazione, and school at the end of primary education (scuola have already passed the examinations in all sub- primaria). It includes two written tests and one jects ➧ Esami di profi tto. It involves the defence of oral test. It is taken before an examining board a fi nal written assignment before an examining consisting of the class teachers and two others board appointed by the faculty council. The title appointed by the teachers’ council. It leads to the of ➧ Specializzato in (+) is conferred on those who ➧ Diploma di licenza elementare. complete the examination successfully. Esame di licenza media Esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di Country: Italy istruzione secondaria superiore Grammatical variants: Esami di licenza media Country: Italy Level: ISCED 2 Grammatical variants: Esami di Stato conclusivi Explanatory note: Examination held by the dei corsi di studio di istruzione secondaria school at the end of lower secondary education superiore (scuola media) before an examining board. It Level: ISCED 3 includes three written tests in Italian, mathemat- Explanatory note: National examination which, ics and one foreign language, as well as a test in all since 1998/99, has replaced the examination subjects. This examination leads to the ➧ Diploma held at the end of upper secondary education di licenza media. (in a liceo or istituto). It is held before an examin-

96 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Examen d’Aptitude à accéder à l’Enseignement Supérieur ing board appointed by the ministry. Pupils are Explanatory note: Compulsory nationwide fi nal allowed to enter the examination only if they examination at the end of upper secondary edu- have received satisfactory marks during their fi nal cation (general and technological 12th-grade year. It includes three written tests: one in Italian, courses) leading to the award of the ➧ Diploma de one in a subject related to the particular course of estudos secundários. It is taken in some subjects by study concerned, and a cross-curricular test. There regular internal pupils at schools offi cially author- is also one oral test. This examination leads to the ised to organise examinations, by pupils whose ➧ Diploma di superamento dell’esame di Stato con- attendance has for some reason been interrupted, clusivo dei corsi di studio di istruzione secondaria external pupils at private schools with no peda- superiore. gogical autonomy, and independent candidates on general or technological courses. Those who Esame integrativo fail these exams may have a second chance if they Country: Italy sit the ➧ Exame de equivalência à frequência. Grammatical variants: Esami integrativi Level: ISCED 1, 2, 3 and 5 Examen cantonal Explanatory note: Examination held by the edu- Country: Belgium (French Community) cational institution concerned for candidates who Level: ISCED 1 are either studying at any educational level in Italy Explanatory note: Optional examination held at or abroad and wish to enrol in the equivalent year the end of primary education. This examination in another type of institution of the same level in may be taken by all pupils enrolled in the sixth Italy, or who have completed the supplementary year of écoles primaires administered or grant upper secondary course of study (corso integra- aided by the French Community, as well as by any tivo) lasting 1 year (after having successfully com- child aged 11 on 31 December of the year of the pleted upper secondary studies lasting less than examination, who is offi cially resident or attends 5 years). The tests are devised by the educational school in the canton in which it is held. It may also institution concerned. Following successful com- be taken by adults on an annual basis. It consists pletion of this examination, candidates receive of written papers in the main subjects. Satisfac- a certifi cate with no specifi c title or indication of tory performance in this examination leads to the marks, which gives them access to tertiary educa- award of the ➧ Certifi cat d’Études de Base. tion. Examen d’admission à l’enseignement Exam. oecon. secondaire général Country: Norway Country: Luxembourg Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 1 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Examinatus Explanatory note: Selection examination held at oeconomiae. the end of primary education lasting 6 years. It is intended solely for pupils who wish to enter gen- Exame de equivalência à frequência eral secondary education but whose marks in the Country: Portugal offi cial selection procedure suggest they are more Grammatical variants: Exames de equivalência suited to technical secondary education. Parents à frequência have to lodge an appeal against this decision for Level: ISCED 3 a pupil to sit the examination which covers Ger- Explanatory note: Compulsory examination man, French and arithmetic. Pupils who pass may taken by pupils in terminal subjects in the 10th be admitted into general secondary education. and 11th grades, and by pupils in the 12th grade, in subjects in which there is no compulsory Examen d’Aptitude à accéder à nationwide fi nal examination. The examination l’Enseignement Supérieur is also taken by external pupils and independent Country: Belgium (French Community) candidates on general or technological courses. Level: ISCED 4 It off ers a second-chance fi nal assessment to Explanatory note: Optional examination organ- pupils who have failed the ➧ Exame fi nal de âmbito ised by the French Community Examining Board nacional. at the end of the third cycle corresponding to the end of vocational upper secondary educa- Exame fi nal de âmbito nacional tion. Satisfactory performance in this exam- Country: Portugal ination enables those concerned to obtain the Grammatical variants: Exames fi nais de âmbito ➧ Diplôme d’Aptitude à accéder à l’Enseignement nacional Supérieur. The examination is intended mainly for Level: ISCED 3 those who have successfully completed a seventh

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 97 Examen de absolvire

year of vocational secondary education entitling Explanatory note: Final national examination them to the ➧ Certifi cat d’Enseignement Secondaire held at the end of 4 years of general lower second- Supérieur, as well as for foreign students. ary education (şcoala generală). The examination is compulsory for whose wishing to obtain the Examen de absolvire certifi cate ➧ Certifi cat de capacitate and includes Country: Romania written and practical tests (for pupils in artistic Grammatical variants: Examenul de absolvire and sports schools) devised by the Ministry of Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 Education and Research. The tests cover Roma- Explanatory note: Examination held on comple- nian language and literature, mathematics, and tion of courses at diff erent levels of vocational the history or geography of Romania. Pupils from education in şcoala profesională or şcoala de linguistic minorities must sit an extra examination ucenici, şcoala postliceală, colegiu universitar cor- covering their own language and literature. responding to upper secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education respectively. The tests are Examen de diplomă devised by each institution on the basis of crite- Country: Romania ria drawn up by the Ministry of Education and Grammatical variants: Examenul de diplomă Research and approved by the national educa- Level: ISCED 5 tion authorities. The number of tests and their Explanatory note: Examination organised by content diff er according to the type, level and the institution concerned at the end of university area of specialisation of the educational institu- studies (universitate) lasting 5 or 6 years in engi- tion. The examination is compulsory for obtain- neering or architecture. The examination, which ing the certifi cate ➧ Certifi cat de absolvire in şcoli is conducted by a special examining board, is postliceale (schools of post-secondary education), compulsory for obtaining the ➧ Diplomă de inginer or the qualifi cation ➧ Diplomă de absolvire in şcoli diplomat or ➧ Diplomă de arhitect diplomat. It profesionale or şcoli de ucenici (upper secondary consists of the defence of a written dissertation vocational schools) or in colegii universitare (insti- or project and tests for general and specialist sub- tutions of short-term university education). jects. The Ministry of Education and Research and the university senate of each institution draw up Examen de bacalaureat and approve the detailed rules and criteria of this Country: Romania examination, which includes a compulsory for- Grammatical variants: Examenul de bacalaureat eign language test. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Final national examination Examen de fi n d’apprentissage organised after 4 or 5 years of general, vocational Country: Luxembourg or technological upper secondary education at Level: ISCED 3 liceu. It is compulsory for obtaining the qualifi ca- Explanatory note: Examination taken on the tion ➧ Diplomă de bacalaureat. The tests (written completion of vocational studies at the end of the and oral) are devised by the Ministry of Educa- fi nal year of education (year 12, referred to as an tion and Research and diff er depending on the essentially practical year). It is organised by the school’s area of specialisation, or the branch of school and includes a theoretical and practical study. They cover Romanian language and litera- part. Pupils who pass both parts are awarded the ture, the language and literature of the linguistic ➧ Certifi cat d’aptitude technique et professionnelle, minority (for pupils pursuing their studies in one while those who pass the practical part only are of the minority languages), one specialist subject, awarded the ➧ Certifi cat de Capacité Manuelle. mathematics, one foreign language and a choice of one subject from another area of the curricu- Examen de fi n d’études du technicien lum not otherwise selected. In schools of human- Country: Luxembourg istic, theological, artistic or sports education, Level: ISCED 3 pupils are allowed to choose history or geography Explanatory note: National examination held of Romania instead of mathematics. Those whose at the end of secondary level studies for trainee performance in the examination is exceptional technicians. Its content is determined by the may also be awarded the ➧ Diplomă de merit. Ministry of Education and those who pass are awarded the ➧ Diplôme de technicien. Examen de capacitate Country: Romania Examen de fi n d’études secondaires Grammatical variants: Examenul de capacitate Country: Luxembourg Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 3

98 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Extranei-examen

Explanatory note: National examination organ- concerned. The examination leads to a ➧ Diploma ised at the end of general secondary education by middelbaar beroepsonderwijs and is passed when the Ministry of Education. The examination covers every ➧ Certifi caat mbo for the programme has the subjects taken in the fi nal year of each pupil’s been obtained. Abbreviation: Examen mbo. section of studies, including German as the lan- guage of instruction, mathematics, sciences and Examen spécial d’admission aux études a foreign language. Those who pass are awarded universitaires de 1er cycle en sciences the ➧ Diplôme de fi n d’études secondaires. appliquées Country: Belgium (French Community) Examen de fi n d’études secondaires Level: ISCED 5 techniques Explanatory note: Examination which is held at Country: Luxembourg the beginning of the academic year by the author- Level: ISCED 3 ities at each university institution and gives access Explanatory note: National examination organ- to fi rst-cycle university tertiary education in ised at the end of technical secondary educa- applied sciences, in accordance with a curriculum tion by the Ministry of Education. The examina- drawn up by the government of the French Com- tion covers the subjects studied in the fi nal year munity. It consists of examinations in the follow- of each pupil’s section of studies and those who ing subjects: analysis, algebra, trigonometry and pass are awarded the ➧ Diplôme de fi n d’études se- digital calculus and analytic geometry. The exam- condaires techniques. ination is compulsory and students must have the certifi cate showing that they have passed it Examen de licenţă to embark on courses in applied sciences. Those Country: Romania who have not reached the level required in mathe- Grammatical variants: Examenul de licenţă matics for the examination may work up to it by Level: ISCED 5 taking a year of preparatory courses in certain sec- Explanatory note: Examination organised by ondary schools. the institution concerned (universitate, academie or institut) at the end of university studies last- Examinatus oeconomiae ing 4 years. The examination, which is conducted Country: Norway by a special examining board, is compulsory for Grammatical variants: Examinata oeconomiae obtaining the qualifi cation ➧ Diplomă de licenţă. Level: ISCED 5 It consists of the defence of a written disserta- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by tion before the board, and tests in general and students who pass written and oral fi nal exam- specialist subjects. The Ministry of Education and inations at the end of fi rst-cycle university studies Research and the university senate of each institu- lasting three-and-a-half years in the fi eld of eco- tion draw up and approve the detailed rules and nomics. The examinations are set by each institu- criteria of this examination, which includes a com- tion and assessed by two examiners. The degree pulsory foreign language test. indicates the student’s results in the examinations and the average marks obtained in the main sub- Examen mbo jects. It gives access to the labour market or to Country: The Netherlands further tertiary education leading to the ➧ Candi- Grammatical variants: Examens mbo datus (+) degree in the same fi eld. Abbreviation: Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 Exam. oecon. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Examen mid- delbaar beroepsonderwijs. Synonym: Mbo-examen. Extranei-examen Country: The Netherlands Examen middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Grammatical variants: Extranei-examens Country: The Netherlands Level: ISCED 2, 3, 4 and 5 Grammatical variants: Examens middelbaar Explanatory note: Final school-leaving exam- beroepsonderwijs ination for candidates who are not registered as Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 pupils at a school for general secondary educa- Explanatory note: Leaving examination to tes- tion or as students at a university level institution tify completion of a vocational training pro- or university, but who take the ➧ Eindexamen held gramme lasting between six months and four at the school under the same conditions and at years, depending on the level of the programme the same time as those in full-time education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 99

Ff

Facharbeiterbrief Fachhochschulreife Country: Germany Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Facharbeiterbriefe, Grammatical variants: Fachhochschulreife* Facharbeiterbrief* Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation certifi ed in the Explanatory note: Certifi cate of vocational com- ➧ Zeugnis der Fachhochschulreife. petence awarded in the duales System (dual sys- tem of vocational training) to students who pass Fachoberschulreife the ➧ Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung for a recog- Country: Germany nised occupation requiring formal training. The Level: ISCED 2 and 3 certifi cate is always awarded together with an Explanatory note: School-leaving qualifi cation ➧ Abschlusszeugnis der Berufsschule. It gives access which is normally considered equivalent to a to the occupation and is a prerequisite for admis- ➧ Mittlerer Schulabschluss, and awarded in gen- sion to a Fachschule (technical school providing eral lower secondary education at the end of advanced vocational training) once candidates the tenth school year and in Berufsaufbauschulen have gained the required occupational experi- (vocational extension schools) in upper secon- ence, and for qualifi cation as a master craftsman dary education. It is a prerequisite for admission (➧ Meisterbrief). to a Fachoberschule (technical secondary school). Generic term used in certain Länder: Sekundar- Fachausweis abschluss I. Country: Liechtenstein Fagbrev Grammatical variants: Fachausweise, Country: Norway Fachausweis* Grammatical variants: Fagbrevet, fagbrevene Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- ➧ Explanatory note: Certifi cate of vocational dents who have passed the Prüfung zum qualifi cation in a craft trade, which is awarded Abschluss eines Hochschullehrgangs. It indicates to apprentices who have passed the ➧ Fagprøve the fi eld of study and occupational title, and examination at the end of a vocational training improves access to the labour market or enables course lasting at least 3 years. The certifi cate indi- its holder to pursue further studies leading to the cates the results of the examination and the trade ➧ Nachdiplom. to which it gives access. Fachgebundene Hochschulreife Fagkarakterbevis Country: Germany Country: Norway Grammatical variants: Fachgebunden* Grammatical variants: Fagkarakterbeviset, Hochschulreife* fagkarakterbevisene Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation which entitles Explanatory note: A subject grade certifi cate its holder to study particular subjects at a ter- which testifi es to completion of one or more sub- tiary education institution, and is obtained by tak- jects included in a course. ing various courses focusing on vocational upper secondary education. Certifi ed in the ➧ Zeugnis Fagprøve der Fachgebundenen Hochschulreife, the qualifi ca- Country: Norway tion may also be obtained in Zweite Bildungsweg Grammatical variants: Fagprøven, fagprøver, (‘second-chance’ education) and other adult or fagprøvene continuing education institutions. Level: ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 101 Farmaceut

Explanatory note: Compulsory vocational exam- FD ination held at the end of apprenticeship in a Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) fi rm or upper secondary school (videregående Level: ISCED 5 skole) for those who have taken courses lasting Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Foundation 2 years in the school with an additional 1 year degree. of ‘on-the-job’ training. The examination may also be taken by external candidates. Schools Felnőttek általános iskolai bizonyítvány and/or fi rms develop its content on the basis of Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: Felnőttek általános the training programme in a particular sector, in iskolai bizonyítványai, felnőttek általános iskolai accordance with Ministry of Education vocational bizonyítványa* training directives. The examination, which leads Level: ISCED 1 and 2 (Ad.E.) ➧ to a Fagbrev certifi cate, includes three parts, Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of namely planning, implementation, and documen- 8 years of adult education at an általános iskola, tation relevant to the performance of a practical which is awarded on the basis of class marks, with- task. External candidates have to pass theoretical out a fi nal examination. The certifi cate indicates examinations relating to the trade concerned. the subjects and fi nal year marks, and is required to gain access to upper secondary education or to Farmaceut employment. Country: Finland Grammatical variants: -en, -er, -erna Felsőfokú szakképesítést igazoló bizonyítvány Level: ISCED 5 Country: Hungary Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Farma- Grammatical variants: Felsőfokú szakképesítést seutti. igazoló bizonyítványok, felsőfokú szakképesítést igazoló bizonyítvány* Farmaceutexamen Level: ISCED 5 Country: Finland Explanatory note: Vocational qualifi cation Grammatical variants: -examina diploma awarded to students who have passed Level: ISCED 5 the ➧ Szakmai vizsga examination, which testi- Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Farmaseu- fi es to possession of a vocational qualifi cation tin tutkinto. (felsőfokú szakképesítés) included in the National List of Qualifi cations. The diploma indicates the Farmaseutin tutkinto subjects studied and results obtained. It gives Country: Finland access to the appropriate trade or occupation Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, and entitles its holders to continue their stud- -tutkinno* ies in non-university tertiary education colleges Level: ISCED 5 (főiskola) or in university tertiary education (egye- Explanatory note: First degree awarded to stu- tem). dents who have successfully completed 3 years Felvételi vizsga of full-time studies in pharmacy at university (yli- Country: Hungary opisto), which prepare them for work dispensing Grammatical variants: Felvételi vizsgák, felvételi medicine in all pharmaceutical sectors, as well vizsga* as providing a foundation for further education. Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 5 There is no fi nal examination but students have Explanatory note: Entrance examination set and to satisfactorily complete a six-month period organised by institutions of lower secondary edu- of practical training in a pharmacy. The degree cation, general and vocational upper secondary confers on its holder the title of ➧ Farmaseutti. education, and tertiary education, in order to Swedish term: Farmaceutexamen. select pupils/students according to their know- ledge and ability. In the case of lower secondary Farmaseutti education, it includes written examinations in the Country: Finland mother tongue, mathematics (and occasionally in Grammatical variants: Farmaseutit, farmaseutti*, history and literature) and in the specialist sub- farmaseuti* jects chosen by the pupil, as well as an oral exami- Level: ISCED 5 nation in the latter. The content of the examina- Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of tion is determined by the institution concerned, the ➧ Farmaseutin tutkinto degree. Swedish term: and each tertiary education institution also sets Farmaceut. out its academic entrance requirements in detail.

102 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Foundation degree

Fiskerikandidat part and an oral part set by the subject teacher Country: Norway and a teacher from another school in accordance Level: ISCED 5 with statutory provisions laid down for the indi- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by vidual subjects. The marks obtained in this exami- students at the end of a 5-year university course nation are entered into the ➧ Afgangsbevis fra in fi shery sciences. Students must pass written Folkeskolen certifi cate. It is required for admission and oral fi nal examinations set by their institution to the gymnasium, HHX and HTX in upper secon- and present a fi nal dissertation. They are assessed dary education. by two examiners, one of whom is external. The degree indicates the student’s results in the exam- Folkeskolens udvidede afgangsprøve inations, the subject of the fi nal dissertation and Country: Denmark its assessment. It gives access to employment Grammatical variants: Folkeskolens udvidede and/or to advanced study and research leading to afgangsprøver the ➧ Doctor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree. Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Non-compulsory advanced Foaie matricolă leaving examination taken on completion of the Country: Romania optional tenth year of the folkeskole, which may Grammatical variants: Foaia matricolă Level: ISCED 2, 3, 4 and 5 cover 6 subjects. This examination includes a Explanatory note: Student matriculation record, nationally coordinated written part and an oral indicating the level of education, the subjects and part set by the subject teacher and a teacher from the marks obtained in all years of study at lower another school in accordance with statutory pro- secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary and visions laid down for the individual subjects. The university levels (in şcoala generală, liceu, şcoala marks obtained in this examination are entered profesională, şcoala de ucenici, şcoala postliceală, into the ➧ Afgangsbevis fra Folkeskolen certifi cate. universitate, academie or institut). The record It is required for admission to HF courses in upper certifi es the completion of studies and a copy of it secondary education. is issued, without examination. At the end of lower secondary education it gives access to vocational Foundation degree (+) upper secondary education lasting between 1 and Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) 3 years (şcoala profesională or şcoala de ucenici). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: A tertiary education qualifi ca- Főiskolai oklevél tion awarded on successful completion of a short Country: Hungary course (normally 2 years full time, or part-time Grammatical variants: Főiskolai oklevelek, equivalent) usually in vocational subjects. Intro- főiskolai oklevél* duced in 2001, the Foundation degree is awarded Level: ISCED 5 by universities and other tertiary institutions and Explanatory note: Degree awarded at the end of some further education institutions, and aims to 3 to 4 years of non-university tertiary education ‘widen and increase participation in higher edu- in a college (főiskola) or at a university (egyetem), cation by delivering knowledge and skills needed to students who have passed the ➧ Záróvizsga for employment through the provision of work- fi nal examination. The degree indicates the fi eld based and fl exible modes of learning’. Individual of study, the area of specialisation and the fi nal institutions determine assessment procedures mark. It gives access to employment and entitles which may include written exams and continuous students to take a further course at a főiskola or assessment. They also decide what information to continue their studies in university level pro- (such as grades) is included on the correspond- grammes. ing certifi cate, although the subject area would Folkeskolens afgangsprøve normally be indicated. The qualifi cation will be Country: Denmark incorporated into the new framework for higher Grammatical variants: Folkeskolens education qualifi cations at ‘Intermediate level’ afgangsprøver (I). These qualifi cations are recognised for pro- Level: ISCED 2 gression within tertiary education (for example Explanatory note: Non-compulsory leaving to a ➧ Bachelors degree) and by employers, and examination on completion of compulsory edu- in some cases may lead to professional accredi- cation (folkeskole). It is organised at the end of the tation. The name of the qualifi cation is normally ninth year and may cover 10 subjects. This exam- followed by reference to the fi eld of study con- ination includes a nationally coordinated written cerned. Abbreviation: FD.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 103 Foundation level 1 certifi cate in

Foundation level 1 certifi cate in (+) Free-standing Mathematics Qualifi cation Country: Malta Country: United Kingdom (ENG) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- Explanatory note: A qualifi cation in mathemat- dents who successfully complete a 1-year course ics for young people and adults aged 16 or over at the Institute of Tourism Studies in order to and available at three levels: Foundation, which gain a vocational qualifi cation in hospitality includes mathematics up to approximately grade services. Course work is continuously assessed D standard of ➧ General Certifi cate of Second- through a combination of practical and assign- ment-based activities appropriate to the subject ary Education (GCSE) mathematics; Intermedi- concerned. Course modules include assessment ate, which includes mathematics up to grade A* by fi nal examination at the end of each semester. standard of GCSE mathematics; and Advanced, Depending on their fi nal grades, students com- which includes mathematics equivalent to that pleting this course may either enter the industry found in ➧ General Certifi cate of Education AS/A at trainee level, or apply for the course leading to level courses. It is intended that the qualifi ca- an ➧ Intermediate level 2 certifi cate in (+). tion should be studied in tandem with others. It requires 60 hours of teacher-directed study and Foundation stage profi le is assessed through equally weighted elements Country: United Kingdom (ENG) of ‘portfolio evidence’ and external examination, Level: ISCED 0 and 1 and off ered by several awarding bodies. Abbre- Explanatory note: An assessment scheme for viation: FSMQ. children aged 3 to 5 in the foundation stage of the ➧ National Curriculum. It replaced Baseline assess- Fristående examen ment and became statutory in England under the Country: Finland 2002 Education Act. Teachers and other qualifi ed staff make informal observations of each child’s Grammatical variants: -examina development in relation to the 6 areas of learning Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) in the foundation stage curriculum. The Profi le has Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Näyttötut- 13 scales which each have 9 points and schools kinto. may choose their own recording systems. The Profi le forms the basis of reports to parents and FSMQ the information is passed on to the child’s next Country: United Kingdom (ENG) teacher. On completion of the foundation stage, Level: ISCED 3 pupils progress to key stage 1 of the National Cur- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Free-stand- riculum. ing Mathematics Qualifi cation.

104 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Gg

Gala pārbaudījums Gediplo meer de in de aan vullende stu dies van (+) Country: Latvia Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Grammatical variants: Gala pārbaudījumi Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title Explanatory note: Final examination at the end obtained by students who satisfactorily complete of academic study programmes, which is organ- one year of additional further tertiary education ised by the institution concerned. It involves pre- supplementing a second-cycle university pro- paring and defending the Bachelor’s or Master’s gramme. The examinations are written and/or oral thesis and, depending on the institution, may as decided by the teacher, and cover all subjects be combined with marks obtained in intermedi- studied. The certifi cate awarded indicates the area ate examinations and/or in assessed course work, of study and gives access to the corresponding and/or practical work depending on the sub- profession or occupation. Abbreviation: GAS (+). ject. Successful performance in the examination Gediplomeerde in de gespecia li seerde studies leads to the ➧ Bakalaura diploms (+) or ➧ Maģistra van (+) diploms (+). Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 5 GAS (+) Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) obtained by students who already hold the Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Licentiaat in de (+), etc., and satisfactorily com- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Gediplo- plete a 1- or 2-year course of specialised univer- meer de in de aan vul lende stu dies van (+). sity further tertiary education. The course covers in depth one or more specialised subjects of the GCE A level second-cycle university programme. The exam- Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) inations are written and/or oral as decided by the Level: ISCED 3 teacher, and relate to all subjects studied. The cer- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General Cer- tifi cate awarded indicates the area of study and tifi cate of Education Advanced level. gives access to the corresponding profession or occupation. Abbreviation: GGS (+). GCE AS Examination Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Gediplomeerde in de voortgezette studies Level: ISCED 3 van (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Certifi cate of Education Advanced Supplementary Level: ISCED 5 Examination. Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title ob- tained by students who already hold the ➧ Gegra- GCE AS level dueerde in de (+) or ➧ Licentiaat in de (+) from Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) a hogeschool, and successfully complete an Level: ISCED 3 advanced further tertiary education course also at Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General Cer- a hogeschool. This course is intended to continue tifi cate of Education Advanced Subsidiary level. the studies undertaken for the above-mentioned initial qualifi cations, or provide for further special- GCSE isation in a particular fi eld. The examinations are Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) written and/or oral as decided by the teacher, and Level: ISCED 3 cover all subjects studied. The certifi cate awarded Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General Cer- indicates the fi eld of study and gives access to the tifi cate of Secondary Education. corresponding profession or occupation.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 105 Gegradueerde in de

Gegradueerde in de (+) General Certifi cate of Education Advanced Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Subsidiary level Level: ISCED 5 Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title in a Level: ISCED 3 specifi c fi eld, which are obtained by students at Explanatory note: Qualifi cation introduced in hogescholen who have successfully completed a September 2000 to replace the ➧ General Certifi - single-cycle Bachelor’s level 3-year course of non- cate of Education Advanced Supplementary Exam- university tertiary education off ered in fi elds such ination. It covers the fi rst year of a full ➧ General as accountancy and nursing, etc. The certifi cate Certifi cate of Education Advanced level course of awarded gives access to the corresponding pro- study, and is therefore set at a lower standard. fession or occupation, or to further tertiary level Abbreviation: GCE AS level, AS level. studies. Some qualifi cations may also be obtained in adult education, or with the approval of the General Certifi cate of Education Advanced Examining Board of the Flemish Community. For Supplementary Examination information on examinations and the details indi- Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) cated on the certifi cate, see ➧ Apotheker. Syno- Level: ISCED 3 nym: Gra duaat. Explanatory note: A single-subject qualifi cation which has now been replaced by the ➧ General General Certifi cate of Education Advanced Certifi cate of Education Advanced Subsidiary level. level It covered about half the content of a full subject Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) at ➧ General Certifi cate of Education Advanced level, Level: ISCED 3 but to the same depth and with the same rules for Explanatory note: Single-subject qualifi cation assessment, grading and coursework. It was also which is normally awarded to students aged 18 or available in adult education. Abbreviation: GCE AS over on completion of general upper secondary examination. education, and may also be awarded in adult edu- General Certifi cate of Secondary Education cation. It is divided into two parts. The ➧ General Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Certifi cate of Education Advanced Subsidiary level Level: ISCED 3 (GCE AS level) covers the less demanding material Explanatory note: A single-subject qualifi cation in an A level course, and is normally taken at the which is awarded on completion of the fi rst two end of the fi rst year of study. It is made up of three years of upper secondary education (the last two units and is a qualifi cation in its own right. The full years year of compulsory education) to pupils aged General Certifi cate of Education Advanced level (or 15-16 who meet the required standard. It may also A2) requires a further three units of study in the be awarded in adult education, and sometimes second year. A few AS courses do not lead to a to more able younger pupils. The General Cer- full A level. Most pupils study 4 or 5 subjects at AS tifi cate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is the main level and continue with 3 subjects at A2, choosing method of pupil assessment at this age, under the from a wide range of general and some vocational National Curriculum assessment arrangements. subjects. These qualifi cations are certifi cated by It is certifi cated by independent awarding bodies independent awarding bodies, all of which off er and regulated by the national qualifi cations and syllabuses for a range of subjects. They are regu- curriculum authorities. Syllabuses are available lated by the qualifi cations and curriculum authorit- in a very wide range of National Curriculum and ies. Most units are assessed by means of an exam- other subjects, while some subjects are available ination but some by coursework. In most A levels, as short courses designed to last half the time of coursework accounts for 20-30% of the marks. a full GCSE. Most pupils take GCSEs in English, The one or more certifi cates indicate the names mathematics, science and several other subjects. of the individual subjects and grades obtained. Since September 2002, GCSEs have been avail- Passes are graded on a descending scale from A able in vocational subjects, replacing the ➧ Part to E, while grade U (unclassifi ed) is a fail. The A2 One General National Vocational Qualifi cation. Syl- qualifi cation is an advanced level (3) qualifi cation labuses may be linear, with assessment at the end within the National Qualifi cations Framework and of the course, or modular, with assessment at the gives access to tertiary education, depending on end of each module as well as at the end of the the institution and programme concerned and course. Assessment varies but always includes the number and grades of passes obtained. It also externally set and marked components which gives access to employment and certain forms of are taken under supervised and timed conditions training. See also ➧ Advanced Vocational Certifi cate and may be written and/or oral and/or practical, of Education. Abbreviation: A level, GCE A level. depending on the subject. Coursework may also

106 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Getuigschrift

contribute to the fi nal grade. The one or more Gesellenbrief certifi cates indicate the names of the individual Country: Germany subjects passed and the grades obtained on a Grammatical variants: Gesellenbriefe, descending scale A*, A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Grades Gesellenbrief* A* to C are regarded as higher grade passes, and Level: ISCED 3 as intermediate level (2) qualifi cations within the Explanatory note: Journeyman’s certifi cate National Qualifi cations Framework. Grades D to G awarded at the end of vocational training in the are regarded as lower grade passes, and as foun- duales System (dual system of vocational train- ➧ dation level (1) qualifi cations within the National ing) to trainees who pass the Ausbildungsab- schlussprüfung in a craft before the authority Qualifi cations Framework. Grade U (unclassifi ed) (chamber) responsible for vocational qualifi ca- is a fail. This qualifi cation gives access to employ- tion. The certifi cate is always awarded together ment, certain forms of training, and many pro- with the ➧ Abschlusszeugnis der Berufsschule. It grammes of post-compulsory upper secondary qualifi es its holder for an occupation and is a education. Abbreviation: GCSE. prerequisite for further vocational education in a Fachschule (technical school providing advanced General National Vocational Qualifi cation vocational training) and further qualifi cation as a Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) master craftsman (➧ Meisterbrief). Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation, now being Getuigschrift (+) phased out, which was originally for young people Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) and adults over compulsory school age and avail- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 able at three levels: foundation, intermediate and Explanatory note: This certifi cate takes sev- advanced. At advanced level, GNVQs have been eral forms, depending on the type of education superseded by the ➧ Advanced Vocational Cer- received: tifi cate of Education. Foundation and Intermediate A certifi cate testifying to completion of the fi rst level GNVQs will be available until at least 2006, stage of secondary education: it is known as the while suitable qualifi cations to replace them are getuigschrift eerste graad secundair onderwijs developed. Certifi cated by independent awarding and is awarded at the end of the fi rst 2 years of bodies working within a framework regulated by secondary education. It entitles pupils to enter the national qualifi cations and curriculum author- the fi rst year of the second stage of secondary ities, these qualifi cations are available in 14 broad education leading to the getuigschrift tweede vocational areas (e.g. business and retail distribu- graad secundair onderwijs. A certifi cate testifying to completion of the sec- tion services). GNVQs are made up of units which ond stage of secondary education: it is known can be certifi cated separately if the full qualifi ca- as the getuigschrift tweede graad secundair tion is not completed. Assessment is primarily onderwijs and is awarded at the end of the based on internal assessment but moderated by second two-year stage of secondary education, the awarding body to ensure consistency of stan- to pupils who have already obtained the getuig- dards, and students must also sit some externally schrift eerste graad secundair onderwijs. The assessed tests. Completed GNVQs are graded as getuigschrift tweede graad secundair onderwijs, ‘pass’, ‘merit’ and ‘distinction’. Abbreviation: GNVQ. which may replace the ➧ Studiegetuigschrift, enables pupils to enter the fi rst year of the third General Scottish Vocational Qualifi cation stage of secondary education leading to the Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) ➧ Diploma secundair onderwijs. Level: ISCED 3 and 4 These certifi cates indicate the type of education Explanatory note: A qualifi cation taken by pupils concerned, and are awarded with the so-called who remain in full-time education for 2 years after oriënteringsattest (see ➧ Oriënteringsattest A and the minimum school leaving age, providing a ➧ Oriënteringsattest B) and taken into account comprehensive preparation for employment, as when deciding whether pupils will be admitted well as a qualifi cation for entry to tertiary educa- to the next level of education. Pupils who do not tion. Awarded by the Scottish Qualifi cations Author- pass the examinations held on completion of ity (SQA), it constitutes an alternative to the more a school year (secondary education) receive an academic ➧ Higher qualifi cation. Evaluation is ➧ Oriënteringsattest C. by assessment, including practical components. The getuigschrift, which is awarded to pupils at The certifi cate indicates the subjects studied and the end of the fi fth year of social and vocational passed. Abbreviation: GSVQ. training (in training form 3 of special secondary

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 107 Getuig schrift ba sisonder wijs

education). These pupils are off ered social and education, this certifi cate may also be obtained in vocational training with a view to securing adult education, or with the approval of the Exam- their integration into a normal environment ining Board of the Flemish Community. and work situation, and have to acquire all skills specifi ed in a training course chosen from a set Getuig schrift van alterne rende of possible options. These skills are listed on beroepsopleiding the certifi cate which gives access to the corres- Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) ponding profession or occupation, and entitles Level: ISCED 3 (SEN) its holders to qualify for block release vocational Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils training leading to a ➧ Getuigschrift van alterne- who have already obtained the ➧ Getuigschrift (+) rende beroepsopleiding. In some cases, pupils for a course in training form 3 of special secon- may also obtain the certifi cate by successfully dary education, and have satisfactorily completed completing the block release training in form 3 block release vocational training also in form 3. of special secondary education. The block release training takes one year and The getuigschrift van leertijd (apprenticeship consists of part-time vocational training at school certifi cate), which is awarded at the end of the and part-time acquisition of professional experi- second stage of vocational secondary educa- ence through ‘on-the-job’ training in a company tion including a simultaneous apprenticeship. or business. The written, oral or practical exam- The written, oral or practical examinations are inations are set by the individual school and cover set by the individual school and cover all sub- all subjects studied. The certifi cate gives access jects studied. The name of the certifi cate is fol- to the corresponding profession or occupation. lowed by reference to the course concerned. Pupils who do not hold the Getuigschrift (for a course in training form 3 of special secondary Getuigschrift basisonder wijs education) may obtain the Getuig schrift van alter- Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) ne rende beroepsop leiding by passing the examina- Level: ISCED 1 tions for the block release vocational training. Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils who have satisfactorily achieved curricular objec- Getuigschrift van het afsluitend examen tives at the end of primary education lasting 6 Country: The Netherlands years. Assessment for the certifi cate, which is car- Grammatical variants: Getuigschriften van de ried out by the teachers collectively, includes writ- afsluitende examens ten examinations set by the school. The certifi cate Level: ISCED 4 and 5 may also be awarded to pupils who pass the fi rst Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by uni- year of general secondary education (A-stream) or versities and professional tertiary education insti- the second year of vocational secondary educa- tutions (hbo, or hogescholen) to students who ➧ tion (B-stream). The certifi cate gives access to the pass the Afsluitend examen at the end of non- fi rst year of the fi rst stage of secondary education, university tertiary education (with 240 credits and may in certain cases be obtained by pupils in corresponding in general to four years of study), special primary education. fi rst-cycle university education (180 credits), or second-cycle university education (in which 60 Getuigschrift DKO credits are generally equivalent to 1 year, 120 Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) credits correspond to 2 years of study in technical Level: ISCED 2 and 3 subjects, agriculture, science and dentistry, and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Getuig schrift 180 credits to 3 years of study in medicine, phar- van het deeltijds kunston derwijs (+). macy and veterinary medicine). The certifi cate lists the name of the course, the subjects in which Getuig schrift over de basisken nis van het the student is examined, and – where appropri- bedrijfsbe heer ate – the professional qualifi cation obtained. It Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) confers on hbo graduates the title of ➧ Baccalau- Level: ISCED 3 reus (+), ➧ Bachelor (+) or ➧ Ingenieur (abbreviated Explanatory note: Certifi cate which is awarded as ing.) and gives access to the labour market or to those who pass the examinations held on com- further professional tertiary education. Gradu- pletion of the course known as Basiskennis van het ates from the fi rst cycle of university education bedrijfsbeheer (basic knowledge of business man- are authorised in law to use the academic title of agement), and which enables them to start their Bachelor (+) and embark on the second cycle of own business. The written or oral examinations university education, in which the certifi cate leads are set by the individual school and cover all sub- to the title of ➧ Master. In addition to the title of jects studied. After the completion of compulsory Master, graduates are allowed to use the Dutch

108 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Gra duaat

titles ➧ Meester (law degree, abbreviated as mr.), special secondary education. The written, oral or ➧ Ingenieur (in agriculture or engineering, abbre- practical examinations are set by the individual viated as ir.) and and/or ➧ Doctorandus (in all other school and cover all subjects studied. The cer- disciplines, abbreviated as drs.). Holders of these tifi cate indicates the skills acquired, which form titles may enter the labour market, or embark on a self-contained whole giving ready access to the further tertiary education or advanced study and corresponding occupation in the labour market. research. GGS (+) Getuig schrift van het deeltijds kunst- Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) onderwijs (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Gediplo- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 meerde in de gespecialiseerde studies van (+), which Explanatory note: Certifi cate of part-time artis- is followed by reference to the fi eld of study con- tic education awarded to pupils, young people cerned. and adults who have already obtained the ➧ Eind- attest van het deeltijds kunstonderwijs , and have Gimnáziumi bizonyítvány satisfactorily completed the fi nal year of the Country: Hungary intermediate or higher level. The certifi cate may Grammatical variants: Gimnáziumi be awarded in the four disciplines of visual arts, bizonyítványok, gimnáziumi bizonyítvány* music, verbal expression and drama, and dance. Level: ISCED 3 Each discipline has its own structure with its own Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of levels and options. Depending on the discipline general upper secondary education (gimnázium), concerned, pupils may start at the age of 6 or 8. awarded on the basis of class marks, without a fi nal examination. The certifi cate indicates the The examinations are organised by the individual subjects taken and results obtained during the institution, and holders of the higher level certifi - studies, and enables pupils to take the ➧ Érettségi cate may begin the specialisation stage leading to vizsga examination or to gain access to the labour a ➧ Kwalifi catiegetuig schrift van het deeltijds kunst- market. onderwijs. The name of the certifi cate is followed by reference to the level and name of the option Gimnáziumi érettségi bizonyítvány concerned. Abbreviation: Getuigschrift DKO. Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: Gimnáziumi érettségi Getuigschrift van het propedeutisch examen bizonyítványok, gimnáziumi érettségi Country: The Netherlands bizonyítvány* Grammatical variants: Getuigschriften van de Level: ISCED 3 propedeutische examens Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of Level: ISCED 5 general upper secondary education, awarded by Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to students schools to pupils who pass the ➧ Érettségi vizsga ➧ on successful completion of the Propedeutisch examination. It indicates the subjects taken and examen. It allows them to continue their studies in the results obtained, and is necessary for entry to university or professional tertiary education. tertiary education. Getuig schrift van pedago gische GNVQ bekwaamheid Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 (A.Ed) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General Explanatory note: Teaching qualifi cation obtain- National Vocational Qualifi cation. ed by adult learners who pass the examinations of the groep 3-course, thus securing entry to the GPB teaching profession in stage 1 and/or stage 2 and/or Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) stage 3 of secondary education. For information Level: ISCED 5 on examinations and the details indicated on the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Getuig schrift certifi cate, see ➧ Apotheker. Abbreviation: GPB. van peda go gische be kwaamheid. Getuig schrift van ver wor ven vaar dig heden Graduaat Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 2 and 3 (SEN) Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Gegradueerde who pass part of a specifi c course of training in in de (+).

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 109 Graduado en Educación Secundaria

Graduado en Educación Secundaria Explanatory note: Certificate and title replaced Country: Spain by the ➧฀Graduado en Educación Secundaria cer- Grammatical variants: Graduados en Educación tificate in the 2001/02 school year, which in turn Secundaria will be replaced by the degree/title ➧฀Graduado en Level: ISCED 2 Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, with the imple- Explanatory note: Certificate and title obtained mentation of the 2002 Ley Orgánica de Calidad de by pupils whose continuous assessment in every la Educación (LOCE, or Organic Act on the Qual- subject taken has been satisfactory during their ity of Education). Under the education system in existence prior to the reform of the 1990 Ley four years of general lower secondary educa- Orgánica de Ordenación General del Sistema Edu- tion (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, or ESO) as cativo (LOGSE, or Organic Law on the General defined by the 1990 Ley Orgánica de Ordenación Organisation of the Education System), the certifi- General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE, or Organic cate was awarded at the end of 8 years of compul- Law on the General Organisation of the Educa- sory education (Educación General Básica, or EGB) tion System). Pupils are assessed by all their tea- to pupils who passed in all subjects. It gave access chers (maestros/as and/or licenciados) in a group to general upper secondary education (BUP, or coordinated by the teacher responsible for the Bachillerato Unificado y Polivalente) or vocational class and with advice from the guidance serv- lower secondary education (FP I, or Formación ices (Departamento de orientación). The results of Profesional de primer grado). this assessment may be taken into account when guiding them in their choice of further education Graduat en (+) or a career. The certificate gives access to the gen- Country: Belgium (French Community) eral and vocational branches of upper secondary Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the Hau- education (Bachillerato and Formación profesional tes Écoles or Écoles supérieures des Arts on comple- específica de grado medio, respectively). With the tion of three years of short non-university tertiary implementation of the 2002 Ley Orgánica de Cali- education to those who have passed the curricular dad de la Educación (LOCE, or Organic Act on the examinations organised by the institution in each Quality of Education), this certificate and title will subject, and submitted a final written assignment be replaced by the title of ➧฀Graduado en Edu- (mémoire). Some graduats may also be obtained cación Secundaria Obligatoria. in education for promotion sociale (adult educa- tion). The diploma indicates the field of study, the Graduado en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria subjects taken, the subject of the mémoire and Country: Spain the final marks obtained. It confers on its hold- Grammatical variants: Graduados en Educación ers the title of ➧฀Gradué/e en (+). The diploma Secundaria Obligatoria gives access to the labour market, to specialised Level: ISCED 2 studies leading to the ➧฀Diplôme de spécialisation Explanatory note: Certificate and title which and, under certain circumstances, to long second- will replace the title of ➧฀Graduado en Educación cycle studies in tertiary education, second-cycle Secundaria with the implementation of the 2002 university studies, or long non-university tertiary Ley Orgánica de Calidad de la Educación (LOCE, or studies. The term graduat en is always followed by Organic Act on the Quality of Education). The cer- reference to the field of study concerned. tificate is to be awarded to pupils after they have Graduate Certificate/Diploma (+) passed in all subjects, or following the successful Country: United Kingdom completion of a vocational initiation programme Level: ISCED 5 (Programas de Iniciación Profesional). Under cer- Explanatory note: Tertiary education qualifica- tain circumstances specified by the government, tions normally in a specialised or vocational sub- it will be awarded on an exceptional basis to ject and based largely on undergraduate mater- pupils who have not passed in all subjects and ial. They are usually taken by students who are will mention the average grade obtained. The title already holders of a ➧฀Bachelors degree in another will give access to Bachillerato, intermediate level discipline. Courses leading to these qualifications, vocational training and/or to employment. often known as ‘conversion’ courses, are offered by universities and other tertiary education insti- Graduado Escolar tutions. Graduate Certificates should normally take Country: Spain the equivalent of at least one-third and Diplomas Grammatical variants: Graduados Escolares at least two-thirds of an academic year. Assess- Level: ISCED 2 ment arrangements are determined at institu-

110 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Gyógypedagógiai általános iskolai bizonyítvány

tional level but may include written examinations, Gümnaasiumi lõpueksamid continuous assessment, extended essays or the- Country: Estonia ses, or a combination of all these. Under the new Grammatical variants: Gümnaasiumi frameworks for higher education qualifi cations, lõpueksamite, gümnaasiumi lõpueksameid which are being phased in from September 2003, Level: ISCED 3 the courses should have learning outcomes that Explanatory note: Examination held at the end match relevant parts of the qualifi cation descrip- of 3 years of general upper secondary education tor at ‘Honours level’ (H) or, in Scotland, ‘SHE level at gümnaasium. It consists of fi ve examinations, 3’ and H/‘SCQF levels 9 and 10’ (see Bachelors three of them organised externally ➧ Riigieksamid degree). These qualifi cations are recognised for and two, internally ➧ Koolieksamid. Pupils who progression within tertiary education (for exam- successfully pass two parts of this examination ple to a ➧ Masters degree) and by employers, and receive the ➧ Gümnaasiumi lõputunnistus certifi - in some cases may lead to professional accredi- cate. tation. The name of the qualifi cation is normally followed by reference to the fi eld of study con- Gümnaasiumi lõputunnistus cerned. Country: Estonia Grammatical variants: Gümnaasiumi Graduate Diploma lõputunnistuse Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded following who have successfully completed the national a second-cycle course of tertiary education usually curriculum for upper secondary education in a specialised or vocational subject, mainly in uni- and passed fi ve fi nal examinations ➧ Gümnaa- versities and institutes of technology. Courses nor- siumi lõpueksamid. It is issued by the school and mally take one year’s full-time or two year’s part- includes the subjects taken, the fi nal marks and time study depending on the institution. marks of internal fi nal examinations. It is valid only Gradué/e en (+) when held in conjunction with a national exam- ➧ Country: Belgium (French Community) ination certifi cate Riigieksamitunnistus, and Level: ISCED 5 gives access to all types of tertiary education Explanatory note: Title conferred by the Hautes (ülikool, rakenduskõrgkool). Écoles or Écoles supérieures des Arts to students Gymnasiets avgångsbetyg who have obtained the ➧ Graduat en (+). Unlike : Finland ➧ Candidat/e en (+), ➧ Licencié/e en (+), ➧ Maître Country en (+), etc., gradué/e may function as an adjec- Grammatical variants: -betyget, -betygen Level: ISCED 3 tive and be included in a title in the following ➧ form: ‘name of the profession + gradué/e’, as in Explanatory note: Swedish term for Lukion infi rmier/ère gradué/e, bibliothécaire documenta- päättötodistus. liste gradué/e, etc. Gyógypedagógiai általános iskolai Grundexamen bizonyítvány Country: Finland Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: -examina Grammatical variants: Gyógypedagógiai Level: ISCED 3 általános iskolai bizonyítványok, Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ammatil- gyógypedagógiai általános iskolai bizonyítvány* linen perustutkinto. Level: ISCED 1 and 2 (SEN) Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of 8 GSVQ years of education for pupils with special educa- Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) tional needs, awarded on the basis of class marks, Grammatical variants: without a fi nal examination. The certifi cate indi- Level: ISCED 3 and 4 cates the subjects taken and fi nal year marks, and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ General is required to gain access to mainstream upper Scottish Vocational Qualifi cation. secondary education or the labour market.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 111

Hh

H.Dip.Ed. Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) Country: Ireland Explanatory note: Synonym for certifi caat havo. Level: ISCED 5 See ➧ Certifi caat hoger algemeen voortgezet onder- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Higher wijs. diploma in education. Havo-diploma Habilitation à diriger des recherches Country: The Netherlands Country: France Grammatical variants: Havo-diploma’s Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Explanatory note: Diploma testifying to the abil- Explanatory note: Synonym for diploma havo. ity to undertake original academic research at a See ➧ Diploma hoger algemeen voortgezet onder- high level and supervise young researchers. It is wijs. awarded to candidates who hold a ➧ Doctorat (+) and who have already published research of their Havo-eindexamen own. The diploma indicates the fi eld of specialisa- Country: The Netherlands tion and gives access to appointment as a univer- Grammatical variants: Havo-eindexamens sity teacher, subject to successful performance in Level: ISCED 3 a competitive selection procedure. Explanatory note: Synonym for eindexamen Hauptschulabschluss havo. See ➧ Eindexamen hoger algemeen voort- Country: Germany gezet onderwijs. Grammatical variants: Hauptschulabschluss* Level: ISCED 2 HETAC Diploma Explanatory note: The term used in most Länder Country: Ireland for the ➧ Erster allgemein bildender Schulabschluss, Level: ISCED 5 which is generally awarded after the ninth school Explanatory note: Teaching qualifi cation year by Hauptschulen, as well as by other types of awarded by the Higher Education and Training lower secondary school, if at least adequate marks Awards Council (HETAC) to holders of a ➧ Bach- are obtained in all subjects. This fi rst leaving cer- elor’s degree or a ➧ National Diploma (+) in art or tifi cate normally provides for admission to voca- design who successfully complete a 1-year full- tional training in the duales System (dual system time course. of vocational training) and, under certain circum- stances, to the Berufsgrundbildungsjahr (a year of HF basic vocational training) or a Berufsfachschule (a Country: Denmark type of vocational school). It is also a prerequisite Level: ISCED 3 for admission to Zweite Bildungsweg (‘second- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Højere For- chance’ education) and other adult education beredelseseksamen. institutions and, on completion of initial voca- tional training, to certain Fachschulen (technical HHX schools providing advanced vocational training). Country: Denmark Generic term used in certain Länder: Sekundarab- Level: ISCED 3 schluss I. Synonyms used in certain Länder: Berufs- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Højere Han- bildungsreife, Berufsreife. delseksamen. Havo-certifi caat Higher Country: The Netherlands Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) Grammatical variants: Havo-certifi caten Level: ISCED 3 and 4

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 113 Higher diploma in education

Explanatory note: A 1-year national qualifi ca- fi c a t e has not yet been incorporated into the new tion which is usually awarded to pupils at the frameworks for higher education qualifi cations end of the penultimate (fi fth) year of secondary but is a level 4 qualifi cation within the National education but can also be obtained in adult edu- Qualifi cations Framework (in Scotland, SCQF level cation. The qualifi cation is available in a range of 7). It is recognised for progression within tertiary academic and vocational subjects and there is no education (for example to a ➧ Bachelors degree) compulsory number or common core of subjects and by employers, and in some cases may lead to that all students are required to study. However, in professional accreditation. The name of the qual- practice, a maximum of 5 Highers in diff erent sub- ifi cation is normally followed by reference to the jects is studied in one year. Highers are divided into fi eld of study concerned. Abbreviation: HNC. units which are internally assessed on the basis of coursework, but there is also an external assess- Higher National Diploma (+) ment which determines the grade on a scale from Country: United Kingdom A to C. Units can be taken separately. The Scottish Level: ISCED 5 Qualifi cations Authority (SQA) awards the qual- Explanatory note: A tertiary education qualifi ca- ifi cation, carries out external assessments and tion awarded on successful completion of a short moderates internal assessments. Assessments are course (normally 2 years full time) by the Edexcel usually written, though depending on the subject Foundation in England, Wales and Northern Ire- studied, oral and practical assessments may also land and by the Scottish Qualifi cations Authority be undertaken. These qualifi cations are at Scottish (SQA) in Scotland. Courses are unit-based and Credit and Qualifi cations Framework (SCQF) level 6 provided in universities, other tertiary educa- and used for entry to tertiary education, and also tion institutions and, in some cases, further edu- studied to assist entry into employment. cation institutions. This qualifi cation requires more units of study than a ➧ Higher National Cer- Higher diploma in education tifi cate. Assessment of students is determined by Country: Ireland individual institutions in accordance with assess- Level: ISCED 5 ment and quality criteria laid down by Edexcel Explanatory note: Qualifi cation for secondary (in Scotland, the SQA); it may include a combina- school teaching, which is awarded by universi- tion of examinations, continuous assessment and ties to students who already hold a fi rst degree project work. Successful students receive a Higher such as a ➧ Bachelor’s degree (3 or 4 years of study) National Diploma which indicates the area of and pass the required examinations and practical study, e.g. business administration. The Diploma placements. Abbreviation: H.Dip.Ed. is accompanied by a Certifi cate of Achievement which specifi es each unit of study taken and Higher National Certifi cate (+) whether a ‘pass’, ‘merit’ or ‘distinction’ was gained. Country: United Kingdom It will be incorporated into the framework for Level: ISCED 5 higher education qualifi cations, which is being Explanatory note: A tertiary education qualifi ca- phased in from September 2003, at ‘Intermediate tion awarded on successful completion of a short level’ (I) or, in Scotland at ‘SHE level 2’/‘SCQF level course (normally 2 years part time) in a vocational 8’. The Higher National Diploma is recognised for subject, by the Edexcel Foundation (formerly Busi- progression within tertiary education (for exam- ness and Technology Education Council) in England, ple to a ➧ Bachelors degree) and by employers, and Wales and Northern Ireland and by the Scottish in some cases may lead to professional accredi- Qualifi cations Authority (SQA) in Scotland. Courses tation. The name of the qualifi cation is normally are unit-based and provided in universities, other followed by reference to the fi eld of study con- tertiary education institutions and, in some cases, cerned. Abbreviation: HND. further education institutions. Assessment of stu- dents is determined by individual institutions in HNC accordance with assessment and quality criteria Country: United Kingdom laid down by Edexcel (in Scotland, the SQA); it Level: ISCED 5 may include a combination of examinations, con- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Higher tinuous assessment and project work. Success- National Certifi cate. ful students receive a Higher National Certifi cate which indicates the area of study, e.g. business HND administration. The Certifi cate is accompanied by Country: United Kingdom a Certifi cate of Achievement which specifi es each Level: ISCED 5 unit of study taken and whether a ‘pass’, ‘merit’ or Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Higher ‘distinction’ was gained. The Higher National Certi- National Diploma.

114 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Højere Teknisk Eksamen

Hochschulprüfung years they have already completed, from the 4 or Country: Germany three-and-a-half years required for the latter (sub- Grammatical variants: Hochschulprüfungen, ject to the agreement of the tertiary education Hochschulprüfung* institution and faculty at which it is off ered). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: General term for a ➧ kirchliche Højere Forberedelseseksamen Abschlussprüfung (ecclesiastical examination), Country: Denmark ➧ Diplomprüfung, and ➧ Magisterprüfung, exam- Grammatical variants: Højere forberedelses- inations leading to the award of the ➧ Bachelor. eksamener Unlike the ➧ Staatsprüfung, the Hochschulprüfung Level: ISCED 3 (academic examination) is usually administered Explanatory note: Examination taken on com- by staff members of the tertiary education insti- pletion of general upper secondary education tution concerned, which is solely responsible for lasting 2 years (HF-kursus). It is organised by this task. the Ministry of Education and includes written and oral examinations (the written ones set at Högskoleexamen national level) in all of the compulsory common Country: Sweden core subjects, including Danish, mathematics, a Grammatical variants: Högskoleexamina foreign language and sciences, optional subjects Level: ISCED 5 and a written assignment. Pupils have to pass this Explanatory note: General degree awarded after examination to obtain the ➧ Bevis for Højere For- 2 years of full-time study in any faculty at a univer- beredelseseksamen. Abbreviation: HF. sity or university college (universitet or högskola). The degree certifi cate indicates the major fi eld of Højere Handelseksamen study, the subjects passed and marks obtained, Country: Denmark and gives access to employment. There is no cor- Grammatical variants: Højere handelseksamener responding title. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Examination taken on com- Högskoleingenjörsexamen pletion of general upper secondary education Country: Sweden lasting 3 years (handelskole). It is organised by Grammatical variants: Högskoleingenjörsexamina the Ministry of Education and includes written Level: ISCED 5 and oral examinations (the written ones set at Explanatory note: Professional degree in engin- national level). During their three years, pupils eering, awarded after a full-time study programme must pass 10 oral or written examinations, 3 of lasting 2 or 3 years, which normally includes a which are in the second year. A written examina- degree project, at a university or university col- tion in Danish (level A) is compulsory, while there lege (universitet or högskola). The degree cer- is a draw to decide whether pupils take oral or tifi cate indicates the subjects passed and marks written examinations in the following compul- obtained. Both the 2-year and 3-year degree give sory subjects: English, business economics, inter- access to employment, while holders of the latter national economics, contemporary history, com- are also eligible for doctoral studies leading to the mercial law and sales. Subjects taken at level A ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). have to be completed with a written examination. In addition to the examinations, a written assign- Høgskolekandidat ment has to be completed during the third year. Country: Norway Examinations are taken in the presence of exter- Level: ISCED 5 nal examiners. Pupils have to pass this exami- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by nation to obtain the ➧ Bevis for Højere Handels- students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- eksamen. Abbreviation: HHX. tions at the end of courses lasting 2 to 3 years in a høgskole. This qualifi cation may be obtained in Højere Teknisk Eksamen various fi elds of study and is often multidisciplin- Country: Denmark ary. The examinations are set by each institution Grammatical variants: Højere tekniske and assessed by two examiners. The degree indi- eksamener cates the student’s results in the examinations and Level: ISCED 3 the average marks obtained in the main subjects. Explanatory note: Examination taken on com- It gives access to employment or to further terti- pletion of general upper secondary education ary education. It is normally possible for students lasting 3 years (teknisk skole). During their three with this degree who later wish to study for the years, pupils must pass 10 oral or written exami- ➧ Candidatus magisterii to deduct the number of nations. A written examination in Danish (level A)

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 115 Hovedfagskandidat

is compulsory, while there is a draw to decide Høyere revisoreksamen whether pupils take an oral or written examina- Country: Norway tion, or both, in mathematics (the other compul- Level: ISCED 5 sory subject, at level B). The eight other exam- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to stu- inations depend on the pupil’s choice of optional dents with a vitnemål revisorutdanning (see subjects and the draw to determine oral or writ- ➧ Vitnemål (+)) who pass written and oral fi nal ten examinations, or both. Subjects taken at level examinations at the end of a one-and-a-half-year A have to be fi nished with a written examination. university course in auditing. The examinations Examinations are taken in the presence of exter- are set by each institution and assessed by two nal examiners. Pupils have to pass this examina- examiners, one of whom is external. The diploma tion to obtain the ➧ Bevis for Højere Teknisk Eksa- indicates the student’s results in the examinations men. Abbreviation: HTX. and the average marks obtained in the main sub- jects concerned. It gives access to employment. Hovedfags kandidat Country: Norway HTX Level: ISCED 5 Country: Denmark Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Level: ISCED 3 students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Højere tions and present a fi nal dissertation at the end of Teknisk Eksamen. a 2-year course following the ➧ Candidatus ma- gisterii degree. The examinations are set by each institution and assessed by two examiners, one of whom is external. The degree certifi cate indicates the student’s results in the examinations, the sub- ject of the fi nal dissertation and its assessment. It gives access to employment and/or to advanced study and research leading to the ➧ Doctor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree. Høyere avdelings eksamen Country: Norway Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students who pass written and oral fi nal examinations and submit a fi nal dissertation at the end of a 2-year university course in business management fol- lowing the ➧ Siviløkonom qualifi cation. The exam- inations are set by each institution and assessed by two examiners, one of whom is external. The diploma indicates the student’s results in the fi nal examinations, the subject of the fi nal dissertation and its assessment. It gives access to employment and/or to advanced study and research leading to the ➧ Doctor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree.

116 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Ii

Idrettskandidat Ingeniería en/de (+) Country: Norway Country: Spain Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Ingenierías en/de Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Level: ISCED 5 students with a ➧ Candidatus magisterii who pass Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students a fi nal examination at the end of a 2-year univer- who have passed the examinations required sity course in physical education. The examina- under the programme and a fi nal examination (a tion consists of written and practical tests rela- written report on a practical project) at the end of ting to the area of specialisation, which are set by long-cycle university studies in engineering (5-6 the institution concerned. Students are assessed years) in an Escuela Técnica Superior or Facultad. by two examiners, one of whom is external. The It can also be obtained at the end of the second degree diploma indicates their results in the cycle of university studies lasting 3 years (after the ➧ ➧ ➧ examinations and the average marks obtained in Diplomado en (+), Maestro (+) or Ingeniero Técnico en/de (+)). The examinations are organ- the main subjects. It gives access to employment ised by each institution and cover every subject and/or to advanced study and research leading to ➧ ➧ taken. The degree certifi cate indicates the fi eld of the Doctor (+) or Ph.d. degree. specialisation and confers on its holder the title ➧ Ing. of Ingeniero en/de (+) which gives access to the engineering profession and/or to a ➧ Doctorado Country: Czech Republic en (+). The title is always followed by the name Level: ISCED 5 ➧ of the fi eld of specialisation. This degree corres- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Inženýr/ka. ponds to a ➧ Licenciatura en (+). Ing. Ingeniería Técnica en/de (+) Country: Slovakia Country: Spain Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Ingenierías Técnicas en/de Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Inžinier (+). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Ing. who have passed the examinations required Country: The Netherlands under the programme and a fi nal examination Level: ISCED 5 (a written report on a practical project) at the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Ingenieur end of fi rst-cycle university studies in engineer- obtained in professional tertiary education (hbo). ing (3 years) in an Escuela Universitaria. The writ- It is written before the name of the holder of the ten and/or oral examinations are organised by title. each teacher (professor) and cover every subject taken. The degree certifi cate indicates the fi eld of Ing.arch. specialisation. It confers on its holder the title of Country: Czech Republic ➧ Ingeniero Técnico en/de (+) and gives access to Level: ISCED 5 the profession and/or to second-cycle university Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Inženýr/ka in studies leading to the title of ➧ Ingeniero en/de (+) the fi eld of architecture. or ➧ Diplomado en (+). The title is always followed by the name of the fi eld of specialisation. This Ing.arch. degree corresponds to a ➧ Diplomatura en (+). Country: Slovakia Level: ISCED 5 Ingeniero en/de (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of inžinier architekt Country: Spain in the fi eld of architecture, see ➧ Inžinier (+). Grammatical variants: Ingeniera/os en/de

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 117 Ingeniero Técnico en/de

Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Title conferred on students who obtain the who have obtained the ➧ Ingeniería en/de (+) ➧ Getuigschrift van het afsluitend examen on degree. It is always followed by the name of the completion of second-cycle university educa- fi eld of specialisation. tion in agriculture or engineering. It is written before the name of its holder and obtained Ingeniero Técnico en/de (+) together with the title of ➧ Master (+). Abbrevia- Country: Spain tion: Ir. Grammatical variants: Ingeniera/os Técnica/os Degree and title obtained by students who en/de have been awarded the getuigschrift van het Level: ISCED 5 afsluitend examen at the end of the fi rst cycle of Explanatory note: Title conferred on students professional tertiary education (hbo) in techni- who have obtained the ➧ Ingeniería Técnica cal fi elds (engineering or agriculture). The title is en/de (+) degree. It is always followed by the name written before the name of its holder. Abbrevia- of the fi eld of specialisation and corresponds to tion: Ing. the ➧ Diplomado en (+). Ingenieur/in Ingenieur Country: Austria Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Grammatical variants: Ingenieure, Level: ISCED 5 Ingenieurinnen, Ingenieur* Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title Level: ISCED 4 obtained by students who have successfully Explanatory note: Title conferred by the Ministry completed a 2-year fi rst cycle of university edu- of Economic Aff airs on holders of the ➧ Reife- und cation leading to the ➧ Kandidaat in de (+), and Diplomprüfungszeugnis (obtained on completion then either a 3-year second cycle of university of a 5-year upper secondary technical and voca- studies in architecture, commerce or applied bio- tional school) who apply for it after 3 years of rel- logical sciences, or a tertiary level 4-year 2-cycle evant professional experience. course in industrial engineering at a hogeschool. Depending on the fi eld of study, the qualifi cation Ingénieur (+) and its title are Burgelijk ingenieur (Civil engineer), Country: Belgium (French Community) Burgelijk ingenieur-architect (Civil engineer-archi- Level: ISCED 5 tect), Bio-ingenieur (Agricultural or Bio-engineer), Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title Handelsingenieur (Commercial engineer), or Indus- awarded by universities on the completion of trieel ingenieur (Engineer in industrial science and three years of second-cycle university studies, or by the Hautes Écoles following two or three years technology). The qualifi cation gives access to the of second-cycle long non-university studies in corresponding profession and to further tertiary engineering. They are obtained by students who level studies. When obtained at hogescholen, it already hold the diploma ➧ Candidature en (+) entitles its holder to study for the degree qual- and who have passed the curricular examinations ifying them to work as teachers in upper secon- organised by the institution in each subject, and dary education (geaggregeerde voor het secundair submitted a fi nal written assignment. Certain ➧ onderwijs-groep 2) and/or for the Gediplo meerde qualifi cations and grades of industrial engineer in de voortgezette studies van (+). When obtained may also be obtained in education for promotion at a university, it entitles its holder to study for sociale (adult education). The qualifi cation indi- the degree qualifying them to work as teachers cates the fi eld of study, the subjects taken, the in upper secondary education (geaggregeerde subject of the written assignment and the fi nal voor het secundair onderwijs-groep 2), or for a marks obtained. It gives access to the engineer- ➧ Gediplomeerde in de aanvullende studies van (+) ing profession, more specialised tertiary studies and/or a ➧ Gediplomeerde in de gespecialiseerde or studies leading to the ➧ Doctorat en (+). The studies van (+). It also gives access to the third title of ingénieur always includes reference to the cycle of university studies for those wishing to particular branch of engineering concerned, as in obtain the degree of ➧ Doctor in de (+). For infor- ingénieur civil, ingénieur agronome, bioingénieur, mation on examinations and the details indicated ingénieur de gestion (awarded by the universities), on the certifi cate, see ➧ Apotheker. and ingénieur industriel, ingénieur commercial (awarded by the Hautes Écoles). Ingenieur Country: The Netherlands Ingénieur Grammatical variants: Ingenieurs Country: France Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5

118 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Inženir/ka

Explanatory note: Title and qualification obtained ments may also be undertaken. The qualification by students who have passed the required exam- is suitable for entry to training and employment, inations in the programme of studies (lasting 5 or and students can also progress to courses leading 3 years subsequent to 2 years in classes prépara- to ➧฀Intermediate 2. toires) at a university or non-university tertiary education institution accredited by a national Intermediate 2 committee. The examinations are prepared by the Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) institution concerned and vary from one field of Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 specialisation to the next. The qualification gives Explanatory note: A 1-year national qualifica- access to the labour market. tion which is usually awarded to pupils in the penultimate (fifth) year of upper secondary edu- Ingénieur industriel cation but which can also be taken in either of Country: Luxembourg the final two years of lower secondary education, Level: ISCED 5 and obtained in adult education. Intermediate 2 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students is at Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework who have obtained the ➧฀Diplôme d’Ingénieur (SCQF) level 5 broadly equivalent to ➧฀Standard industriel. Grade (Credit level). These qualifications are suit- able for entry to training and employment and Ingénieur-maître students can also progress to courses leading to Country: France the ➧฀Higher qualification. For further information, Level: ISCED 5 see ➧฀Intermediate 1. Explanatory note: Title conferred on students who have obtained the ➧฀Maîtrise in an institut Intermediate level 2 certificate in (+) universitaire professionnalisé (IUP). Country: Malta Level: ISCED 3 Inginer diplomat Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to stu- Country: Romania dents who possess a ➧฀Foundation level 1 cer- Grammatical variants: Ingineri diplomaţi tificate in (+) at merit or distinction grade and/or Level: ISCED 5 who have obtained a City and Guilds qualifica- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students tion – awarded by the City and Guilds Council of who have obtained the ➧฀Diplomă de inginer London to Maltese students sitting the required diplomat. examinations – which is relevant to their selected option. Students are continuously assessed Intermediate 1 through a combination of practical and assign- Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) ment-based activities appropriate to the subject Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 concerned. Course modules include assessment Explanatory note: A 1-year national qualifica- by final examination at the end of each semester. tion which is usually awarded to pupils in the Depending on their final grades, students com- penultimate (fifth) year of upper secondary edu- pleting this course may either enter the indus- cation but can also be taken in either of the final try at supervisory level, or apply for the course two years of lower secondary education. It is also leading to an ➧฀Advanced diploma level 3 (+), after possible to study for it in adult education. The undertaking a 12-month international internship. qualification is available in a range of academic Inż. and vocational subjects and there is no compul- Country: Poland sory number or common core of subjects that Level: ISCED 5 all students are required to study. Intermediate 1 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Inżynier. is at Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF) level 4 broadly equivalent to ➧฀Stand- Inž. (+) ard Grade (Foundation level). Intermediate 1s are Country: Slovenia divided into units which are internally assessed on Level: ISCED 5 the basis of coursework, but there is also an exter- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Inženir/ka (+). nal assessment which determines the grade on a scale from A to C. Units can be taken separately. Inženir/ka (+) The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) awards Country: Slovenia the qualification, carries out external assessments Grammatical variants: Inženirji/rke, inženir* and moderates internal assessments. Assess- Level: ISCED 5 ments are usually written, though depending Explanatory note: Professional title formerly on the subject studied, oral and practical assess- awarded to students who successfully completed

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 119 Inženýr/ka

2-3 year programmes at the former višja šola, or Inžinier (+) the first cycle of former tertiary programmes at Country: Slovakia a visoka šola or fakulteta, passed the ➧฀Diplomski Grammatical variants: Inžinieri, inžinier* izpit examination and obtained the ➧฀Diploma. Level: ISCED 5 Students enrolled for this type of programme Explanatory note: Title conferred on students for the last time in 1995, but were graduating who have obtained the ➧฀Vysokoškolský diplom up to the year 2002. The title gives access to the in the fields of technology, agriculture, econom- labour market or further tertiary education (in ics and architecture. It is always followed by refer- the third year of professionally oriented tertiary ence to the field of study in which it was obtained. J programmes and, under certain circumstances, Abbreviations: Ing., and Ing.arch. in the field of in the second year of academically oriented ter- architecture. tiary programmes). The title is always followed (or preceded) by reference to the field of study Inżynier (for example, inženir/ka strojništva). Abbreviation: Country: Poland Inž. (+). Note: This type of programme has been Grammatical variants: Inżynierowie, inżynier* reintroduced in the form of more practically ori- Level: ISCED 5 ented tertiary vocational programmes at voca- Explanatory note: First professional title con- tional colleges (višje strokovne šole); some of these ferred on students who have obtained the institutions now confer the title inženir/ka (+) on ➧฀Dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych qualifica- students as the title of a vocational qualification, tion at the end of technical, economic or agricul- see ➧฀Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe. tural studies in tertiary education. Holders of the title may continue their education to obtain the Inženýr/ka title of ➧฀Magister (inżynier). Abbreviation: Inż. Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Inženýři, inženýr* Ir. Level: ISCED 5 Country: The Netherlands Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Level: ISCED 5 who have obtained the diploma ➧฀Vysokoškolský Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Ingenieur diplom and the certificate ➧฀Vysvědčení o státní obtained in university education (wo). It is written závěrečné zkoušce in the field of technology, eco- before the name of the holder of the title. nomics, agriculture, forestry or military science. Abbreviations: Ing., and Ing.arch. in the field of architecture.

120 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Jj

JUDr. Junior lyceum examination Country: Czech Republic Country: Malta Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 1 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+) Explanatory note: National examination held at in the fi eld of law. the end of primary school which, for successful pupils, gives access to the state junior lyceums. The JUDr. examination is centrally organised by the Educa- Country: Slovakia tional Assessment Unit (EAU) within the Educa- Level: ISCED 5 tion Division. No certifi cate is awarded. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor (+) in the fi eld of law. Juris kandidatexamen Country: Sweden Junior Certifi cate Grammatical variants: Juris kandidatexamina Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Professional degree in law, Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the awarded after a four-and-a-half-year full-time State Examinations Commission to pupils who study programme, normally including a degree complete the ➧ Junior Certifi cate examination. The project, at a university or university college (uni- certifi cate indicates the subjects passed, whether versitet or högskola). The degree certifi cate indi- at higher or ordinary level, and the grades cates the subjects passed and marks obtained. It obtained in the examinations. Grades range from gives access to employment and its holders are A to F and NG (no grade). The Junior Certifi cate also eligible for doctoral studies leading to the is required for entry to apprenticeships and for ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). The corresponding title is some unskilled areas of work. juris kandidat (jur. kand.). Junior Certifi cate examination Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: State examination taken at the end of the fi rst three years of secondary school- ing, and before the end of compulsory education. Pupils typically take examinations in eight or nine subjects. Each subject is examined by means of a written examination at two levels, higher or ordin- ary, and which is supplemented in some cases by an oral, practical or project examination. Pupils who pass this examination obtain the ➧ Junior Certifi cate.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 121

Kk

Kandidaat in de (+) It confers on its holder the title of ➧ Kandidaatti (+). Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) The name of the degree is always preceded by the Level: ISCED 5 fi eld of study, for example psykologian kandidaa- Explanatory note: Intermediate qualifi cation and tin tutkinto. Swedish term: Kandidatexamen. title obtained by students who successfully com- plete a 2- or 3-year fi rst cycle of university or Kandidaatti (+) non-university tertiary education in a specifi c Country: Finland fi eld at a university or hogeschool. It gives them Grammatical variants: Kandidaatit, kandidaati*, access to the second cycle of university or non- kandidaatti* university education leading to the diploma of Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Apotheker, ➧ Arts, ➧ Ingenieur, ➧ Licenciaat in de (+), Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of ➧ Meester (+), etc. Some qualifi cations may also the ➧ Kandidaatin tutkinto (+) degree, normally be obtained with the approval of the Examining preceded by the name of the fi eld of study, for Board of the Flemish Community. For information example psykologian kandidaatti. Swedish term: on examinations and the details indicated on the Kandidat. certifi cate, see ➧ Apotheker. Kandidat Kandidaatin tutkinto (+) Country: Denmark Country: Finland Grammatical variants: Kandidaten, kandidater, Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, kandidaterne -tutkinno* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Candidatus (+). Explanatory note: Kandidat First degree awarded to students who have suc- Country: Finland cessfully completed 3 years of full-time study at Grammatical variants: -en, -er, -erna university (yliopisto or korkeakoulu). It can be Level: ISCED 5 taken in all fi elds, except technology, architec- Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Kandi- ture, medicine, dentistry and veterinary medi- daatti (+). cine. Degrees are normally taken in a specifi c subject but, in some fi elds, multidisciplinary Kandidat (+) degree programmes are on off er. There is no Country: Iceland fi nal examination and details indicated on the Grammatical variants: Kandidats, kandidatar degree certifi cate are not governed by national Level: ISCED 5 regulations but determined by the university Explanatory note: Title conferred on students concerned. The degree gives access to second who have obtained the ➧ Kandidatsgráda degree. degree programmes or to the labour market. It is followed by the name of the specialisation. In law, degree awarded to students who have The Latin term is Candidatus, used in the abbrevi- successfully completed 5 years of studies at ated form: Cand. (+) yliopisto (or 2 years following the ➧ Oikeusno- taarin tutkinto). There is no fi nal examination Kandidat (+) and details indicated on the degree certifi cate Country: Norway are not governed by national regulations but Level: ISCED 5 determined by the university concerned. The Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained degree gives access to the labour market, or by students with a ➧ Candidatus magisterii, or its to advanced study and research leading to the equivalent, who pass written and oral fi nal exam- ➧ Tohtorin tutkinto (+). inations at the end of a 1-year university course in

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 123 Kandidat

public health (folkehelsevitenskap), occupational on its holders who are also eligible for doctoral health (arbeidshelse) or health administration (hel- studies leading to the ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). The seadministrasjon), or at the end of a 3-year course name of the degree refers either to the faculty, for following the ➧ Vitnemål (+) in nursing. The exam- example fi losofi e kandidatexamen, or the area of inations are set by each institution and assessed study in which it is obtained, e.g. ekonomie kan- by two examiners, one of whom is external. This didatexamen. qualifi cation gives access to employment. It is always followed by reference to the fi eld of stud- Kandidatgrad ies in which it was awarded, for example kandidat Country: Denmark i folkehelsevitenskap in the case of public health, Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, -graderne kandidat i sykepleievitenskap in nursing, or kandi- Level: ISCED 5 dat i helseadministrasjon in health administration. Explanatory note: Second degree awarded to students who have successfully completed six- Kandidat (+) and-a-half years of academic studies in medi- Country: Sweden cine, fi ve-and-a-half years in veterinary medicine, Grammatical variants: Kandidaten, kandidater, 5 years in engineering or 2 years following the kandidaterna ➧ Bachelorgrad. There is not just one fi nal exam- Level: ISCED 5 ination at the end, as examinations are taken in Explanatory note: Title conferred on students all important course subjects after the teaching of who have obtained a ➧ Kandidatexamen, normally each individual subject. The degree is awarded by with a prefi x referring either to the faculty or area the university concerned and indicates the marks of study in which the degree was obtained, for obtained in the examinations, the mark obtained example fi losofi e kandidat, and frequently used in in the written dissertation, the title and the fi eld its abbreviated form, e.g. fi l.kand. of specialisation. It confers on its holders the title ➧ Candidatus (+), and gives access to advanced Kandidat i musikk study and research leading to the ➧ Doktorgrad or ➧ Country: Norway the Ph.d.-grad., as well as to the labour market. Level: ISCED 5 Kandidatsgráda Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Country: Iceland students who pass written, oral and practical fi nal Grammatical variants: Kandidatsgrádu examinations at the end of a 4-year university Level: ISCED 5 undergraduate course in music. The examinations Explanatory note: Professional qualifi cation are set by each institution and assessed by two awarded by a tertiary education institution examiners. The degree certifi cate indicates the (háskóli) to students who have successfully com- student’s results in the examinations, the marks pleted a 4- to 6-year course leading to a number in the subjects taken and the average marks of professions including medicine, dentistry, phar- obtained in the main subjects. It gives access to macy, law, theology etc. and who have passed the further studies in the same fi eld leading to the fi nal ➧ Kandidatspróf examination. The qualifi ca- ➧ Diplomeksamen. tion indicates the courses and results obtained in the examination, as well as the fi eld of speciali- Kandidatexamen sation. It gives access to the relevant profession, Country: Finland further university education leading to the ➧ Meis- Grammatical variants: -examina taragráda or advanced study and research lead- Level: ISCED 5 ing to the ➧ Doktorsgráda. It confers on its holders Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Kandidaatin the title of ➧ Kandidat (+) often used in the Latin tutkinto (+). abbreviated form Cand. (+). Kandidatexamen (+) Kandidatspróf Country: Sweden Country: Iceland Grammatical variants: Kandidatexamina Grammatical variants: Kandidatsprófi , Level: ISCED 5 kandidatsprófs Explanatory note: General degree awarded after Level: ISCED 5 3 years of full-time study at a university or uni- Explanatory note: Examination held at the end versity college faculty. Half the programme com- of the fi nal year of 4- to 6-year courses of study for prises studies in one major subject in which a various professions including medicine, dentistry, thesis is written. The degree certifi cate indicates pharmacy, law, theology, etc. Its content and the the major fi elds of study, the subjects passed and level of requirements depend on individual fac- marks obtained. It confers the title of ➧ Kandidat ulties. It includes a written and oral examination

124 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Kolokwium habilitacyjne

and, in most cases, a fi nal thesis. The examination on evidence that may include work produced for is the responsibility of the relevant faculty, and is other courses (such as ➧ General Certifi cate of Edu- compulsory for obtaining the qualifi cation ➧ Kan- cation Advanced levels, ➧ General Certifi cate of Edu- didatsgráda. cation Advanced Subsidiary levels and ➧ Advanced Vocational Certifi cate of Education) or work-based Kantonalprüfung activities. Units are assessed both internally and Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) externally. The qualifi cation is open to students Grammatical variants: Kantonalprüfungen, aged 16 or over (including adults) in schools and Kantonalprüfung* further education institutions, or on work-based Level: ISCED 1 training programmes. Units are available at levels Explanatory note: Optional examination for- 1-4. Where students have not already achieved A*- merly held on completion of 6 years of primary C grades in ➧ General Certifi cate of Secondary Edu- education (Primarschule) under the supervision cation English, mathematics or information and of the inspector for primary education in various communication technology, their programmes Belgian cantons (administrative districts). This generally lead to the formal acquisition of rele- examination has not been organised in the Ger- vant key skills qualifi cations at level 2. Where stu- man-speaking Community since the 1999/2000 dents are starting on advanced level programmes school year. It was for adults, as well as pupils, with the aim of pursuing a professional or higher who had not taken the normal course of educa- qualifi cation at the age of 19 or over, institutions tion. It included written and oral tests in German, generally support them in gaining at least one a fi rst foreign language and mathematics, and relevant key skills qualifi cation at level 3. the results could be taken into account in award- ing the Abschlusszeugnis der Grundschule. Under Kirchliche Abschlussprüfung the Decree of 13 July 2000, it has been replaced Country: Germany by the ➧ Abschlussprüfung der Grundschulbildung Grammatical variants: Kirchliche Abschluss- provided by an examination board external to the prüfungen, Kirchliche Abschlussprüfung* school, which may itself award the Abschlusszeug- Level: ISCED 5 nis der Grundschule. Explanatory note: Ecclesiastical examination organised on completion of academic studies Kaufmannsgehilfenbrief in Catholic or Protestant theology after 4 years Country: Germany at Theologische Hochschulen. The examination Grammatical variants: Kaufmannsgehilfenbriefe, is a prerequisite for admission to the clergy. The Kaufmannsgehilfenbrief* examination board consists of Church representa- Level: ISCED 3 tives and university lecturers. Students who pass Explanatory note: Commercial assistant’s certifi - the examination and obtain their certifi cation cate awarded at the end of vocational training in may embark on advanced study and research the duales System (dual system of vocational train- leading to the ➧ Doktorgrad. Other examinations ing) to trainees who pass the ➧ Ausbildungsab- concluding this type of studies are the ➧ Staats- schlussprüfung in the commercial sector before examen, the ➧ Diplomprüfung, the ➧ Magisterprü- the authority (chamber) responsible for voca- fung, and the examinations leading to the title of tional training. The certifi cate is always awarded ➧ Bachelor (+), as well as the ➧ Lizentiatenprüfung together with the ➧ Abschlusszeugnis der Berufs- in the case of studies in Catholic theology. General schule. It qualifi es its holder for an occupation and term: Hochschulprüfung. is a prerequisite for further vocational training in a Fachschule (technical school providing advanced Kolokwium habilitacyjne vocational training). Country: Poland Grammatical variants: Kolokwia habilitacyjne, Key Skills Qualifi cation kolokwi* habilitacyjn* Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Oral examination which leads Explanatory note: Qualifi cation comprising to the qualifi cation ➧ Dyplom doktora habilito- separate units in communication, application of wanego, conferring on its holder the second number and information technology. Key skills advanced research title of ➧ Doktor habilitowany. are those commonly needed for success in a wide The examination is for students who have already range of activities in education and training, work obtained the ➧ Dyplom doktora degree. It involves and life in general. The Key Skills Qualifi cation is the defence of a thesis, approved in advance by intended for study in tandem with other qualif- two experts in the fi eld concerned, and presented ications, so the internal assessment for it is based after several years of research. The result of this

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 125 Kommunalkandidat

examination is decided by a secret ballot of mem- subjects passed and marks obtained. The degree bers of the examining board and approved by gives access to employment. the Central Commission for Academic Titles and Degrees. Konzertexamen Country: Germany Kommunal kandidat Grammatical variants: Konzertexamen, Country: Norway Konzertexamina, Konzertexamen* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Explanatory note: Final examination in a students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- Musikhochschule (college of music) or in a special- tions at the end of a 3-year course in local govern- ment administration. The examinations are set by ised musical subject in postgradualen Studiengän- each institution and assessed by two examiners. gen (further study, supplementary and follow-up The degree indicates the student’s results in the courses). Admission requirements for the courses examinations and the average marks obtained in are usually the ➧ künstlerische Abschlussprüfung or the main subjects. It gives access to employment the artistic ➧ Diplom (+) with outstanding results or further tertiary education. It is normally poss- and successful performance in an entrance or ible for students with this degree who later wish aptitude examination. Students who achieve to study for the ➧ Candidatus magisterii to deduct the required standard in the Konzertexamen the number of years they have already completed, may embark on careers as professional musi- from the 4 years required for the latter (subject to cians. Synonyms used in some tertiary education the agreement of the tertiary education institu- institutions: Konzertreifeprüfung or Künstlerische tion and faculty at which it is off ered). Reifeprüfung.

Konservator Konzertreifeprüfung Country: Denmark Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Konservatorer, Grammatical variants: Konzertreifeprüfungen, konservatorerne Konzertreifeprüfung* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students ➧ who obtain the ➧ Konservatorgrad. Explanatory note: Synonym for Konzertexamen. Konservatorgrad Koolieksamid Country: Denmark Country: Estonia Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, Grammatical variants: Koolieksamite, -graderne koolieksameid Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Degree awarded by the Explanatory note: Internal fi nal examination Kunstakademi to students who have successfully held at the end of 3 years of general upper sec- completed 5 years of academic studies in the fi eld ondary education at gümnaasium, which is part of of conservation (of works of art, historical arte- the ➧ Gümnaasiumi lõpueksamid. It consists of two facts, etc.). The fi nal examination consists of the examinations set and evaluated by the school. defence of a project before an external examin- Every subject taught during at least 105 lessons ing board. The degree indicates only the student’s in 3 years of upper secondary education may be area of specialisation and confers on its holder the chosen for the internal fi nal examination. These ➧ title Konservator. It gives access to advanced examinations are oral, written, or both combined. ➧ study and research leading to the Doktorgrad or Pupils who pass them, as well as the externally ➧ Ph.d.-grad, or to employment as a conservator. organised part ➧ Riigieksamid, may receive the Konstnärlig högskoleexamen ➧ Gümnaasiumi lõputunnistus certifi cate. Country: Sweden Grammatical variants: Konstnärliga högskole- Kunstfagkandidat examina Country: Norway Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Professional degree awarded Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by after a university programme of full-time study in students who pass fi nal examinations at the end fi ne arts lasting at least 2 years, and in most cases of a one-and-a-half-year course in the arts after 4 to 5 years. The degree certifi cate indicates the being awarded the ➧ Vitnemål (+) in the arts.

126 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Kwalifi ca tiegetuigschrift van het deeltijds kunston derwijs

Kunstfaglig utdanning pamatizglītība, arodizglītība, profesionālā or vidējā Country: Norway izglītība). The examination consists of two parts, Level: ISCED 5 involving a test of theoretical knowledge and an Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students examination of practical skills, respectively. The who pass written and oral fi nal examinations at Ministry of Education and Science is responsible the end of a 4-year course in music and the arts. for developing assessment criteria for both parts. The examinations are set by each institution and Those who pass only this examination receive assessed by two examiners. The diploma indicates the ➧ Atestāts par arodizglītību and ➧ Profesionālās the student’s results in the subjects taken and the kvalifi kācijas apliecība. Those who pass all the average marks obtained in the main subjects. It valsts noslēguma pārbaudījums examinations gives access to employment. receive the ➧ Diploms par profesionālo vidējo izglītību. Künstlerische Abschlussprüfung Country: Germany Kvalifi kacijos pažymėjimas Grammatical variants: Künstlerische Abschluss- Country: Lithuania prüfungen, Künstlerische Abschlussprüfung* Grammatical variants: Kvalifi kacijos Level: ISCED 5 pažymėjimai, kvalifi kacijos pažymėjim* Explanatory note: Final arts examination conclud- Level: ISCED 2 ing a course of study in a Kunst-/Musikhochschule Explanatory note: Vocational qualifying certifi - (college of art and music), leading to a certifi cate cate awarded to pupils who successfully complete without an academic degree. The certifi cate gives option 1 of vocational lower secondary education access to further studies, supplementary and fol- (profesinė mokykla). It is based on fi nal examina- low-up courses (postgraduale Studiengänge). tions organised by schools. The certifi cate indi- cates the course subjects and the marks obtained, Künstlerische Reifeprüfung and gives access to an occupation. Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Künstlerische Kwalifi catiegetuigschrift DBSO Reifeprüfungen, Künstlerisch* Reifeprüfung* Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Konzertexamen. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Kwalifi ca- tiegetuigschrift van het deeltijds beroepsonderwijs . Kvalifi cerad yrkesexamen Country: Sweden Kwalifi catiegetuigschrift DKO Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Grammatical variants: Kvalifi cerade Level: ISCED 4 yrkesexamina Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Kwalifi ca- : ISCED 4 and 5 Level tiegetuig schrift van het deeltijds kunston derwijs (+). Explanatory note: A certifi cate in advanced voca- tional education, awarded after 40-120 weeks of Kwalifi catiegetuigschrift van het deeltijds study, one third of which are devoted to the appli- beroepsonderwijs cation of theoretical knowledge at the workplace. Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) The certifi cate may be obtained in many fi elds, Level: ISCED 3 including engineering, trade and tourism, agricul- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils ture, information technology and health care, and in part-time vocational secondary education who at diff erent types of institution such as universitet, have completed at least two years of stage 2 of full- högskola, upper secondary schools, municipal time or part-time education, and also completed schools for adult education, or private companies. the vocational training and passed the practical The certifi cate indicates the fi eld of specialisation examination. The written, oral or practical exam- and gives access to employment. inations are set by the individual institution and cover all subjects studied. The certifi cate gives Kvalifi kācijas eksāmens access to the corresponding profession or occupa- Country: Latvia tion. Abbreviation: Kwali fi ca tiege tuig schrift DBSO. Grammatical variants: Kvalifi kācijas eksāmeni, kvalifi kācijas eksāmenu Kwalifi ca tiegetuig schrift van het deeltijds Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 kunston derwijs (+) Explanatory note: Examination for a voca- Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) tional qualifi cation, which is part of the ➧ Valsts Level: ISCED 4 noslēguma pārbaudījums held at the end of a voca- Explanatory note: Certifi cate of part-time artistic tional education programme (the profesionālā education awarded to pupils, young people and

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 127 Kwalifi ca tiegetuig schrift van het deeltijds kunston derwijs adults who have already obtained the ➧ Eindattest van het deeltijds kunstonderwijs or the ➧ Getuig- schrift van het deeltijds kunstonderwijs (+), and sat- isfactorily completed the fi nal year of the special- isation stage. Certifi cates may be awarded in the four disciplines of visual arts, music, verbal expres- sion and drama, and dance, after those concerned have passed the examinations organised by their institution. Each discipline has its own structure with its own levels and options. The name of the certifi cate is followed by reference to the option concerned. Abbreviation: Kwalifi catiegetuigschrift DKO.

128 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Ll

Läkarexamen level have to obtain 120 credits and, instead of Country: Sweden studying in a specialised fi eld, must have acquired Grammatical variants: Läkarexamina extensive professional experience, combined Level: ISCED 5 with 60 credits in relevant, vocationally oriented Explanatory note: Professional degree in medi- higher education courses. The degree certifi cate cine, awarded after a fi ve-and-a-half-year full-time indicates the fi eld of specialisation and the level of study programme, normally including a degree education for which students have been trained project, at a university or university college (uni- to teach, as well as the subjects passed and marks versitet or högskola). The degree certifi cate indi- obtained. The degree gives access to employment cates the subjects passed and marks obtained. It and its holders are also eligible for doctoral stud- gives access to employment and its holders are ies leading to the ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). also eligible for doctoral studies leading to the ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). Laurea Country: Italy Lantmästarexamen Grammatical variants: Lauree Country: Sweden Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Lantmästarexamina Explanatory note: Standard name of the Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+). Explanatory note: Professional degree in agri- culture and rural management, which is awarded Laurea specialistica after a 2-year full-time study programme, inclu- Country: Italy ding a degree project, at the Swedish University Grammatical variants: Lauree specialistiche of Agricultural Sciences. The degree certifi cate Level: ISCED 5 indicates the subjects passed and marks obtained Explanatory note: Standard name of the and gives access to employment. ➧ Diploma di Laurea specialistica (+). Lärarexamen Laureato Country: Sweden Country: Italy Grammatical variants: Lärarexamina Grammatical variants: Laureata, laureati, Level: ISCED 5 laureate Explanatory note: Professional degree in the fi eld Level: ISCED 5 of education obtained at a university or university Explanatory note: Standard name of the college (universitet or högskola) after three-and- ➧ Dottore/ssa in (+). a-half to fi ve-and-a-half years of full-time study (corresponding to 140 and 220 credits, respect- Leaving Certifi cate ively), depending on the level and area of educa- Country: Ireland tion concerned. The teacher training programme Level: ISCED 3 consists of three areas: a general area, common to Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the all students (at least 60 credits); an area covering State Examinations Commission upon comple- the one or more subjects the prospective teacher tion of the ➧ Leaving Certifi cate examination. It intends to teach (at least 40 credits); and an area is a record of the grades awarded to the person with a fi eld of specialisation, complementing pre- concerned whether at higher or ordinary level. viously acquired knowledge (at least 20 credits). The results for individual subject examinations A degree project corresponding to 10 credits also are graded as follows: A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, has to be undertaken, as does work practice at a C3, D1, D2, D3, E, F and NG (no grade). The Link school (at least 10 credits). Those wishing to teach Modules of the Leaving Certifi cate Vocational Pro- vocationally oriented subjects at upper secondary gramme (LCVP) are assessed as follows: distinc-

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 129 Leaving Certifi cate examination

tion, merit, pass and unsuccessful. The certifi - Upon completion of Leaving Certifi cate pro- cate awarded at the end of the Leaving Certifi cate grammes and examinations, students receive the Applied (LCA) shows the number of credits earned ➧ Leaving Certifi cate. in each of the modules taken along with the over- all award, which may be distinction, merit or pass. Lehrabschlussprüfung The Leaving Certifi cate is the basis upon which Country: Austria places in tertiary and further education are allo- Grammatical variants: Lehrabschlussprüfungen, cated. It is also widely used as a means of selection Lehrabschlussprüfung* by employers and training providers. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Examination leading to the Leaving Certifi cate examination ➧ Prüfungszeugnis taken by apprentices at the end Country: Ireland of their vocational training under the Duales Sys- Level: ISCED 3 tem. The examination is organised by the appren- Explanatory note: A state examination taken tice training centres in the various Länder and at the age of 17 or 18 after two years of upper includes theoretical and practical parts. It is taken secondary education (or three years in the case before an examining board comprising represen- of students who complete the optional Transi- tatives of employers and employees. Apprentices ➧ tion Year). It is taken upon completion of Leaving who have an Abschlusszeugnis der Berufsschule Certifi cate programmes of which there are three are exempt from the theoretical part of the exam- types: 1) the Leaving Certifi cate (LC) programme ination. (commonly referred to as the established Leaving Lehrabschlussprüfung Certifi cate) which involves the study of at least fi ve Country: Liechtenstein subjects which must include Irish (although typic- Grammatical variants: Lehrabschlussprüfungen, ally students take seven subjects); 2) the Leaving Lehrabschlussprüfung* Certifi cate Vocational Programme (LCVP) which Level: ISCED 3 is similar to the LC but has a strong vocational Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examination dimension and includes units of study called Link which is organised in Switzerland by the regional Modules, in addition to the requirements of the authorities in schools of vocational upper sec- LC; and 3) the Leaving Certifi cate Applied (LCA) ondary education (lasting 3 or 4 years) and leads programme which is a distinct self-contained pro- to the award of the ➧ Lehrbrief. The examination gramme consisting of modular courses covering includes theoretical and practical tests covering vocational preparation, general education and the trade or occupation concerned, as well as writ- vocational education. ten and oral general knowledge tests. Achievement in the established Leaving Certifi - cate programme (LC) is assessed through writ- Lehrbrief ten examinations at the end of the programme. Country: Liechtenstein Students take these examinations at one of Grammatical variants: Lehrbriefe, Lehrbrief* two levels, higher or ordinary. There are prac- Level: ISCED 3 tical examinations and project work in certain Explanatory note: Vocational profi ciency certifi - cate awarded by the Offi ce for Vocational Train- subjects, such as art, construction studies and ing in Liechtenstein to pupils who pass the fi nal engineering. There are oral examinations in examination ➧ Lehrabschlussprüfung at the end Irish and continental languages. The practical of their apprenticeship. The certifi cate indicates and oral tests take place during the fi nal year of the area of specialisation and gives access to the the programme. labour market. Within the Leaving Certifi cate Vocational Pro- gramme (LCVP), the Link Modules are examined Lekarz (+) on the basis of coursework and written papers. Country: Poland At the end of the Leaving Certifi cate Applied Grammatical variants: Lekarze, lekarz* (LCA) programme and in addition to the con- Level: ISCED 5 tinuous assessment throughout the course, Explanatory note: Professional title conferred a fi nal examination is taken in the following on students who have obtained the ➧ Dyplom areas: English and communication, two voca- ukończenia studiów wyższych qualifi cation in medi- tional areas of specialisation, mathematical ap- cine, dentistry (lekarz stomatolog) or veterinary plications, language and social education. The medicine (lekarz weterynarii). The title includes fi nal examination accounts for 68 credits out of reference to the fi eld of specialisation in which it the total of 200. was obtained.

130 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Licenciát teológie

Letno spričevalo torat en (+) or to further or specialised university Country: Slovenia studies, as well as specialised studies in Hautes Grammatical variants: Letna spričevala, letn* Écoles. spričeval* Level: ISCED 1, 2 and 3 Licence professionnelle Explanatory note: General term for a certifi cate Country: France awarded to pupils who have fi nished a grade in Level: ISCED 5 institutions for compulsory (primary and lower Explanatory note: National degree established in secondary) education and upper secondary edu- 1999, which took eff ect in 2000/01 and is awarded cation. It is awarded by the school concerned, to students who have passed the examinations indicates all subjects and the marks obtained for held on completion of one year of second-cycle them, and gives access to the next grade. university studies (180 European credits) open to holders of a ➧ Brevet de technicien supérieur, Lic. (+) ➧ Diplôme universitaire de technologie, ➧ Diplôme Country: Norway d’études universitaires générales or ➧ Diplôme Level: ISCED 5 d’études universitaires scientifi ques et techniques. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Licentiatus (+) The degree is awarded by universities acting followed by reference to the fi eld of study in alone or jointly with other public-sector organisa- abbreviated form, for example lic.philol. in arts tions for tertiary education, and gives access to the subjects and lic.juris. in law. labour market or studies leading to the ➧ Diplôme de master (in a compatible fi eld). It confers on its Lic. theol. holder the title (grade) of ➧ Licencié/e en (+). Country: Germany Level: ISCED 5 Licenciado Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Lizentiaten- Country: Portugal grad. Grammatical variants: Licenciados Level: ISCED 5 Licence Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Country: France who have obtained the ➧ Licenciatura degree. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Licenciado en (+) who have passed the fi nal examinations held on Country: Spain completion of one year of second-cycle university Grammatical variants: Licenciada/os en : ISCED 5 studies open to those who have already obtained Level Explanatory note: Title conferred on students the ➧ Diplôme d’études universitaires générales. The who have obtained the ➧ Licenciatura en (+) fi nal (written and oral) examinations are prepared degree. It is always followed by the name of the by the institution concerned and relate to each fi eld of specialisation. of the subjects studied. The degree indicates the main subject and gives access to studies leading Licenciát teologie to the ➧ Maîtrise or to the labour market or, in the Country: Czech Republic new system, to the ➧ Diplôme de master. It confers Grammatical variants: Licenciáti teologie, on its holder the title (grade) of ➧ Licencié/e en (+). licenciát* teologie Level: ISCED 5 Licence en (+) Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Country: Belgium (French Community) who have obtained the diploma ➧ Vysokoškolský Level: ISCED 5 diplom and the certifi cate ➧ Vysvědčení o státní Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded on the rigorózní zkoušce in the fi eld of Catholic theology. completion of two or three years of university or Abbreviation: ThLic. non-university second-cycle studies (following the ➧ Candidature en (+)) to students who have Licenciát teológie passed the curricular examinations organised Country: Slovakia by the institution in each subject, and submit- Grammatical variants: Licenciáty, licenciát* ted a fi nal written assignment. The qualifi cation Level: ISCED 6 indicates the subjects taken and the fi nal marks Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by obtained. It confers on its holder the title of students who have accomplished the fi rst part (2 ➧ Licencié/e en followed by reference to the fi eld years) of advanced study and research in the fi eld of study concerned. It gives access to the corres- of catholic theology, and satisfactorily defended a ponding profession, studies leading to the ➧ Doc- written dissertation (obhajoba licenciátskej práce)

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 131 Licenciatura

in the fi eld of catholic theology. It gives access to Licencié/e en (+) the second part of studies leading to the title of Country: France ➧ Doktor (philosophiae doctor) and doktor teológie. Level: ISCED 5 Abbreviation: ThLic. Explanatory note: Title (grade) conferred on students who have obtained the ➧ Licence or Licenciatura ➧ Licence professionnelle. It is always followed by Country: Portugal reference to the fi eld of specialisation concerned. Grammatical variants: Licenciaturas Level: ISCED 5 Licencjat Explanatory note: Degree awarded by university Country: Poland and polytechnic education institutions (universi- Grammatical variants: Licencjaci, licencjat* dade, academia or instituto politécnico) to students Level: ISCED 5 who have passed all curricular units at the end of Explanatory note: First professional title con- a specifi c course (usually lasting 4 to 6 years and, ➧ ferred on students who have obtained the in some cases, following a Bacharelato). The ➧ degree testifi es to a sound scientifi c, academic or Dyplom ukończenia studiów wyższych qual- cultural education and provides in-depth know- ifi cation at the end of fi rst-cycle university edu- ledge geared to specialisation in a given fi eld cation in the area of human or natural sciences, or entry to a profession. It always indicates the economics, physical education, tourism or certain subject area, the mark obtained and the qual- paramedical fi elds. ifi cation in appropriate cases and confers on its holders the title of ➧ Licenciado. They may embark Licentiaat in de (+) on further studies leading to the ➧ Mestrado or Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) ➧ Doutoramento if they obtain at least 14 (bom) Level: ISCED 5 or 16 (muito bom), respectively, on a 0-20 scale. A Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title licenciatura in architecture, engineering and nur- awarded to students who successfully complete a sing leads to the titles of ➧ Arquitecto, ➧ Engen- 4-5 year two-cycle study programme in a specifi c heiro, ➧ Enfermeiro, respectively, which are con- fi eld (Master’s level) at a university or hogeschool. ferred on those concerned by the ordem (corre- The fi nal examination covers all subjects studied sponding public professional association). and (except in the case of law) includes the sub- mission of a fi nal dissertation on the main subject Licenciatura en (+) of specialisation. The certifi cate awarded indicates Country: Spain the fi eld of study, as in the case of licentiaat in de Grammatical variants: Licenciaturas en scheikunde (Master in chemistry). The qualifi cation Level: ISCED 5 gives access to the corresponding profession and/ Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students or to further specialised studies, such as those who have passed the examinations required leading to the geaggregeerde voor het secundair under the programme at the end of long univer- onderwijs-groep 2 (qualifi ed teacher’s degree), sity studies lasting 4 or 5 years (6 years in medi- ➧ Gediplomeerde in de aanvullende studies van (+) cine) or at the end of second-cycle university stud- ➧ ies (after the ➧ Diplomado en (+), ➧ Maestro (+) or and/or Gediplomeerde in de gespecialiseerde ➧ Ingeniero Técnico en/de (+), or ➧ Titulado Superior studies van (+). Some qualifi cations may also be en (+)) generally in a Facultad. The examinations obtained with the approval of the Examining are written and/or oral and cover every subject Board of the Flemish Community. taken. The degree confers on its holder the title of ➧ Licenciado en (+) and the degree certifi cate indi- Licentiat cates the fi eld of specialisation. This qualifi cation Country: Finland gives access to diff erent professions and/or to a Grammatical variants: -en, -er, -erna ➧ Doctorado en (+). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Lisensiaatti (+). Licencié/e en (+) Country: Belgium (French Community) Licenţiat Level: ISCED 5 Country: Romania Explanatory note: Title conferred on those who Grammatical variants: Licenţiaţi hold the qualifi cation ➧ Licence en (+). It is always Level: ISCED 5 followed by reference to the fi eld of study in Explanatory note: Title conferred on students which it has been obtained. who have obtained the ➧ Diploma de licenţă.

132 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Lisensiaatin tutkinto

Licentiat (+) Explanatory note: Certifi cate (statement of Country: Sweden marks) testifying to satisfactory completion of Grammatical variants: Licentiaten, licentiater, part of basic or general secondary education. It is licentiaterna awarded to those concerned at the end of every Level: ISCED 5 school year, as well as to pupils who have done Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of a a basic education programme (pamatizglītība) ➧ Licentiatexamen, normally with a prefi x referring or general (upper) secondary education pro- either to the faculty or area of study in which the gramme (vispārējā vidējā izglītība), but have not degree is obtained, for example fi losofi e licentiat, passed their assessment in some subjects or some and frequently used in its abbreviated form, e.g. ➧ Valsts pārbaudījums. The certifi cate may also be fi l.lic. obtained in special education. It is awarded by schools in accordance with government regula- Licentiate tions and indicates the subjects taken and fi nal Country: Malta marks obtained. Pupils with the liecība may con- Level: ISCED 5 tinue training in basic vocational education or Explanatory note: Title obtainable in sacred the- vocational education, provided they are aged at ology, a specialist degree in pastoral theology least 15. awarded after 2 years of full-time study subse- quent to the 5-year ➧ Bachelor’s degree. Lisensiaatin tutkinto (+) Country: Finland Licentiatexamen Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, Country: Finland -tutkinno* Grammatical variants: -examina Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Lisensiaa- tin tutkinto (+). In fi elds other than medicine, dentistry and veterinary medicine, an optional advanced pre- Licentiatexamen (+) doctoral degree awarded to students who have Country: Sweden already obtained the ➧ Maisterin tutkinto (+) and Grammatical variants: Licentiatexamina successfully completed about 2 years of full- Level: ISCED 6 time study (4 years in psychology). To obtain Explanatory note: Degree obtained in any uni- the degree, students prepare a thesis which is versity faculty after 2 years of full-time doctoral publicly disputed and assessed by two or more studies, including the writing of a dissertation. impartial examiners appointed by the univer- The degree certifi cate indicates the fi eld of spe- sity or faculty concerned. The details indicated cialisation and title of the dissertation. It confers on the degree certifi cate are not governed by the title of ➧ Licentiat (+) on its holders who may national regulations but determined by the continue doctoral studies and obtain a ➧ Doktors- university concerned. The degree gives access examen (+) after a further 2 years. The name of the to advanced study and research leading to the degree refers either to the faculty or area of study ➧ Tohtorin tutkinto (+). The prefi x in its name re- in which it is obtained, for example fi losofi e licen- fers to the fi eld of study, for example teologian tiat examen (licenciat in philosophy). lisensiaatin tutkinto. In the fi elds of medicine, dentistry and vet- Licentiatus (+) erinary medicine, a degree awarded to students Country: Norway who have successfully completed 5 to 6 years of Grammatical variants: Licentiata full-time study at university (yliopisto). To obtain Level: ISCED 5 the degree, students prepare a thesis which is Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained assessed in accordance with the regulations only very rarely by students who pass fi nal writ- of the faculty. The details indicated on the de- ten and oral examinations at the end of stud- gree certifi cate are not governed by national ies lasting one-and-a-half years in between the regulations but determined by the university ➧ Candidatus (+) and ➧ Doctor (+) in the fi elds of concerned. The degree gives access to the la- law or odontology. Abbreviation: Lic. (+). bour market, to specialised study leading to the Liecība ➧ Erikoistumistutkinto or to advanced study and Country: Latvia research leading to the ➧ Tohtorin tutkinto (+). Grammatical variants: Liecības, liecību It confers on its holder the title of ➧ Lisensiaatti (+). Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Swedish term: Licentiatexamen.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 133 Lisensiaatti

Lisensiaatti (+) people who have completed compulsory educa- Country: Finland tion and for adults, and are off ered in further edu- Grammatical variants: Lisensiaatit, lisensiaati*, cation institutions and by training providers. Many lisensiaatti* of them are also available overseas. Qualifi cations Level: ISCED 5 used in the UK are accredited by the relevant qual- Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of ifi cations and curriculum authority. They are des- the ➧ Lisensiaatin tutkinto (+), normally preceded ignated levels 1-4 and graded ‘pass’, ‘credit’ or ‘dis- by the name of the fi eld of study, for example teo- tinction’. The levels relate closely to the National logian lisensiaatti. Swedish term: Licentiat. Qualifi cations Framework (NQF). Group Certifi cates generally consist of 3 subjects at the same level Lizentiat which must be completed in a single series or over Country: Germany a 3-month period. Group Diplomas combine sub- Level: ISCED 5 jects across diff erent levels and candidates must Explanatory note: Title conferred on students who have obtained the ➧ Lizentiatengrad degree complete them in one to two years depending on in theology. Abbreviation: Lic. theol. the award. Assessment methods vary depending on the qualifi cation but may include externally Lizentiatengrad marked written examinations. These qualifi ca- Country: Germany tions give access to further vocational study, for Grammatical variants: Lizentiatengrade, example at the next level in the NQF. They are also Lizentiatengrad* recognised by many employers and may in some Level: ISCED 5 cases lead to professional accreditation. Certain Explanatory note: Further academic degree universities accept Group Certifi cates at Level 3 for awarded to students who have passed the ➧ Lizen- entry to ➧ Bachelors degree courses. tiatenprüfung examination on successful comple- tion of graduate studies, usually in Catholic theol- Lõpueksam ogy. The degree is similar to the ➧ Diplomgrad or Country: Estonia equivalent fi rst qualifi cation in the same fi eld. It Grammatical variants: Lõpueskami, lõpueksamit confers on its holder the title of ➧ Lizentiat. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Final examination taken on Lizentiatenprüfung completion of three to four-and-a-half years Country: Germany of vocational tertiary education (diplomiõpe, Grammatical variants: Lizentiatenprüfungen, kutsekõrgharidusõpe, rakenduskõrgharidusõpe). Lizentiatenprüfung* For students who defend a fi nal paper this exami- Level: ISCED 5 nation is not compulsory. It is organised by each Explanatory note: Final examination usually in institution, which also determines its content. Catholic theology at universities. It involves the Successful students receive a ➧ Diplom. defence of a written thesis, and an oral exam- ination organised by a committee consisting of Lõputunnistus keskhariduse baasil members of a Catholic university. Successful stu- kutsekeskhariduse omandamise kohta dents receive the ➧ Lizentiatengrad. Country: Estonia Grammatical variants: Lõputunnistuse, LLM lõputunnistused Country: United Kingdom Level: ISCED 4 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certifi cate issued to students Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of who have completed at least one year of post- Laws. See ➧ Masters degree. secondary vocational education at a kutseõppea- sutus. For further information, see ➧ Lõputunnistus London Chamber of Commerce and Industry põhihariduse baasil kutsekeskhariduse omanda- Examinations Board qualifi cations mise kohta. Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Level: ISCED 3 Lõputunnistus põhihariduse baasil Explanatory note: Business-related qualifi cations kutsekeskhariduse omandamise kohta designed and awarded by the London Chamber Country: Estonia of Commerce and Industry Examinations Board Grammatical variants: Lõputunnistuse, (LCCIEB) covering areas such as fi nance, admin- lõputunnistused istration, marketing, information technology and Level: ISCED 3 languages (e.g. business English and foreign lan- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils guages). The qualifi cations are intended for young who have successfully completed 3 years of voca-

134 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Lukion päättötodistus

tional upper secondary education at a kutseõp- Lukion päättötodistus peasutus. Graduation requirements depend on Country: Finland the curriculum and are set by schools, which also Grammatical variants: -todistukset, -todistuks* award this certifi cate. Depending on the curricu- Level: ISCED 3 lum, pupils have to take all necessary tests, pass Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded all required assessments and practical training, to pupils who have completed the syllabus of and defend their fi nal paper. They also receive general upper secondary school normally lasting an academic transcript (hinneteleht) which is three years (lukio), and whose continuous assess- validated through possession of the certifi cate. ment, without any fi nal examination, is satisfac- Together, the two documents give access to the tory. The certifi cate, which may also be awarded labour market and all types of tertiary education in adult education, indicates the compulsory and (ülikool, rakenduskõrgkool), provided that the optional subjects taken and the marks obtained national fi nal examinations ➧ Riigieksamid have in them. It is a basic qualifi cation for taking the been passed and the ➧ Riigieksamitunnistus cer- ➧ Ylioppilastutkinto. Swedish term: Gymnasiets tifi cate obtained. avgångsbetyg.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 135

Mm

M. (+) Abbreviation of Master of Science in relation to Country: The Netherlands the new second-cycle Master courses of study Level: ISCED 5 (article 19 of the Framework Act for Higher Edu- ➧ Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Master (+), cation). See Master (+). written after the name of the holder of the title. MA The abbreviation may be followed by letters indi- Country: Iceland cating the fi eld of study. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of arts/ M. Phil. Magister artium in liberal arts. See ➧ Master of (+). Country: Norway MA Level: ISCED 5 : Liechtenstein ➧ Country Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of (+) Level: ISCED 5 in the fi eld of philosophy. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister Artium. M. Sc. Country: Norway MA Level: ISCED 5 Country: Malta Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Master of (+) Level: ISCED 5 in the fi eld of science. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Arts. See ➧ Master (+). M.A. MA Country: Germany Country: Norway Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Master of (+) Abbreviation of Magister Artium relating to in the fi eld of arts. a graduate course of study in the traditional graduation system (article 18 of the Framework MA Act for Higher Education), mainly in the arts and Country: United Kingdom Level: ISCED 5 humanities. See ➧ Magister (+). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Arts. Abbreviation of Master of Arts in the arts and See ➧ Masters degree. humanities, relating to a second-cycle course of study in the new graduation system (article 19 Maestro (+) of the Framework Act for Higher Education). See Country: Spain ➧ Master (+). Grammatical variants: Maestra/os Level: ISCED 5 M.Sc. Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained Country: Germany by students who have passed the examinations Level: ISCED 5 required under the programme at the end of fi rst-cycle university studies (3 years) in an Escuela Explanatory note: Universitaria or Facultad. These examinations Abbreviation of Magister Scientiarum in relation are written and/or oral and cover every subject to graduate courses of study in the traditional taken. The certifi cate awarded indicates the fi eld graduation system (article 18 of the Framework of specialisation and gives access to the teaching Act for Higher Education). See ➧ Magister (+). profession in pre-primary and primary education

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 137 Maestro d’arte

and the fi rst two years of general lower second- is mostly awarded in the form of Magister Artium ary education (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, (abbreviation: M.A.) or Magister Scientiarum (M.Sc.) or ESO) as well as to some second-cycle university for courses with a more theoretical emphasis, and studies. This degree corresponds to the ➧ Diplo- Magister (+) for courses that are more application matura en (+). oriented, e.g. Magister der Ingenieurwissenschaften (in Engineering). Maestro d’arte Country: Italy Magister (+) Grammatical variants: Maestri d’arte Country: Poland Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Magistrowie, magist* Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who Level: ISCED 5 have obtained the ➧ Diploma di maestro d’arte. Explanatory note: Second professional title con- ferred on students who have obtained the ➧ Dyp- Mag. (+) lom ukończenia studiów wyższych degree. It fol- Country: Austria lows successful completion of 5 years of long uni- Level: ISCED 5 versity studies or two years of further study in the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister/tra (+), case of ➧ Licencjat title holders. This title is referred followed by the abbreviated designation of the to as magister edukacji in educational sciences; fi eld of study, e.g. Mag. phil. Titles awarded by magister inżynier in the faculties of technology, Fachhochschulen are followed by the abbreviation economics and agriculture; magister sztuki in art FH. academies; and magister inżynier architekt in the Mag. fi eld of architecture. Abbreviations: Mgr or, in the Country: Slovenia technological fi eld, Mgr inż. Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Magister Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Magister/trica : Romania ➧ Country znanosti and Magister/trica umetnosti. Level: ISCED 6 ➧ Mag. Art Explanatory note: Synonym for Master. Country: Norway Magister (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Sweden Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister Grammatical variants: Magistern, magistrar, artium. magistrarna Mag. farm. Level: ISCED 5 Country: Slovenia Explanatory note: Title conferred on the holder ➧ Level: ISCED 5 of a Magisterexamen, normally with a prefi x Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister/tra referring either to the faculty or area of study in farmacije. which the degree is obtained, for example fi lo- sofi e magister, and frequently used in abbreviated Magister form, e.g. fi l.mag. Country: Estonia Grammatical variants: Magistri, magistrit Magister (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Slovakia Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Grammatical variants: Magistri, magist* who have obtained the ➧ Magistrikraad degree. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Magister who have obtained the ➧ Vysokoškolský diplom (+) Country: Finland in the fi elds of human sciences and arts. Students Grammatical variants: Magistern, magistrar, who have obtained this title may take the ➧ Rigor- magistrarna ózna skúška examination. Abbreviations: Mgr and Level: ISCED 5 Mgr.art. Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Maisteri (+). Magister Artium Magister (+) Country: Liechtenstein Country: Germany Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred by the Interna- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students tionale Akademie für Philosophie (IAP) on students who have obtained the ➧ Magistergrad degree. It who pass the ➧ Magisterprüfung in philosophy. It

138 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Magisterexamen

gives access to the labour market or to advanced Magister/trica umetnosti study and research leading to the title of ➧ Doktor Country: Slovenia der Philosophie. Abbreviation: MA. Grammatical variants: Magistri/trice umetnosti, magist* umetnosti Magister artium Level: ISCED 5 Country: Norway Explanatory note: Academic title awarded Level: ISCED 5 to students who have obtained a fi rst pro- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by fessional title (➧ Akademski/ka, ➧ Profesor/ica ➧ students who pass fi nal examinations and present or Univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na), succes- a thesis at the end of university studies lasting fully completed 2 years of second-cycle artistic studies, passed the ➧ Diplomski izpit examina- six-and-a-half to 7 years. Each institution sets its tion and obtained the ➧ Diploma at Akademija. own written and oral examinations, which are It gives access to the labour market or advanced assessed by two examiners, one of whom is exter- study and research leading to the ➧ Doktor/ica nal. The degree indicates the student’s results in znanosti degree. Abbreviation: Mag. General term: the examinations, the average marks obtained in Znanstveni naslov. the main subjects, the subject of the thesis and its assessment. It gives access to employment Magister/trica znanosti and/or to advanced study and research leading Country: Slovenia to the ➧ Doctor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree. Abbrevia- Grammatical variants: Magistri/trice znanosti, tion: Mag.Art. magist* znanosti Level: ISCED 5 Magister Juris Explanatory note: Academic title awarded to Country: Malta students who have already obtained a fi rst profes- Level: ISCED 5 sional title (➧ Akademski/ka (+), ➧ Diplomirani/na (+), Explanatory note: Title conferred on students ➧ Profesor/ica (+), ➧ Doktor/ica (+), ➧ Magister/tra who hold a ➧ Master’s degree awarded in Euro- farmacije or ➧ Univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na), successfully completed 2 years of second-cycle pean and Comparative Law and in International ➧ Law. studies, passed the Diplomski izpit examina- tion and obtained the ➧ Diploma at Akademija Magister/tra (+) or Fakulteta. It gives access to the labour market Country: Austria or advanced study and research leading to the ➧ Grammatical variants: Magistri, Magistrae, Doktor/ica znanosti degree. Abbreviation: Mag. Magist* General term: Znanstveni naslov. Level: ISCED 5 Magistère Explanatory note: Academic title of holders of the Country: France ➧ Diplomprüfungszeugnis or ➧ Magisterprüfungs- Level: ISCED 5 zeugnis, which is followed by an indication of the Explanatory note: Degree devised by the univer- fi eld of study (e.g. Magister philosophiae). Titles sités and grandes écoles and awarded by them to awarded by Fachhochschulen are followed by the students who have passed the fi nal examinations abbreviation FH. Abbreviation: Mag. (+). held on completion of second-cycle university studies (3 years) open to holders of the ➧ Diplôme Magister/tra farmacije d’études universitaires générales or ➧ Diplôme uni- Country: Slovenia versitaire de technologie. The (written and oral) Grammatical variants: Magistri/e farmacije, examinations are prepared by the institution magist* farmacije concerned and relate to the subjects studied. The Level: ISCED 5 degree indicates the fi eld of specialisation and Explanatory note: First professional title awarded gives access to third-cycle university studies or to students who have successfully completed 4 the labour market. With introduction of the new years of an academically oriented programme in system, this degree will either be replaced by the ➧ pharmacy, passed the ➧ Diplomski izpit examina- Diplôme national de master, or retained and give access to the second year (M2) of the master. tion and obtained the ➧ Diploma at the Fakulteta za farmacijo (Faculty of Pharmacy). The title gives Magisterexamen access to the labour market or further tertiary Country: Finland education leading to the ➧ Magister/trica znanosti, Grammatical variants: -examina ➧ Specialist/ka (+) or ➧ Doktor/ica znanosti degree. Level: ISCED 5 Abbreviation: Mag. farm. General term: Strokovni Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Maisterin naslov. tutkinto (+).

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 139 Magisterexamen

Magisterexamen in article 18 of the Hochschulrahmengesetz Country: Liechtenstein (HRG), which normally lasts 9 semesters (4½ Level: ISCED 5 years) with no further study in any of the Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Magisterprü- individual subjects taken. Rather than con- fung. centrating on a single subject, courses that lead to a traditional Magister degree provide Magisterexamen med ämnesbredd for a combination of several subjects usually Country: Sweden consisting of two major subjects or one major Grammatical variants: Magisterexamina med and two minor subjects. The subject combina- ämnesbredd tion is generally chosen by the student. The Level: ISCED 5 degree gives access to the labour market or to Explanatory note: General degree awarded after advanced study and research leading to the 1 year of studies with a special subject empha- ➧ Doktorgrad. The Magistergrad is equivalent sis, to students at a university or university col- to the ➧ Diplomgrad awarded by a university lege (universitet or högskola) who already hold a or equivalent tertiary education institution, and degree worth at least 120 credits (equivalent to 3 to the fi rst ➧ Staatsprüfung (state examination) years of full-time studies), or the equivalent for- for courses of study that require state examina- eign qualifi cation. For this degree, students have tions. The Magistergrad may also be obtained to complete a dissertation worth at least 10 cred- by completing a traditional one- or two-year its. The degree certifi cate indicates the major fi eld further course of study. It confers on its holders of study, the subjects passed and marks obtained. the title of ➧ Magister (+). It confers the title of ➧ Magister (+) on its holders Under the new graduation system defi ned in who are also eligible for doctoral studies lead- article 19 of the Hochschulrahmengesetz (HRG), ing to the ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). The name of the the Magistergrad may also be obtained as a sec- degree refers either to the faculty, e.g. fi losofi e ond-cycle career-qualifying degree further to magisterexamen, or area of study in which it is completion of 1-2 years of the Magister course obtained. subsequent to the ➧ Bachelor (+), which is pro- vided at universities, other equivalent tertiary Magisterexamen med ämnesdjup education institutions and Fachhochschulen. Country: Sweden The courses entailed normally last a maximum Grammatical variants: Magisterexamina med of fi ve years. In this case the programme, degree ämnesdjup and title are all called ➧ Master (+). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: General degree awarded Magisterprüfung either after 1 year to students who already hold Country: Austria the ➧ Kandidatexamen (+) corresponding to at Grammatical variants: Magisterprüfungen, least 120 credits, or after 4 years of full-time study Magisterprüfung* in any faculty at a university or university college Level: ISCED 5 (universitet or högskola) corresponding to 160 Explanatory note: Final examination at universi- credits, 80 of which are obtained in the major ties and Fachhochschulen held at the end of sec- fi eld of study, including one thesis of 20 cred- ond-cycle university studies (one or two years fol- its or two theses of 10 credits each. The degree lowing the ➧ Bakkalaureatsprüfung). The examina- certifi cate indicates this major fi eld, the subjects tion is organised internally by the institution and passed and marks obtained. It confers the title of takes place before a board. Its content is related ➧ Magister (+) on its holders who are also eligi- to the individual course of study and includes ble for doctoral studies leading to the ➧ Doktors- a written dissertation and written and oral examen (+). The name of the degree refers either exam-inations. Successful students receive the to the faculty or area of study in which it is ➧ Magisterprüfungszeugnis. obtained, e.g. fi losofi e magisterexamen. Magisterprüfung Magistergrad Country: Germany Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Magisterprüfungen, Grammatical variants: Magistergrade, Magisterprüfung* Magistergrad* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: Examination held on completion of a Magister Academic degree awarded on completion of a course of study as defi ned in article 18 of the traditional graduate course of study as defi ned Hochschulrahmengesetz (HRG). The examina-

140 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Magistrikraad

tion consists of a written dissertation, as well as Maģistra diploms (+) written and oral tests in the specialised subjects Country: Latvia concerned. Grammatical variants: Maģistra diplomam, Following the amendment to the 1988 Frame- maģistra diplomu work Act for Higher Education, a Magisterprü- Level: ISCED 5 fung is also held at the end of second-cycle Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Master/Magister courses in the new graduation who have already obtained the academic or pro- system as defi ned in article 19 of the HRG. fessional degree of ➧ Bakalaurs (+) and success- Successful students are awarded the ➧ Magister- fully completed the second cycle of academic grad which, subject to a certain level of academic studies (2 years) at universitāte or another tertiary performance, provides them with an opportunity education institution. While both academic and to embark on the ➧ Promotion process. General professional bakalaurs (+) entitle their holders to term: Hochschulprüfung. undertake either type of Master’s course, there may be additional requirements. The diploma is Magisterprüfung generally awarded on the basis of the student’s Country: Liechtenstein results in the ➧ Gala pārbaudījumi. It gives access Grammatical variants: Magisterprüfungen, to the labour market or to advanced study and Magisterprüfung* research for the ➧ Doktora diploms (+). It confers Level: ISCED 5 on its holder the academic degree ➧ Maģistrs (+). Explanatory note: Final examination taken at the Internationale Akademie für Philosophie (IAP) Magistras on completion of a 2-year second-cycle course of Country: Lithuania study (Hauptstudium) in philosophy. The course Grammatical variants: Magistr* is open to students who have already obtained Level: ISCED 5 the title of ➧ Baccalaureat. The examination, Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Magistro whose requirements and content are fi xed by laipsnis (+). the IAP, includes both written and oral exam- inations in philosophy and the preparation of a Magistrieksam dissertation. Graduates receive a record of their Country: Estonia results which has no specifi c name. There is no Grammatical variants: Magistrieksami, fi nal certifi cate, but successful candidates obtain magistrieksamit the title of ➧ Magister Artium and are entitled to Level: ISCED 5 proceed to further studies in philosophy. Synonym: Explanatory note: Final examination taken at the Magisterexamen. end of the one to two years of second level ter- tiary education (Master’s study, or magistriõpe) at Magisterprüfungszeugnis universities and organised by the institution con- Country: Austria cerned. In the fi elds of medicine, veterinary medi- Grammatical variants: Magisterprüfungs- cine, pharmacy, dentistry, architecture, and civil zeugnisse, Magisterprüfungszeugnis* engineering, as well as in class teacher training, Level: ISCED 5 studies are based on integrated Bachelor’s and Explanatory note: Second degree testifying to Master’s curricula (integreeritud bakalaureuse- ja success in the ➧ Magisterprüfung at universities magistriõpe), and last six years in the case of med- and Fachhochschulen. It indicates the fi eld and ical and veterinary training and fi ve years in other branch of study or Fachhochschule course of fi elds. For students who defend a fi nal thesis this study. Holders are entitled to exercise the relevant examination is not compulsory. Those who pass it profession or to commence advanced study and are awarded the ➧ Magistrikraad degree. research for a ➧ Doktor/in (+). The degree confers on its holder the academic title ➧ Magister/tra (+). Magistrikraad Country: Estonia Magistr/a Grammatical variants: Magistrikraad, Country: Czech Republic magistrikraadiga Grammatical variants: Magistři, magistr* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Explanatory note: Title conferred on students who have successfully completed 5 to 6 years who have obtained the diploma ➧ Vysokoškolský of an integrated Bachelor’s/Master’s study pro- diplom and the certifi cate ➧ Vysvědčení o státní gramme (integreeritud bakalaureuse- ja magis- závěrečné zkoušce. Abbreviation: Mgr. and MgA. in triõpe), or who have already received the ➧ Baka- the fi eld of arts. laureusekraad and successfully completed one to

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 141 Magistro diplomas

two years of second level tertiary education (Mas- Maisteri (+) ter’s study, or magistriõpe) at universities. Students Country: Finland have to successfully defend the Master’s thesis Grammatical variants: Maisterit, maisteri* or pass the ➧฀Magistrieksam examination. This Level: ISCED 5 degree is always awarded with a ➧฀Diplom. It gives Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of access to doctoral studies (doktoriõpe) leading to the ➧฀Maisterin tutkinto (+), normally with a prefix the ➧฀Doktorikraad degree, in accordance with the referring to the field of study, for example psykolo- conditions and pursuant to the procedure estab- gian maisteri. Swedish term: Magister. lished by the board of the university concerned. Training in medicine and dentistry is followed by a Maisterin tutkinto (+) period of practical full-time training lasting three Country: Finland to five years. The magistrikraad degree confers on Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, its holder the title of ➧฀Magister. -tutkinno* Level: ISCED 5 Magistro diplomas Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Country: Lithuania who have successfully completed 5 years of full- Grammatical variants: Magistro diplom* time study, or 2 years following the ➧฀Kandidaatin Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on satisfac- tutkinto (+) at university (yliopisto and korkea- tory completion of second level consecutive uni- koulu). In the Theatre Academy (teatterikorkea- versity programmes (following the ➧฀Bakalauro koulu), some of these degrees can be completed in diplomas) or integrated consecutive programmes 4 years. The qualification exists in almost all fields, at universitetas and akademija, after students have except medicine, dentistry or veterinary medicine, ➧฀ passed examinations and successfully defended a in which only a higher degree Lisensiaatintut- thesis. The diploma confers on them the title of kinto (+) can be taken. To obtain the Maisterin tut- ➧฀Magistro laipsnis (+) either alone or combined kinto, students prepare a thesis which is assessed with ➧฀Profesinė kvalifikacija. It gives access to by two or more impartial examiners appointed by employment and to doctoral studies leading to the university or appropriate faculty. In art acad- the ➧฀Daktaro mokslo laipsnio diplomas. emies, the thesis may also be an artistic product, performance or study assignment. The details Magistro laipsnis (+) indicated on the degree certificate are not gov- Country: Lithuania erned by national regulations but determined by Grammatical variants: Magistro laipsn* the university concerned. The degree gives access Level: ISCED 5 to the labour market, or to advanced study and Explanatory note: Second academic title con- research leading to the ➧฀Tohtorin tutkinto (+). It ferred on students who have obtained the confers on its holder the title of ➧฀Maisteri (+). The diploma ➧฀Magistro diplomas. It is followed by ref- prefix in the name of the degree refers to the field erence to the field of study concerned. Synonym: of study, for example psykologian maisterin tut- Magistras. kinto. Swedish term: Magisterexamen. Maģistrs (+) Maître en (+) Country: Latvia Grammatical variants: Maģistri, maģistriem, Country: Belgium (French Community) maģistrus Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on those who Level: ISCED 5 ➧฀ Explanatory note: Academic or professional hold the degree Maîtrise en (+). It is always fol- degree obtained by holders of the ➧฀Maģistra lowed by reference to the field of study in which it diploms (+) or ➧฀Augstākās profesionālās izglītības has been obtained. ➧฀ diploms (or Augstākās profesionālās kvalifikācijas Maîtrise (+) diploms), respectively. Country: France Magistur Level: ISCED 5 (Магистър) Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Country: Bulgaria who have submitted a final dissertation (mémoire) Grammatical variants: Magistri and passed the examinations held on comple- Level: ISCED 5 tion of one year of second-cycle university studies Explanatory note: Title conferred on students open to holders of a ➧฀Licence. The examinations who have obtained the ➧฀Diploma za zavurchena are prepared by the institution concerned and stepen na vischeto obrazovanie at the end of the relate to the subjects studied. The degree indicates second or long cycle of university studies. the main field of study and, where it is awarded by

142 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Master

the instituts universitaires professionnalisés (IUPs), Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology confers on its holder the title of ➧฀Ingénieur-maî- Certificate/Diploma (+) tre. The name of the degree is always followed by Country: Malta reference to the field of study. This qualification is Level: ISCED 3 and 4 required for access to third-cycle university stud- Explanatory note: Certificate/diploma awarded ies (for the ➧฀Diplôme d’études approfondies or on completion of studies in a range of vocational ➧฀Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées). In the subjects such as business, electronics, art and new system, it becomes an intermediate qualifi- design, and building and construction services cation that universities may award on completion at the Malta College of Arts, Science and Technol- of the first year of studies (M1) for the ➧฀Diplôme ogy. These qualifications are awarded either to de master. students who take a two-year course in full-time education, or to those who for three or four years Maîtrise acquire their basic knowledge at the College and Country: Luxembourg are on day release to attend a place of work as Level: ISCED 4 part of an Apprenticeship Scheme. The certificate/ ➧฀ Explanatory note: Synonym for Brevet de Maî- diploma specifies the vocational area or trade in trise. which it is awarded. Apprentices are also awarded Maîtrise en (+) a Journeyman’s Certificate by the Employment and Country: Belgium (French Community) Training Corporation. The certificate gives access Level: ISCED 5 to employment and higher levels of specialisa- Explanatory note: Degree awarded on the com- tion. Abbreviation: MCAST Certificate/Diploma. pletion of three years of second-cycle university Maritim kandidat studies (following the ➧฀Candidature en (+)) to Country: Norway students who have passed the curricular exam- Level: ISCED 5 inations organised by the institution in each sub- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by ject, and submitted a final written assignment ➧฀ (mémoire). The degree, which is awarded in the students with a Høgskolekandidat or its (3-year) field of science and economics, indicates the field equivalent in maritime studies, who pass written of study, the subjects taken, the subject of the and oral final examinations at the end of maritime mémoire and the final marks obtained. It confers studies lasting two-and-a-half years at university. on its holder the title of ➧฀Maître en (+). The degree The examinations are set by each institution and gives access to the corresponding profession and assessed by two examiners, one of whom is exter- studies leading to the ➧฀Doctorat en (+) or to fur- nal. The degree indicates the student’s results in ther or specialised university studies, as well as to the examinations and the average marks obtained studies for the ➧฀Diplôme de spécialisation and the in the main subjects. It gives access to employ- ➧฀Diplôme d’études supérieures spécialisées in the ment and/or to advanced study and research Hautes Écoles. The term maîtrise is always followed leading to the ➧฀Doctor (+) or ➧฀Ph.d. degree. by reference to the field of study concerned. Master (+) Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (Μάστερ) Certificate in Foundation Studies (+) Country: Cyprus Country: Malta Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Second-cycle degree follow- Explanatory note: First level certificate awarded ing the ➧ Ptychio (+), which is obtained at univer- to students on satisfactory completion of one- sities (panepistimia) on satisfactory completion year courses in vocational upper secondary edu- of academic studies lasting a minimum of 1 year cation at the Malta College of Arts, Science and and 6 months. It is awarded by these institutions Technology. Students are assessed continuously to students who have passed the written and oral and may have to sit a final examination depend- examinations in the subjects studied and pre- ing on the area of study. Besides the field of spe- sented a final project to a board of examiners. cialisation, the certificate indicates that they have This degree is also awarded by private tertiary obtained the required basis for further vocational education schools (idiotikes scholes tritovathmias studies. Successful students may take further ekpaedefsis) after completion of studies lasting 1- vocational education courses in a specific area or 2 years. It indicates the field of specialisation and trade, which lead to a ➧฀Malta College of Arts, Sci- the level of studies, and gives access to employ- ence and Technology Certificate/Diploma. Abbrevi- ment and to doctoral studies (leading to the ation: MCAST Certificate in Foundation Studies. ➧ Didaktoriko diploma (+)) in the field concerned.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 143 Master

Master (+) Master di II livello Country: Germany Country: Italy Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Second academic degree Explanatory note: Degree awarded by tertiary and title awarded since 1998 to students who education institutions (università, istituti univer- successfully complete a Master’s course of study sitari, politecnici) to students who pass the fi nal examination at the end of studies lasting 1 year as defi ned in article 19 of the Hochschulrahmen- (corresponding to 60 credits) after the ➧ Diploma gesetz (HRG, or Framework Act for Higher Edu- di Laurea Specialistica (+) or, prior to 2001/02, fol- cation) after fi rst obtaining the ➧ Bachelor (+) lowing the ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+). It gives access degree. The title obtained is Master of Arts (abbre- to employment. viation: M.A.), mainly in the arts and humanities. In the case of Master courses that are more appli- Master i (+) cation oriented, the degree awarded includes Country: Norway reference to the fi eld of study, in the form Master Level: ISCED 5 of (+), e.g. Master of Engineering, Master of Science Explanatory note: Second academic degree (abbreviation: M.Sc.). Traditionally, the degree is and title which, with eff ect from 2003, may be obtained by students with a ➧ Bachelor i (+) or called ➧ Magister (+). equivalent qualifi cation who successfully pass examinations and submit a fi nal dissertation on Master (+) completion of a second cycle of studies lasting Country: Malta 2 years. In a few subject areas such as law, odon- Level: ISCED 5 tology, and pharmaceutics, the degree and title Explanatory note: Title conferred on students may also be obtained on successful completion who hold a ➧ Master’s degree. The title includes ref- of a fi ve-year integrated study programme. Yet erence to the subject area concerned, e.g. Master other students may obtain them after success- of Arts, Master of Science. Abbreviation: MA, MSc. fully completing examinations and a disserta- tion at the end of certain one-and-a-half-year Master vocational study programmes although, in such Country: Romania cases, at least two years of relevant work experi- Level: ISCED 6 ence are required subsequent to the bachelor’s Explanatory note: Title conferred on students degree at the point of entry to the programme. who have obtained the ➧ Diplomă de Master. The examinations are set by each institution and Synonym: Magister. assessed by two examiners, one of whom is exter- nal. The degree gives access to the labour market Master (+) or to advanced study and research leading to the ➧ ➧ Country: The Netherlands Doctor (+) or Ph.d. degree. Grammatical variants: Masters Master of (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Iceland Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Level: ISCED 5 who have obtained the ➧ Getuigschrift van het af- Explanatory note: Title conferred by a tertiary sluitend examen at the end of second-cycle univer- education institution (háskóli) on students who sity education (wo) or professional tertiary educa- at the end of the second-cycle university studies tion (hbo). The title may be followed by reference obtain the ➧ Meistaragráda degree. In the fi eld of to the fi eld of studies concerned and is written liberal arts, social sciences and theology, the title after the name of its holder. Abbreviation: M. (+). is Master of arts (abbreviation: MA) followed by reference to the fi eld of specialisation in which Master di I livello it was obtained. Variants of this title are Master Country: Italy of Science (abbreviation: MS) in the fi eld of eco- Level: ISCED 5 nomics, management, administration, medicine and engineering, Master of Education (abbrevia- Explanatory note: Second degree awarded by tion: Med) and Master Paedagogiae (abbreviation: tertiary education institutions (università, istituti MPaed) in the fi eld of educational sciences, Mas- universitari, politecnici) at the end of studies last- ter of Business administration (abbreviation: MBA) ing 1 year (corresponding to 60 credits) after the in business administration, Master of Public Admin- ➧ Diploma di Laurea (+), to students who pass the istration (abbreviation: MPA) in public administra- fi nal examination. It indicates the fi eld and the tion and Master of Social Works (abbreviation: title and gives access to employment. MSW) in social works.

144 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Masters degree

Master of (+) ➧ Doctorate. Successful candidates obtain the title Country: Ireland ➧ Master of (+). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Master’s degree who hold a ➧ Master’s degree. The title denotes the Country: Malta broad subject area of the study undertaken, e.g. Level: ISCED 5 Master of Arts. Explanatory note: Degree testifying to satisfac- tory completion of second-cycle university stud- Master of (+) ies lasting at least a year. It is awarded by the Country: Liechtenstein University of Malta to students who are already Level: ISCED 5 holders of the ➧ Bachelor’s degree (Honours), or Explanatory note: Second university degree and who have undertaken a ‘qualifying’ year in order title obtained by students who have passed the to be eligible for enrolment and have passed ➧ Master-Prüfung. The degree is awarded together the written and oral examinations in all subjects with the ➧ Master-Urkunde, and gives access to the studied and presented the fi nal assignment to labour market or to advanced study and research a board of examiners. The degree indicates the leading to a PhD, which cannot be obtained in fi eld of specialisation and the level of studies. It Liechtenstein but in a partner university abroad. gives access to employment in that fi eld, as well Depending on the fi eld of study, the title is Master as to advanced study and research leading to the of Arts, Master of Business Administration, or Master ➧ Doctorate. Successful candidates are awarded of Science (synonym: Diplom-Architekt). the title of ➧ Master (+) and ➧ Magister Juris. Master of (+) Master-Diplom Country: Norway Country: Liechtenstein Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Master-Diplome, Master- Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Diplom* students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- Level: ISCED 5 tions on completion of 1 to 2 years of study after Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Master- the ➧ Bachelor i (+) or equivalent qualifi cation Urkunde. (often obtained abroad). The examinations are set by each institution and assessed by two examin- Master-Prüfung ers, one of whom is external. The degree indicates Country: Liechtenstein the student’s results in the examinations and the Grammatical variants: Master-Prüfungen, average marks obtained in the main subjects. It Master-Prüfung* gives access to employment and/or advanced Level: ISCED 5 study and research leading to the ➧ Doctor (+) Explanatory note: Final national-level examina- or ➧ Ph.d. degree. It may be awarded in the fi eld tion organised at the end of second-cycle uni- of arts (abbreviation: MA), business administra- versity studies which may last from 3 to 9 semes- tion (abbreviation: MBA), international business ters at the Fachhochschule and are open to those (abbreviation: MIB), philosophy (abbreviation: who have already obtained the ➧ Bachelor of (+). M.Phil.), science (abbreviation: M.Sc.), technology For further information on content, see ➧ Master- management, law and management. Prüfung. Students have to pass this examination in order to obtain the ➧ Master of (+) degree and the Master’s degree ➧ Master-Urkunde diploma. Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 5 Masters degree Explanatory note: Second-cycle degree awarded Country: United Kingdom by the universities, certain Institutes of Technol- Level: ISCED 5 ogy and the Higher Education and Training Awards Explanatory note: Usually a second degree Council on the basis of 1 to 3 years of course work awarded to graduates who successfully com- and examination, research or a combination of plete 1 year of full-time or 2 years of part-time both following a ➧ Bachelor’s degree (generally specialised study, taking taught courses, doing with honours). Students usually have to complete individual research or combining both. Degrees a dissertation and/or pass a written examination. are designated Master of Arts (MA), Laws (LLM), Additional practical or oral examinations may be Science (MSc), Master of Business Administra- held in some cases. The degree gives access to tion (MBA), etc. according to the fi eld of study. A employment in the fi eld of specialisation, as well taught Masters degree is awarded on the basis of as to advanced study and research leading to the either written examinations or continuous assess-

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 145 Master-Urkunde

ment and requires a dissertation or short thesis, Matriculation certifi cate examination while a research Masters degree requires research Country: Malta and the presentation of a thesis. The thesis is usu- Level: ISCED 3 ally read by a panel of examiners who may sub- Explanatory note: National level examination sequently examine the student orally. Masters organised by the Matriculation and Secondary degrees may be graded, depending on the insti- Education Certifi cate (MATSEC) Board of the Uni- tution concerned. The form of degree certifi cates versity of Malta. The examination is taken at the also depends on the awarding institution but the end of a two-year upper secondary course in a area of specialisation is generally indicated. In junior college, higher secondary school, Malta Col- the ancient Scottish Universities, the MA is a fi rst lege of Arts, Science and Technology and the non- degree comparable to the BA awarded elsewhere. state sixth forms. It includes written examinations In other institutions and elsewhere in the United determined on the basis of the subjects students Kingdom, the Masters degree has been awarded intend to study and have taken from a set of four for other types of programme such as the fourth groups of subjects. Those who pass the examina- year (or, in Scotland, the fi fth year) of a programme tion are awarded the ➧ Matriculation certifi cate, covering advanced work for a fi rst degree (for which is a requirement for admission to Univer- example MEng) and for ‘conversion’ courses sub- sity courses. sequent to a fi rst degree. However, institutions are now encouraged to achieve greater consis- Matura tency under the new frameworks for higher edu- Country: Liechtenstein : ISCED 3 cation qualifi cations, which are being phased in Level Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Maturaprü- from September 2003. ‘Conversion’ courses which fung. involve largely fi rst degree level content should, in future, use the ➧ Graduate Certifi cate/Diploma. Matura The term Master should, in future, be used only for Country: Poland qualifi cations that meet in full the expectations Grammatical variants: Matury, matur* of the qualifi cation descriptors and credit defi ni- Level: ISCED 3 tions at level ‘M’ of the frameworks (in Scotland, Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Egzamin ‘SHE level M’/‘SCQF level 11’). Nevertheless, if for dojrzałości. historical reasons an institution wishes to retain the use of older titles, it may do so. Masters qualifi - Matura cations are recognised for progression within ter- Country: Slovenia tiary education (for example to a ➧ Doctorate) and Grammatical variants: Mature, matur* by employers, and in some cases may lead to pro- Level: ISCED 3 fessional accreditation. Abbreviations: MA, LLM, Explanatory note: External compulsory fi nal MSc, MPhil, MBA, MEng. examination organised by the National Matura Commission at the end of the fi nal year of gen- Master-Urkunde eral upper secondary education lasting 4 years Country: Liechtenstein (gimnazija). This examination can also be taken by Grammatical variants: Master-Urkunden, pupils who have completed the maturitetni tečaj, Master-Urkunde* a one-year educational programme intended pri- Level: ISCED 5 marily for those who complete their course at a Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students 4-year technical secondary school (srednja strok- who pass the ➧ Master-Prüfung. It indicates the ovna šola) and want to sit the matura examina- fi eld of study and the academic degree and title tion and enroll for academic tertiary education. It of ➧ Master of (+). Synonym: Master-Diplom. consists of written and oral examinations in fi ve subjects, three of which are compulsory, namely Matriculation certifi cate Slovenian (or Italian or Hungarian in the case of Country: Malta national communities), mathematics and a for- Level: ISCED 3 eign language; the other two subjects are elect- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils ive. In addition to a written test, some subjects who pass the ➧ Matriculation certifi cate examina- involve compulsory practical or project work, or tion at the end of upper secondary education in a an oral examination. Successful pupils receive junior college, higher secondary school, Malta Col- the ➧ Maturitetno spričevalo certifi cate. Note: Until lege of Arts, Science and Technology and the non- 2001, it was also possible to take the Matura on state sixth forms. The certifi cate gives access to the completion of 4-year technical upper secondary University of Malta. school.

146 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Maturitní zkouška

Maturaprüfung pleted general upper secondary education at Country: Liechtenstein gimnazija or the one-year maturitetni tečaj and Grammatical variants: Maturaprüfungen, passed the ➧ Matura examination. Students with Maturaprüfung* outstanding results in this examination receive Level: ISCED 3 the maturitetno spričevalo s pohvalo certifi cate. Explanatory note: Final examination organised It indicates the subjects passed and examina- at national level in schools of general upper sec- tion results. It gives access (with exemption from ondary education after 8 years in the type B Gym- entrance examinations) to all types of tertiary nasium and 5 years in the type E Gymnasium. The education. examination has to be passed by students if they are to obtain the certifi cate ➧ Maturazeugnis. In Maturitná skúška the B stream, it includes written and oral exami- Country: Slovakia nations in German, Latin, French, and mathe- Grammatical variants: Maturitné* skúšky, matics, a paper in English, and an oral test in a maturitn* skúšk* subject chosen from physics, chemistry, biology, Level: ISCED 3 and 4 geography, history and English. In the E stream, Explanatory note: Final examination organised the examination is similar to that in the B stream, by institutions of general, specialised and voca- but the Latin examination is replaced by written tional upper secondary education lasting 4 years. and oral examinations in economics. Its content Pupils who pass it receive the school leaving is determined by the school. In accordance with certifi cate ➧ Vysvedčenie o maturitnej skúške. The revised legislation of August 2001, a new version content of the examination is set by the exam- of the Maturaprüfung will be held for the fi rst time ining board and approved by the school head. in 2005, alongside the examination in its present In schools of general education (gymnázium), form, and from 2006 onwards will replace the lat- the examination includes a written and oral part ter entirely. The new fi nal examination will take covering Slovak language and literature, and an place at the end of the 7th grade (year) of secon- oral examination in mathematics or in a foreign dary education and include 5 papers (in German, language and two optional subjects. In schools mathematics, English, French and one other sub- of vocational and specialised education (stredná ject dependent on the type of studies selected), odborná škola and stredné odborné učilište), it and 4 oral examinations (in one subject from each includes written and oral examinations in Slovak of 3 groups and one subject dependent on the language and literature and the subjects of spe- type of studies selected). Synonym: Matura. cialisation, plus an oral examination in an optional subject. Examinations in the subjects of special- Maturazeugnis isation may also include a practical part. In addi- Country: Liechtenstein tion, the Maturitná skúška is held following 2 years Grammatical variants: Maturazeugnisse, of supplementary courses for pupils who have Maturazeugnis* passed the ➧ Záverečna skúška and obtained the Level: ISCED 3 ➧ Výučný list certifi cate. Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate of general upper secondary education, which is issued by Maturitní zkouška the Gymnasium to pupils who pass the ➧ Matu- Country: Czech Republic raprüfung. It indicates the area of specialisation, Grammatical variants: Maturitní zkoušky, the subjects passed, the examination results and, maturitní* zkouš* from 2005 onwards, will also specify the topics of Level: ISCED 3 and 4 the 2 term papers, the special subjects selected Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examination and the results obtained in sports. This certifi cate held at the end of the fi nal year of four-year gen- is recognised by Switzerland, Austria and certain eral, technical and vocational upper secondary German Länder, and gives access to tertiary edu- education at gymnázium, střední odborná škola cation in these countries, without any need to and střední odborné učiliště. Successful pupils ➧ take an entrance examination. receive the Vysvĕdčení o maturitní zkoušce cer- tifi cate. The examinations are determined by each Maturitetno spričevalo institution and diff er depending on the type of Country: Slovenia school. Grammatical variants: Maturitetna spričevala, In the general upper secondary school, they maturitetn* spričeval* include written and oral examinations in Czech Level: ISCED 3 language and literature and one foreign lan- Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded guage, as well as in two optional subjects, de- by schools to pupils who have successfully com- pending on the pupil’s area of specialisation.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 147 MB

In technical or vocational upper secondary Explanatory note: Synonym for Examen mbo. schools, they include a written and oral ex- See ➧ Examen middelbaar beroepsonderswijs. amination in Czech language and literature, a single oral examination and a choice of special MCAST Certifi cate in Foundation Studies (+) subject, plus a practical test in technical or voca- Country: Malta tional subjects. Level: ISCED 3 For holders of the ➧ Výuční list or ➧ Vysvědčení Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Malta Col- o závěrečné zkoušce certifi cates, it is possible to lege of Arts, Science and Technology Certifi cate in sit the examination after completing 2 years of Foundation Studies. extension courses (nástavbové studium) at post- secondary level. The content and organisation MCAST Certifi cate/Diploma (+) of these courses are similar to those in voca- Country: Malta tional or technical upper secondary schools. Level: ISCED 3 and 4 In upper secondary art schools (střední Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Malta Col- umělecká škola), the history of arts and culture lege of Arts, Science and Technology Certifi cate/ supplements the compulsory examination in Diploma. Czech language and literature and the foreign language, as well as the special subject. MDDr. This examination is evaluated by a committee Country: Slovakia whose chairman and members are appointed by Level: ISCED 5 the regional education authorities and head of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of doktor zub- the school, respectively. ného lekárstva. See ➧ Doktor (+). MB MEd Country: United Kingdom Country: Iceland Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Bachelor of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Edu- Medicine. See ➧ Bachelors degree. cation. See ➧ Master of (+). MBA Meester (+) Country: Iceland, Norway Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title Business Administration. See ➧ Master of (+). obtained by students who successfully complete a 3-year second cycle of non-university tertiary MBA education in fi ne arts at a hogeschool, after fi rst Country: United Kingdom obtaining a ➧ Kandidaat in de (+). The qualifi cation Level: ISCED 5 gives access to the corresponding profession. For Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Busi- information on examinations and the details indi- ➧ ness Administration. See Masters degree. cated on the certifi cate, see ➧ Apotheker. Mbo-certifi caat Meester Country: The Netherlands Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Mbo-certifi caten Grammatical variants: Meesters Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Synonym for certifi caat mbo. See ➧ Certifi caat middelbaar beroepsonderwijs. Explanatory note: Title conferred on students who have obtained the ➧ Getuigschrift van het af- Mbo-diploma sluitend examen at the end of a second-cycle uni- Country: The Netherlands versity course in law. It is written before the name Grammatical variants: Mbo-diploma’s of its holder and delivered together with the title Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 of ➧ Master (+). Synonym: Meester in de rechten. Explanatory note: Synonym for diploma mbo. Abbreviation: Mr. See ➧ Diploma middelbaar beroepsonderwijs. Meester in de rechten Mbo-examen Country: The Netherlands Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Meesters in de rechten Grammatical variants: Mbo-examens Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Meester.

148 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Meisterprüfung

Meistarabréf (+) Meistari Country: Iceland Country: Iceland Grammatical variants: Meistarabréfi , meistarabréfs Grammatical variants: Meistarar Level: ISCED 4 Level: ISCED 4 Explanatory note: Master craftsman’s certifi cate Explanatory note: Title awarded to craftsmen awarded to trainees who have successfully com- who have obtained the ➧ Meistarabréf (+) certifi - pleted the ➧ Meistaranám í iðn examination. The cate. certifi cate indicates the fi eld of specialisation and its holders may exercise supervisory responsibili- Meisterbrief ties and recruit apprentices in that fi eld. The certif- Country: Germany icate, whose name includes reference to the fi eld, Grammatical variants: Meisterbriefe, confers on its holders the title ➧ Meistari (master Meisterbrief* craftsman). Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certifi cate which is generally Meistaragráda awarded by the chamber of crafts and testifi es Country: Iceland that its holders have passed the ➧ Meisterprü- Grammatical variants: Meistaragrádu fung (master craftsman’s examination) before the Level: ISCED 5 Meisterprüfung examining board. The certifi cate Explanatory note: Second degree awarded to confi rms that they are entitled to run their own students who have passed the ➧ Meistarapróf business and train apprentices in accordance with examination at the end of second-cycle university the regulations. Students prepare for the master studies. It gives access to the labour market and craftsman’s examination at evening courses pro- to advanced research programmes leading to the vided by the chambers, while working during the ➧ Doktorsgráda. It confers on its holder the title day, or by attending Fachschulen (technical schools ➧ Master of (+). off ering advanced vocational training) on a full- or Meistaranám í iðn part-time basis. Admission requirements for the Country: Iceland examination are the ➧ Gesellenbrief (journeyman’s Grammatical variants: Meistaranáms í iðn certifi cate) or a document testifying that its holder Level: ISCED 4 has passed the ➧ Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung Explanatory note: Continuous assessment in a and acquired several years of work experience. 1- to 3-year course of vocational educa- tion (depending on the trade) following the Meisterklassenexamen ➧ Sveinsbréf qualifi cation and one year’s work in Country: Germany the trade or occupation. The course is off ered Grammatical variants: Meisterklassenexamina by industrial vocational schools (iðnskóli), Level: ISCED 5 some comprehensive schools (fj ölbrautaskóli, Explanatory note: Examination held at the end of verkmenntaskóli) and a few educational cen- further tertiary education in a Meisterklasse (mas- tres (fræðslumiðstöð). The tests and assess- ter class) in music at a Musikhochschule (college of ment depend on each educational institution music). In order to gain admission to these classes, which is responsible for the examination. Satis- candidates should normally have performed out- factory assessment leads to the ➧ Meistarabréf (+) standingly well in a graduate course in the same certifi cate. fi eld as the one for which they are applying, and passed an entrance or aptitude test. Those who Meistarapróf reach the required standard in the Meisterklassen- Country: Iceland examen may embark on careers as professional Grammatical variants: Meistaraprófi , meistaraprófs musicians. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Examination held by a tertiary Meisterprüfung education institution (háskóli or kennaraháskóli) Country: Germany at the end of second-cycle studies lasting 1 to 2 Grammatical variants: Meisterprüfungen, years following the ➧ BA-gráda, ➧ BS-gráda, ➧ BEd- Meisterprüfung* gráda or ➧ Kandidatsgráda. Its content and the Level: ISCED 5 level of requirements depend on each institution. Explanatory note: Master craftsman’s examina- The examination, which is the responsibility of the tion held before the Meisterprüfung examining relevant faculty includes written and oral tests board. Students prepare for the examination relating to the diff erent subjects in the pro- at evening courses provided by the chambers, gramme studied, as well as a fi nal thesis. Success- while working during the day, or by attending ful students receive the ➧ Meistaragráda degree. Fachschulen (technical schools off ering advanced

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 149 Meisterschüler

vocational training) on a full- or part-time basis. Explanatory note: Degree awarded by universi- Admission requirements for the examination are ties (universidade) to students who have passed the ➧ Gesellenbrief (journeyman’s certifi cate), or a a specialisation course lasting a maximum of document testifying that its holder has passed the 4 semesters and who have therefore obtained ➧ Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung and acquired sev- the ➧ Diploma de conclusão da parte curricular do eral years of work experience. Successful students Mestrado, and who have also prepared and pub- receive the ➧ Meisterbrief certifi cate. licly defended an original dissertation (dissertação de mestrado), testifying to advanced knowledge in Meisterschüler a particular fi eld and ability to carry out research. Country: Germany The examining board consists of one internal Grammatical variants: Meisterschüler, and one external professor in the special subject Meisterschüler* and the supervisor of work on the dissertation. : ISCED 5 Level The board may also include two other academic Explanatory note: Title conferred by a Kunsthoch- staff members from the university awarding the schule (college of art) on particularly talented stu- ➧ dents who successfully complete a Meisterschüler- degree. Students with a Licenciatura and a mini- studium (master class course) ending with a pres- mum mark of 14/ bom (or, in exceptional cases, a entation of their artistic achievements. Above lower mark combined with satisfactory curricu- average performance in a graduate course is a lar evaluation) may take this degree. It confers requirement for admission to a Meisterschülerstu- on its holders the title of ➧ Mestre. The degree is dium. Students with this title may embark on pro- awarded together with the ➧ Carta Magistral and fessional careers as artists. both give access to further study leading to the ➧ Doutoramento. MEng Country: United Kingdom Mestre Level: ISCED 5 Country: Portugal Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Engi- Grammatical variants: Mestres neering. See ➧ Masters degree. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Academic title conferred on Menininkas holders of the ➧ Mestrado degree and the ➧ Carta Country: Lithuania Magistral. Grammatical variants: Meninink* Level: ISCED 6 Metaptychiako diploma Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Meno licenciatas. (Μεταπτυχιακό δίπλωμα) Country: Cyprus Meno licenciatas Grammatical variants: Metaptychiaka Country: Lithuania diplomata, metaptychiak* diplom* Grammatical variants: Meno licenciat* Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Second-cycle degree awarded Explanatory note: Title conferred on students after completion of academic studies at public ➧ who have obtained the diploma Meno licenciato schools of tertiary education (dimosies anoteres diplomas. Synonym: Menininkas. scholes) lasting a minimum of 1 year, to students Meno licenciato diplomas who have passed the written and oral examina- Country: Lithuania tions in all subjects studied and presented a fi nal Grammatical variants: Meno licenciat* diplom* project to a board of examiners. The qualifi cation Level: ISCED 6 indicates the fi eld of specialisation and level of Explanatory note: Diploma awarded on satisfac- studies and gives access to employment. tory completion of 2 years of third level university studies in art (meno aspirantūra) at akademija, Metaptychiako diploma eidikefsis (+) after students have passed their fi nal examina- (Μεταπτυχιακό δίπλωμα ειδίκευσηs) tion and successfully defended a project in a par- Country: Greece ticular artistic fi eld. The diploma confers on its Grammatical variants: Metaptychiaka holder the academic title of ➧ Meno licenciatas in diplomata, metaptychiak* diplom* the fi eld concerned. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree of completion of sec- Mestrado ond-cycle university studies, lasting a minimum Country: Portugal of 1 year, 3 months of which must be devoted Grammatical variants: Mestrados to a fi nal written assignment on a subject relat- Level: ISCED 5 ing to the fi eld of specialisation. It is awarded

150 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Mojstrski izpit

by institutions of tertiary education (panepistimio, Mittlerer Bildungsabschluss polytechnio) to students who already hold the Country: Germany ➧ Ptychio (+), and who have passed the written Grammatical variants: Mittler* and oral examinations in all subjects studied and Bildungsabschluss* presented a fi nal assignment to a board of exam- Level: ISCED 2 iners. The diploma indicates the fi eld of specialisa- Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for tion and the level of studies, and gives access to ➧ Mittlerer Schulabschluss. employment and doctoral studies (➧ Didaktoriko Mittlerer Schulabschluss diploma (+)) in the fi eld concerned. The name of Country: Germany the degree is always accompanied by the name Grammatical variants: Mittler* Schulabschluss* of that fi eld. Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: General education school leav- MgA. ing certifi cate awarded by a Realschule or, under Country: Czech Republic certain circumstances, by other types of lower Level: ISCED 5 secondary school on completion of the tenth Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magistr/a in school year. It is awarded on the basis of attain- the fi eld of arts. ment during that year or, in some Länder, follow- ing a fi nal examination (oral and written tests). Mgr The certifi cate gives access, under certain circum- Country: Poland stances, to other types of secondary school pro- Level: ISCED 5 viding education beyond the tenth school year, Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister (+). or to the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (general upper secondary education). It may also be awarded in Mgr inż. vocational lower secondary education, as well as Country: Poland Zweite Bildungsweg (‘second-chance’ education) Level: ISCED 5 and other adult education institutions. In most Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister (+) Länder the term used for this certifi cate is Real- in the technological fi eld. schulabschluss. Other terms used in certain Länder are: ➧ Fachoberschulreife, Mittlerer Abschluss, Mgr. Mittlerer Bildungsabschluss, Qualifi zierter Sekundar- Country: Czech Republic abschluss I, or Wirtschaftsschulabschluss. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magistr/a. Modulbevis Country: Norway Mgr. Grammatical variants: Modulbeviset, Country: Slovakia modulbevisene Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Magister (+) Explanatory note: A module certifi cate testify- in the fi eld of human sciences. ing to completion of a module which is part of a subject. The certifi cate can be issued for a whole Mgr.art. module or, in special cases, for part of one. Country: Slovakia Mojster/trica (+) Level: ISCED 5 ➧ Country: Slovenia Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Magister (+) Grammatical variants: Mojstri/ce, mojst* in the fi eld of arts. Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Explanatory note: Title conferred by the Slovenia MIB Chamber of Crafts on persons who have obtained Country: Norway the ➧ Şpričevalo o mojstrskem izpitu certifi cate. It Level: ISCED 5 indicates the fi eld of specialisation before or after Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Master of (+) the word mojster/trica (e.g. mojster avtomehanik, in the fi eld of International Business. frizerska mojstrica). General term: Naziv poklicne/ strokovne izobrazbe. Mittlerer Abschluss Country: Germany Mojstrski izpit Grammatical variants: Mittler* Abschluss* Country: Slovenia Level: ISCED 2 Grammatical variants: Mojstrski izpiti, mojstrsk* Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for izpit* ➧ Mittlerer Schulabschluss. Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.)

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 151 MPA

Explanatory note: Master craftsman’s examina- MS tion open to those who have satisfactorily com- Country: Iceland pleted 3-year vocational upper secondary educa- Level: ISCED 5 tion (poklicna šola), or 4-year technical upper sec- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of master of ondary education (srednja strokovna šola) with at science/magister scientiarum in the field of the least 3 years of work experience. Those who pass exact sciences. See ➧฀Master of (+). this examination obtain a qualification at the level of technical upper secondary education and the MSc Country: Malta N licence to perform a craft activity as an individual private entrepreneur. Examination materials are Level: ISCED 5 prepared by experts at the Slovenia Chamber of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Sci- Crafts (Obrtna zbornica Slovenije) and are based ence. See ➧฀Master (+). on examination syllabuses, while the examina- MSc tion is conducted by Chamber of Crafts examina- Country: United Kingdom tion commissions. Successful students obtain the Level: ISCED 5 ➧฀Spričevalo o mojstrskem izpitu certificate. For the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Sci- content of this examination and the opportunities ence. See ➧฀Masters degree. it provides, see ➧฀Delovodski izpit. MSW MPA Country: Iceland Country: Iceland Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Pub- Social Works. See ➧฀Master of (+). lic Administration. See ➧฀Master of (+). MUDr. MPaed Country: Czech Republic Country: Iceland Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of in the field of medicine. pedagogy/magister paedagogiae in the field of educational sciences. See ➧฀Master of (+). MUDr. Country: Slovakia MPhil Level: ISCED 5 Country: United Kingdom Explanatory note: Abbreviation of doktor Level: ISCED 5 všeobecného lekárstva. See ➧฀Doktor (+). Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Master of Philosophy. See ➧฀Masters degree. The abbrevi- MVDr. ated title MPhil should normally be reserved for Country: Czech Republic qualifications following extended Masters courses Level: ISCED 5 that typically involve a substantial amount of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) research. in the field of veterinary medicine. Mr. MVDr. Country: The Netherlands Country: Slovakia Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Meester, Explanatory note: Abbreviation of doktor vete- written before the name of the holder of the title. rinárskeho lekárstva. See ➧฀Doktor (+).

152 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Nn

Nachdiplom Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Slovenia Country: Liechtenstein Chamber of Crafts, and other diff erent providers. Grammatical variants: Nachdiplome, Qualifi cations can be obtained as full qualifi ca- Nachdiplom* tions or individual modules leading to a full qual- Level: ISCED 5 ifi cation. Successful candidates obtain the ➧ Certi- Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students fi kat o nacionalni poklicni kvalifi kaciji. who have passed the ➧ Nachdiplomprüfung at the end of 1 to 4 semesters of studies at the Fachhoch- Nacionalni preizkus znanja po 1. obdobju schule. It indicates the fi eld of study and the aca- Country: Slovenia demic degree and title of ➧ Diplomierter (+) NDS, Grammatical variants: Nacionalni preizkusi and improves access to the labour market. znanja po 1. obdobju, nacionaln* preizkus* Level: ISCED 1 Nachdiplomprüfung Explanatory note: Optional national external Country: Liechtenstein assessment of knowledge at the end of the fi rst Grammatical variants: Nachdiplomprüfungen, cycle of compulsory education (the third grade Nachdiplomprüfung* of osnovna šola), which is organised by a spe- Level: ISCED 5 cial National Commission in order to assess the Explanatory note: National-level examination minimum standards of knowledge achieved by organised at the end of 1 to 4 semesters of univer- pupils. They are assessed in two subjects, namely sity studies at the Fachhochschule (Nachdiplom- the mother tongue (Slovenian, or Italian or Hun- Studiengang) while the candidates concerned are garian in the case of national communities) and practising a profession. The examination relates to mathematics. Experts in commissions for each of the acquisition of fresh expertise or the consolida- the two subjects prepare tests in the form of stan- tion of existing expertise, and consists of the pres- dard assessment tasks, and also draw up guide- entation and defence of a short dissertation. Suc- lines for oral assessment. Assessment has two cessful students receive the ➧ Nachdiplom. components, written and oral, and is techni- cally supported by the National Examinations Nacionalna poklicna kvalifi kacija Centre. Oral examination is carried out by the Country: Slovenia pupils’ teachers, who also mark the assessment Grammatical variants: Nacionalne poklicne in accordance with marking schemes prepared kvalifi kacije, nacionaln* poklicn* kvalifi kacij* by the same group of experts. The certifi cate Level: ISCED 3 and 5 (A.Ed.) ➧ Obvestilo o rezultatih preverjanja znanja is issued Explanatory note: National vocational or profes- to pupils who pass the assessment. Results of sional qualifi cation introduced in 2000, which is the written part are expressed in marks, while all needed for a particular occupation or areas of it at results serve as feedback to pupils, their parents, a certain level. This new arrangement is not meant teachers and the school, without however infl u- to replace formal vocational and professional edu- encing school marks. Assessment is carried out in cation but to bring together formal and informal accordance with standard procedures for external vocational/professional education. Assessment examinations. procedures are conducted by accredited institu- tions, and based on assessment syllabuses and Nacionalni preizkus znanja po 2. obdobju materials and externally prepared tasks. The sys- Country: Slovenia tem is run in a partnership of diff erent organ- Grammatical variants: Nacionalni preizkusi isations and institutions responsible for various znanja po 2. obdobju, nacionaln* preizkus* facets of qualifi cations, such as the Ministry of Level: ISCED 1 Labour, the Family and Social Aff airs, the Minis- Explanatory note: Optional national external try of Education, Science and Sport, the Slovenia assessment of knowledge at the end of the second

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 153 National Adult Literacy and Numeracy Qualifi cations cycle of compulsory education (the sixth grade course element is evaluated on a modular basis as of osnovna šola), which is organised by a special students complete the work, and this is recorded National Commission in order to assess minimum and certifi cated annually. The qualifi cation gives standards of knowledge achieved by pupils. They access to the labour market. are assessed in three subjects, namely the mother tongue (Slovenian, or Italian or Hungarian in National Curriculum Assessment the case of national communities), mathematics Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS) and a foreign language. Oral assessment is car- Level: ISCED 1 and 2 ried out by teachers who do not teach the pupil Explanatory note: Statutory assessment which all concerned. The certifi cate ➧ Obvestilo o rezultatih pupils in publicly-funded schools must undergo preverjanja znanja is issued to pupils who pass the at the end of key stages 1 (age 7), 2 (age 11), and assessment. For further information, see ➧ Nacion- 3 (age 14). Assessment arrangements consist of alni preizkus znanja po 1. obdobju. teacher assessment for all pupils using nationally- set criteria as well as nationally-set tasks and writ- National Adult Literacy and Numeracy ten tests. In Wales, pupils at key stage 1 no longer Qualifi cations take written tests. Low attaining pupils in both Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) England and Wales are subject to teacher assess- Level: ISCED 1 and 3 (A.Ed.) ment only. National Curriculum Assessment cov- Explanatory note: Qualifi cations in literacy and ers English, Welsh (in Welsh-speaking schools in numeracy for adults who have left the school Wales), mathematics and, at the end of key stages system without basic qualifi cations. Based on 2 and 3, science. At key stage 3, teachers assess national standards, they are awarded at three lev- pupils against the attainment targets for all com- els: entry level (see ➧ Entry Level Certifi cate), level pulsory National Curriculum subjects. The results one and level 2. Accredited by the qualifi cations of the teacher assessment, tests and tasks are and curriculum authorities, these qualifi cations expressed in terms of the National Curriculum 1-8 are provided by independent awarding bodies. level scale. No certifi cate is awarded, but the per- Assessment is by test at levels 1 and 2. At entry formance of individual pupils must be reported level, assessment must include the completion of to parents, and school-level results must be pub- supervised tasks by candidates. The certifi cates lished in the school’s prospectus. Synonym: End of indicate the name of the awarding body, the sub- Key Stage Assessment. ject area (literacy or numeracy) and the level of qualifi cation. National Diploma (+) Country: Ireland National Certifi cate (+) Level: ISCED 5 Country: Ireland Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by the Level: ISCED 5 Higher Education and Training Awards Council or Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on com- certain Institutes of Technology to students who pletion of a 2-year full-time course of tertiary have successfully completed a 3-year full-time education (at an Institute of Technology or other course of study, or an ‘add-on’ 1-year course of designated institutions) validated by the Higher study after obtaining a ➧ National Certifi cate (+) Education and Training Awards Council or certain qualifi cation in an Institute of Technology. The Institutes of Technology. The certifi cate indicates diploma indicates the specialised area of study, the area of study, e.g Certifi cate in Science but no e.g. Diploma in Science, but no more detailed more detailed information is provided. Students information is provided. Students with high marks with high marks and those who have one year and those who have one year of work experience of work experience may proceed to a ➧ National may proceed to study for a ➧ Bachelor’s degree in Diploma (+) course of study in the same fi eld. Suc- the same fi eld. Successful students may also be cessful students may also be exempt from parts of exempt from parts of certain professional exam- certain professional examinations. Abbreviation: inations. Abbreviation: ND or Dip. NC or Cert. National foundation certifi cate National Certifi cate Module Country: Ireland Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 2 and 4 Explanatory note: Certifi cate which is intended Explanatory note: A non-advanced vocational for young people and adults who have left ini- qualifi cation awarded by the Scottish Qualifi ca- tial schooling with minimal or no qualifi cations, tions Authority (SQA) on the basis of a course and is broadly equivalent in standard to lower comprising one or more learning outcomes. Each second level education. It is awarded to learn-

154 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Näyttötutkinto

ers who meet the required standard in a total of (NCVA) qualifi cations framework. This is a route for eight modules in post-leaving certifi cate courses, the progression of young people and adults who including three core modules of broad pre- have completed a ➧ National vocational certifi cate vocational training intended to provide a basis for level 1. It provides access to specifi c employment opportunities to progress within the National Fur- and opportunities for progression to further or ther Education Framework. It is the fi rst step in the tertiary education and training. National Council of Vocational Awards (NCVA) qual- ifi cations framework. Progress up to ➧ National National vocational certifi cate level 3 vocational certifi cate level 1 is possible. Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 4 National testing Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the Fur- Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) ther Education and Training Awards Council in the Level: ISCED 1 and 2 senior cycle of vocational upper secondary pro- Explanatory note: Testing in English language grammes to candidates who meet the required and mathematics undertaken by teachers in pri- standard in all the modules required in advanced mary education and the fi rst two years of secon- vocational education and training. It is the fourth dary education to confi rm their own assessment step in the National Council of Vocational Awards of a pupil’s progress towards each of the six levels (NCVA) qualifi cations framework. This is a route for of attainment (A-F) identifi ed in the 5-14 Curricu- the progression of young people and adults who lum. Tests, which are not certifi cated, are carried have completed a ➧ National vocational certifi cate out internally for monitoring purposes at the dis- level 2. It provides access to specifi c employment cretion of the teacher and at the point in time con- and to tertiary education and training. sidered appropriate. National Vocational Qualifi cation National vocational certifi cate level 1 Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Specifi c vocational and occu- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the Fur- pational qualifi cation for young people and adults ther Education and Training Awards Council in the who have left full-time education. These qualifi ca- senior cycle of vocational upper secondary pro- tions were originally designed for education and grammes, to candidates who meet the required training in the workplace and further education standard in a total of eight modules, including institutions, but some are now available in some four core modules in introductory vocational edu- schools. Provided by independent awarding bod- cation and training intended to provide access ies and regulated by the national curriculum and to opportunities for general employment and assessment authorities, the qualifi cations are advancement within the National Further Educa- available at fi ve levels. The fi rst three are level 1, a tion Framework. This is a route for the progression foundation level qualifi cation within the National of young people and adults who have completed Qualifi cations Framework (NQF); level 2, an inter- a ➧ National foundation certifi cate, and is broadly mediate level qualifi cation within the NQF; and equivalent in standard to upper second level edu- level 3, an advanced level qualifi cation within cation. It is the second step in the National Council the NQF. Levels 4 and 5 are higher level qualifi ca- of Vocational Awards (NCVA) qualifi cations frame- tions. As assessment is based on demonstration work. Progress up to ➧ National vocational certifi - of required competencies as defi ned by the stan- cate level 2 is possible. dard-setting bodies (now largely employer-led Sector Skills Organisations), there are no formal National vocational certifi cate level 2 grades other than ‘pass’. Abbreviation: NVQ. Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 4 Näyttötutkinto (+) Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the Country: Finland Further Education and Training Awards Council Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, in the senior cycle of vocational upper secon- -tutkinno* dary programmes, to candidates who meet the Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) required standard in modules whose total value Explanatory note: A competence-based qualifi - is at least eight and which include the mandatory cation, the offi cial basis of which is laid down by vocational modules for that certifi cate, communi- the National Board of Education. Students must cations and a work experience module in specifi c demonstrate to an examination board that they vocational education and training. It is the third have the skills needed to obtain it. The qualifi ca- step in the National Council of Vocational Awards tion is open to both adults and young people who

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 155 Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe

have undertaken an apprenticeship or vocational ND training, or who have skills derived from work Country: Ireland experience or training in the workplace. There are Level: ISCED 5 three levels of qualifi cation. See ➧ Ammatillinen Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ National perustutkinto, ➧ Ammattitutkinto and ➧ Erikoisam- Diploma (+). mattitutkinto. Swedish term: Fristående examen. Northern Ireland Curriculum Assessment Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe Country: United Kingdom (NIR) Country: Slovenia Level: ISCED 1 and 2 Grammatical variants: Nazivi poklicne/strokovne Explanatory note: Statutory assessment which izobrazbe, naziv* poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe pupils at all publicly-funded schools must undergo Level: ISCED 3, 4 and 5 at the end of key stages 1 (age 8), 2 (age 11), and 3 Explanatory note: General term for diff erent (age 14). Assessments at key stages 1 and 2 consist titles in vocational or technical education that are of teacher assessment of all pupils using nation- conferred on pupils or students who have com- ally-set criteria in English (Irish in Irish-speaking pleted educational programmes with the fi nal schools) and mathematics. At key stage 3, pupils examinations ➧ Zaključni izpit, ➧ Poklicna matura are subject to teacher assessment and nation- or ➧ Diplomski izpit at višje strokovne šole. The gen- ally-set written tests in English/Irish, mathematics eral title testifi es to qualifi cations for all occupa- and science. The results of the teacher assessment tions covered by it under the Special Act on Rules and tests are expressed in terms of the Northern concerning Professional Nomenclature (Pravilnik Ireland Curriculum 1-8 level scale. No certifi cate is o nomenklaturi poklicev) designated by the Minis- awarded, but the results of individual pupils must try of Labour, the Family and Social Aff airs. Vari- be reported to parents. Synonym: End of Key Stage ations include naziv poklicne izobrazbe (for voca- Assessment. tional titles), naziv srednje strokovne izobrazbe (for technical titles) and naziv višje strokovne izobrazbe NVQ (for vocational college titles). See ➧ Delovodja/ Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) dkinja (+), ➧ Diploma višje šole, ➧ Inženir/ka (+), Level: ISCED 3 ➧ Mojster/trica (+), ➧ Poslovodja/dkinja (+), and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ National ➧ Tehnik/nica (+). Vocational Qualifi cation. NC Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ National Certifi cate (+).

156 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Oo

Obvestilo o doseženem uspehu pri preverjanju and assessment. Off ered at entry level (see ➧ Entry znanja Level Certifi cate) and levels 1-4 of the National Country: Slovenia Qualifi cations Framework (NQF), they are open to Grammatical variants: Obvestila o doseženem young people over compulsory school age (16) uspehu pri preverjanju znanja, obvestil* o and adults, and may be taken full- or part-time doseženem uspehu pri preverjanju znanja in further education institutions or with train- Level: ISCED 2 ing providers. The time taken to complete such Explanatory note: Certifi cate indicating the qualifi cations varies with the subjects and levels achievement of pupils in the mother tongue concerned. Vocationally-Related Certifi cates are and mathematics on taking the test at the end assessed diff erently depending on the particular of 8 years of compulsory education ➧ Skupinsko qualifi cation but may include practical assess- preverjanje znanja. Now being phased out, the ments and/or OCR-set and marked assessments. test has been used in selection procedures for Most certifi cates are listed as ‘passed’ but some the transition to upper secondary education in may be ‘pass’, ‘merit’ or ‘distinction’. Certifi cates schools with a numerus clausus. also indicate the name of the qualifi cation and number of units achieved. These qualifi cations Obvestilo o rezultatih preverjanja znanja may give access to further vocational study, for Country: Slovenia example at the next level in the NQF. They are also Grammatical variants: Obvestila o rezultatih recognised by many employers and may in some preverjanja znanja, obvestil* o rezultatih cases lead to professional accreditation. preverjanja znanja Level: ISCED 1 Oikeusnotaarin tutkinto Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by a Country: Finland school (osnovna šola) to pupils who have passed Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, the ➧ Nacionalni preizkus znanja po 1. obdobju or -tutkinno* ➧ Nacionalni preizkus znanja po 2. obdobju. The Level: ISCED 5 certifi cate indicates their results in the written Explanatory note: First degree awarded to stu- and oral parts of the assessment, and provides a dents who have successfully completed 3 years of qualitative account of those results. full-time study in law at university (yliopisto). There is no fi nal examination. The degree gives access OCR Vocationally-Related Certifi cate to further studies leading to the corresponding Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) ➧ Kandidaatin tutkinto (+) qualifi cation and to the Level: ISCED 3 labour market. Swedish term: Rättsnotarie. Explanatory note: Unit-based vocational qual- ifi cations awarded by OCR (awarding body) and Okleveles (+) approved by the relevant qualifi cations and cur- Country: Hungary riculum authority. OCR was formed as a result of Level: ISCED 5 the merger of several awarding bodies. It origin- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students ally stood for Oxford, Cambridge and the Royal who have obtained the ➧ Egyetemi oklevél degree. Society of Arts (RSA) examination boards. The full Obtained in university it is called okleveles köz- name is no longer used. Some qualifi cations carry gazdász; and in a főiskola, okleveles gépészmérnök. the name of the original awarding body (prior to the merger), such as RSA on secretarial qualifi ca- Operatore tions. However, this practice will be phased out. Country: Italy The qualifi cations are available in a range of voca- Grammatical variants: Operatori tional areas including business administration, Level: ISCED 3 fi nance, information technology, languages for Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who business, health and safety, and teaching, training have obtained the ➧ Diploma di qualifi ca.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 157 Oriënte rings attest A

Oriënte rings attest A restricted. They may be obliged to start that year Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) in, for example, a specifi c basic optional subject or Level: ISCED 2 and 3 the second year of the fi rst grade (in the case of Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils the A-stream in the fi rst year of secondary educa- in secondary education who pass the examina- tion), or in a specifi c type of secondary education tions held on completion of a given school year, or one or more specifi c courses of study (in the thereby securing access to the subsequent year. other years of secondary education except the The written, oral or practical examinations are set fi nal year). The written, oral or practical examina- by the individual school and cover all subjects tions are set by the individual school and cover all studied. The certifi cate corresponds to part of the subjects studied. Abbreviation: B-attest. ➧ Getuigschrift (eerste and tweede graad secundair onderwijs). Abbreviation: A-attest. Oriënteringsattest C Oriënte ringsattest B Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils in in secondary education who have not passed secondary education who pass the examinations the examinations held on completion of a given held on completion of a given school year. This school year, or who have been absent from les- entitles them to secure access to the subsequent sons throughout the year and not obtained the year, but in a limited way in that their options are ➧ Getuig schrift (+). Abbreviation: C-attest.

158 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Pp

Påbyggnadsexamen vid yrkeshögskola selection criterion in competition for admission to Country: Finland upper secondary education, if entrance examina- Grammatical variants: -examina tions are held. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ammatti- Panelladikes exetaseis korkeakoulun jatkotutkinto. (Πανελλαδικές εξετάσεις) Country: Greece PaedDr. Grammatical variants: Panelladikon exetaseon Country: Slovakia Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: National level compulsory Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor (+) in written examinations organised at the end of the fi eld of education. the second and third years of eniaeo lykeio by the Ministry of Education and Religious Aff airs. Pagrindinio išsilavinimo pažymėjimas The qualifi cations awarded to those who have ➧ Country: Lithuania additionally taken the Apolytiries exetaseis, are ➧ Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou and ➧ Vevaeosi. Hold- Grammatical variants: Pagrindinio išsilavinimo ➧ pažymėjimai, pagrindinio išsilavinimo ers of the Apolytirio technologikou epaggelma- tikou ekpaedeftiriou are also eligible to sit these pažymėjim* examinations. Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded PAP to pupils who successfully complete lower sec- Country: Portugal ondary education (pagrindinė mokykla and jau- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 nimo mokykla) and, in certain cases, option 1 of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Prova de vocational lower secondary education (profesinė aptidão profi ssional. mokykla). The certifi cate is based on continuous assessment with no fi nal examination. It indicates Part One General National Vocational the course subjects and the marks obtained, and Qualifi cation entitles pupils to enter an upper secondary school Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) (vidurinė mokykla or gimnazija) and options 2 and Level: ISCED 3 3 of vocational secondary education (profesinė Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded at the mokykla). end of a 2-year vocational course designed for those aged 14-16. It is available in a number of Pamatizglītības sertifi kāts broad vocational areas at two levels, namely Country: Latvia Foundation, and Intermediate (levels 1 and 2 of Grammatical variants: Pamatizglītības sertifi kāti, the National Qualifi cations Framework). The Part pamatizglītības sertifi kātu One GNVQ is being phased out and replaced by the ➧ General Certifi cate of Secondary Education Level: ISCED 2 in vocational subjects. For further information, : Certifi cate testifying to sat- Explanatory note see ➧ General National Vocational Qualifi cation. isfactory assessment in particular subjects by Abbreviation: Part One GNVQ. means of the ➧ Centralizētais eksāmens on comple- tion of 9 years of basic education (pamatizglītība). Part One GNVQ The certifi cate may also be obtained in special Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) education and is awarded by schools in accord- Level: ISCED 3 ance with government regulations. Assessment Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Part One in a subject studied for the certifi cate is used as a General National Vocational Qualifi cation.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 159 PAU

PAU Ph.D. Country: Spain Country: Ireland Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Pruebas de Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doctor of Phi- Acceso a la Universidad. losophy. See ➧ Doctor (+). PEA Country: Portugal Ph.d. Level: ISCED 3 Country: Norway Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Prova extra- Level: ISCED 6 ordinária de avaliação. Explanatory note: Degree and title which, with Perito eff ect from 2003, may be obtained by students Country: Italy who already hold the ➧ Candidatus (+), ➧ Fiskeri- Grammatical variants: Periti kandidat, ➧ Hovedfagkandidat , ➧ Høyere avdelings Level: ISCED 3 eksamen, ➧ Magister artium, ➧ Master i (+), ➧ Mas- Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who ter of (+), ➧ Sivilingeniør or ➧ Sivilarkitekt, and who ➧ have obtained the Diploma di superamento have submitted and defended a thesis at the end dell’esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore in an istituto tec- of an advanced research course lasting 3 years. nico. The degree indicates the subject of the thesis and the assessment of the obligatory courses. It gives Peruskoulun päättötodistus access to the labour market. Country: Finland Grammatical variants: -todistukset, -todistuks* Ph.d.-grad Level: ISCED 2 Country: Denmark Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded to pupils at the end of the 9-year peruskoulu, whose Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, -graderne continuous assessment, without any fi nal exam- Level: ISCED 6 ination, is satisfactory. The certifi cate, which may Explanatory note: Advanced research degree also be awarded in adult education, indicates the awarded at the end of supervised third level stud- compulsory and optional subjects taken and the ies lasting 3 years following the ➧ Kandidatgrad marks obtained in them. Holders of the certifi cate (or equivalent). In order to obtain this degree, the are eligible to embark on upper secondary edu- student must successfully complete the study pro- cation. Swedish term: Avgångsbetyg från grund- skolan. gramme, write and defend a thesis on a specialist subject and participate in a research assignment PGB for 6 months. The assessment of students also cov- Country: Spain ers their mobility, i.e. their integration into active Level: ISCED 3 research groups and their teaching experience. The Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Prueba General de Bachillerato. degree is awarded by the university concerned and indicates the title and the fi eld of specialisation. It PGCE constitutes the minimum requirement for teaching Country: Malta, United Kingdom and research in a Danish university and confers on Level: ISCED 5 its holder the title of ➧ Philosophiae Doctor. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Postgradu- ➧ ate Certifi cate in Education. See Postgraduate PharmDr. Certifi cate/Diploma (+). Country: Czech Republic Ph.D. Level: ISCED 5 Country: Czech Republic Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+) Level: ISCED 6 in the fi eld of pharmacy. Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+). PharmDr. Ph.d. : Slovakia Country: Denmark Country Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Philosophiae Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor (+) in Doctor. the fi eld of pharmacy.

160 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Poklicna matura

PhD tions Centre and marked internally at the school. Country: Slovakia They consist of examinations in two compulsory Level: ISCED 6 subjects (the mother tongue and mathemat- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Philosophiae ics) and one optional subject. Pupils can choose doctor. See ➧ Doktor (+). between a foreign language, biology, chemistry, physics and geography. Those who attend schools PhD at which the language of instruction is other than Country: United Kingdom Estonian have to pass the obligatory Estonian lan- Level: ISCED 6 guage examination. Successful pupils receive the Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doctor of Phi- ➧ Põhikooli lõputunnistus certifi cate. losophy. See ➧ Doctor of (+). Põhikooli lõputunnistus PhDr. Country: Estonia Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Põhikooli lõputunnistuse Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+) Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils in the fi eld of human and social sciences and edu- who have successfully completed the 9 years of cational science. compulsory education and passed the fi nal exam- ination ➧ Põhikooli lõpueksamid. It is issued by the PhDr. school and includes the subjects taken, the fi nal Country: Slovakia marks and the marks of fi nal examinations. The Level: ISCED 5 ➧ certifi cate gives access to all types of upper sec- Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Doktor (+) in ondary education. the fi eld of human and artistic sciences. Poklicna matura Philosophiae doctor Country: Slovenia Country: Denmark Grammatical variants: Poklicne mature, poklicn* : ISCED 6 Level matur* Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Level: ISCED 3 who have obtained the ➧ Ph.d.-grad. Abbrevia- Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examination tion: Ph.d. organised by the National Examination Commis- Pistopoiitiko spoudon sion for Vocational Matura at the end of 4 years of (Πιστοποιητικό σπουδών) technical secondary education (srednja strokovna Country: Cyprus šola), or on completion of vocational/technical Grammatical variants: Pistopoiitika spoudon, programmes (poklicno-tehniško izobraževanje cor- pistopoiitik* responding to 3+2 years). This examination can Level: ISCED 5 also be taken by pupils who have fi nished one Explanatory note: Diploma awarded by public- year of technical education and training (poklicni sector and private schools of tertiary education tečaj) off ered to those who have completed the (dimosies scholes tritovathmias ekpaedefsis, gimnazija without passing the ➧ Matura examina- idiotikes scholes tritovathmias ekpaedefsis) after tion. It consists of compulsory and elective parts. completion of studies lasting one year, to candi- The compulsory part comprises a written and oral dates who have passed the examinations in all examination in Slovenian (or Italian or Hungarian subjects taken. The diploma indicates the fi eld of in the case of national communities) and a sub- specialisation, the title, the overall mark and the ject of specialisation. The elective part involves a grade obtained. It gives access to employment in written and oral examination in mathematics or a the fi eld concerned, as well as to further university foreign language and a practical exercise entail- studies leading to the ➧ Diploma. ing the preparation of a product or service, with an explanation by candidates demonstrating that Põhikooli lõpueksamid they have the practical skills required for profes- Country: Estonia sional activity. Papers for examinations in the Grammatical variants: Põhikooli lõpueksamite, mother tongue, mathematics and foreign lan- põhikooli lõpueksameid guages are prepared by national subject commis- Level: ISCED 2 sions, while other assessment materials are pre- Explanatory note: Examination held at the end pared by the school concerned. Successful pupils of the 9 years of compulsory education at põhi- receive the ➧ Spričevalo o poklicni maturi certifi - kool. Examinations are set externally by groups of cate. Since the 2001/02 school year, this examina- experts at the National Examination and Qualifi ca- tion has replaced the ➧ Zaključni izpit.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 161 Poslovodja/dkinja

Poslovodja/dkinja (+) by those with a fi rst degree in any subject who Country: Slovenia intend to teach. Assessment arrangements are Grammatical variants: Poslovodje/dkinje, determined at institutional level but may include poslovod* written examinations, continuous assessment, an Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) extended essay or thesis or a combination of all Explanatory note: Title conferred by the these. Under the new frameworks for higher edu- Slovenia Chamber of Commerce and Industry cation qualifi cations, a programme leading to a on persons who have obtained the ➧ Spričevalo Postgraduate Certifi cate or Postgraduate Diploma o poslovodskem izpitu certifi cate. It indicates the would be expected to fulfi l most (or all) of the fi eld of specialisation before or after the word outcomes laid down in the descriptor for ‘M level’ poslovodja/dkinja (e.g. trgovski poslovodja). General qualifi cations (in Scotland, ‘SHE M level’/‘SCQF term: Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe. level 11’). These qualifi cations are recognised for progression within tertiary education and by Poslovodski izpit employers, and in some cases may lead to profes- Country: Slovenia sional accreditation. For example, across the UK Grammatical variants: Poslovodski izpiti, the PGCE qualifi es teachers to begin teaching but, poslovodsk* izpit* subsequently, they must also successfully com- Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) plete an induction period. In Scotland, the Teacher Explanatory note: Managerial examination open Induction Scheme was introduced in August 2002 to those who have satisfactorily completed 3-year to complement the existing requirements for a vocational upper secondary education (poklicna probationary period. The name of the qualifi ca- šola) or 4-year technical upper secondary educa- tion is normally followed by reference to the fi eld tion (srednja strokovna šola) with at least 3 years of of study concerned. work experience. Successful students obtain the Potrdilo o (+) ➧ Spričevalo o poslovodskem izpitu. For the content Country: Slovenia of this examination and other information, see Grammatical variants: Potrdila o, potrdil* ➧ Delovodski izpit. Level: ISCED 3 and 5 (A.Ed.) Postgraduate certifi cate/diploma (+) Explanatory note: Various types of state- Country: Malta recognised certifi cate in adult education. Students obtain these certifi cates after success- Level: ISCED 5 fully completing shorter educational or training Explanatory note: Qualifi cations awarded after programmes. For example, they are awarded to completing a course of specialised or vocational those who have taken teacher training courses studies normally lasting 1 to 2 years at the Uni- ➧ for graduates from various tertiary study pro- versity of Malta, subsequent to the Bachelor’s grammes not intended specifi cally for teachers. degree. The certifi cate/diploma indicates the fi eld Students who successfully complete this pro- of specialisation. Students are assessed by means gramme obtain the teaching qualifi cation potrdilo of a fi nal examination and a dissertation. These o opravljeni pedagoško-andragoški izobrazbi. The qualifi cations give access to employment and name of these certifi cates varies depending on to advanced study and research leading to the the type of programme concerned (for example, ➧ Doctorate. potrdilo o izobraževanju, potrdilo o izpopolnjevanju or potrdilo o usposabljanju). Postgraduate Certifi cate/Diploma (+) Country: United Kingdom Potrdilo o izpolnjeni osnovnošolski Level: ISCED 5 obveznosti Explanatory note: Qualifi cations which are Country: Slovenia obtained after a fi rst degree and awarded on Grammatical variants: Potrdila o izpolnjeni completion of a course of tertiary education usu- osnovnošolski obveznosti, potrdil* o izpolnjeni ally in a specialised or vocational subject. Courses osnovnošolski obveznosti are off ered by universities and other tertiary edu- Level: ISCED 2 cation institutions and normally entail 1 year of Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by schools full-time or 2 years of part-time study depend- to pupils who have accomplished the legal formal- ing on the institution concerned. Diploma courses ities for compulsory education and successfully are usually of a higher level than courses leading completed at least six classes in the eight-year to a Certifi cate. An example is the Postgraduate osnovna šola, or at least seven in the nine-year Certifi cate in Education (PGCE), a 1-year course osnovna šola, or who have completed an educa- in the theory and practice of teaching taken tion programme adapted to the requirements

162 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Probă practică

of children with special needs. It gives access to tion (pradinė mokykla). It is based on continuous a short-term vocational education programme assessment but indicates neither the school sub- (nižja poklicna šola) lasting two-and-a-half years. jects nor the assessment. It gives access to lower secondary education. Potrdilo o opravljenem izpitu iz maturitetnega predmeta Praktisk-pedagogisk utdanning Country: Slovenia Country: Norway Grammatical variants: Potrdila o opravljenih Level: ISCED 5 izpitih iz maturitetnega predmeta, potrdil* o Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded to opravljen* izpit* iz maturitetnega predmeta students who pass fi nal written examinations Level: ISCED 3 and complete periods of supervised practice in Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by schools a school, at the end of university studies last- to pupils who have successfully completed one ing 1 year in the fi eld of education and teaching. general subject from the ➧ Matura examination. The examinations are set by each institution and It is awarded mainly to those who have received assessed by two examiners. The certifi cate indi- the ➧ Spričevalo o poklicni maturi certifi cate and cates the student’s results in the fi nal examina- want to enrol in academically oriented tertiary tions and an assessment of the practice period. education. It gives access to employment as a teacher in pri- mary or secondary education. Potrdilo o opravljenem strokovnem izpitu Country: Slovenia Praktisk-teologisk utdanning Grammatical variants: Potrdila o opravljenih Country: Norway strokovnih izpitih, potrdil* o opravljen* strokovn* Level: ISCED 5 izpit* Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded to stu- Level: ISCED 3 and 5 (A.Ed.) dents who, after obtaining the ➧ Candidatus (+) Explanatory note: Certifi cate which is awarded degree in theology, pass fi nal examinations and by the State Teaching Examination Board to complete periods of practical training in congre- teacher trainees (pripravniki) who have passed gations and institutions, at the end of university the ➧ Strokovni izpit, and which formally testi- studies lasting 1 year in the fi eld of theology, lit- fi es to their achievement in doing so. It provides urgy, church law and clerical practice. The exam- an opportunity for appointment to permanent teaching posts on the basis of an application pro- inations are set by each institution and assessed cedure conducted in accordance with the regu- by two examiners, one of whom is external. The lations and with due regard for vacancies at any certifi cate indicates the student’s results in the particular time. fi nal examinations and an assessment of the prac- tical training. It gives access to employment as a Potrdilo o opravljenem vmesnem preizkusu Lutheran priest/parson. Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Potrdila o opravljenem Proagogikes exetaseis vmesnem preizkusu, potrdil* o opravljen* (Προαγωγικές εξετάσεις) vmesn* preizkus* Country: Greece Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Proagogikon exetaseon Explanatory note: Certifi cate issued by a board Level: ISCED 3 of examiners in the Slovenia Chamber of Crafts Explanatory note: Examinations organised by (Obrtna zbornica Slovenije) to apprentices who the school at the end of the fi rst and second have passed the special examination ➧ Vmesni years of eniaeo lykeio. In the case of the fi rst year, preizkus in the second year of vocational upper the examinations are written, compulsory and secondary education in the dual system (dualni in all subjects while, in the second year, they Sloveniastem). It is a condition for enrolment in consist of internally assessed written papers the third grade. in certain subjects. The examinations are sup- plemented by externally assessed national level Pradinio išsilavinimo pažymėjimas written papers in some subjects, known as Country: Lithuania ➧ Panelladikes exetaseis. Grammatical variants: Pradinio išsilavinimo pažymėjimai, pradinio išsilavinimo pažymėjim* Probă practică Level: ISCED 1 Country: Romania Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Grammatical variants: Proba practică who have successfully completed primary educa- Level: ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 163 Prof.

Explanatory note: Optional practical examina- (3) completion of a relevant extramural vocational tion organised by schools at the end of techno- education programme. The certifi cate is awarded logical or vocational upper secondary education by schools in accordance with government regu- lasting 4 to 5 years (liceu). Those who pass the lations, and has a supplement indicating the examination, which covers the specialist subject subjects taken and fi nal marks obtained. It gives and is accompanied by a written test, obtain the access to the labour market, and enables its hold- certifi cate ➧ Atestat profesional. ers to continue their studies in vocational educa- tion or embark on various courses in continuous Prof. (+) vocational training. Country: Slovenia Level: ISCED 5 Profesor/ica (+) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Profesor/ica (+), Country: Slovenia which is always followed by the abbreviation of the Grammatical variants: Profesorji/rice, profesor* fi eld of study concerned. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: First professional title awarded Profesinė kvalifi kacija to students who have successfully completed 4 Country: Lithuania years of an academically oriented teacher training Grammatical variants: Profesinės kvalifi kacijos, programme, passed the ➧ Diplomski izpit exam- profesin* kvalifi kacij* ination and obtained the ➧ Diploma at fakulteta Level: ISCED 5 or akademija. It gives access to the labour mar- Explanatory note: Professional non-academic title ket or further tertiary education leading to the conferred on students who obtain the diploma ➧ Magister/trica umetnosti, ➧ Magister/trica zna- ➧ Aukštojo mokslo diplomas. In certain cases, nosti, ➧ Specialist/ka (+) or ➧ Doktor/ica znanosti the title is conferred on candidates who hold the degree. The title is always followed by the fi eld ➧ Bakalauro diplomas after satisfactorily complet- of study in question (for example, profesor/ica ing studies for the bakalauras, or who have been angleškega in francoskega jezika). Abbreviation: awarded the ➧ Magistro diplomas on completion Prof. (+). General term: Strokovni naslov. of the course for the magistras. It is also conferred on those awarded the ➧ Rezidentūros pažymėjimas (+). Professionsbachelor (+) Country: Denmark Profesinio mokymo diplomas Grammatical variants: -bacheloren, -bachelorer, Country: Lithuania -bachelorerne Grammatical variants: Profesinio mokymo Level: ISCED 5 diplomai, profesinio mokymo diplom* Explanatory note: Title conferred on students Level: ISCED 3 and 4 who have obtained the ➧ Professionsbachelorgrad. Explanatory note: Vocational training certifi cate It is followed by the name of the fi eld concerned, awarded to pupils who successfully complete for example professionsbachelor i grafi sk kommu- options 2 and 3 of vocational secondary educa- nikation, professionsbachelor i medieproduktion og tion and option 4 of vocational post-secondary ledelse. education (profesinė mokykla). The certifi cate indi- cates the course subjects and the marks obtained, Professionsbachelorgrad and gives access to employment. Country: Denmark Grammatical variants: -graden, -grader, -graderne Profesionālās kvalifi kācijas apliecība Level: ISCED 5 Country: Latvia Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students Grammatical variants: Profesionālās kvalifi kācijas who have successfully completed 3 or 4 years of apliecības, profesionālās kvalifi kācijas apliecību a study programme at a non-university tertiary Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 institution (e.g. teknika- or ingeniørhøjskoler, lærer- Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to or pædagogseminarier, sociale højskoler, Danmarks possession of a full vocational qualifi cation, Journalisthøjskole). There is not just one fi nal which is awarded to pupils who have passed examination at the end, as examinations are taken the ➧ Kvalifi kācijas eksāmens or ➧ Centralizēts following the teaching of each individual subject profesionālās kvalifi kācijas eksāmens and fulfi lled throughout the course of study. The diploma is one of the following conditions: (1) completion awarded by the institution concerned and indi- of an accredited continuing vocational educa- cates the subjects examined, credits obtained in tion programme; (2) completion of an accredited any other examinations, the marks obtained, and vocational or vocational secondary education the title and the fi eld of specialisation. The profes- programme after general secondary education; sionsbachelorgrad is intended as a fi nal qualifi ca-

164 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Prova extraordinária de avaliação

tion before entering the labour market. It confers Prova de aptidão profi ssional on its holder the title ➧ Professionsbachelor (+) Country: Portugal and gives access to the labour market, and also to Grammatical variants: Provas de aptidão studies leading to the ➧ Candidatus (+). profi ssional Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Promotie Explanatory note: Examination taken by pupils Country: The Netherlands at vocational schools (escola profi ssional), who Grammatical variants: Promoties have completed two-thirds of their curricular 3- Level: ISCED 6 year course. It is necessary for the award of the Explanatory note: Inter alia, the formal defence ➧ Diploma de qualifi cação profi ssional de nível 2 of a thesis or technological design project submit- and the ➧ Diploma de qualifi cação profi ssional de ted for a ➧ Doctoraat. nível 3. This examination is based on an interdisci- plinary project developed in accordance with the Promotion pupil’s personal interests and organised in close Country: Germany connection with enterprises. The project is sub- Grammatical variants: Promotionen, mitted to an examination board whose members Promotion* include the pedagogical director of the vocational Level: ISCED 6 school, the tutor and representatives of local trade Explanatory note: Procedure for obtaining the associations and trade unions. Abbreviation: PAP. ➧ Doktorgrad, during which applicants must dem- onstrate their ability to undertake independent Prova de doutoramento research. Successful completion of a graduate Country: Portugal course of study ending with a ➧ Diplom, a ➧ Magis- Grammatical variants: Provas de doutoramento ter (+), ➧ Master (+) or a fi rst ➧ Staatsprüfung is nor- Level: ISCED 6 mally a prerequisite for admission to the Promo- Explanatory note: University examination lead- tion process. The ability to undertake independ- ing to the award of the ➧ Doutoramento degree, ➧ ➧ ent research is demonstrated in the presentation Carta Doutoral and the title of Doutor. It of a written Dissertation (thesis) on an academic involves the public defence of an original thesis topic and an oral examination, known as the (tese de doutoramento) which is considered to Rigorosum, Kolloquium or Disputation, before the make an original contribution to the advance- Promotion examining board of the department ment of knowledge at a high cultural level in a or faculty for the subject being examined. On specifi c area and demonstrate ability to carry out independent research. There may also be ➧ Provas obtaining an overall pass mark and submitting complementares organised in accordance with copies of their Dissertation as required, successful particular university regulations on doctorates. students receive their Promotion certifi cate (doc- The examination is held before an examining toral certifi cate), and are entitled to use the title ➧ board consisting of the head of the university of Doktor (+). (reitor/a) acting as chairperson, and at least three Propedeutisch examen members with the title of doutor (two of whom are external), the thesis supervisor and sometimes Country: The Netherlands a recognised expert in the fi eld concerned. Grammatical variants: Propedeutische examens Level: ISCED 5 Prova extraordinária de avaliação Explanatory note: Examination at the end of the Country: Portugal fi rst year of study in university education (wo, or Grammatical variants: Provas extraordinárias de wetenschappelijk onderwijs) or professional tert- avaliação iary education (hbo, or hoger beroepsonderwijs). Level: ISCED 3 Students have to pass this examination in order Explanatory note: Written examination organ- to continue their studies. The propedeutisch exa- ised by the school (escola secundária), which men is a review of their academic record to assess covers the full curriculum of the corresponding whether they have satisfi ed all requirements of grade. The examination is compulsory for pupils the fi rst year in tertiary education by passing the who have attended only one of the three terms oral or written interim examinations (tentamens) in the school year, because of illness, legal imped- provided for in the regulations of their institu- iment or military service, and when the fi nal tion (universiteit or hogeschool). The content and national examination is not compulsory. In such organisation of the examination are the respon- cases, it is one of the components of annual inter- sibility of the institution concerned. Successful nal assessment, together with the marks obtained candidates are awarded a ➧ Getuigschrift van het during the term that the pupil attended. Abbre- propedeutisch examen. viation: PEA.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 165 Prova global

Prova global gives access to the labour market as a pharmacist, Country: Portugal as well as to advanced doctoral studies leading to Grammatical variants: Provas globais the ➧ Tohtorin tutkinto (+). It confers on its holder Level: ISCED 2 and 3 the title of ➧ Proviisori. Swedish term: Provisors- Explanatory note: One of the components in examen. internal summative assessment, other than con- tinuous assessment, in the subjects of the third Provisor cycle of compulsory basic education (ensino Country: Finland básico). It may also exist in upper secondary edu- Grammatical variants: -n, -er, -erna cation (ensino secundário) but is not compulsory. Level: ISCED 5 From the 2005/06 school year onwards, compul- Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Proviisori. sory national examinations in Portuguese lan- guage and mathematics will be organised by the Provisorsexamen Ministry of Education at the end of the 9th grade. Country: Finland Grammatical variants: -examina Provas complementares Level: ISCED 5 Country: Portugal Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Proviisorin Level: ISCED 6 tutkinto. Explanatory note: Examination that has to be taken by candidates for the ➧ Doutoramento and Prueba General de Bachillerato the title of ➧ Doutor who do not satisfy some of Country: Spain the requirements in the particular university regu- Level: ISCED 3 lations on doctorates in that, for instance, they Explanatory note: Compulsory examination do not hold a ➧ Mestrado or an academic qualifi - which, with the implementation of the 2002 cation in the same subject as that of the douto- Ley Orgánica de Calidad de la Educación (LOCE, ramento. The examination involves the discussion or Organic Act on the Quality of Education), will of a research project developed and submitted by have to be taken at the end of the two-year stage the student in a subject area related to the fi eld of of general upper secondary education (Bachill- specialisation but independent from the work for erato) from the 2005/06 academic year onwards the thesis (tese de doutoramento). To be accepted by pupils who wish to obtain the title ➧ Bachiller as candidates, students may be required to attend and secure access to advanced tertiary vocational and satisfactorily complete courses in the curricu- training (Formación Profesional de grado supe- lum that are off ered by the university at second rior) and university studies. The government will degree level. The examinations are held before a establish basic examination requirements after board of examiners consisting of three members consultation with the Autonomous Communities, with the title of doutor (two of whom are exter- and the examination itself will cover common nal). and special subjects taken in the Bachillerato. The section corresponding to the foreign language Proviisori will include an oral and written part. The grade Country: Finland obtained in this examination will be taken into Grammatical variants: Proviisorit, proviisori- account in awarding the fi nal Bachillerato mark. Level: ISCED 5 Within their area of management, educational Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of administrative authorities will periodically estab- the ➧ Proviisorin tutkinto degree. lish examinations leading to the title of Bachiller for those aged over 18. Abbreviation: PGB. Proviisorin tutkinto Country: Finland Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, Country: Spain -tutkinno* Grammatical variants: Prueba de Acceso Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Degree awarded to students Explanatory note: Compulsory examination for who have successfully completed 5 years of full- admission to long-cycle university studies, which time academic studies in pharmacy (or 2 years is organised at the end of upper secondary edu- after the ➧ Farmaseutin tutkinto) at university cation by the universities and offi cials in general (yliopisto). To obtain the degree, students prepare upper secondary education (Bachillerato). As soon a thesis, which is assessed in accordance with fac- as the current admissions procedure is repealed ulty regulations. They also have to complete a 6- and the corresponding sections of the 2001 Ley month period of practical training. The degree Orgánica de Universidades (LOU, or Organic Act

166 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Ptychio

on Universities) come into force, the universi- Prüfung zum Erwerb des Abschlusszeug nisses ties will themselves be responsible for drawing der Unterstufe des Sekundarunter richts up their own admissions procedures. However, Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) the fi nal Bachillerato grade (arithmetical aver- Grammatical variants: Prüfungen age mark for the mark in the ➧ Prueba General de Level: ISCED 2 Bachillerato and the pupil’s academic record) will Explanatory note: Examination before an exam- take priority over other entrance requirements. ination board external to the school, which is The examination is intended for pupils who have appointed by the Ministry of the German-speak- ing Community with a view to awarding the already passed examinations under the course ➧ programme and been awarded the ➧ Bachiller Abschlusszeugnis der Unterstufe des Sekundar- unterrichts. The examination is organised for certifi cate. Pupils have to take tests in the Span- pupils and adults who have not yet been awarded ish language (and the language and literature of this certifi cate. Depending on the type of educa- the Autonomous Community where applicable), tion (general, technical or vocational), it concerns in a foreign language and in philosophy or his- the syllabus of the third year (in general or tech- tory, as well as examinations in three or more nical education) or the third and fourth years (in subjects already studied in the second year of vocational education). the Bachillerato. These examinations are organ- ised twice every school year and if candidates fail Prüfungszeugnis they are entitled to three further attempts. There Country: Austria are also special university entrance examinations Grammatical variants: Prüfungszeugnisse, for those aged over 25. Synonym: Selectividad. Prüfungszeugnis* Abbreviation: PAU. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by appren- Prüfung zum Abschluss eines tice training centres to apprentices who pass the Hochschullehrgangs ➧ Lehrabschlussprüfung. The grades obtained are Country: Liechtenstein indicated on the certifi cate, which gives access to Grammatical variants: Prüfungen zum the profession concerned. Abschluss eines Hochschullehrgangs, Prüfung* Psykologexamen Level: ISCED 5 Country: Sweden Explanatory note: National-level examination Grammatical variants: Psykologexamina organised at the end of 1 to 2 semesters of univer- Level: ISCED 5 sity studies at the Fachhochschule (Hochschullehr- Explanatory note: Professional degree in psy- gang) while the candidates concerned are practis- chology, awarded after a 5-year full-time study ing a profession. The examination relates to the programme, normally including a degree project, acquisition of fresh expertise or the consolidation at a university or university college (universitet of existing expertise, and consists of the prepara- or högskola). The degree certifi cate indicates the tion, presentation and defence of project work. subjects passed and marks obtained. It gives Successful students receive the ➧ Fachausweis or access to employment and its holders are also eli- ➧ Zertifi kat. gible for doctoral studies leading to the ➧ Doktors- examen (+). Prüfung zum Erwerb des Abschlusszeug nisses der Oberstufe des Sekundarunter richts Psykoterapeutexamen Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) Country: Sweden Grammatical variants: Prüfungen Grammatical variants: Psykoterapeutexamina Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Examination before an exam- Explanatory note: Diploma in psychotherapy, ination board external to the school, which is awarded after a 3-year programme of part-time appointed by the Ministry of the German-speak- study at a university or university college (uni- ing Community with a view to awarding the versitet or högskola). Studies are based on a fi rst ➧ professional degree in the health care sector. The Abschlusszeugnis der Oberstufe des Sekundar- diploma indicates the subjects passed and marks unterrichts. The examination is organised for obtained and gives access to employment. pupils and adults who have not yet been awarded this certifi cate. Depending on the type of educa- Ptychio (+) tion (general, technical or vocational), it concerns (Πτυχίο) the syllabus of the fi fth and sixth years (in general Country: Cyprus or technical education) or the fi fth, sixth and sev- Grammatical variants: Ptychia, ptychi* enth years (in vocational education). Level: ISCED 5

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 167 Ptychio

Explanatory note: The name of the degree is always accompa- First degree awarded by universities (pan- nied by the name of the fi eld concerned (e.g. epistimia) after completion of studies of 4 years’ Ptychio Iatrikis in medicine, Ptychio Physikis in duration, to candidates who have passed the physics, etc.). The title conferred on its holder is examinations in all subjects taken. The degree ➧ Ptychiouchos (+). indicates the fi eld of specialisation, the title, the Synonym for ➧ Diploma (+) from polytechnic overall mark and the grade obtained. It gives tertiary education institution. access to employment in the fi eld concerned, as well as second-cycle university studies Ptychiouchos (+) for the ➧ Master (+), ➧ Metaptychiako diploma, (Πτυχιούχος) or ➧ Didaktoriko diploma (+). The name of the Country: Cyprus, Greece degree is always accompanied by the name of Grammatical variants: Ptychiouchi, ptychiouch* the fi eld of specialisation (e.g. ptychio iatrikis in Level: ISCED 5 medicine, ptychio physikis in physics, etc.). The ti- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students tle conferred on its holder is ➧ Ptychiouchos (+). who have obtained the degree ➧ Ptychio (+). Equivalent degree awarded in private institu- It is followed by the name of the fi eld concerned. tions: Bachelor. Ptychiouchos technologikou epaggelmatikou Ptychio (+) ekpaedefteriou (Πτυχίο) (Πτυχιούχος τεχνολογικού επαγγελματικού Country: Greece εκπαιδευτηρίου) Grammatical variants: Ptychia, ptychi* Country: Greece Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Ptychiouchoi technologikou Explanatory note: epaggelmatikou ekpaedeftiriou, ptychiouch* Degree testifying to completion of studies Level: ISCED 3 lasting 4 years at tertiary level technologi- Explanatory note: Title conferred on students cal education institutions (TEI), including a who have obtained the certifi cate ➧ Apolytirio 6-month practical training placement in the technologikou epaggelmatikou ekpaeedeftiriou. fi eld of specialisation. The degree is awarded by TEIs to students whose continuous assessment in all subjects studied is satisfactory, and who successfully complete their practical placement and pass the fi nal examination. The degree in- dicates the fi eld of specialisation, title, overall mark and the grade obtained. It gives access to employment in the fi eld concerned, as well as to second-cycle studies. Degree awarded by universities (panepistimio, polytechneio) after completion of studies last- ing from 4 to 6 years, to candidates who have passed the examinations in all subjects studied. The degree indicates the fi eld of specialisation, title, overall mark and the grade obtained. It gives access to employment in the fi eld con- cerned, as well as to second-cycle university studies (➧ Metaptychiako diploma eidikefsis (+)) and advanced study and research (➧ Didaktoriko diploma (+)).

168 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Qq

Qualifi zierender Hauptschulabschluss Qualifi zierter Realschulabschluss Country: Germany Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Qualifi zierend* Grammatical variants: Qualifi ziert* Hauptschulabschluss* Realschulabschluss* Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: General lower secondary edu- Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for cation certifi cate awarded after the ninth school ➧ Erweiterter Realschulabschluss. year in some Länder by a Hauptschule, as well as by other types of lower secondary school, to pupils Qualifi zierter Sekundarabschluss I who have obtained certain marks and provided Country: Germany further evidence of their achievement in an exam- Grammatical variants: Qualifi ziert* ination. This qualifi cation gives access, under Sekundarabschluss* certain circumstances, to a Berufsaufbauschule Level: ISCED 2 (vocational extension school) or Berufsfachschule Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for (vocational upper secondary school). Term used in ➧ Mittlerer Schulabschluss. some Länder: Qualifi zierter Hauptschulabschluss. Qualifi zierter Hauptschulabschluss Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Qualifi ziert* Hauptschulabschluss* Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for ➧ Qualifi zierender Hauptschulabschluss.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 169

Rr

Rättsnotarieexamen sentative of the school authorities. Examinations Country: Finland vary depending on the type of institution and Grammatical variants: -examina branch of study, and those who pass them receive Level: ISCED 5 the ➧ Reife- und Diplomprüfungszeugnis. Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Oikeusno- taarin tutkinto. Reife- und Diplomprüfungszeugnis Country: Austria Realschulabschluss Grammatical variants: Reife- und Diplom- Country: Germany prüfungszeugnisse, Reife- und Diplom- Grammatical variants: Realschulabschluss* prüfungszeugnis* Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 4 Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to those ➧ for Mittlerer Schulabschluss. Generic term used who pass the ➧ Reife- und Diplomprüfung at the in certain Länder: Sekundarabschluss I. end of upper secondary technical and vocational Receptarieexamen education in the berufsbildende höhere Schule Country: Sweden (BHS) and upper secondary schools for the train- Grammatical variants: Receptarieexamina ing of nursery school teachers and in social ped- Level: ISCED 5 agogy (Sozialpädagogik). The certifi cate indicates Explanatory note: Professional degree in phar- the overall result, subjects and marks and, in the macy, awarded after a 3-year full-time study pro- case of the BHS, the professional qualifi cations gramme at a university or university college (uni- and individual professional entitlement. It gives versitet or högskola). The degree indicates the sub- access to tertiary education (allgemeine Hoch- jects passed and marks obtained and gives access schulreife). to employment. Reifeprüfung Régent/e Country: Austria Country: Belgium (French Community) Grammatical variants: Reifeprüfungen, Level: ISCED 5 Reifeprüfung* Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Agrégé/e de Level: ISCED 3 l’enseignement secondaire inférieur. Explanatory note: Final examination at the end of 4 years of general upper secondary education Reife- und Diplomprüfung (AHS-Oberstufe or Oberstufenrealgymnasium). Country: Austria The examination is organised internally by the Grammatical variants: Reife- und Diplom- prüfungen, Reife- und Diplomprüfung* school and consists of seven parts, some written Level: ISCED 4 and some oral, and covers at least four subjects, Explanatory note: Final examination at the end of including German, mathematics and a foreign upper secondary technical and vocational educa- language. It may include a specialised disserta- tion in the berufsbildende höhere Schule (BHS) and tion (Fachbereichsarbeit) that has to be completed schools for the training of nursery school teach- by the end of the fi rst semester of the fi nal year ers and in social pedagogy (Sozialpädagogik), and may replace one of the written examinations. which lasts 5 years. The examination is internally The examining board includes teachers from the organised by the individual institution but sub- school and a representative of the regional edu- jects for the written parts have to be submitted to cation authority or the headteacher of another the regional school authorities for approval. Oral school. Students who pass the examination examinations are chaired by an external repre- obtain the ➧ Reifeprüfungszeugnis.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 171 Reifeprüfungszeugnis

Reifeprüfungszeugnis Explanatory note: Examination intended for Country: Austria students who have obtained the title of ➧ Ma- Grammatical variants: Reifeprüfungszeugnisse, gister (+). It includes oral examinations covering Reifeprüfungszeugnis* the subjects of study and is accompanied by the Level: ISCED 3 preparation and defence of a dissertation (obha- joba rigoróznej práce). Successful students obtain Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- the certifi cate ➧ Vysokoškolský diplom (+) and the ➧ dents who pass the Reifeprüfung at the end of title of ➧ Doktor (+) in the fi eld of natural sciences, general upper secondary education (AHS-Ober- pharmacy, social sciences and history of fi ne art, stufe or Oberstufen real gymnasium). It indicates law, teacher training and theology, except in the the subjects sat and marks awarded and gives case of study programmes in catholic theology. access to tertiary education (allgemeine Hoch- schulreife). Riigieksami-tunnistus Country: Estonia Rezidentūros pažymėjimas (+) Grammatical variants: Riigieksami-tunnistuse, Country: Lithuania riigieksami-tunnistusega : ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Rezidentūros pažymėjim* Level Explanatory note: Certifi cate issued to pupils Level: ICSED 5 who have successfully passed their external fi nal Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on sat- examinations ➧ Riigieksamid. It is issued by the isfactory completion of third level professional National Examination and Qualifi cations Cen- studies (rezidentūra) at universitetas, after students tre and indicates the subjects examined and have passed their fi nal examination. The name of the examination results in points. It is valid only the qualifi cation is followed by reference to the when held in conjunction with a graduation cer- fi eld of study concerned. The certifi cate confers tifi cate ➧ Gümnaasiumi lõputunnistus (in general on its holder the professional but non-academic secondary education) and with ➧ Lõputunnistus title of ➧ Profesinė kvalifi kacija. põhihariduse baasil kutsekeskhariduse omandam- ise kohta or ➧ Lõputunnistus keskhariduse baasil Rigorosenzeugnis kutsekeskhariduse omandamise kohta (in voca- tional education). The certifi cate gives access to Country: Austria tertiary education. Grammatical variants: Rigorosenzeugnisse, Rigorosenzeugnis* Riigieksamid Level: ISCED 6 Country: Estonia Explanatory note: Degree certifi cate confi rm- Grammatical variants: Riigieksami, riigieksamid, ing success in the ➧ Rigorosum, which may be riigieksamiga awarded after 2 years of study at third level at a Level: ISCED 3 university. It indicates the subject of the thesis Explanatory note: External fi nal examination and is a requirement for conferral of the academic held at the end of 3 years of general or vocational ➧ upper secondary education at the gümnaasium title Doktor/in (+). and kutseõppeasutus, respectively. In general sec- ondary education, this examination is part of the Rigorosum ➧ Gümnaasiumi lõpueksamid. It consists of three Country: Austria examinations set by groups of experts at the Grammatical variants: Rigorosen, Rigoros* National Examination and Qualifi cations Centre Level: ISCED 6 and is marked also by other groups at the Centre. Explanatory note: Final examination in studies Pupils may choose their subjects for the exter- for advanced research degrees, which is com- nal fi nal examinations from a list of 12 (in which pulsory for the award of the ➧ Rigorosenzeugnis. only the mother tongue is compulsory). All these Organised internally within the institution, it examinations are written, with the exception of involves the satisfactory defence and acceptance the oral part in the foreign language examination. Successful pupils receive the ➧ Riigieksamitunnis- of a thesis. tus certifi cate. Rigorózna skúška RNDr. Country: Slovakia Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Rigorózne skúšky, Level: ISCED 5 rigorózn* skúšk* Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+) Level: ISCED 5 in the fi eld of natural sciences.

172 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Robotnik wykwalifi kowany

RNDr. Country: Slovakia Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor (+) in the fi eld of natural sciences. Robotnik wykwalifi kowany Country: Poland Grammatical variants: Robotnicy wykwalifi kowani, robotnik* wykwalifi kowan* Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who have obtained the certifi cate ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia zasadniczej szkoły zawodowej or ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia liceum zawodowego (in the liceum zawodowe which will cease to exist in 2004), or the ➧ Dyplom ukończenia szkoły policeal- nej certifi cate (in post-secondary schools off ering 1-year courses). The title may also be conferred in adult education

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 173

Ss

Samræmd lokapróf Schoolverlatersverklaring Country: Iceland Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Samræmdum lokaprófum, Grammatical variants: Schoolverlaters- samræmdra lokaprófa verklaringen Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Explanatory note: Nationally coordinated exam- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils inations held at the end of the 10 years of com- who leave secondary education without passing pulsory education in single structure compulsory the fi nal examination and obtaining a diploma. schools (grunnskóli). They are set, organised and It indicates the type of school, the most recent marked by the Educational Testing Institute, and unconditional progression to a subsequent class, include optional written tests in Icelandic, mathe- and the types of education and school class in matics, Danish, English, natural sciences and which they may continue their career. social sciences. Scottish Group Award School leaving certifi cate Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) Country: Malta Level: ISCED 2 and 4 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation awarded by sec- Explanatory note: School leaving certifi cate ondary schools or further education colleges at the awarded to pupils who complete their studies at end of consistently interrelated programmes of the end of a compulsory secondary level course units (lasting one year). It can also be obtained lasting 5 years in a state junior lyceum, secondary in successive stages over several years. There are school, boys’ school or girls’ school. Towards the two categories of Scottish Group Awards (SGAs), end of secondary education, students sit for an which are general SGAs and named SGAs. Named examination organised by the Educational Assess- SGAs cover one particular area of study such as ment Unit (EAU) within the Ministry of Education. The marks obtained in the various subjects of business or science, whereas general SGAs cover a range of subjects. These qualifi cations are avail- the examination are indicated on the certifi cate, ➧ ➧ ➧ together with an assessment of the student in all able at Access, Intermediate (1, 2), Higher and ➧ subjects studied. If a student does not take the Advanced Higher levels. Some of their individ- examination, an assessment only is shown on the ual elements may however be below the overall certifi cate, which gives access to upper secondary level of award. The position of SGAs on the Scot- education. tish Credit and Qualifi cations Framework (SQCF) is dependent on the overall level of award. SGAs Schoolexamen contain both internally and externally assessed Country: The Netherlands elements. Assessments are usually written, though Grammatical variants: Schoolexamens depending on the subject studied, oral and prac- Level: ISCED 2 and 3 tical assessments may also be undertaken. The Explanatory note: Internal school examination Scottish Qualifi cations Authority (SQA) awards the for compulsory examination subjects. It is part qualifi cation, carries out external assessments of the ➧ Eindexamen, organised and marked by and moderates internal assessments. The qual- the school and taken during the fi nal year in both ifi cation, which is currently being reviewed, gives general secondary education and adult educa- access to the labour market or tertiary education. tion. Vmbo, havo and vwo have their own internal Abbreviation: SGA. school examination for each examination subject, consisting of two or more oral or written tests. In Scottish Vocational Qualifi cation the case of some subjects, there is a schoolexamen Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) only. Level: ISCED 4

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 175 SEC

Explanatory note: A job-specific qualification arodizglītība or profesionālā vidējā izglītība), but based on actual working practices in workplace not passed a qualifying examination. The state- conditions. It is offered in partnership between ment is issued by schools in accordance with an employer and an educational institution and government regulations and specifies the sub- is accredited by the Scottish Qualifications Author- jects taken and the assessment pupils obtained ity (SQA). The qualification is awarded by a range for them. Holders of this certificate may continue of awarding bodies, including the SQA itself, and training in basic vocational or vocational educa- indicates which of five bands has been achieved, tion programmes. level I being the basic level and level V the most complex. This qualification is equivalent to the Sekundarabschluss I National Vocational Qualification (NVQs) awarded Country: Germany in other parts of the United Kingdom. Abbrevia- Grammatical variants: Sekundarabschluss* I tion: SVQ. Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Generic term used in cer- SEC tain Länder for a certificate obtained after grade Country: Malta 9 or 10, which must include a suffix: either Level: ISCED 2 ➧฀Hauptschulabschluss or Realschulabschluss, or ➧฀ Explanatory note: Synonym for Secondary edu- ➧฀Fachoberschulreife. cation certificate. Selectividad SEC examinations Country: Spain Country: Malta Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧฀Pruebas de Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧฀Secondary edu- cation certificate examination. Acceso a la Universidad. Secondary education certificate SGA Country: Malta Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) Level: ISCED 2 Level: ISCED 2 and 4 Explanatory note: School leaving certificate Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Scottish awarded to pupils who have passed the ➧฀Secon- Group Award. dary education certificate examination at the end of a lower secondary level course in a junior lyceum, Siv.ark secondary school. These examinations are organ- Country: Norway ised by external agencies, namely the Matricula- Level: ISCED 5 tion and Secondary Education Certificate (MATSEC) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Sivilarkitekt. Board of the University of Malta and foreign exam- Siv.ing. ination boards. The certificate gives access to fur- ther levels of education. Synonym: SEC. Country: Norway Level: ISCED 5 Secondary education certificate examination Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Sivilingeniør. Country: Malta Level: ISCED 2 Siv.øk. Explanatory note: National level secondary Country: Norway education leaving examination organised by the Level: ISCED 5 Matriculation and Secondary Education Certificate Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Siviløkonom. (MATSEC) Board of the University of Malta. Those who pass the examination are awarded the ➧฀Sec- Sivilarkitekt ondary education certificate. Synonym: SEC exami- Country: Norway nations. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by Sekmju izziņa students who pass written and oral final examina- Country: Latvia tions at the end of university studies in the field of Grammatical variants: Sekmju izziņas, sekmju architecture (lasting five-and-a-half years at Oslo izziņu School of Architecture, and 5 years at the Bergen Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 4 School of Architecture and Norwegian University Explanatory note: Statement of records obtained of Science and Technology). Each institution sets by pupils who have completed a vocational edu- its own examinations, which are assessed by two cation programme (profesionālā pamatizglītība, examiners, one of whom is external. The degree

176 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Slutbetyg från grundskolan

indicates the student’s results in the examina- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the tions and the average marks obtained in the main educational institution concerned (handelsskole subjects. It gives access to employment and/or to or teknisk skole) to pupils who have successfully advanced study and research leading to the ➧ Doc- completed a 3-year programme of vocational tor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree. Abbreviation: Siv.ark. education and training. It indicates the area of specialisation and the legal basis of the pro- Sivilingeniør gramme, as well as a list of the subjects studied. Country: Norway It also gives the marks obtained for profi ciency in Level: ISCED 5 the basic subjects, the area subjects and special Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by subjects, and the examination marks in the basic students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- subjects, thematic project and practical test, as tions at the end of studies lasting four-and-a-half well as possible examination marks obtained in to 5 years in the fi eld of engineering. The exam- the optional subjects. It gives access to employ- inations are set by each institution and assessed ment and, together with the ➧ Uddannelsesbevis, by two examiners, one of whom is external. The to further studies at a higher level. degree indicates the student’s results in the examinations and the average marks obtained in Skupinsko preverjanje znanja the main subjects. It gives access to employment Country: Slovenia and/or to advanced study and research leading to Grammatical variants: Skupinska preverjanja znanja, skupinsk* preverjanj* znanja the ➧ Doctor (+) or ➧ Ph.d. degree. Abbreviation: Level: ISCED 2 Siv.ing. Explanatory note: Examination at the end of Siviløkonom 8 years of compulsory education, which is due Country: Norway to be phased out after the 2004/05 school year. Level: ISCED 5 The examination is not compulsory but is usually taken by more than 80% of pupils although only Explanatory note: Degree and title obtained by around one-third really need to do so. There are students who pass written and oral fi nal examina- short tests in two subjects, namely Slovenian (Ital- tions at the end of studies lasting 4 years in the ian or Hungarian in the case of national communi- fi eld of business administration. The examina- ties) and mathematics. Subject experts from the tions are set by each institution and assessed by National Education Institute (Zavod RS za šolstvo) two examiners. The degree indicates the student’s prepare the examination, which is written and run results in the examinations and the average marks in accordance with standard procedures for exter- obtained in the main subjects. It gives access to nal examinations. Assessment tasks are marked employment and/or to further tertiary education externally by teachers, and the process is tech- in the same fi eld leading to the ➧ Høyere avde- nically supported by the National Examinations lings eksamen or the ➧ Candidatus (+) in business Centre and the Board of Education. Results are administration (candidatus mercatorius). Abbre- not part of the ➧ Spričevalo o končani osnovni šoli. viation: Siv.øk. Pupils who pass the examination are issued with the ➧ Obvestilo o doseženem uspehu pri preverjanju Sjuksköterskeexamen znanja certifi cate. Country: Sweden Grammatical variants: Sjuksköterskeexamina Slutbetyg från grundskolan Level: ISCED 5 Country: Sweden Explanatory note: Professional degree in nurs- Grammatical variants: Slutbetyget, slutbetygen ing, awarded after a 3-year full-time study pro- från grundskolan gramme, normally including a degree project, at a Level: ISCED 2 university or university college (universitet or hög- Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded skola). The degree certifi cate indicates the sub- at the end of compulsory education (the 9-year jects passed and marks obtained. It gives access grundskola) on the basis of pupil assessment to employment and its holders are also eligible throughout the fi nal year. The results of the for doctoral studies leading to the ➧ Doktorsexa- national examinations in Swedish (or Swedish as men (+). a second language), English and mathematics are taken into consideration, in order to ensure that Skolebevis marks are comparable nationally. The certifi cate Country: Denmark indicates the subjects of the courses taken and Grammatical variants: Skolebeviset, marks obtained. Pupils with the minimum pass skolebeviser, skolebeviserne grades in Swedish, English and mathematics are Level: ISCED 3 admitted to upper secondary education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 177 Slutbetyg från gymnasieskolan

Slutbetyg från gymnasieskolan Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Erikois- Country: Sweden tumistutkinto. Grammatical variants: Slutbetyget, slutbetygen från gymnasieskolan Specialist po (+) Level: ISCED 3 (Специалист по) Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded at Country: Bulgaria the end of upper secondary education (the 3-year Grammatical variants: Specialisti po gymnasieskola) on the basis of the marks obtained Level: ISCED 5 for each course. In order to facilitate standardisa- Explanatory note: Professional title conferred tion of pupil assessment, the results of national on students who have obtained the ➧ Diploma za examinations in some subjects may be used. The zavurchena stepen na vischeto obrazovanie at the certifi cate indicates the subjects of the courses end of non-university tertiary education. taken and marks obtained. It is a basic require- ment for entry to tertiary education. Specialist/ka (+) Country: Slovenia Social omsorgsexamen Grammatical variants: Specialisti/tke, specialist* Country: Sweden Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Social omsorgsexamina Explanatory note: Second professional title Level: ISCED 5 conferred on students who have obtained Explanatory note: Professional degree in social a fi rst professional title (➧ Akademski/ka (+), care, awarded on satisfactory completion of a ➧ Diplomirani/na (+), ➧ Profesor/ica, ➧ Doktor/ica (+), full-time study programme lasting two-and-a- ➧ Magister/tra farmacije or ➧ Univerzitetni/na half, three or four years, which normally includes diplomirani/na), successfully completed second- a degree project, at a university or university cycle specialised studies lasting 1-2 years, passed college (universitet or högskola). The degree cer- the ➧ Diplomski izpit examination and obtained tifi cate indicates the subjects passed and marks the ➧ Diploma at akademija, fakulteta or visoka obtained. It gives access to employment and its strokovna šola. It gives access to the labour mar- holders are also eligible for doctoral studies lead- ket. The title is usually followed by reference to the ing to the ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). fi eld of specialisation concerned (for example specialist/ka arhitekture) and is always placed Socionomexamen after the fi rst professional title (for example, Country: Sweden univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na ekonomist/ka, Grammatical variants: Socionomexamina specialist/ka za menedžment). Abbreviation: Level: ISCED 5 Spec. (+). General term: Strokovni naslov. Explanatory note: Professional degree in social work, awarded on satisfactory completion of a Specializzato in (+) full-time study programme lasting three-and- Country: Italy a-half years, which normally includes a degree Grammatical variants: Specializzati in, project, at a university or university college (uni- specializzata in, specializzate in versitet or högskola). The degree certifi cate indi- Level: ISCED 5 cates the subjects passed and marks obtained. It Explanatory note: Title conferred on students gives access to employment and its holders are who have obtained the ➧ Diploma di Specializza- also eligible for doctoral studies leading to the zione. It includes reference to the fi eld concerned. ➧ Doktorsexamen (+). Specialyrkesexamen Spec. (+) Country: Finland Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: -examina Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Specialist/ka (+) Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Erikoisam- which is usually followed by the abbreviation of mattitutkinto. the fi eld of specialisation (for example spec. arh.) and placed after the fi rst professional title (for Sprejemni izpit example, univ. dipl. ekon., spec. za menedž.). Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Sprejemni izpiti, Specialiseringsexamen sprejemn* izpit* Country: Finland Level: ISCED 3 and 5 Grammatical variants: -examina Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Sprejemni Level: ISCED 5 preizkus.

178 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Spričevalo o zaključnem izpitu

Sprejemni preizkus Şpričevalo o mojstrskem izpitu Country: Slovenia Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Sprejemni preizkusi, Grammatical variants: Spričevala o mojstrskem sprejemn* preizkus* izpitu, spričeval* o mojstrskem izpitu Level: ISCED 3 and 5 Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Explanatory note: Entrance examination for Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the educational programmes with special entrance Slovenia Chamber of Crafts (Obrtna zbornica requirements (abilities in artistic or sports activ- Slovenije) to candidates who have passed the ity). It is conducted in secondary schools, acad- ➧ Mojstrski izpit examination. The certifi cate en- emies and faculties or in the National Examina- ables them to open and run their own craft shop tions Centre. The content of the examination or business, and to work with apprentices in the depends on the programme concerned, for which dualni sistem and with co-workers in the lifelong students who pass it can enrol. Synonym: Spre- learning process as practical trainers. It confers on jemni izpit. its holder the title of ➧ Mojster/trica (+).

Spričevalo o delovodskem izpitu Spričevalo o poklicni maturi Country: Slovenia Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Spričevala o delovodskem Grammatical variants: Spričevala o poklicni izpitu, spričeval* o delovodskem izpitu maturi, spričeval* o poklicni maturi Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by Slovenia Chamber of Commerce and Industry schools to pupils who have successfully com- (Gospodarska zbornica Slovenije) to candidates pleted technical education at a srednja strokovna who have passed the ➧ Delovodski izpit examina- šola, vocational/technical programmes (poklicno- tehniško izobraževanje) or one year at poklicni tečaj tion. The certifi cate enables them to open and run ➧ their own business or manage a unit within such and passed the Poklicna matura examination. Pupils who do so with outstanding results receive an organisation. It confers on its holder the title of the spričevalo o poklicni maturi s pohvalo, which ➧ Delovodja/dkinja (+). indicates the results and the subjects passed. It Spričevalo o izobraževanju na domu gives access to the labour market or to vocational Country: Slovenia colleges (višje strokovne šole) and professionally Grammatical variants: Spričevala o izobraževanju oriented tertiary education. Students who have na domu, spričeval* o izobraževanju na domu received this certifi cate and want to enter aca- Level: ISCED 1 and 2 demically oriented tertiary programmes also have to have passed one general subject included in the Explanatory note: Certifi cate for pupils not ➧ ➧ attending school (osnovna šola) who receive Matura examination and received the Potrdilo o opravljenem izpitu iz maturitetnega predmeta home instruction and pass their assessment at the certifi cate. The spričevalo o poklicni maturi confers end of each school year. Assessment is carried out on its holders the title of ➧ Tehnik/nica (+). by the school in which the pupil would normally be enrolled. The knowledge of pupils is assessed Spričevalo o poslovodskem izpitu in order to certify their level of learning. The cer- Country: Slovenia tifi cate is awarded by the school concerned, Grammatical variants: Spričevala o poslovodskem indicates all subjects and the marks obtained for izpitu, spričeval* o poslovodskem izpitu them, and gives access to the next grade. Level: ISCED 4 (A.Ed.) Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the Spričevalo o končani osnovni šoli Slovenia Chamber of Commerce and Industry Country: Slovenia (Gospodarska zbornica Slovenije) to candidates Grammatical variants: Spričevala o končani who have passed the ➧ Poslovodski izpit examina- osnovni šoli, spričeval* o končani osnovni šoli tion. The certifi cate enables them to open and run Level: ISCED 2 their own business or manage a unit within such Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by schools an organisation. It confers on its holder the title of to pupils who have successfully completed the 8- ➧ Poslovodja/dkinja (+). year osnovna šola. There is no fi nal examination. The certifi cate refers to the achievement of pupils Spričevalo o zaključnem izpitu in all subjects and their general fi nal mark, and Country: Slovenia gives access to all types of upper secondary edu- Grammatical variants: Spričevala o zaključnem cation. izpitu, spričeval* o zaključn* izpit*

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 179 Staatliche Abschlussprüfung

Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Leaving examination which is Explanatory note: organised by the State and testifi es to satisfactory Leaving certifi cate awarded by vocational completion of havo, vwo, or the theoretical learn- schools to pupils who have successfully com- ing pathway of vmbo. Pupils who pass such an pleted the two-and-a-half-year programme and examination before a Minister of Education board passed the ➧ Zaključni izpit examination. It gives of examiners may obtain one of the following access to the labour market or to the fi rst year at diplomas: diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend any other upper secondary school. middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (theoretical learn- Leaving certifi cate awarded by schools (in ing pathway), diploma staatsexamen hoger alge- the dual system, by the school and Slovenia meen voortgezet onderwijs or diploma staatsexa- Chamber of Crafts) to pupils who have success- men voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs; fully completed the 3-year study programme see ➧ Diploma staatsexamen. In all subjects there and passed the zaključni izpit examination. It is a written and an oral examination, with Dutch gives access to the labour market or to further and English compulsory. The staatsexamen cov- ers a minimum of six subjects and is equivalent to education in two-year vocational/technical pro- ➧ grammes leading to a ➧ Poklicna matura. the Eindexamen. Pupils who receive instruction without attending school may take this examina- The certifi cate is accompagned by a separate tion and, if they pass, obtain a diploma equivalent certifi cate obvestilo o uspehu pri zaključnem to the one awarded in full-time education. izpitu, indicating the marks for all parts of the examination. Those who pass the zaključni izpit Staatsexamen havo, vmbo, vwo with outstanding results receive the spričevalo Country: The Netherlands o zaključnem izpitu s pohvalo. Note: This certifi - Grammatical variants: Staatsexamens havo, cate which, until the 2001/02 school year, was vmbo, vwo awarded to students who passed the zaključni Level: ISCED 2 and 3 izpit examination at the end of 4-year technical Explanatory note: Abbreviation of staatsexamen upper secondary education, has been replaced by hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs, staatsexa- the ➧ Spričevalo o poklicni maturi certifi cate. men voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (theoretical learning pathway), or staatsexamen Staatliche Abschlussprüfung voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs. See Country: Germany ➧ Staatsexamen. Grammatical variants: Staatliche Abschluss- prüfungen, Staatlich* Abschlussprüfung* Staatsexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet Level: ISCED 5 onderwijs Explanatory note: Final examination held on Country: The Netherlands completion of courses at a Fachschule (techni- Grammatical variants: Staatsexamens hoger cal school providing advanced vocational train- algemeen voortgezet onderwijs Level: ISCED 2 and 3 ing lasting 1, 2 or 3 years), or a Fachakademie in Explanatory note: For further information, see Bavaria, lasting at least 2 years. The examination ➧ Staatsexamen (for havo schools). Abbreviation: includes written, oral and practical tests, and con- Staatsexamen havo. fers on those who pass it the right to use an occu- pational title such as Staatlich geprüfter Techniker Staatsexamen voorbereidend middelbaar (state certifi ed technician), Staatlich geprüfter beroepsonderwijs Betriebswirt (state certifi ed graduate in business Country: The Netherlands administration), Staatlich anerkannter Erzieher Grammatical variants: Staatsexamens (state certifi ed youth or child care worker), etc. voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs Level: ISCED 2 Staatsexamen Explanatory note: For further information, see Country: Germany ➧ Staatsexamen (for vmbo schools). Abbreviation: Grammatical variants: Staatsexamina Staatsexamen vmbo. Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Staatsprüfung. Staatsexamen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs Staatsexamen Country: The Netherlands Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Staatsexamens Grammatical variants: Staatsexamens voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Level: ISCED 3

180 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Státní rigorózní zkouška

Explanatory note: For further information, see Pupils may proceed to study leading to ➧฀Interme- ➧฀Staatsexamen (for vwo schools). Abbreviation: diate (level 1) or ➧฀Higher qualifications. The Stan- Staatsexamen vwo. dard Grade qualification can also be used for entry to training or employment. Staatsprüfung Country: Germany Štátna skúška Grammatical variants: Staatsprüfungen, Country: Slovakia Staatsprüfung* Grammatical variants: Štátne skúšky, štátn* Level: ISCED 5 skúšk* Explanatory note: A state examination which has Level: ISCED 5 to be taken in some university courses of study Explanatory note: Final examination held at the preparing students for professions of particular end of short-term or long-term university stud- importance to the public. They include medicine, ies lasting 3 or 4 years, or 4-6 years respectively. dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutics, It includes oral examinations in the field of study, food chemistry, law and the teaching profession. and the defence of a final written dissertation After sitting the examination, prospective doctors (obhajoba záverečnej práce or obhajoba diplo- and pharmacists apply in writing for the Approba- movej práce) which is compulsory at the discre- tion (licence), with which they may practise the tion of the faculty concerned. Successful students profession and use the corresponding title. The receive the ➧฀Vysokoškolský diplom (+) and the cer- first state examination (erste Staatsprüfung) nor- tificate ➧฀Vysvedčenie o štátnej skúške. mally consists of a written dissertation and written and oral tests, but there are variations specific to Státní doktorská zkouška each Land. It usually constitutes both an academic Country: Czech Republic and career-qualifying stage. After the first state Grammatical variants: Státní doktorské zkoušky, examination, prospective lawyers and teachers státní* doktorsk* zkouš* undertake the Vorbereitungsdienst (preparatory Level: ISCED 6 service), which ends with another state examina- Explanatory note: Final examination including tion. Only this second state examination entitles the defence of a thesis (disertační práce), which is them to practise as teachers or judges. The second held at the end of advanced study and research state examination usually consists of a dissertation lasting 3 years. Successful students receive the and written and oral tests, but there are variations diploma ➧฀Vysokoškolský diplom and the certifi- specific to each Land. It also examines practical cate ➧฀Vysvědčení o státní doktorské zkoušce. The experience acquired during the Vorbereitungs- content and organisation of the examination are dienst. Synonym: Staatsexamen. the responsibility of the faculty concerned. Standard Grade Státní rigorózní zkouška Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) Country: Czech Republic Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Grammatical variants: Státní rigorózní zkoušky, Explanatory note: A 2-year national qualifica- státní* rigorózní* zkouš* tion which is usually awarded in lower secondary Level: ISCED 5 education, but which may also be taken in upper Explanatory note: secondary or adult education. The qualification is • Examination including the defence of a final available in a range of academic and vocational written dissertation, (rigorózní práce) which subjects and there is no compulsory number or is intended for students in tertiary education common core of subjects that all students are who have been awarded the title ➧฀Magistr/a required to study. However, in practice, a maxi- and wish to obtain the title ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) in mum of 8 Standard Grades in different subjects their field of study, abbreviated to JUDr., PhDr., is studied over the 2-year period. The qualifica- RNDr., PharmDr., ThDr., or ➧฀Licenciát abbrevi- tion is available at 3 levels in ascending order of ated to ThLic. (in the field of Catholic theology) challenge, namely Foundation, General and Credit certified by the diploma ➧฀Vysokoškolský diplom corresponding to Scottish Credit and Qualifica- and the certificate ➧฀Vysvědčení o státní rigorózní tions Framework (SCQF) levels 3, 4 and 5 respec- zkoušce. The content and organisation of the tively. The qualification is externally assessed by examination are the responsibility of the faculty the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA). Assess- concerned. ments are usually written, though depending • Final examination for students of medicine and on the subject studied, oral and practical assess- veterinary medicine who wish to obtain the ments may also be undertaken. Assessments in title doktor/ka (+), abbreviated to MUDr. or some subjects also take account of course work. MVDr. certified by the diploma vysokoškolský

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 181 Státní závěrečná zkouška

diplom and the certifi cate vysvědčení o státní Level: ISCED 5 rigorózní zkoušce. The content and organisation Explanatory note: General term for various pro- of the examination are the responsibility of the fessional titles denoting the level and type of faculty concerned. education obtained in study programmes lead- ing to a fi rst professionally or academically ori- Státní závěrečná zkouška ented degree leading to the ➧ Diploma, and Country: Czech Republic in second degree programmes leading to the Grammatical variants: Státní závěrečné zkoušky, Diploma (specialisacija). Professional titles are státní* závěrečn* zkouš* an integral aspect of study programmes and Level: ISCED 5 exist for both men and women. They are regu- Explanatory note: lated by the Professional and Academic Titles Examination including the defence of a fi nal Act. See ➧ Diplomirani/na (+), ➧ Univerzitetni/na written dissertation (bakalářská práce), which is diplomirani/na (+), ➧ Akademski/ka (+), ➧ Profe- held at the end of university or non-university sor/ica (+), ➧ Doktor/ica (+), ➧ Magister/tra farma- tertiary education lasting 3 to 4 years. Students cije and ➧ Specialist/ka (+). who pass the examination are awarded the diploma ➧ Vysokoškolský diplom and the certifi - Student cate ➧ Vysvědčení o státní závěrečné zkoušce. The Country: Finland content and organisation of the examination Grammatical variants: -en, -er, -erna are the responsibility of the institution con- Level: ISCED 3 cerned. Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ylioppilas. Examination including the defence of a fi nal written dissertation (diplomová práce), which is Stúdent held at the end of university and non-university Country: Iceland tertiary education lasting 4 to 6 years, or 1 to 3 Grammatical variants: Stúdents years after students have obtained the title of Level: ISCED 3 ➧ Bakalář/ka. Students who pass the examina- Explanatory note: Title conferred by upper sec- tion are awarded the diploma vysokoškolský ondary schools (menntaskóli, verkmenntaskóli, diplom and the certifi cate vysvědčení o státní framhaldsskóli and fj ölbrautaskóli) on pupils who závěrečné zkoušce. The content and organisa- obtain the ➧ Stúdentsprófsskírteini certifi cate. tion of the examination are the responsibility of the institution concerned. Studentereksamen Country: Denmark Strokovni izpit Grammatical variants: -eksamenen, -eksamener, Country: Slovenia -eksamenerne Grammatical variants: Strokovni izpiti, Level: ISCED 3 strokovn* izpit* Explanatory note: Examination taken on comple- Level: ISCED 3 and 5 (A.Ed.) tion of a 3-year general upper secondary course Explanatory note: Examination taken by teacher (gymnasium) or a 2-year adult general upper sec- trainees (pripravniki) after completing an ‘on-the- ondary course (studenterkursus), and organised by job’ qualifying phase of 6 to 10 months, depend- the Ministry of Education. It consists of nationally ing on the qualifi cations of the trainee concerned. coordinated written examinations plus oral exam- It is taken before a State Teaching Examination inations held in the presence of external exam- Board appointed by the Minister of Education. iners, and a major written assignment. Students The examination includes an oral part to assess have to pass this examination to obtain the ➧ Stu- knowledge of the constitutional order, as well dentereksamensbevis certifi cate. as of legislation regulating human and children’s rights and fundamental freedoms, legislation on Studentereksamensbevis education and the offi cial language of instruc- Country: Denmark tion. The written part seeks to assess the aptitude Grammatical variants: -beviset, -beviser, of future teachers for independent professional -beviserne work. Successful trainees receive the ➧ Potrdilo o Level: ISCED 3 opravljenem strokovnem izpitu certifi cate. Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by the gymnasium to pupils or adults who have passed Strokovni naslov the ➧ Studentereksamen. It indicates the marks for Country: Slovenia the year’s work in the subjects which form part Grammatical variants: Strokovni naslovi, of the studentereksamen, the examination marks, strokovn* naslov* including the mark for the year’s work in subjects

182 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Studienberechtigungsprüfung

which were not examined, the average of the Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils marks for the year’s work, the average of all the who pass the fi nal written or oral examinations set examination marks and the examination result, at the end of a) the third year of the second stage, which is the average of the two foregoing aver- b) the second year of the 3-year third stage of sec- ages. It is a basic qualifi cation for entry to tertiary ondary vocational education, c) the third year of education. the third stage (corresponding to a year of spe- cialisation) in secondary vocational, technical or Studentexamen art education, or d) the second year of the 2-year Country: Finland fourth stage of vocational education in fashion Grammatical variants: -examina and plastic arts. These examinations are set by the Level: ISCED 3 individual school and cover all subjects studied. Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ylioppilas- The certifi cate indicates the school year, the type tutkinto. of education and the branch of studies. It may be taken into account when deciding whether Studentexamensbetyg pupils will be admitted to the next level of educa- Country: Finland tion. After the completion of compulsory educa- Grammatical variants: -betyget, -betygen tion, the certifi cate may also be obtained in adult Level: ISCED 3 education or, in some cases, with the approval of Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ylioppilas- the Examining Board of the Flemish Community. tutkintotodistus. It may be replaced by the ➧ Getuigschrift (tweede graad secundair onderwijs). Stúdentspróf Country: Iceland Studiege tuigschrift derde graad deeltijds Grammatical variants: Stúdentsprófi , beroepssecundair onderwijs stúdentsprófs Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Examinations held in upper Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils secondary schools (menntaskóli, verkmenntaskóli, in part-time vocational secondary education who framhaldsskóli and fj ölbrautaskóli) at the end of have completed at least two years of stage 3 and general upper secondary education lasting 4 obtained at least one ➧ Kwalifi catiegetuigschrift years, which have to be passed in order to obtain van het deeltijds beroepssecundair onderwijs. The the ➧ Stúdentsprófsskírteini certifi cate. All subjects written, oral or practical examinations are set by taught are covered in the fi nal assessment, includ- the individual institution and cover all subjects ing Icelandic, mathematics, sciences and foreign studied. The certifi cate gives access to the corres- languages. The tests are spread over 4 years of ponding occupation. study, but the main part of the examination is held at the end of the fi nal year. The examination Studiege tuigschrift tweede graad deel tijds is the responsibility of individual upper secondary beroepssecundair onderwijs schools. Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Level: ISCED 3 Stúdentsprófsskírteini Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Country: Iceland in part-time vocational secondary education who Grammatical variants: Stúdentsprófsskírteinis have completed at least two years of stage 2 of Level: ISCED 3 full-time or part-time secondary education. The Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of written, oral or practical examinations are set by general upper secondary education (menntaskóli, the individual institution and cover all subjects verkmenntaskóli, framhaldsskóli and fj ölbrau- studied. The certifi cate entitles its holder to enter taskóli), which is awarded by upper secondary the fi rst year of the third stage of part-time voca- schools to pupils who pass the of ➧ Stúdents- tional secondary education. próf examination. It confers on them the title of ➧ Stúdent, and indicates the programme studied, Studienberechtigungsprüfung the subjects passed and the marks obtained in the Country: Austria tests. This qualifi cation is recognised for entry to Grammatical variants: Studienberechtigungs- tertiary education. prüfungen, Studienberechtigungsprüfung* Level: ISCED 3 Studiegetuigschrift Explanatory note: Entrance examination taken Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) by those who wish to obtain a restricted right to Level: ISCED 3 and 4 enter tertiary education. It is taken at the institu-

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 183 Studienberechtigungszeugnis

tion in question and includes both a written and Sveinsbréf oral part. The content of the examination depends Country: Iceland on the desired course of study (at a university, Grammatical variants: Sveinsbréfi , sveinsbréfs Akademie, etc.). Successful students receive the Level: ISCED 3 ➧ Studienberechtigungszeugnis certifi cate. Explanatory note: Certifi cate of vocational train- ing in a certifi ed trade, which is awarded to pupils Studienberechtigungszeugnis who pass the ➧ Sveinspróf at the end of vocational Country: Austria training. It confers on them the title of ➧ Sveinn Grammatical variants: Studienberechtigungs- (journeyman) and indicates the fi eld of speciali- zeugnisse, Studienberechtigungszeugnis* sation and the average results obtained in the Level: ISCED 3 examination. The certifi cate gives access to the Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to those trade, and to a 1- or 3-year course leading to the who perform successfully in the ➧ Studienberech- ➧ Meistarabréf (+) certifi cate. tigungsprüfung. It gives restricted access to ter- tiary education and indicates the fi elds of study in Sveinspróf which candidates may enrol. Country: Iceland Grammatical variants: Sveinsprófi , sveinsprófs Studienzeugnis des zweiten Jahres des Level: ISCED 3 berufsbildenden Sekundarunterrichts Explanatory note: Journeyman’s examination at Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) the end of 4-year vocational training in a certifi ed Grammatical variants: Studienzeugnisse, trade at school (iðnskóli, fj ölbrautaskóli, verkmenn- Studienzeugnis* taskóli) and the workplace. It is compulsory for Level: ISCED 2 obtaining the ➧ Sveinsbréf certifi cate. The exam- Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded after ination, which includes both theoretical and prac- successful completion of the second year of the tical parts, is set and organised at national level Beobachtungsstufe (an observation cycle corres- by a special committee, representing both sides ponding to the fi rst cycle of secondary educa- of industry. tion) which is organised in diff erentiated form. By virtue of a government decree, this certifi cate is Svendebrev considered equivalent to the ➧ Abschlusszeugnis Country: Denmark der Grundschule. It is thus especially meaningful Grammatical variants: Svendebreve, for pupils who have not obtained their primary svendebrevene school leaving certifi cate – either at the end of Level: ISCED 3 primary education or on completion of the fi rst Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Uddannelses- year of the Beobachtungsstufe. The certifi cate bevis. entitles pupils to continue secondary education in a vocational branch of the Orientierungsstufe Svendeprøve (‘orientation’ cycle), the second cycle of secon- Country: Denmark dary school, or – if they are at least 15 years old Grammatical variants: -prøve, -prøver, -prøverne – to begin an intermediate course. The form of the Level: ISCED 3 certifi cate is centrally determined by government Explanatory note: Journeyman’s test held at the decree. It is awarded by decision of the Klassenrat end of technical/vocational education and train- (class council). ing programmes (hoveforløbet), organised by the educational institution after consultation with Stufenzeugnis der zweiten Stufe the trade committee concerned and taken after Country: Belgium (German-speaking Community) obtaining the ➧ Skolebevis. It involves a practical Grammatical variants: Stufenzeugnisse test of the pupil’s skills by an examining board Level: ISCED 2 consisting of masters of the trade or craft, with Explanatory note: Certifi cate which will replace an equal number of employers and employees. the ➧ Abschlusszeugnis der Unterstufe des Sekundar- Pupils have to pass this test to obtain the ➧ Uddan- unterrichts as soon as there is a new decree on sec- nelsesbevis. ondary education. Svennebrev Sveinn Country: Norway Country: Iceland Grammatical variants: Svennebrevet, Grammatical variants: Sveins, sveinar svennebrevene Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Title conferred on apprentices Explanatory note: Certifi cate of craft qualifi cation who obtain the ➧ Sveinsbréf certifi cate. awarded by upper secondary schools to appren-

184 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Świadectwo maturalne

tices who pass the ➧ Svenneprøve (journeyman’s chte or professionalna gimnazia, and awarded to examination) at the end of a vocational training pupils who pass the ➧ Durjaven zrelosten izpit za course. The certifi cate indicates the subjects and pridobivane na profesionalna kvalifi katzia exam- results of the examination, and gives access to the ination at the end of vocational secondary edu- trade or occupation concerned. cation. The details indicated on the certifi cate comply with state requirements for vocational Svenneprøve qualifi cations awarded in the national education Country: Norway system. The certifi cate gives access to the trade or Grammatical variants: Svenneprøver, occupation concerned. svenneprøvene Level: ISCED 3 Svidetelstvo za zavurcheno osnovno Explanatory note: Craft examination held at the obrazovanie end of an apprenticeship in a fi rm or upper sec- (Свидетелство за завършено основно ondary school for those who have taken courses образование) lasting 2 years in the school with an additional 1 Country: Bulgaria year of ‘on-the-job’ training. The examination may Grammatical variants: Svidetelstva za also be taken by external candidates. Schools zavurcheno osnovno obrazovanie and/or fi rms develop its content on the basis of Level: ISCED 2 the training programme in a particular sector, Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on satis- in accordance with Ministry of Education voca- factory completion of lower secondary education tional training directives. The examination, which in the progimnazialno utchilichte, osnovno utchili- is a prerequisite for obtaining a ➧ Svennebrev, chte or sredno obchtoobrazovatelno utchilichte, on includes three parts, namely planning, implemen- the basis of school marks without a fi nal examina- tation, and documentation relevant to the per- tion. The certifi cate indicates the subjects taken formance of a practical task. External candidates and marks obtained at the end of the fi nal year. It have to pass theoretical examinations relating to gives access to upper secondary education and/or the trade or profession concerned. to vocational training. Svidetelstvo za pravosposobnost, izdavano za SVQ profesii uprajniavaneto na koito iziskva Country: United Kingdom (Scotland) pravosposobnost Level: ISCED 4 (Cвидетелство за правоспособност, издавано Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Scottish за професии, упражняването на които изисква Vocational Qualifi cation. правоспособност) Country: Bulgaria Świadectwo dojrzałości Grammatical variants: Svidetelstva za Country: Poland pravosposobnost, izdavano za profesii Grammatical variants: Świadectwa dojrzałości, uprajniavaneto na koito iziskva pravosposobnost świadectw* dojrzałości Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate of competence, Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by all which testifi es to the acquisition of vocational types of school off ering general and specialised skills and is issued by the professionalno utchili- upper secondary education to pupils who have chte or professionalna gimnazia on completion completed the study programme concerned and of vocational education. The conditions and pro- passed the ➧ Egzamin dojrzałości examination. cedures for issuing the certifi cate are laid down The certifi cate indicates the courses completed in an ordinance of the Minister of Education and and marks obtained on leaving the school, as well Science unless a statutory act provides otherwise. as the examination marks and the appropriate The certifi cate gives access to vocational branches occupational titles. It is a qualifi cation required for in which a licence of competence is required. admission to all types of tertiary education and may also be awarded in adult education. Syno- Svidetelstvo za profesionalna kvalifi kasia nym: Świadectwo maturalne. (Свидетелство за професионална квалификация) Świadectwo maturalne Country: Bulgaria Country: Poland Grammatical variants: Svidetelstva za Grammatical variants: Świadectwa maturalne, profesionalna kvalifi kasia świadectw* maturaln* Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Vocational qualifi cation certifi - Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Świadectwo cate which is issued by the professionalno utchili- dojrzałości.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 185 Świadectwo ukończenia gimnazjum

Świadectwo ukończenia gimnazjum of their school results, without any fi nal examina- Country: Poland tion. It indicates the fi nal marks and the area of Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia specialisation and enables its holders to enter the gimnazjum, świadectw* ukończenia gimnazjum appropriate trade or occupation and/or to take Level: ISCED 2 the ➧ Egzamin dojrzałości examination. The insti- Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to com- tution issuing this certifi cate will cease to exist in pletion of 3 years of lower secondary education the 2004/05 school year. (gimnazjum), which is awarded on the basis of school results and the results of a compulsory Świadectwo ukończenia liceum uzupełniającego fi nal examination ➧ Egzamin na zakończenie gim- Country: Poland nazjum. The certifi cate indicates the subjects and Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia the marks obtained at the end of the fi nal year as liceum uzupełniającego, świadectw* ukończenia well as the examination results. It gives access liceum uzupełniającego to upper secondary education and may also be Level: ISCED 3 awarded in adult education. Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to com- pletion of 2 years of further general upper sec- Świadectwo ukończenia liceum ondary education (liceum uzupełniające). The ogólnokształcącego institution issuing this certifi cate, which will also Country: Poland be awarded in adult education, will begin its Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia operations in the 2004/05 school year. For further liceum ogólnokształcącego, świadectw* information, see ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia liceum ukończenia liceum ogólnokształcącego ogólnokształcącego. Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion Świadectwo ukończenia liceum zawodowego of general upper secondary education (liceum Country: Poland ogólnokształcące) which, following the 1999/2000 Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia reform, now lasts three years instead of four. It is liceum zawodowego, świadectw* ukończenia awarded on the basis of school results, without liceum zawodowego any fi nal examination, and indicates the subjects Level: ISCED 3 and the marks obtained at the end of the fi nal Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by insti- year. The certifi cate enables its holders to take tutions for vocational upper secondary educa- the ➧ Egzamin dojrzałości examination and/or to tion (liceum zawodowe), which will cease to exist enter post-secondary education. It may also be in the 2004/05 school year, to pupils in their fi nal awarded in adult education. (fourth) year who have passed the ➧ Egzamin z nauki zawodu examination. The certifi cate indi- Świadectwo ukończenia liceum profi lowanego cates the marks obtained in the various subjects Country: Poland at the end of the fi nal year and the examina- Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia tion marks, as well as the area of specialisation. liceum profi lowanego, świadectw* ukończenia It enables its holders to enter the appropriate liceum profi lowanego trade or occupation and/or to take the ➧ Egzamin Level: ISCED 3 dojrzałości examination, and may also be awarded Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to com- in adult education. pletion of 3 years of specialised upper secondary education (liceum profi lowane). The institution issu- Świadectwo ukończenia szkoły podstawowej ing the certifi cate was established in 2002/03. For Country: Poland further information, see ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia liceum ogólnokształcącego. szkoły podstawowej, świadectw* ukończenia szkoły podstawowej Świadectwo ukończenia liceum technicznego Level: ISCED 1 Country: Poland Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia the completion of the ‘new’ 6-year primary liceum technicznego, świadectw* ukończenia school (szkoła podstawowa) established by the liceum technicznego 1999/2000 reform. Awarded by the school on the Level: ISCED 3 basis of marks obtained in class, the certifi cate Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to com- indicates the subjects studied and the marks at pletion of 4 years of technical upper secondary the end of the fi nal year, as well as the results of education (liceum techniczne), which is awarded a compulsory test at the end of the sixth grade to pupils at the end of the fourth year on the basis ➧ Test na zakończenie szkoły podstawowej. It is

186 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő bizonyítvány required in order to proceed to lower secondary examination marks and fi eld of specialisation. It education, and may also be awarded in adult edu- gives access to the appropriate trade or occupa- cation. Before the 1999/2000 reform, the certifi - tion and/or to further upper secondary education cate was awarded after 8 years of single-structure (full-time or at evening classes) to prepare for the basic education in the szkoła podstawowa. ➧ Egzamin dojrzałości examination. The certifi cate Świadectwo ukończenia technikum confers on its holders the title ➧ Robotnik wykwali- uzupełniającego fi k o w a n y and may also be awarded in adult edu- Country: Poland cation. Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia technikum uzupełniającego, świadectw* Szakképző iskolai képesítő bizonyítvány ukończenia technikum uzupełniającego Country: Hungary Level: ISCED 3 Grammatical variants: Szakképző iskolai Explanatory note: Certifi cate testifying to com- képesítő bizonyítványok, szakképző iskolai pletion of 3 years of further technical upper sec- képesítő bizonyítvány* ondary education (technikum uzupełniające). The institution issuing the certifi cate, which will also Level: ISCED 3 be awarded in adult education, will begin its Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to trainees operations in the 2004/05 school year. For further who have passed the ➧ Szakmai vizsga on comple- information, see ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia techni- tion of training lasting 1 or 2 years in an appren- kum zawodowego. tice training school (szakiskola). It confers on its holder the title of ➧ Szakmunkás and gives access Świadectwo ukończenia technikum to employment as a skilled worker. zawodowego Country: Poland Szakközépiskolai bizonyítvány Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia technikum zawodowego, świadectw* ukończenia Country: Hungary technikum zawodowego Grammatical variants: Szakközépiskolai Level: ISCED 3 bizonyítványok, szakközépiskolai bizonyítvány* Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of Level: ISCED 3 technical upper secondary education (technikum Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of zawodowe) which now lasts four years instead of vocational upper secondary education lasting 4 fi ve, following the 1999/2000 reform. The certifi - or 6 years which is awarded by schools on the basis cate is awarded to pupils by their school on the of class marks, without a fi nal examination. The basis of their results in the fi nal year of studies and in the ➧ Egzamin z przygotowania zawodowego certifi cate indicates the subjects studied and fi nal examination. It indicates the subjects and the marks obtained, and is required by pupils wishing marks obtained in the fi nal year, as well as the to take the ➧ Szakmai vizsga or ➧ Szakközépiskolai examination marks. The certifi cate, which confers érettségi-képesítő vizsga examinations. on its holders the title of ➧ Technik, enables them to enter the appropriate trade or occupation and/or Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő to take the ➧ Egzamin dojrzałości examination. It bizonyítvány may also be awarded in adult education. Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: Szakközépiskolai Świadectwo ukończenia zasadniczej szkoły zawodowej érettségi-képesítő bizonyítványok, Country: Poland szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő bizonyítvány* Grammatical variants: Świadectwa ukończenia Level: ISCED 3 zasadniczej szkoły zawodowej, świadectw* Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by ukończenia zasadniczej szkoły zawodowej schools to pupils who pass the combined Level: ISCED 3 ➧ Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő vizsga exam- Explanatory note: Certifi cate of completion of ination. The certifi cate indicates the fi eld of spe- basic vocational education (lasting 3 years in the cialisation, the subjects studied and the marks old type of school), which is awarded to pupils by the school on the basis of their marks in the obtained in the examination. It confers on its ➧ Egzamin z nauki zawodu examination. The cer- holder the title of ➧ Szakmunkás and gives access tifi cate indicates the subjects and the marks to the occupation concerned and/or tertiary obtained during the fi nal year, as well as the education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 187 Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő vizsga

Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő vizsga Szakmunkás Country: Hungary Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: Szakközépiskolai Grammatical variants: Szakmunkások, érettségi-képesítő vizsgák, szakközépiskolai szakmunkás* érettségi-képesítő vizsga* Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Vocational training title con- Explanatory note: Final examination held at the ferred by all institutions of vocational upper sec- end of vocational upper secondary education ondary education on pupils who have obtained lasting 4 to 6 years, for pupils who have obtained the ➧ Szakképző iskolai képesítő bizonyítvány, the ➧ Szakközépiskolai bizonyítvány certifi cate. The ➧ Szakmunkásképző iskolai-képesítő bizonyítvány examination consists of written, oral and practi- ➧ cal parts covering both general and vocational or the Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő subjects. The written part in the academic and bizonyítvány. vocational subjects is set by the Ministry of Edu- cation, whereas the oral part and practical asses- Szakmunkásképző iskolai bizonyítvány sment are devised by each school. Pupils who pass Country: Hungary the examination are awarded the combined Grammatical variants: Szakmunkásképző ➧ Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő bizonyítvány iskolai bizonyítványok, szakmunkásképző iskolai certifi cate. bizonyítvány* Level: ISCED 3 Szakközépiskolai képesítő bizonyítvány Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on the Country: Hungary basis of class marks with no fi nal examination to Grammatical variants: Szakközépiskolai pupils normally aged 17, on completion of voca- képesítő bizonyítványok, szakközépiskolai tional upper secondary education lasting 3 years képesítő bizonyítvány* and after 11 years of study. The certifi cate indi- Level: ISCED 3 cates the subjects studied and marks obtained Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded by schools during the studies and also provides an assess- ➧ to pupils who pass the Szakmai vizsga examina- ment of job skills. It has to be held by those wish- tion. It indicates the fi eld of specialisation, the ing to sit the examination ➧ Szakmai vizsga. subjects and the marks obtained in the exam- ination, and gives access to the occupation con- Szakmunkásképző iskolai-képesítő cerned and/or tertiary education. bizonyítvány Szakmai vizsga Country: Hungary Country: Hungary Grammatical variants: Szakmunkásképző Grammatical variants: Szakmai vizsgák, szakmai iskolai-képesítő bizonyítványok, vizsga* szakmunkásképző iskolai-képesítő bizonyítvány* Level: ISCED 3 and 5 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: Vocational training certifi cate, A general term for the vocational examination awarded by vocational education institutions held normally for those aged 17/18 in diff erent (szakmunkásképző iskola) to pupils normally aged branches at the end of 11/12 years of study in 17 who have passed the ➧ Szakmai vizsga exam- vocational upper secondary education. The ination. The certifi cate confers on its holders the examination leads to certifi cates which diff er occupational title ➧ Szakmunkás and gives access depending on the type and duration of stud- to the occupation concerned and/or to upper sec- ies: ➧ Szakképző iskolai-képesítő bizonyítvány, ondary education (evening classes). ➧ Szakmunkásképző iskolai-képesítő bizonyítvány or ➧ Szakközépiskolai-képesítő bizonyítvány. It in- Szakoklevél cludes written, oral and practical examinations Country: Hungary whose requirements are determined by the Grammatical variants: Szakoklevelek, Ministry of Employment and Labour and vary szakoklevél* in line with the type of vocational education : ISCED 5 concerned. Level Compulsory examination held at the end of 2 Explanatory note: Diploma awarded to students years of accredited non-university vocational who have successfully completed a further one- tertiary courses (főiskola) provided within the to three-year non-university course at a főiskola school system. The tests are set by each institu- after already obtaining a ➧ Egyetemi oklevél or ➧ tion and vary with the fi eld of study. The level Főiskolai oklevél degree. This diploma, which is of requirement for this examination is specifi ed awarded to those who pass the examinations at in the National Register of Qualifi cations, and the end of each subject, testifi es to possession of it leads to the higher vocational qualifi cation ➧ a higher level qualifi cation in vocational training Felsőfokú szakképesítést igazoló bizonyítvány. and gives access to the labour market.

188 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Tt

Tandarts Technicien supérieur Country: Belgium (Flemish Community) Country: France Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Qualifi cation and title obtained Explanatory note: Title conferred on students by students who successfully complete the 2-year who hold the ➧ Brevet de technicien supérieur. fi rst cycle of university studies in dentistry and obtain the ➧ Kandidaat in de (+), and then com- Technik plete the 3-year second cycle. The qualifi cation Country: Poland gives access to the profession of dentist, as well Grammatical variants: Technicy, technik* as to the third cycle of university studies for those Level: ISCED 3 and 4 wishing to obtain the degree of ➧ Doctor in de (+). Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils For information on examinations and the details who have obtained the certifi cate ➧ Świadectwo indicated on the certifi cate, see ➧ Apotheker. ukończenia technikum zawodowego or the ➧ Dyp- lom ukończenia szkoły policealnej (in post-second- Technical Certifi cate ary schools with courses lasting two to two-and-a- Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) half years). The title may also be obtained in adult Level: ISCED 3 education. Explanatory note: Certifi cates which will be integrated alongside ➧ National Vocational Tecnico Qualifi cations (NVQs) into the Modern Appren- Country: Italy ticeship training programmes (for 16- to 24- Grammatical variants: Tecnici year-olds). NVQs are competence-based and it is Level: ISCED 3 intended that Technical Certifi cates should provide Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who a knowledge-based examination component to have obtained the ➧ Diploma di superamento the programmes. Learning will take place in fur- dell’esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di ther education institutions or with approved train- istruzione secondaria superiore in an istituto profes- ing providers. New qualifi cations are under devel- sionale. opment but, wherever possible, existing voca- tional qualifi cations that meet Technical Certifi cate Técnico Auxiliar en (+) design principles will be used. In such cases, the Country: Spain qualifi cation retains its existing title, as in London Grammatical variants: Técnica/os Auxiliar/es en Chamber of Commerce and Industry Examinations Level: ISCED 2 Board (LCCIEB) Level 3 Certifi cate in Accounting. Explanatory note: Certifi cate and title obtained All Technical Certifi cates must be approved by the by pupils whose continuous assessment in all sub- national regulatory authorities. Assessment pro- cedures vary but might include case study work, jects was satisfactory during two-year vocational multiple-choice items, centrally-set projects or lower secondary education (Formación Profesional assignments, and written tests. These qualifi ca- de primer grado, or FP I) in the education system tions may give access to further vocational study, prior to the reforms introduced by the 1990 for example at the next level in the National Qual- Ley Orgánica de Ordenación General del Sistema ifi cations Framework (NQF). Educativo (LOGSE, or Organic Law on the General Organisation of the Education System). The cer- Technicien breveté tifi cate indicates the subject of specialisation and, Country: France in the new system, gives access to employment, Level: ISCED 3 or to general upper secondary education (Bachi- Explanatory note: Synonym for ➧ Agent tech- llerato) or vocational upper secondary training nique breveté. (Formación profesional específi ca de grado superior).

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 189 Técnico en

Técnico en (+) Tehnik/nica (+) Country: Spain Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: Técnica/os en Grammatical variants: Tehniki/nice, tehnik*/tehnic* Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Certifi cate and title obtained Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who by pupils whose continuous assessment in all have obtained the ➧ Spričevalo o poklicni maturi subjects has been satisfactory on completion certifi cate. It is preceded by the name of the fi eld of the intermediate one-and-a-half to two-year of specialisation (for example, ekonomski tehnik in vocational training (Formación Profesional Espe- economics, or gradbeni tehnik in construction). cífi ca de grado medio) established by the 1990 General term: Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe. Ley Orgánica de Ordenación General del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE, or Organic Law on the General Telikes exetáseis Organisation of the Education System). The cer- (Τελικές εξετάσεις) tifi cate indicates the subject of specialisation and Country: Cyprus gives access to general upper secondary educa- Grammatical variants: Telikon exetaseon, telik* tion (Bachillerato) or to employment. exetas* Técnico Especialista en (+) Level: ISCED 2 Country: Spain Explanatory note: Compulsory written examina- Grammatical variants: Técnica/os Especialista/s en tions which are organised by the school (gymna- Level: ISCED 3 sio) at the end of lower secondary education and Explanatory note: Certifi cate and title obtained give access to upper secondary education, as well by pupils whose continuous assessment in all as to specialised vocational studies and non-spe- subjects was satisfactory during vocational upper cialised jobs. secondary education (Formación Profesional de segundo grado, or FPII) of 2 or 3 years duration. Test na zakończenie szkoły podstawowej This existed prior to the reforms introduced by Country: Poland the 1990 Ley Orgánica de Ordenación General Grammatical variants: Testy na zakończenie del Sistema Educativo (LOGSE, or Organic Law szkoły podstawowej, test* on the General Organisation of the Education Level: ISCED 1 System) and was discontinued with eff ect from the Explanatory note: External compulsory stan- 2002/03 school year. The certifi cate indicates dardised test at the end of ‘new’ primary educa- the subject of specialisation and gives access to tion (szkoła podstawowa) lasting 6 years, following the fi rst cycle of certain university studies, and the 1999/2000 reform. The test provides pupils to employment. and parents, as well as schools, with information about the level of achievement of primary school Tecnico specializzato leavers. Its content and level are determined by a Country: Italy Regional Examination Commission but the results Grammatical variants: Tecnici specializzati obtained in it, which are incorporated in the Level: ISCED 4 ➧ Świadectwo ukończenia szkoły podstawowej, are Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who have obtained the ➧ Certifi cato di Specializzazione readily comparable at national level. The test may Tecnica Superiore. also be taken in adult education. Técnico Superior en (+) Teză de doctorat Country: Spain Country: Romania Grammatical variants: Técnica/os Superior/es en Grammatical variants: Teza de doctorat Level: ISCED 5 Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Diploma and title awarded to Explanatory note: Examination organised by students whose continuous assessment in all sub- university or research institutions at the end of a jects has been satisfactory on completion of ter- doctoral programme lasting 4 years. It consists of tiary non-university vocational studies (Formación the public defence of a thesis, assessed by experts profesional específi ca de grado superior) as defi ned appointed by the council of the organising institu- by the 1990 Ley Orgánica de Ordenación General tion (a universitate, academie, institut or research del Sistema Educativo LOGSE, or Organic Law on institution). It is compulsory for obtaining the the General Organisation of the Education Sys- qualifi cation ➧ Diplomă de doctor. tem). These studies are of variable duration but usually last 2 years. The diploma indicates the fi eld Th.D. of specialisation and gives access to the fi rst cycle Country: Czech Republic of certain university studies, and to employment. Level: ISCED 6

190 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Todistus toisen asteen ammatillisista opinnoista

Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+) Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils (see third paragraph). whose continuous assessment has been satis- factory on completion of 6 years of studies in ThDr. music or dance at intermediate level. The certifi - Country: Czech Republic cate involves two areas of specialisation, music Level: ISCED 5 or dance, and indicates the subjects taken and Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Doktor/ka (+) fi eld studied. It entitles pupils to take the entrance (see second paragraph). examinations for tertiary level studies in music or ThDr. dance. : Slovakia Country Título Superior en (+) Level: ISCED 5 and 6 Country: Spain Explanatory note: Abbreviation of doktor teológie. See ➧ Doktor (+) in the fi eld of theol- Grammatical variants: Títulos Superiores en ogy. In the fi eld of catholic theology, this title is Level: ISCED 5 obtained together with that of Philosophiae doc- Explanatory note: tor (PhD) by students who have passed the exam- Degree awarded to students whose continuous ination ➧ Dizertačná skúška and defended a writ- assessment has been satisfactory on comple- ten dissertation (dizertačná práca). tion of 4 to 5 years of advanced studies in mu- sic, dance or dramatic art at the Conservatorio ThLic. Superior/Escuela Superior. The degree certifi cate Country: Czech Republic indicates the fi eld of specialisation and corres- Level: ISCED 5 ponds to the ➧ Licenciatura en (+); it therefore ➧ Explanatory note: Abbreviation of Licenciát gives access to a ➧ Doctorado en (+). It confers teologie in the fi eld of Catholic theology. on its holder the title ➧ Titulado Superior en (+). ThLic. Degree awarded to students whose continuous Country: Slovakia assessment has been satisfactory on comple- Level: ISCED 6 tion of three years of studies in conservation Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Licenciát and restoration of artistic objects at the Escuela teológie. Superior. The degree certifi cate indicates the fi eld of specialisation and corresponds to the Titlos spoudon ➧ Diplomatura en (+). It confers on its holder the (Τίτλος σπουδών) title Titulado Superior en (+). Country: Greece Grammatical variants: Titloi spoudon, titl* spoud* Todistus oppisopimuskoulutuksesta Level: ISCED 1 Country: Finland Explanatory note: Leaving certifi cate awarded by Grammatical variants: Todistukset, todistuks* the school at the end of primary education last- Level: ISCED 3 ing 6 years (dimotiko scholeio), to pupils who pass Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on com- in all subjects studied. There is no fi nal exam-ina- pletion of apprenticeship training (oppisopimus- tion. The certifi cate indicates the mark and grade koulutus). It provides assessments of the trainee’s of the pupil’s overall assessment, and gives access performance by the employer and by the teacher to lower secondary education (gymnasio). in theoretical subjects. The certifi cate indicates the basic curriculum followed and, where rele- Titulado Superior en (+) vant, the fi eld of specialisation, the duration of Country: Spain Grammatical variants: Titulada/os Superior/es en training and the average marks obtained. How- Level: ISCED 5 ever, it only testifi es to participation in training Explanatory note: Title conferred on students who and, to enter employment, trainees must take have obtained the degree ➧ Título Superior en (+). It the ➧ Näyttötutkinto. The certifi cate may also be is followed by the name of the fi eld of specialisa- obtained in adult education. Swedish term: Betyg tion concerned. över läroavtalsutbildning. Título profesional del grado medio de (+) Todistus toisen asteen ammatillisista Country: Spain opinnoista Grammatical variants: Títulos profesionales del Country: Finland grado medio de Grammatical variants: Todistukset, todistuks* Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 191 Todistus yhdistelmäopinnoista

Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded at the end Transfer Tests of vocational upper secondary education. The Country: United Kingdom (NIR) qualifi cation obtained is the ➧ Ammatillinen perus- Level: ISCED 1 tutkinto. The certifi cate gives access to employ- Explanatory note: Tests in English, mathemat- ment or studies at a higher level. Swedish term: ics and science and technology used to select Betyg över avlagd yrkesexamen på andra stadiet. pupils for selective secondary (grammar) schools. The tests are set by the Northern Ireland Council Todistus yhdistelmäopinnoista for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment Country: Finland (CCEA). The results are expressed on a six-point Grammatical variants: Todistukset, todistuks* scale, and grammar schools are required to admit Level: ISCED 3 pupils strictly in the order of test grades. Explanatory note: Certifi cate for an experimen- tal qualifi cation at the end of upper secondary education for pupils who wish to combine both general and vocational studies. It is awarded to those whose continuous assessment through- out the course, without any fi nal examination, is satisfactory. The certifi cate indicates the subjects taken and marks obtained in them. It gives access to employment or to education at a higher level. Swedish term: Betyg över kombinationsstudier. Tohtori (+) Country: Finland Grammatical variants: Tohtorit, tohtori* Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Title conferred on holders of the ➧ Tohtorin tutkinto (+) degree, normally with a prefi x referring to the fi eld of study, for example kasvatustieteiden tohtori. Swedish term: Doktor. Tohtorin tutkinto (+) Country: Finland Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, -tutkinno* Level: ISCED 6 Explanatory note: Advanced research degree awarded to students who have successfully com- pleted around 4 years of full-time study after the ➧ Maisterin tutkinto (+), or around 2 years after the ➧ Lisensiaatin tutkinto (+). Students prepare a doctoral thesis, which is publicly disputed and assessed by two or more impartial examiners appointed by the university or faculty. There are no national regulations governing what is indi- cated on the degree certifi cate, which is deter- mined by the university concerned. The degree confers on its holder the title of ➧ Tohtori (+). The prefi x in the name of the degree refers to the fi eld of study, for example kasvatustieteiden tohtorin tutkinto. Swedish term: Doktorsexamen.

192 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Uu

Uddannelsesbevis Univ. dipl. (+) Country: Denmark Country: Slovenia Grammatical variants: -beviset, -beviser, Level: ISCED 5 -beviserne Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧ Univer- Level: ISCED 3 zitetni/na diplomirani/na, which is always followed Explanatory note: Certifi cate obtained on pass- by the abbreviation of the fi eld of study con- ing the compulsory ➧ Svendeprøve examination. cerned (for example univ.dipl. ekon.). It is awarded by the appropriate trade commit- tee, and testifi es to the successful completion of Univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na (+) a vocational education and training programme, Country: Slovenia and the acquisition of competence in the area Grammatical variants: Univerzitetne of specialisation concerned. It indicates this area diplomirane, univerzitetn* diplomiran* and the practical training statement (obtained Level: ISCED 5 from the place of training), and also refers to the Explanatory note: First professional title awarded ➧ Skolebevis. It gives access to employment and, to students who have successfully completed together with the skolebevis, to further studies at 4 to 5 years of an academically oriented pro- a higher level. The title that it confers is identical gramme, passed the ➧ Diplomski izpit examina- to that of the trade or craft concerned (electrician, tion and obtained the ➧ Diploma at fakulteta or carpenter, etc.). Synonym: Svendebrev. akademija. It gives access to the labour market or further tertiary education leading to the Udostoverenie za zavurchen IV clas ➧ Magister/trica umenosti, ➧ Magister/trica znanosti, (Удостоверение за завършен IV клас) ➧ Specialist/ka (+) or ➧ Doktor znanosti degree. Country: Bulgaria The title is always followed by the fi eld of study Grammatical variants: Udostoverenia za in question (for example, univerzitetni/na diplo- zavurchen IV clas mirani/ ekonomist/ka). In technical, biotechni- Level: ISCED 1 cal and engineering fi elds of study, the title is Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded on sat- univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na inženir/ka, fol- isfactory completion of four years of primary lowed by the name of the specifi c fi eld concerned education in the natchalno utchilichte or osnovno (for example, univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na utchilichte, on the basis of class marks without inženir/ka metalurgije). Abbreviation: Univ. dipl. (+). a fi nal examination. The subjects and marks General term: Strokovni naslov. obtained in the fi nal year are indicated on the certifi cate, which gives access to lower secondary education.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 193

Vv

Valsts noslēguma pārbaudījums • At the end of general (upper) secondary educa- Country: Latvia tion it contains written and oral examinations Grammatical variants: Valsts noslēguma in Latvian language and literature, a compul- pārbaudījumi, valsts noslēguma pārbaudījumu sory subject corresponding to the education Level: ISCED 3 and 4 programme, a subject set by the school, and Explanatory note: Final state examination held two examinations in a subject selected by the at the end of 3-4 years of vocational secondary pupil as well as no more than four tests in com- education (profesionālā vidējā izglītība). Its con- pulsory subjects. The Ministry of Education and tent is determined at national level and has to Science specifies annually the final examina- be covered by all pupils, who take five examina- tions and tests that should be held in the case tions. Four of them are in subjects corresponding of general (upper) secondary education, with to the educational programme concerned in the normally at least five examinations. In most following fields: languages and communication cases examinations are organised in the form sciences, mathematics, natural and technical sci- of ➧฀Centralizētais eksāmens and those who ences, social sciences and cultural education. The pass the Valsts pārbaudījums and whose assess- fifth is the ➧฀Kvalifikācijas eksāmens. Arrangements ment in all subjects is satisfactory, receive the for the examination are drawn up by the Ministry ➧฀Apliecība par pamatizglītību (in basic educa- of Education and Science, and those who pass it tion) or ➧฀Atestāts par vispārējo vidējo izglītību (in and whose assessment in all subjects is satisfac- upper secondary education). tory are awarded the ➧฀Diploms par profesionālo • Final examination at the end of professional ed- vidējo izglītību. At the end of arodizglītība (a 2-3 ucation study programmes, which is organised year vocational education programme) only the by the institution concerned. It may involve pre- Kvalifikācijas eksāmens is held. Those who pass it paring and defending graduation work or a Bach- and whose assessment in all subjects is satisfac- elor’s or Master’s thesis. In some programmes, tory receive the ➧฀Atestāts par arodizglītību and valsts pārbaudījums entails only the preparation the ➧฀Profesionālās kvalifikācijas apliecība certifi- and defence of graduation work. Depending cate. on the institution, valsts pārbaudījums may be combined with marks obtained in intermedi- Valsts pārbaudījums ate examinations and/or in assessed course Country: Latvia work, and/or practical work depending on the Grammatical variants: Valsts pārbaudījumi, subject. Successful performance in the exam- valsts pārbaudījumu ination leads to the ➧฀Augstākās profesionālās Level: ISCED 2, 3 and 5 izglītības diploms, ➧฀Bakalaurs (+), ➧฀Diploms par Explanatory note: Examinations and tests held pirmā līmeņa profesionālo augstāko izglītību, at the end of 9-year compulsory basic education ➧฀Maģistrs (+). (pamatizglītība) or 3-year general (upper) secon- dary education (vispārējā vidējā izglītība). Their VCE A level content is determined at national level and has to Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) be covered by all pupils. Level: ISCED 3 • At the end of basic education, it consists of Explanatory note: Abbreviation of ➧฀Advanced written and oral examinations in mathematics, Vocational Certificate of Education. the language of tuition and its literature, and Latvian in the case of pupils in minority educa- Veterinärexamen tion programmes, as well as written tests in one Country: Sweden foreign language, history and social sciences, Grammatical variants: Veterinärexamina natural sciences, and an examination in sports. Level: ISCED 5

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 195 Vevaeosi

Explanatory note: Professional degree in vet- education (videregående skole). The vitnemål erinary medicine, awarded on satisfactory com- also indicates the results of the ➧฀Avgangsprøve pletion of a full-time study programme lasting examination, on the basis of which pupils com- five-and-a-half years, which normally includes a pete for access to further education. degree project, at the Swedish University of Agri- • School-leaving certificate awarded to pupils cultural Sciences. The degree certificate indicates in the final year of upper secondary educa- the subjects passed and marks obtained. It gives tion who pass the ➧฀Eksamen fra videregående access to employment and its holders are also eli- opplæring examination in one of the areas of gible for doctoral studies leading to the ➧฀Doktors- study giving access to høgskole or university examen (+). education. The results of the examination are indicated on the certificate which gives access Vevaeosi to tertiary education. (Βεβαίωση) Country: Greece Vitnemål (+) Grammatical variants: Vevaeoseis, veveos* Country: Norway Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certification awarded solely Explanatory note: Diploma of advanced pro- to those who have satisfactorily completed fessional qualification awarded to students who the eniaeo lykeio and obtained the ➧฀ Apolytirio pass written and oral final examinations at the eniaeou lykeiou, giving access to tertiary edu- end of a programme of studies in various fields of cation in accordance with their marks in spe- specialisation. The courses last from 1 to 4 years cific subjects and the entry requirements of the depending on the type of study concerned. The institution concerned. The certificate indicates Ministry of Education and Research establishes the marks obtained in the subjects examined in the framework plan (curriculum) for some fields, ➧ Panelladikes exetaseis at the end of the second while the examinations are organised and set by and third years. each institution and assessed by two examiners. Vispārējās vidējās izglītības sertifikāts The diploma indicates the student’s results in the Country: Latvia courses taken and the average marks obtained in Grammatical variants: Vispārējās vidējās the main subjects. It gives access to the profession izglītības sertifikāti, vispārējās vidējās izglītības and/or to further tertiary education. The name of sertifikātu the diploma is always followed by the name of the Level: ISCED 3 institution attended and the field of specialisa- Explanatory note: Certificate testifying to sat- tion in which the qualification was awarded: for isfactory assessment in particular subjects by example vitnemål Høgskolen i …, allmennlærerut- means of the ➧฀Centralizētais eksāmens on com- danning in the field of general teacher training for pletion of 3 years of general (upper) secondary compulsory education; vitnemål Høgskolen i …, education. It is awarded by schools in accord- bioingeniørutdanning in the field of medical labo- ance with government regulations. Assessment ratory techniques; vitnemål Høgskolen i …, fysio- in a subject studied for the certificate is used as a terapeututdanning in the field of physiotherapy; selection criterion in competition for admission to and vitnemål Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo/Bergen, Billed- tertiary education. kunstutdanning. Vitnemål Vmbo-certificaat Country: Norway Country: The Netherlands Grammatical variants: Vitnemålet, vitnemålene Grammatical variants: Vmbo-certificaten Level: ISCED 2 and 3 Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Explanatory note: Synonym for certificaat vmbo. • Certificate awarded to all pupils when they See ➧฀Certificaat voorbereidend middelbaar beroeps- leave compulsory school (grunnskole) after 10 onderwijs. years. It lists the subjects studied, with a mark for overall achievement in each. The basis for Vmbo-diploma determining these marks is the attainment of Country: The Netherlands pupils in the subject concerned in relation to Grammatical variants: Vmbo-diploma’s the aims and areas of study in the subject sylla- Level: ISCED 2 buses. All students who complete the ten years Explanatory note: Synonym for diploma vmbo. of grunnskole obtain a vitnemål, irrespective of See ➧฀Diploma voorbereidend middelbaar beroeps- their results, and may enter upper secondary onderwijs.

196 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Vysokoškolský diplom

Vmbo-eindexamen Explanatory note: Country: The Netherlands • Diploma awarded at the end of university or Grammatical variants: Vmbo-eindexamens non-university tertiary education lasting 3 Level: ISCED 2 to 4 years, to students who pass the ➧฀Státní Explanatory note: Synonym for eindexamen závěrečná zkouška final examination, includ- vmbo. See ➧฀Eindexamen voorbereidend middel- ing the defence of a final written dissertation baar beroepsonderwijs. (bakalářská práce). The diploma indicates the field of specialisation and the title of ➧฀Bakalář/ka Vmesni preizkus that it confers on its holders, who may pursue Country: Slovenia studies leading to the title of ➧฀Magistr/a and/or Grammatical variants: Vmesni preizkusi, vmesn* enter employment. preizkus* • Diploma awarded at the end of 4 to 6 years of Level: ISCED 3 university or non-university tertiary educa- Explanatory note: Practical examination organ- tion (or 1 to 3 years after obtaining the title ised by employers for apprentices in the second of bakalář/ka) to students who pass the státní year of vocational upper secondary education in závěrečná zkouška examination, including the defence of a final written dissertation (diplo- the dual system (dualni Sloveniastem). Appren- mová práce), except in the faculty of medicine tices take a special test of practical skills before and veterinary medicine in which studies cul- a board of examiners of the Slovenia Chamber of minate in the ➧฀Státní rigorózní zkouška exami- Crafts (Obrtna zbornica Slovenije) and, if success- nation. The diploma confers on its holders the ful, receive the ➧฀Potrdilo o opravljenem vmesnem title of ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) in their field of study, or preizkusu. ➧฀Inženýr/ka or magistr/a, depending on the Vocational A level field concerned. Holders of the title magistr/a are admitted to the státní rigorózní zkouška ex- Country: United Kingdom (ENG/WLS/NIR) amination, and all graduates may have access to Level: ISCED 3 advanced study and research and/or to employ- ➧฀ Explanatory note: Synonym for Advanced Voca- ment. tional Certificate of Education. • Diploma awarded at the end of advanced study Vwo-certificaat and research lasting 3 years to students who pass ➧฀ Country: The Netherlands the Státní doktorská zkouška final examination, Grammatical variants: Vwo-certificaten including the defence of a thesis (disertační práce). The diploma confers on its holder the title of dok- Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) tor/ka (+), and gives access to employment. Explanatory note: Synonym for certificaat vwo. See ➧฀Certificaat voorbereidend wetenschappelijk Vysokoškolský diplom (+) onderwijs. Country: Slovakia Vwo-diploma Grammatical variants: Vysokoškolské diplomy, vysokoškolsk* diplom* Country: The Netherlands Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: Vwo-diploma’s Explanatory note: Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Explanatory note: Synonym for diploma vwo. See • Diploma certifying the successful completion of ➧฀Diploma voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onder- long-term university studies lasting 4-6 years, which is awarded to students who have passed wijs. the ➧฀Štátna skúška examination and satisfactor- Vwo-eindexamen ily defended a final written dissertation (obha- joba diplomovej práce). The diploma gives ac- Country: The Netherlands cess to employment and/or to advanced study Grammatical variants: Vwo-eindexamens and research. It confers on its holder the title of Level: ISCED 3 ➧฀Magister (+), ➧฀Inžinier (+) or ➧฀Doktor (in the Explanatory note: Synonym for eindexamen vwo. field of medicine or veterinary medicine). See ➧฀Eindexamen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk • Diploma certifying the successful completion onderwijs. of short-term university studies lasting 3 or 4 years, which is awarded to students who have Vysokoškolský diplom passed the štátna skúška examination and sat- Country: Czech Republic isfactorily defended a final written dissertation Grammatical variants: Vysokoškolské diplomy, (obhajoba záverečnej práce). The diploma gives vysokoškolsk* diplom* access to employment and/or to university Level: ISCED 5 and 6 studies at master’s level leading to the title of

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 197 Vysvědčení o absolutoriu

magister or inžinier. It confers on its holder the Explanatory note: Certificate testifying to suc- title of ➧฀Bakalár. cessful completion of the ➧฀Státní doktorská • Diploma awarded to students who have already zkouška final examination and the defence of a obtained the title of magister and passed the thesis (disertační práce) at the end of advanced ➧฀Rigorózna skúška examination. It confers on study and research. The certificate confers on its them the title of ➧฀Doktor (+) in the field of nat- holders the title of ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) with the abbre- ural sciences, pharmacy, human sciences and viation Ph.D. or, in the field of theology, Th.D. arts, law, education, and theology except in the case of catholic theology. The diploma gives ac- Vysvědčení o státní rigorózní zkoušce cess to the labour market or to advanced study Country: Czech Republic and research. Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o státní • Diploma awarded to students who have already rigorózní zkoušce obtained the title of magister or inžinier and suc- Level: ISCED 5 cessfully completed 3 or 4 years of advanced Explanatory note: study and research. It testifies that its holders • Certificate testifying to successful completion have obtained the highest academic title of of the ➧฀Státní rigorózní zkouška examination, doktor. including the defence of a written disserta- The name of the diploma is always followed by tion (rigorózní práce), by students who have reference to the field of study in which it was obtained the title ➧฀Magistr/a. The certificate obtained. confers on its holders the title of ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) in their field of study with the abbreviation Vysvědčení o absolutoriu JUDr., PhDr., RNDr., PharmDr., ThDr. or ➧฀Licen- Country: Czech Republic ciát abbreviated to ThLic. in the field of Catholic Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o absolutoriu Level: ISCED 5 theology. Explanatory note: Certificate testifying to suc- • Certificate testifying to successful completion of cess in the ➧฀Absolutorium at the vyšší odborná the státní rigorózní zkouška final examination by škola (an institution for technical tertiary educa- students of medicine and veterinary medicine. tion) and konzervatoř (conservatoire). The certificate confers on its holders the title of doktor/ka (+) with the abbreviation MUDr. or Vysvědčení o maturitní zkoušce MVDr. Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o maturitní Vysvědčení o státní závěrečné zkoušce zkoušce Country: Czech Republic Level: ISCED 3 and 4 Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o státní Explanatory note: závěrečné zkoušce • Certificate awarded by schools of general, Level: ISCED 5 technical and vocational upper secondary edu- Explanatory note: Certificate obtained on suc- cation (gymnázium, střední odborná škola and cessful completion of the ➧฀Státní závěrečná střední odborné učiliště) to pupils who pass the zkouška final examination and the defence of a ➧฀Maturitní zkouška examination. The certificate final written dissertation (bakalářská práce or diplo- indicates the subjects and marks obtained in mová práce depending on the type of study pro- the examination and, in the case of vocational gramme). The certificate confers on its holders the and technical upper secondary schools, the title of ➧฀Bakalář/ka, ➧฀Magistr/a or ➧฀Inženýr/ka. subject of specialisation. Students who obtain the bakalář/ka may continue • Certificate awarded to pupils who pass the studies for the magistr degree or enter employment. maturitní zkouška examination after 2 years Those with the titles of magistr/a or inženýr/ka of extension courses at post-secondary level who wish to obtain the title of ➧฀Doktor/ka (+) (nástavbové studium). The content and organi- in their chosen field of study have to take the sation of the courses are similar to those in vo- ➧฀Státní rigorózní zkouška examination, see dok- cational or technical upper secondary schools. tor/ka (+) (second paragraph). Students may also The certificate is a basic qualification for entry to pursue advanced study and research or enter university or non-university tertiary education. employment. Vysvědčení o státní doktorské zkoušce Vysvědčení o závěrečné zkoušce Country: Czech Republic Country: Czech Republic Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o státní Grammatical variants: Vysvědčení* o závěrečné doktorské zkoušce zkoušce Level: ISCED 6 Level: ISCED 3

198 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Výučný list

Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils Výuční list who pass the ➧฀Závěrečná zkouška examination Country: Czech Republic at technical upper secondary schools (střední Grammatical variants: Výuční listy, výuční* list* odborná škola) offering courses lasting less than 4 Level: ISCED 2 and 3 years. The certificate indicates the area of special- Explanatory note: Certificate awarded to pupils isation, the subjects and the marks obtained in the who pass the ➧฀Závěrečná zkouška examination in examination. It gives access to employment and/or vocational fields at vocational upper secondary to extension courses (nástavbové studium). schools (střední odborné učiliště) offering courses lasting less than 4 years, or vocational secon- Vysvedčenie o maturitnej skúške dary schools (učiliště). The certificate gives access Country: Slovakia to employment and, in the case of vocational Grammatical variants: Vysvedčenia o matu- upper secondary schools, to extension courses ritných skúškach, vysvedčen* o maturitn* skúšk* (nástavbové studium). Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of general, Výučný list specialised and vocational upper secondary edu- Country: Slovakia cation, which is awarded by schools to pupils who Grammatical variants: Výučné listy, výučn* list* pass the final examination ➧฀Maturitna skúška. Level: ISCED 3 The certificate indicates the subjects studied and Explanatory note: Vocational proficiency certifi- examination marks. In schools of specialised and cate awarded by schools at the end of vocational vocational education, it also indicates the subject and specialised upper secondary education to of specialisation. The certificate is a basic qualifica- pupils who pass the ➧฀Záverečná skúška exam- tion for entry to tertiary education and/or to the ination. The certificate is always accompanied by labour market. the ➧฀Vysvedčenie o záverečnej skúške certificate. It gives access to the labour market, indicating the Vysvedčenie o štátnej skúške trade or occupation for which its holder is qual- Country: Slovakia ified. Grammatical variants: Vysvedčenia o štátných skúškách, vysvedčen* o štátn* skúšk* Level: ISCED 5 Explanatory note: Certificate awarded by institu- tions at the end of short-term university studies lasting 3 or 4 years, or advanced university studies lasting 4-6 years, to students who have passed the ➧฀Štátna skúška and satisfactorily defended a final written dissertation (obhajoba záverečnej práce or obhajoba diplomovej práce). Vysvedčenie o záverečnej skúške Country: Slovakia Grammatical variants: Vysvedčenia o záverečných skúškach, vysvedčen* o záverečn* skúšk* Level: ISCED 3 Explanatory note: Leaving certificate of short- term vocational and specialised upper secondary education lasting under 4 years, which is issued to pupils who pass the ➧฀Záverečna skúška examina- tion. The certificate indicates the field of speciali- sation, the subjects studied and the examination marks. It is always accompanied by the vocational proficiency certificate ➧฀Výučný list and gives access to the labour market and/or to courses leading to the ➧฀Maturitná skúška examination.

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 199

Ww

Wirtschaftsschulabschluss Country: Germany Grammatical variants: Wirtschaftsschul- abschluss* Level: ISCED 2 Explanatory note: Term used in certain Länder for ➧ Mittlerer Schulabschluss.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 201

Yy

Ylioppilas Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils Country: Finland who pass the ➧ Ylioppilastutkinto. It may also be Grammatical variants: Ylioppilaat, ylioppila* obtained in adult education. Swedish term: Stu- Level: ISCED 3 dentexamensbetyg. Explanatory note: Title conferred on pupils who obtain the ➧ Ylioppilastutkintotodistus after pass- Yrkesexamen ing the ➧ Ylioppilastutkinto examination. The title Country: Finland may also be conferred in adult education. Swe- Grammatical variants: -examina dish term: Student. Level: ISCED 3 (A.Ed.) Ylioppilastutkinto Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ammatti- Country: Finland tutkinto. Grammatical variants: -tutkinnot, -tutkinto*, -tutkinno* Yrkesexamen på institutnivå Level: ISCED 3 Country: Finland Explanatory note: National matriculation exam- Grammatical variants: -examina ination taken at the end of general upper secon- Level: ISCED 4 dary school, although students may complete the Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ammatil- examination in stages within a maximum of three linen opistoasteen tutkinto. successive periods. Those who pass are eligible to embark on all types of tertiary education. Com- Yrkeshögskoleexamen pulsory subjects are normally the mother tongue, Country: Finland the second offi cial language (Finnish or Swe- Grammatical variants: -examina dish), a foreign language, and either mathematics Level: ISCED 5 or general studies chosen by the candidate. The Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Ammatti- examination leads to the ➧ Ylioppilastutkintotodis- korkeakoulututkinto. tus certifi cate and confers the title of ➧ Ylioppilas on those concerned. It may also be taken in adult Yrkesinriktad påbyggnadsexamen education. Swedish term: Studentexamen. Country: Finland Ylioppilastutkintotodistus Grammatical variants: -examina Country: Finland Level: ISCED 5 Grammatical variants: -todistukset, -todistuks* Explanatory note: Swedish term for ➧ Erikois- Level: ISCED 3 tumistutkinto.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 203

Zz

Zaključni izpit marked externally, and the process is technically Country: Slovenia supported by the National Examinations Centre. Grammatical variants: Zaključni izpiti, zaključn* Results count towards the fi nal subject mark in izpit* grade (year) 9 and the general mark at the end of Level: ISCED 3 compulsory education. Successful pupils receive Explanatory note: Final examination held at the the ➧ Zaključno spričevalo certifi cate. end of vocational upper secondary education lasting two-and-a-half years (short form) or three Zaključno spričevalo years in the poklicna šola. It is organised by the Country: Slovenia institution concerned (in the dual system, by the Grammatical variants: Zaključna spričevala, school and Slovenia Chamber of Crafts), and con- zaključn* spričeval* tains a theoretical and practical part. The theoreti- Level: ISCED 2 cal part consists of a written and oral examination Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to pupils in Slovenian (or Italian or Hungarian in the case of on completion of the 9-year school for com- national communities) and in the subjects of spe- pulsory education, after they have passed the cialisation. The practical part involves the prepa- ➧ Zaključno preverjanje in ocenjevanje znanja. The ration of a product or service with an explanation certifi cate indicates their achievements in all sub- by candidates of how theoretical knowledge is jects, and gives access to all types of upper sec- applied to their practical skills. Those who pass the ondary education. examination receive the ➧ Spričevalo o zaključnem izpitu certifi cate. Note: Until the 2001/02 school Záróvizsga year, this type of fi nal examination was also held Country: Hungary at the end of 4-year technical upper secondary Grammatical variants: Záróvizsgák, záróvizsga* education (srednja strokovna šola). It was replaced Level: ISCED 5 by the ➧ Poklicna matura. Explanatory note: Examination held on comple- tion of non-university and university tertiary edu- Zaključno preverjanje in ocenjevanje znanja cation, which has to be taken in order to obtain the Country: Slovenia ➧ Főiskolai oklevél or ➧ Egyetemi oklevél diploma. Grammatical variants: Zaključna preverjanja Set by each institution in accordance with its cur- in ocenjevanja znanja, zaključn* preverjanj* in riculum, the examination consists of the prepara- ocenjevanj* znanja tion and defence of a dissertation, written and Level: ISCED 2 oral examinations and, in certain cases, a practical Explanatory note: Compulsory national exter- test (e.g. for teachers). Candidates are assessed by nal assessment of knowledge, which is organ- a state board of examiners, one of whom is from ised by the special National Commission at the outside the institution concerned. end of 9-year compulsory education (osnovna šola), in order to assess the minimum standards Záverečná skúška of knowledge achieved by pupils. They are Country: Slovakia assessed in three subjects, namely the mother Grammatical variants: Záverečné skúšky, tongue (Slovenian, or Italian or Hungarian in záverečn* skúšk* the case of national communities), mathemat- Level: ISCED 3 ics, and a foreign language or one other subject Explanatory note: Final examination organised selected by them. Experts in special commissions by schools of specialised and vocational upper for those subjects prepare instruments for assess- secondary education lasting under 4 years. Suc- ment which may be written, oral or practical and cessful pupils receive the leaving certifi cate which is run according to standard procedures ➧ Vysvedčenie o záverečnej skúške, which is accom- for external examinations. Assessment tasks are panied by a vocational profi ciency certifi cate

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 205 Závěrečná zkouška

➧ Výučný list. The content and level of requirement Explanatory note: Certifi cate of the fi nal for this examination, which includes a practical ➧ Abiturprüfung examination taken at the end and theoretical part, are defi ned by the institution of general upper secondary education (usually concerned. on completion of 12 or 13 school years). Besides the examination results obtained by pupils, the Závěrečná zkouška certifi cate also records the results of their con- Country: Czech Republic tinuous assessment during the fi nal two years Grammatical variants: Závěrečné zkoušky, in the Gymnasiale Oberstufe (general upper sec- závěrečn* zkouš* ondary education). It entitles its holders to take Level: ISCED 2 and 3 any subjects at any tertiary education institution. Explanatory note: Compulsory fi nal examination The certifi cate may also be obtained in Zweite Bil- organised by technical upper secondary schools dungsweg (‘second-chance’ education) and other (střední odborná škola) and vocational upper sec- adult education institutions, and testifi es to the ondary schools (střední odborné učiliště) on com- award of the ➧ Allgemeine Hochschulreife and the pletion (in either case) of courses lasting less ➧ than 4 years, or by vocational secondary schools Abitur. (učiliště). The content and form of this examination Zeugnis der Fachgebundenen Hochschulreife are the responsibility of the school concerned. In Country: Germany technical upper secondary schools, the examina- tion includes a practical and theoretical (oral) test Grammatical variants: Zeugnisse der on the student’s special subjects, and leads to Fachgebundenen Hochschulreife the ➧ Vysvědčení o závěrečné zkoušce certifi cate. Level: ISCED 3 In vocational upper secondary and vocational Explanatory note: Certifi cate of the fi nal exam- secondary schools, the examination consists of a ination taken at the end of upper secondary edu- written, practical and oral test on the vocational cation in various courses that focus on vocational subjects concerned and leads to the certifi cate education. It entitles its holder to study particular ➧ Výuční list. The examination is evaluated by a subjects at a university or equivalent tertiary edu- committee whose chairman and members are cation institution. The certifi cate testifi es to the appointed by the regional education authorities award of the ➧ Fachgebundene Hochschulreife, and head of the school, respectively. and may also be obtained in Zweite Bildungsweg (‘second-chance’ education) and other adult edu- Zertifi kat cation institutions. Country: Austria Grammatical variants: Zertifi kate, Zertifi kat* Zeugnis der Fachhochschulreife Level: ISCED 5 Country: Germany Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- Grammatical variants: Zeugnisse der dents who successfully complete the entire cur- Fachhochschulreife riculum, including written examinations, of uni- Level: ISCED 3 versity studies in clinical psychology. The area of Explanatory note: Certifi cate of the fi nal exam- specialisation is indicated on the certifi cate, which ination generally taken on completion of school testifi es to the completion of professional training year 12 in a Fachoberschule (technical secondary as a clinical psychologist. school) or, under certain circumstances, in other types of full-time vocational school. The exam- Zertifi kat ination includes three general education subjects Country: Liechtenstein Grammatical variants: Zertifi kate, Zertifi kat* (German, mathematics and a foreign language) Level: ISCED 5 and individual specialised subjects (for example, Explanatory note: Certifi cate awarded to stu- in engineering, business and administration). The dents who have passed the ➧ Prüfung zum certifi cate gives access to a Fachhochschule (uni- Abschluss eines Hochschullehrgangs. It indicates versity of applied sciences) or, in some Länder, to only the fi eld of study, and improves access to the a Berufsakademie (professional tertiary education labour market or enables its holder to pursue fur- institution). It testifi es to the award of the ➧ Fach- ther studies leading to the ➧ Nachdiplom. hochschulreife qualifi cation. Zeugnis der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife Zeugnis über die Diplomprüfung für das Country: Germany Lehramt (+) Grammatical variants: Zeugnisse der Country: Austria Allgemeinen Hochschulreife Grammatical variants: Zeugnisse, Zeugnis* Level: ISCED 3 Level: ISCED 5

206 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Znanstveni naslov

Explanatory note: Final certifi cate awarded Znanstveni naslov to students who pass the ➧ Diplomprüfung für Country: Slovenia das Lehramt (+) after at least 3 years of teacher Grammatical variants: Znanstveni naslovi, training. The fi eld of study is indicated on the znanstven*naslov* certifi cate, which gives access to teaching at spe- Level: ISCED 5 and 6 cifi c schools (Volksschulen, Hauptschulen, Sonder- Explanatory note: General term for various schulen, Polytechnische Schulen, Berufsschulen academic titles denoting the level and type of education obtained in second degree study pro- or mittlere und höhere berufsbildende Schulen). grammes leading to the ➧ Diploma (magisterij The certifi cate awarded to students in the land- and doktorat znanosti). Academic titles are an und forstwirtschaftliche berufspädagogische Aka- integral aspect of study programmes and exist demie entitles its holders to occupy posts as tea- for both men and women. They are regulated chers of agriculture and forestry, or in advisory and by the Professional and Academic Titles Act. promotion services. The title of ➧ Diplom- See ➧ Magister/trica znanosti, ➧ Magister/trica pädagoge/in is conferred on students. umetnosti and ➧ Doktor/ica znanosti.

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 207

Part II – Summary tables

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 209 Belgium (French Community) ) • ) ( • ( Agrégé/e de l’enseignement secondaire inférieur inférieur secondaire l’enseignement de Agrégé/e (Régent/e) (AESI) supérieur secondaire de l’enseignement Agrégé/e (AESS) Architecte (+) en Candidat/e Docteur en (+) Gradué/e en (+) Ingénieur (+) Licencié/e en (+) Licencié/e en (+) Maître ) • ( ) • (

) ) • • ( ( ) ) ) • • • ( ( ( cations Titles cat d’Enseignement cat ) ) • ( • ( ) ) • • ( ( cat d’Études de Base Deuxième du cat d’Enseignement Secondaire Supérieur cat d’Enseignement Secondaire cat d’Études (CE) 6) cation (CQ cat de Qualifi cat d’Études de Base Supérieur cat d’Enseignement Secondaire (CAP) pédagogique cat d’aptitude cat d’Études (CE) 7) cation (CQ cat de Qualifi Certifi Certifi Ingénieur (+) Certifi à approprié pédagogique cat d’aptitude Certifi supérieur (CAPAES) l’Enseignement en (+) Licence Maîtrise en (+) Certifi Certifi (Certifi (CESDD) Degré (CESI)) Inférieur Secondaire Certifi (CESS) Certifi Certifi Diplôme d’Aptitude à accéder à l’Enseignement à accéder Diplôme d’Aptitude Supérieur (DAES) Certifi Certifi (CESS) inférieur secondaire de l’enseignement Agrégation (AESI) supérieur secondaire de l’enseignement Agrégation (AESS) Architecte en (+) Candidature Certifi Diplôme d’études approfondies (DEA) approfondies Diplôme d’études (DEC) complémentaires Diplôme d’études spécialisées (DES) Diplôme d’études (DESS) spécialisées supérieures Diplôme d’études Diplôme de spécialisation Doctorat en (+) Graduat en (+) Belgium (French Community) Belgium (French Examinations Qualifi Examen spécial d’admission aux études aux Examen spécial d’admission de 1er cycle appliquées en sciences universitaires Examen d’Aptitude à accéder à l’Enseignement à accéder Examen d’Aptitude Supérieur Examen cantonal ISCED 1 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

210 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Belgium (French Community) . Agrégé/e de l’enseignement supérieur de l’enseignement Agrégé/e Docteur en (+) (continued) (adult education) are referred to). referred are (adult education) Certifi du Deuxième d’Enseignement Secondaire Degré cat Certifi promotion sociale promotion cations Titles has been replaced by the by has been replaced Agrégation de l’enseignement supérieur de l’enseignement Agrégation Doctorat en (+) gives access to the third cycle of secondarythe third to the upper secondary leads to education which access school leaving gives Belgium (French Community) Community) Belgium (French for in education and titles awarded cations Certifi Inférieur d’Enseignement Secondaire cat Certifi Examinations Qualifi

: cate. Certifi Deuxième du Secondaire d’Enseignement Degré cat Certifi Applicable also to adult education (only qualifi adult education (only to Applicable also

) ISCED 6 • Notes certifi the the 1997/98 school year, Since The The (

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 211 Belgium (German-speaking Community) en Jahres des en Jahres cations Titles cations Titles Abschlusszeugnis der Grundschule Abschlusszeugnis Diplom (+) Befähigungsnachweis Abschlusszeugnis der Grundschule Abschlusszeugnis des der Unterstufe Abschlusszeugnis Sekundarunterrichts der zweiten Stufe Stufenzeugnis des zweitStudienzeugnis Sekundarunterrichts berufsbildenden Abschlusszeugnis der Oberstufe des der Oberstufe Abschlusszeugnis Sekundarunterrichts der Sekundarschule Abschlusszeugnis des Jahres des sechsten Befähigungsnachweis Sekundarunterrichts ) • ( ) ) • • ( ( Belgium (German-speaking Community) Belgium (German-speaking ) • ( Examinations Qualifi Examinations Qualifi Kantonalprüfung Prüfung zum Erwerb des Abschlusszeug nisses der zum Erwerb des Abschlusszeug Prüfung des Sekundarunterrichts Oberstufe Abschlussprüfung der Grundschulbildung Abschlussprüfung nisses der zeug zum Erwerb des Abschluss Prüfung des Sekundarunterrichts Unterstufe Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to

) ISCED 1 ISCED 3 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 6 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 •

( needs Special educational Mainstream education Mainstream

212 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Belgium (Flemish Community) ) ) • • ( ( ) ■ ( ca tiege tuig schrift DBSO) cations Titles ) ) ) • • • ) ( ( ( • ) ) ( ■ ■ ) ( ( ) • • ( ( caat (+) caat ) • ( catiegetuigschrift van het deel tijds tijds catiegetuigschrift van het deel caat (+) caat Attest van regelmatige lesbijwo ning lesbijwo van regelmatige Attest heden verworven voor bekwaamAttest Certifi Deelcertifi Getuig schrift van het deeltijds kunston derwijs (+) schrift deeltijds kunston van het Getuig (Getuigschrift DKO) Oriënte rings attest rings attest Oriënte A (A-attest) B (B-attest) ringsattest Oriënte C (C-attest) ringsattest Oriënte Eindattest van het deeltijds kunston derwijs het deeltijds kunston van Eindattest Getuig schrift (+) Attest Diploma secundair onderwijs (Diplo ma SO) Diploma secundair onderwijs (Diplo Getuig schrift over de basis ken nis van het ken de basis schrift over Getuig be heer bedrijfs derwijs (+) schrift van het deeltijds kunston Getuig (Getuigschrift DKO) Getuig schrift ba sisonder wijs Kwalifi derwijsberoepson fi (Kwali rings attest Oriënte A (A-attest) B (B-attest) ringsattest Oriënte C (C-attest) ringsattest Oriënte Studie getuigschrift Studiege tuigschrift derde graad deeltijds tuigschrift graad derde Studiege onderwijsberoepssecundair tijds deel tuigschrift graad tweede Studiege onderwijsberoepssecundair Getuig schrift (+) Belgium (Flemish Community) Belgium (Flemish Examinations Qualifi ISCED 1 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 Mainstream education Mainstream

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 213 Belgium (Flemish Community) Apotheker Architect Arts (Dokter) reus Baccalau Dierenarts de Gediplo meer in de vul lende aan stu dies van (GAS(+)) (+) Gediplo meerde in de gespe cia li seerde stu dies van (+) (GGS(+)) studies van (+) in de voortgezette Gediplomeerde in de (+) (Graduaat) Gegradueerde Ingenieur Kandidaat in de (+) in de (+) Licentiaat Meester (+) Tandarts ) • (

(continued) ) • ( catie getuigschrift DKO) getuigschrift catie cations Titles ) • ) ) ( • • ( ( ) ) • • ( ( caat (+) caat (+) caat ) • ( ca tiegetuig schrift van het deeltijds tiegetuig ca caat (+) caat caat (+) caat Attest van regelmatige lesbijwo ning lesbijwo van regelmatige Attest Certifi Deelcertifi Deelcertifi Doctoraats getuigschriftDoctoraats Doctor in de (+) Attest derwijs (+) (Kwalifi kunston Apotheker Architect Arts (Dokter) reus Baccalau Certifi Diploma in de verpleeg kunde Diploma in de verpleeg Kwalifi Dierenarts de Gediplo meer in de vul lende aan stu dies van (GAS(+)) (+) Gediplo meerde in de cia li seerde gespe stu dies (+)) van (+) (GGS studies van (+) in de voortgezette Gediplomeerde duaat) in de (+) (Gra Gegradueerde Studie getuigschrift Ingenieur Kandidaat in de (+) in de (+) Licentiaat Meester (+) Tandarts Belgium (Flemish Community) Community) Belgium (Flemish Examinations Qualifi Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to Applicable also to SEN Applicable also to

) ISCED 4 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ) ■ • ( (

214 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Belgium (Flemish Community)

hogescholen degree after three years of study and a Master’s of study and a Master’s years after three degree (continued) cations Titles cations Titles will be converted into Bachelor’s programmes. The current two-cycle current The programmes. Bachelor’s into will be converted hogescholen Attest voor het (+) voor Attest van gedane studies Attest den van verworven Attest vaardighe het (+) voor Attest Getuig schrift van ver wor ven dig heden vaar van gedane studies Attest den van verworven Attest vaardighe het (+) voor Attest Getuig schrift van ne rende alter leiding beroepsop Getuig schrift van ver wor ven dig heden vaar Attest Getuig schrift van peda go gische be kwaamheid (GPB) Belgium (Flemish Community) Community) Belgium (Flemish Examinations Qualifi Examinations Qualifi

: ISCED 1 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 programmes, as well as current university programmes will be converted into Master’s programmes. Master’s into will be converted programmes university as current as well programmes, From the 2004/05 academic year, the Bachelor’s/Master’s degree structure will be introduced. Students will obtain a Bachelor’s Students will obtain a Bachelor’s structure will be introduced. degree the Bachelor’s/Master’s year, the 2004/05 academic From one-cycle current The at programmes after additional years. one or two degree Note Adult education Adult Special educational needs Special educational

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 215 Czech Republic

also apply to adult education. also apply to Doktor/ka (+) (Ph.D, Th.D.) Doktor/ka (+) (Ph.D, Bakalář BcA.) (Bc., specialista/tka v oboru (DiS.) Diplomovaný/ná PhDr., PharmDr., MVDr., MUDr., Doktor/ka (+) (JUDr., ThDr.) RNDr., Inženýr/ka Ing.arch.) (Ing., (ThLic.) teologie Licenciát (MgA., Mgr.) Magistr/a Glossary correspond to ISCED level 2C. ISCED level to correspond Czech Republic Učiliště Učiliště Diplom Vysokoškolský diplom o absolutoriu Vysvědčení zkoušce rigorózní o státní Vysvědčení zkoušce závěrečné o státní Vysvědčení zkoušce doktorské o státní Vysvědčení Vysvědčení o maturitní zkoušce zkoušce o maturitní Vysvědčení zkoušce o závěrečné Vysvědčení list Výuční (qualification) at at (qualification) Výuční list Examinations Qualifications Titles (examination) and (examination) Státní doktorskáStátní zkouška Vysokoškolský diplom Maturitní zkouškaAbsolutorium zkouška rigorózní Státní zkouška závěrečná Státní zkoušce o maturitní Vysvědčení Závěrečná zkouškaZávěrečná Maturitní zkouška zkouška Závěrečná list Výuční : Závěrečná zkouška Závěrečná ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3 y at special educational institutions. The institutions offering SEN programmes programmes SEN offering institutions The institutions. educational special at study they if even SEN with persons for examinations and qualifications for terms special no are There primary 0-3 (from of upper secondary the completion ISCED levels exist at to education education). this volume of the this volume by covered levels all educational at examinations and In the same qualifications Republic, the Czech The The Notes

216 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Denmark Bachelor (+) (B.Sc., B.A.) Bachelor (+) (B.Sc., Billedkunstner (+), Kandidat) (+) (Cand. Candidatus Diplomingeniør Konservator (+) Professionsbachelor (+)) (+) (Dr. Doktor Philosophiae doctor (Ph.d.) ) • cations Titles Denmark Bachelorgrad (+) Bevis for Billedkunstnergrad Diplomeksamen (Musik) Eksamensbevis som (+) Kandidatgrad Konservatorgrad Professionsbachelorgrad Doktorgrad Ph.d.-grad Svendebrev Uddannelsesbevis Afgangsbevis fra Folkeskolen fra Afgangsbevis Bevis for Højere Forberedelseseksamen Højere Bevis for Handelseksamen Højere Bevis for Eksamen Teknisk Højere Bevis for Skolebevis ( Studentereksamensbevis ) • ( Examinations Qualifi Folkeskolens afgangsprøve Folkeskolens afgangsprøve udvidede Folkeskolens fagprøve Afsluttende (HF) Forberedelseseksamen Højere Handelseksamen (HHX) Højere Eksamen (HTX) Teknisk Højere Studentereksamen Svendeprøve Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to

) ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 • (

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 217 Germany zierter zierter zierter cations Titles zierender Abschluss zierender Germany Abgangszeugnis Abgangszeugnis Erweiterter (Erweiterte Hauptschulabschluss Berufsbildungsreife) Erweiterter Realschulabschluss (Erweiterter Sekundarabschluss I, Qualifi Realschulabschluss) (Sekundarabschluss I) Fachoberschulreife Hauptschulabschluss (Sekundarabschluss I) Mittlerer Schulabschluss (Mittlerer Abschluss, Qualifi Mittlerer Bildungsabschluss, Sekundarabschluss I, Realschulabschluss, Wirtschaftsschulabschluss) (Qualifi Hauptschulabschluss zierender Qualifi Hauptschulabschluss) Abgangszeugnis Abitur der Berufsschule Abschlusszeugnis Allgemeine Hochschulreife Berufsbildungsreife Berufsqualifi Schulabschluss allgemein bildender Erster Berufsbildungsreife) (Berufsreife, Facharbeiterbrief Hochschulreife Fachgebundene Fachhochschulreife (Sekundarabschluss I) Fachoberschulreife Gesellenbrief Kaufmannsgehilfenbrief Hochschulreife der Allgemeinen Zeugnis Hochschulreife der Fachgebundenen Zeugnis der Fachhochschulreife Zeugnis Examinations Qualifi iche Abschlussprüfung iche Abiturprüfung Ausbildungsabschlussprüfung Berufl ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

218 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Germany theol.)

Bachelor (+) (B.A., B.Sc.) (B.A., Bachelor (+) (+)) Diplom (+) (Dipl. (Lic. Lizentiat Magister (+) (M.A., M.Sc.) Magister (+) Master Meisterschüler Doktor (+) (Dr. (+)) (+) (Dr. Doktor cations Titles (continued) Germany Germany Doktorgrad Bachelor (+) (B.A., B.Sc.) B.Sc.) (B.A., Bachelor (+) Diplomgrad Lizentiatengrad Magistergrad (+) Master Meisterbrief Examinations Qualifi Promotion Diplomprüfung Diplomprüfung Hochschulprüfung Abschlussprüfung Kirchliche Künstlerische Konzertexamen (Konzertreifeprüfung, Reifeprüfung) Abschlussprüfung Künstlerische Lizentiatenprüfung Magisterprüfung Meisterklassenexamen Meisterprüfung Staatliche Abschlussprüfung Staatsprüfung (Staatsexamen) ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 6

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 219 Estonia Doktor Bakalaureus Magister cations Titles Estonia Lõputunnistus keskhariduseLõputunnistus baasil kutsekeskhariduse omandamise kohta Doktorikraad Gümnaasiumi lõputunnistus Gümnaasiumi Riigieksamitunnistus põhihariduse baasil Lõputunnistus kutsekeskhariduse omandamise kohta Diplom Bakalaureusekraad Magistrikraad Examinations Qualifi Lõpueksam Bakalaureuseeksam Magistrieksam Põhikooli lõpueksamidPõhikooli lõpueksamid Gümnaasiumi Riigieksamid Koolieksamid lõputunnistus Põhikooli ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3

220 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Greece Ptychiouchos (+) (Πτυχιούχος) Ptychiouchos technologikou epaggelmatikou epaggelmatikou Ptychiouchos technologikou ekpaedefteriou τεχνολογικού (Πτυχιούχος εκπαιδευτηρίου) επαγγελματικού cations Titles Greece Titlos spoudon (Τίτλος σπουδών) (Τίτλος spoudon Titlos γυμνασίου) (Απολυτήριο Apolytirio gymnasiou Diploma epaggelmatikis katartisis (∆ίπλωμα επαγγελματικής κατάρτισης) Diploma (+) (∆ίπλωμα) (+) Metaptychiako diploma eidikefsis ειδίκευσηs) δίπλωμα (Μεταπτυχιακό Ptychio (+) (Πτυχίο) δίπλωμα) diploma (+) (∆ιδακτορικό Didaktoriko (+) (∆ιδάκτωρ) Didaktor Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou (Απολυτήριο ενιαίου lykeiou (Απολυτήριο Apolytirio eniaeou λυκείου) epaggelmatikou Apolytirio technologikou ekpaedeftiriou τεχνολογικού (Απολυτήριο εκπαιδευτηρίου) επαγγελματικού (Βεβαίωση) Vevaeosi Examinations Qualifi Apolytiries exetaseis (Απολυτήριες εξετάσεις) (Απολυτήριες Apolytiries exetaseis εξετάσεις) (Πανελλαδικές exetaseis Panelladikes (Προαγωγικές εξετάσεις) exetaseis Proagogikes ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3 ISCED 2

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 221

Spain Graduado en Educación SecundariaGraduado en Educación SecundariaGraduado en Obligatoria Graduado Escolar en (+) Auxiliar Técnico Arquitecto Técnico Arquitecto Diplomado en (+) Ingeniero en/de (+) en/de (+) Técnico Ingeniero en (+) Licenciado (+) Maestro Superior en (+) Técnico Superior en (+) Titulado Bachiller en (+) Técnico en (+) Especialista Técnico cations Titles Spain elemental de (+) del grado acreditativo cado de Escolaridad cado elemental de las del ciclo cado académico del ciclo superior de las cado de aptitud Doctorado en (+) Doctor en (+) Certifi Certifi SecundariaGraduado en Educación SecundariaGraduado en Educación Obligatoria Graduado Escolar en (+) Auxiliar Técnico Arquitecto Técnico Arquitecto Diplomatura en (+) Ingeniería en/de (+) en/de (+) Técnica Ingeniería en (+) Licenciatura (+) Maestro Superior en (+) Técnico Superior en (+) Título Bachiller Certifi enseñanzas de idiomas Certifi enseñanzas de idiomas en (+) Técnico (+) Especialista en Técnico medio de (+) del grado profesional Título Examinations Qualifi Pruebas de Acceso a la Universidad (PAU)(Selectividad) a la Universidad de Acceso Pruebas (PGB) General de Bachillerato Prueba : ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 Note it is either the Ministry and Sports authority institutions concerned, the educational Culture by or the competent of Education, awarded Although titles and diplomas in Spain are that issues them. Community in each Autonomous

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 223 France Agent technique breveté (Technicien breveté) (Technicien breveté technique Agent Bachelier/ère Architecte diplômé par le Gouvernement Architecte Docteur en (+) Ingénieur Ingénieur-maître en (+) Licencié/e supérieur Technicien ques et ques cations Titles n d’études secondaire (CFES) secondaire n d’études France générale (CFG) cat de formation (CAP) professionnelle cat d’aptitude cat de fi de au professorat cat d’aptitude des écoles au professorat cat d’aptitude (+) cat de capacité Certifi (DAEU) études universitaires aux Diplôme d’accès Diplôme d’études spécialisées complémentaires (DESC) spécialisées complémentaires Diplôme d’études (DESS) spécialisées supérieures Diplôme d’études générales (DEUG) universitaires Diplôme d’études scientifi universitaires Diplôme d’études Brevet Baccalauréat (BEP) professionnelles d’études Brevet BTA) (BT, de technicien Brevet Certifi Certifi Agrégation diplômé par le Gouvernement Architecte supérieur (BTS) de technicien Brevet Certifi (CAPES) secondaire l’enseignement Certifi (CAPE) Certifi Diplôme d’État d’audioprothésiste Diplôme d’État de docteur (+) Diplôme d’État de sage-femme spécialisées (DES) Diplôme d’études (DEUST)techniques n de deuxième cycle des études Diplôme de fi médicales (DF2CEM) Diplôme de master (DRT) technologique Diplôme de recherche Examinations Qualifi ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3

224 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 France Docteur en (+) cations Titles (continued) France France Diplôme des grandes écoles grandes Diplôme des (DNTS) spécialisée de technologie Diplôme national (DUT) de technologie Diplôme universitaire Ingénieur Licence professionnelle Licence Magistère Maîtrise (+) (DEA) approfondies Diplôme d’études Diplôme de master Doctorat (+) recherches Habilitation à diriger des Examinations Qualifi ISCED 5 ISCED 6 (continued)

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 225 Ireland Bachelor of (+) (B.Eng., B.Sc., BA, BBS) B.Sc., Bachelor of (+) (B.Eng., Master of (+) Doctor (+) (Ph.D.) ) ) ) • • • ( ( ( ) • ( Ireland National vocational certificate level 3 certificate level vocational National National vocational certificate level 2 certificate level vocational National degree Bachelor’s Diploma Graduate Diploma HETAC Higher (H.Dip.Ed.) diploma in education degree Master’s Certificate (+) (Cert, NC)National Dip.) (+) (ND, Diploma National Doctorate National foundation certificate foundation National 1 certificate level vocational National Examinations Qualifications Titles Junior Certificate examination Certificate examinationLeaving Junior Certificate Certificate Leaving : Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to

The The National Qualifications Authority of Ireland (NQAI) established framework that it is through contains the descriptors that it 15 will set overall standards for award-types. the awards of The the two awards Councils ityand Author the Dublin and Institute that has of Technology, by also determining award-type determined descriptors the descriptors overall standards for are, accordingly, now these set. The award-types Authority has and no role of in Education and setting Science the and the standards universities, for and the it is awards through of the the award-types and Department their rs descripto that these framework. awards can be accommodated on an agreed basis in the advanced. is well of qualifications framework of the national development in the of the NQAI work The the qualifications awarding HETAC, body for third-level educational and training institutions outside the university sector may delegate authority to make awards under the Technology. include some Institutes of currently Institutions’ ‘Recognised Institutions’. ‘Recognised Act) to Training and (Education Qualifications ) ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 4

• ( Note • • •

2 2 6 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Italy Diplomato dell’istruzione secondaria superiore secondaria dell’istruzione Diplomato d’arteMaestro Operatore Perito Tecnico (+) universitario Diplomato Laureato) in (+) (Dott./Dott.ssa, Dottore/ssa specialista in (+) (Dott./Dott.ssa Dottore/ssa specialista) in (+) Specializzato cations Titles ca Italy cato di Specializzazione Tecnica Superiore Tecnica di Specializzazione cato Specializzato Tecnico Dottorato di Ricerca (DR) di Ricerca Dottorato di Ricerca Dottore/ssa Certifi Diploma di licenza elementare Diploma di licenza media Diploma di licenza d’arte Diploma di maestro Diploma di qualifi di Stato dell’esame Diploma di superamento di studio di istruzione dei corsi conclusivo (+) superiore secondaria di Belle ArtiDiploma di Accademia (+) (DL, Laurea) Diploma di Laurea Specialistica (+) (DLS) Diploma di Laurea Diploma di Specializzazione (DS) per le Industrie ArtisticheDiploma Superiore (DU) Diploma Universitario di I livello Master di II livello Master Examinations Qualifi ca tto Esame di Stato conclusivo dei corsi di studio di dei corsi conclusivo Esame di Stato superiore istruzione secondaria Esame integrativo Esame di diploma universitario Esame di laurea specialistica Esame di laurea Esame di profi Esame di idoneità d’arte di maestro Esame di licenza Esame di qualifi Esame di specializzazione Esame integrativo Esame di idoneità elementare Esame di licenza Esame integrativo Esame di idoneità media Esame di licenza Esame integrativo ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 2

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 227

Cyprus Ptychiouchos (+) (Πτυχιούχος) cations Titles Cyprus Apolytirio (Απολυτήριο) scholeiou (Απολυτήριο Apolytirio dimotikou σχολείου) δημοτικόυ δίπλωμα) diploma (Ανώτερο Anotero Diploma (∆ίπλωμα) Master (+) (Μάστερ) δίπλωμα) Metaptychiako diploma (Μεταπτυχιακό σπουδών) (Πιστοποιητικό spoudon Pistopoiitiko Ptychio (+) (Πτυχίο) (Bachelor) δίπλωμα) (+) (∆ιδακτορικό diploma Didaktoriko (+) (∆ιδάκτωρ) Didaktor Apolytirio gymnasiou (Απολυτήριο γυμνασίου) Apolytirio gymnasiou (Απολυτήριο ενιαίου (Απολυτήριο Apolytirio eniaeou lykeiou λυκείου) Examinations Qualifi Eisagogikes exetáseis (Εισαγωγικές εξετάσεις) exetáseis Eisagogikes Apolytirio (Απολυτήριο) Telikes exetáseis (Τελικές εξετάσεις) exetáseis Telikes Apolytirio (Απολυτήριο) ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 3 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 2

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 229 Latvia ) ■ ( kāts ) kācijas diploms kācijas ■ ( ) ■ ( cations Titles kāts kācijas apliecība kācijas kācijas apliecība kācijas kācijas apliecība kācijas Latvia ) ) ■ ■ ( ( Pamatizglītības sertifi Pamatizglītības Profesionālās kvalifi Profesionālās Sekmju izziņa Doktora diploms (+)Doktora (+) Doktors Apliecība par profesionālās ievirzes ieguvi izglītības profesionālās Apliecība par Apliecība par profesionālās ievirzes ieguvi izglītības profesionālās Apliecība par pamatizglītību Apliecība par profesionālo Liecība Profesionālās kvalifi Profesionālās Sekmju izziņa izglītības diploms Augstākās profesionālās kvalifi Augstākās profesionālās Bakalaura diploms (+) Bakalaurs (+) augstāko Diploms par pirmā līmeņa profesionālo izglītību Maģistra diploms (+) (+) Maģistrs Apliecība par pamatizglītību Apliecība par ievirzes izglītības ieguvi Apliecība par profesionālās izglītības pilnveides Apliecība par profesionālās ieguvi par arodizglītību Atestāts vidējo izglītību par vispārējo Atestāts Profesionālās kvalifi Profesionālās Sekmju izziņa vidējās izglītības sertifi Vispārējās Diploms par profesionālo vidējo izglītību Diploms par profesionālo Liecība kācijas eksāmens kācijas kācijas eksāmens kācijas Examinations Qualifi kācijas eksāmens kācijas kācijas eksāmens kācijas eksāmens kācijas Kvalifi noslēguma pārbaudījums Valsts Centralizēts profesionālās kvalifi profesionālās Centralizēts Gala pārbaudījums pārbaudījums Valsts Centralizēts eksāmens Centralizēts kvalifi profesionālās Centralizēts Centralizēts eksāmens Centralizēts Kvalifi pārbaudījums Valsts Kvalifi noslēguma pārbaudījums Valsts pārbaudījums Valsts Applicable also to SEN Applicable also to ) ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 ■ ( Mainstream education Mainstream

230 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Latvia cations Titles (continued) Latvia Latvia Apliecība par profesionālās pilnveides izglītības pilnveides profesionālās Apliecība par ieguvi currently relates mainly to ISCED 3, but may in principle be implemented at all levels (ISCED 2-6). at all levels principle be implemented in ISCED 3, but may mainly to relates currently Examinations Qualifi : ISCED 3 pliecība par profesionālās pilnveides izglītības ieguvi pilnveides pliecība par profesionālās Note A Adult education Adult

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 231 Lithuania kacija Bakalauro laipsnis (+) (Bakalauras) kvalifi Profesinė laipsnis (+) (Magistras) Magistro mokslo laipsnis (+) (Daktaras) Daktaro Meno (Menininkas) licenciatas cations Titles Lithuania kacijos pažymėjimas kacijos Pradinio išsilavinimo pažymėjimas išsilavinimo Pradinio Kvalifi pažymėjimas išsilavinimo Pagrindinio mokymo diplomas Profesinio mokslo diplomas Aukštesniojo mokslo diplomas Aukštojo Bakalauro diplomas diplomas Magistro pažymėjimasRezidentūros (+) mokslo laipsnio diplomas Daktaro diplomas Meno licenciato Profesinio mokymo diplomas Profesinio Examinations Qualifi Brandos egzaminai Brandos atestatas ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 4 ISCED 2

232 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Luxembourg Éducateur gradué gradué Éducateur Ingénieur industriel Luxembourg Certificat d’aptitude technique et professionnelle et professionnelle technique Certificat d’aptitude (CATP) et Professionnelle Technique Certificat d’Initiation (CITP) ManuelleCertificat (CCM) de Capacité de de 5 années d’études Certificat de réussite secondaire l’enseignement de l’enseignement Certificat du cycle moyen technique secondaire Diplôme d’Éducateur Diplôme d’État d’infirmier/ère secondaires Diplôme de fin d’études techniques secondaires Diplôme de fin d’études Diplôme de technicien Certificat (+) pédagogiques Certificat d’études gradué Diplôme d’éducateur spécialisées (DESS) supérieures Diplôme d’études Diplôme d’Ingénieur industriel (DPCU) Universitaire Cycle Diplôme de Premier (DUT) Technologie de Diplôme Universitaire Certificat d’aptitude technique et professionnelle et professionnelle technique Certificat d’aptitude (CATP) Certificat scolarité de fin de de maîtrise (Maîtrise) Brevet supérieur (BTS) de technicien Brevet Examinations Qualifications Titles Examen de fin d’apprentissage du technicien Examen de fin d’études secondaires Examen de fin d’études techniques secondaires Examen de fin d’études Examen d’admission à l’enseignement secondaire secondaire à l’enseignement Examen d’admission général ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 233 Hungary Szakmunkás Doktorátus (+)) cím (+) (Dr. Doktori Okleveles (+) cations Titles cations cations Titles Titles Hungary Felnőttek általános iskolai bizonyítvány Felnőttek általános iskolai bizonyítvány Felnőttek általános iskolai bizonyítvány Gyógypedagógiai általános iskolai bizonyítvány Gyógypedagógiai Általános iskolai bizonyítvány Általános iskolai Gimnáziumi bizonyítvány Gimnáziumi bizonyítvány Gimnáziumi érettségi bizonyítvány Szakképző iskolai képesítő Szakközépiskolai bizonyítvány bizonyítvány Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő bizonyítvány Szakközépiskolai képesítő Szakmunkásképző iskolai bizonyítvány Szakmunkásképző bizonyítvány iskolai-képesítő oklevél Egyetemi szakképesítést bizonyítvány igazoló Felsőfokú oklevél Főiskolai Szakoklevél ExaminationsExaminations Qualifi Qualifi Examinations Qualifi Felvételi vizsga Felvételi Szakmai vizsga Záróvizsga szigorlatDoktori fokozat Doktori (+)) cím (+) (Dr. Doktori Felvételi vizsgaFelvételi vizsga Érettségi vizsga Felvételi vizsga Szakközépiskolai érettségi-képesítő Szakmai vizsga iskolai bizonyítvány Általános ISCED 2 ISCED 2 ISCED 1 ISCED 1 ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 Special educational needs Special educational Adult education Adult Mainstream education Mainstream

234 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Malta Doctor (+) Doctor (+) Juris Magister MSc) (+) (MA, Master Licentiate cate/Diploma (+)) cate/Diploma (+)) cate/Diploma cate (SEC) cate in (+) cate cations Titles in (+) cate cate cate cate/diploma (+) cate/diploma Malta in (+) cate Studies (+) (MCAST in Foundation cate Studies (+)) in Foundation cate Foundation level 1 certifi level Foundation 2 certifi level Intermediate Technology of Arts,Malta College and Science Certifi Certifi Technology of Arts,Malta College and Science (+) (MCAST Certificate/Diploma Certifi Matriculation certifi 3 (+) level diploma Advanced Diploma in (+) Technology of Arts,Malta College and Science (+) (MCAST Certificate/Diploma Certifi Diploma in (+) certifi Postgraduate degree Bachelor’s degree Master’s Doctorate School leaving certifiSchool leaving Secondary certifi education (SEC examination cate cate examination cate Certifi Examinations Qualifi examination) Junior lyceum examination Junior lyceum Secondary certifi education Matriculation certifi ISCED 1 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3 ISCED 2

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 235 The Netherlands ) • ( caat) caat caat staatsexamen staatsexamen caat caat) caat) cations Titles caat staatsexamen vmbo) staatsexamen caat vmbo-certificaat vmbo, mbo-certifimbo, caat mbo-certificaat mbo, middelbaar beroepsonderwijscaat staatsexamen caat middelbaar caat staatsexamen voorbereidend caat middelbaar beroepsonderwijs caat staatsexamen caat caat staatsexamen hoger algemeen voorbereidend staatsexamen caat The Netherlands The Diploma middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (Diploma mbo-diploma)mbo, Diploma staatsexamen middelbaar voorbereidend Diploma staatsexamen beroepsonderwijs (Diploma staatsexamen vmbo) middelbaar Diploma voorbereidend vmbo-diploma)beroepsonderwijs (Diploma vmbo, Schoolverlatersverklaring Certifi (Certifi Certifi Certifi beroepsonderwijs (Certifi middelbaar beroeps- caat voorbereidend Certifi onderwijs (Certifi Certifi (Certifi Certifi Certifi voortgezet onderwijs (Certifi havo) Certifi onderwijswetenschappelijk (Certifi staatsexamen vwo) Diploma hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs havo-diploma) (Diploma havo, Diploma middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (Diploma mbo-diploma)mbo, Diploma staatsexamen Diploma staatsexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs (Diploma staatsexamen havo) Diploma staatsexamen voorbereidend onderwijswetenschappelijk (Diploma staatsexamen vwo) ) • ( ) • ( Examinations Qualifi ) ) • • ( ( Eindexamen voorbereidend wetenschappelijk wetenschappelijk Eindexamen voorbereidend onderwijs vwo-eindexamen) (Eindexamen vwo, Centraal examen Centraal Deelstaatsexamen Eindexamen Eindtoets BasisonderwijsEindtoets (CITO-toets) examen Centraal Deelstaatsexamen Eindexamen Eindexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs havo-eindexamen) (Eindexamen havo, Eindexamen voorbereidend middelbaar Eindexamen voorbereidend vmbo-beroepsonderwijs (Eindexamen vmbo, eindexamen) Examen middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (Examen mbo-examen)mbo, Extranei-examen Schoolexamen Staatsexamen middelbaar Staatsexamen voorbereidend beroepsonderwijs vmbo) (Staatsexamen Examen middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (Examen mbo-examen)mbo, Extranei-examen Schoolexamen Staatsexamen Staatsexamen hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs (Staatsexamen havo) wetenschappelijk Staatsexamen voorbereidend onderwijs (Staatsexamen vwo) ISCED 1 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 Mainstream education Mainstream

236 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 The Netherlands (ir.)) Doctor (Dr) Bachelor (+) (B. (+)) Bachelor (+) (B. (+)) (+) (Bc. Baccalaureus Doctorandus (Drs) Ingenieur Ir.) (Ing., (+) (M. (+)) Master (Meester in de rechten) Meester (Mr.) ingenieur (mr.), (mr.), meester caat) (continued) (drs.), (drs.), caat) caat) cations Titles cations Titles doctorandus vwo-certificaat vwo, havo-certifi caat havo, mbo-certificaat mbo, caat hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs middelbaar beroepsonderwijscaat Diploma voorbereidend wetenschappelijk wetenschappelijk Diploma voorbereidend onderwijs vwo-diploma) vwo, (Diploma Schoolverlatersverklaring Certifi wetenschappelijk caat voorbereidend Certifi onderwijs (Certifi Certifi (Certifi Certifi (Certifi voortgezetDiploma hoger algemeen onderwijs havo-diploma) (Diploma havo, Diploma middelbaar beroepsonderwijs (Diploma mbo-diploma)mbo, middelbaar Diploma voorbereidend vmbo-diploma)beroepsonderwijs (Diploma vmbo, wetenschappelijk Diploma voorbereidend onderwijs vwo-diploma) (Diploma vwo, examen Getuigschrift van het afsluitend examen Getuigschrift van het afsluitend Getuigschrift examen van het propedeutisch Doctoraat title or the Dutch title ( title or the Dutch The Netherlands Netherlands The Master Examinations Qualifi Examinations Qualifi

Deeleindexamen Deeleindexamen Promotie Afsluitend examen Afsluitend Extranei-examen examen Propedeutisch Examen middelbaar beroepsonderwijsExamen middelbaar (Examen mbo-examen)mbo, Extranei-examen : Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to

) ISCED 3 ISCED 2 ISCED 3 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 (continued) • Adult education Adult ( Note whether they will use the international decide Graduates

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 237 Austria Akademische/r (+) Bakkalaureus/rea (Bakk. (+) (+)) Diplom-Ingenieur/in(DI, Dipl.-Ing.) Diplompädagoge/in (+)) (+) (Mag. Magister/tra Ingenieur/in cations Titles kat Austria kat Rigorosenzeugnis (+)) (+) (Dr. Doktor/in Zeugnis über die Diplomprüfung für das Lehramt (+) für das Lehramt über die Diplomprüfung Zeugnis Abschlusszeugnis der Hauptschule Abschlusszeugnis Abschlussprüfungszeugnis der berufsbildenden der berufsbildenden Abschlussprüfungszeugnis Schule mittleren mittleren der berufsbildenden Abschlusszeugnis Schule der Berufsschule Abschlusszeugnis Schule der Polytechnischen Abschlusszeugnis Berufsreifeprüfungszeugnis Diplom (+) Prüfungszeugnis Reifeprüfungszeugnis Studienberechtigungszeugnis Diplom (+) Diplomprüfungszeugnis Reife- und Diplomprüfungszeugnis Abschlusszertifi Abschlussprüfungszeugnis Bakkalaureatsprüfungszeugnis Diplom (+) Diplomprüfungszeugnis Magisterprüfungszeugnis Zertifi Examinations Qualifi Rigorosum Diplomprüfung Reife- und Diplomprüfung Abschlusskolloquium Abschlussprüfung Bakkalaureatsprüfung Diplomprüfung (+) Diplomprüfung für das Lehramt Magisterprüfung Abschlussprüfung der berufsbildenden mittleren mittleren der berufsbildenden Abschlussprüfung Schule Berufsreifeprüfung Diplomprüfung Lehrabschlussprüfung Reifeprüfung Studienberechtigungsprüfung ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3

238 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Poland ) ) • • ( ( ) ) • • ( ( Lekarz (+) Licencjat inż.) Mgr (Mgr, (+) Magister (Dr) Doktor (Dr hab.) habilitowany Doktor Robotnik wykwalifi kowany Robotnik wykwalifi Technik Technik Robotnik wykwalifi kowany Robotnik wykwalifi Technik Technik ) ) ) ) • • ) • ( ( •

) ( ) ( •

)

( • • • ( ( ( cącego ł ) • ) ( niającego • ł ( ) • ( ) • Poland ( Świadectwo ukończenia szkoły podstawowej podstawowej szkoły Świadectwo ukończenia Dyplom szkoły policealnej ukończenia Świadectwo ukończenia gimnazjum Świadectwo ukończenia Świadectwo ukończenia liceum profi lowanego profi liceum Świadectwo ukończenia Świadectwo(Świadectwo dojrzatości maturalne) ogólnokszta liceum Świadectwo ukończenia uzupe liceum Świadectwo ukończenia zawodowego technikum Świadectwo ukończenia wyższychDyplom studiów ukończenia Dyplom doktora Inżynier (Inż.) Dyplom habilitowanego doktora Świadectwo ukończenia liceum technicznego liceum Świadectwo ukończenia Świadectwo ukończenia liceum zawodowego zawodowego liceum Świadectwo ukończenia Świadectwo ukończenia technikum technikum Świadectwo ukończenia uzupełniającego Świadectwo ukończenia zasadniczej szkoły zasadniczej Świadectwo ukończenia zawodowej ) ) ) • • • ( ( ( ) • ( ) • ( ) ) • • ( ( Examinations cations Qualifi Titles Egzamin z przygotowania zawodowego z przygotowania zawodowego Egzamin Egzamin z nauki zawodu z naukiEgzamin zawodu Egzamin z przygotowania zawodowego Egzamin Egzamin z naukiEgzamin zawodu dyplomowy Egzamin magisterski Egzamin doktorskiEgzamin Kolokwium habilitacyjne Test na zakończenie szkoły podstawowej na zakończenie Test gimnazjum na zakończenie Egzamin dojrzałościEgzamin (Matura) ) Applicable also to adult education ) Applicable also to ISCED 1 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 6 ISCED 2 ISCED 3 • (

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 239

Portugal Doutor Arquitecto Arquitecto Bacharel Enfermeiro Engenheiro Licenciado Mestre Portugal Carta Doutoral Doutoramento Diploma de ensino básico ensino básico Diploma de 2 de nível qualificação profissional Diploma de Diploma de estudos secundários 3 de nível profissional Diploma de qualificação Diploma de especialização tecnológica (DET) tecnológica Diploma de especialização Bacharelato Carta Magistral da parteDiploma de conclusão curricular do Mestrado Licenciatura Mestrado Examinations Qualifications Titles Prova de doutoramento de doutoramento Prova complementares Provas Prova de aptidão profissional (PAP) profissional de aptidão Prova global Prova à frequência Exame de equivalência nacional Exame final de âmbito (PAP) de aptidão profissional Prova (PEA) extraordinária de avaliação Prova global Prova ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 241 Slovenia ) • (

) ) • • ( ( ) • ) ( ) • ) ( • • ) ( ( • ) ( • ( ) • ( ) • ) ( • ) ( • ( Magister/trica znanosti (Mag.) znanosti (Mag.) Magister/trica Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe Strokovni naslov Strokovni Akademski/ka (+)) (+) (Akad. Profesor/ica (+) (Prof. (+)) (+) (Prof. Profesor/ica Specialist/ka (+)) (+) (Spec. Univerzitetni/na diplomirani/na (+) (Univ. dipl. (+)) dipl. (+) (Univ. diplomirani/na Univerzitetni/na Doktor/ica (+) (Dr. dent. med., Dr. med., Dr. vet. med.) vet. Dr. med., Dr. med., dent. (+) (Dr. Doktor/ica Inženir/ka (+) (Inž. (+)) Magister/tra farmacije (Mag. farm.) farmacije (Mag. Magister/tra umetnosti (Mag.) Magister/trica Znanstveni naslov Znanstveni Tehnik/nica (+) Tehnik/nica Diplomirani/na (+) (Dipl. (+)) (+) (Dipl. Diplomirani/na ) • ) ( • ( ) • ( ) • ) ( • ( ) • ) ) ) ( • • • ( ( ( ) ) • ( Slovenia • ( Potrdilo o opravljenem vmesnem preizkusu o opravljenem Potrdilo poklicni o Spričevalo maturi Letno spričevalo Letno Obvestilo o doseženem uspehu pri preverjanju uspehu pri preverjanju o doseženem Obvestilo znanja o izpolnjeni osnovnošolski obveznosti Potrdilo na domu o izobraževanju Spričevalo šoli o končani osnovni Spričevalo Spričevalo o zaključnem o Spričevalo izpitu Zaključno spričevalo Maturitetno spričevalo Maturitetno izpitu iz maturitetnega o opravljenem Potrdilo predmeta Diploma Diploma višje šole Letno spričevalo Letno Letno spričevalo Letno Obvestilo o rezultatih preverjanja znanja preverjanja rezultatih o Obvestilo na domu o izobraževanju Spričevalo ) • ( ) ) • • ( ( ) ) ) • • • ( ( Examinations cations Qualifi Titles ) ) ( • • ( ( ) • ( Diplomski ipit izpit) (Sprejemni preizkus Sprejemni Matura Matura Poklicna matura Poklicna Sprejemni preizkus (Sprejemni izpit) (Sprejemni preizkus Sprejemni Vmesni preizkus Vmesni Zaključni izpit Diferencialni izpit Diferencialni Diferencialni izpit Diferencialni Nacionalni preizkus znanja po 1. obdobju Nacionalni preizkus znanja po 2. obdobju Nacionalni preizkus znanja Skupinsko preverjanje znanja in ocenjevanje Zaključno preverjanje ISCED 1 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 ISCED 2 Mainstream education Mainstream

242 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Slovenia Doktor/ica znanosti (Dr.) znanosti Doktor/ica naslov Znanstveni Delovodja/dkinja (+) Mojster/trica (+) Naziv poklicne/strokovne izobrazbe (+) Poslovodja/dkinja Nacionalna poklicna kvalifi kacija Nacionalna poklicna kvalifi Nacionalna poklicna kvalifi kacija Nacionalna poklicna kvalifi . The . The Supplement is prepared in accordance with the Convention on diploma (continued) Slovenia Slovenia Certifi kat o nacionalni poklicni kvalifi kaciji kat o nacionalni poklicni kvalifi Certifi Certifi kat o nacionalni poklicni kvalifi kaciji kat o nacionalni poklicni kvalifi Certifi Diploma izpitu o delovodskem Spričevalo mojstrskem izpitu o Şpričevalo izpitu poslovodskem o Spričevalo Potrdilo o (+) Potrdilo izpitu strokovnem o opravljenem Potrdilo Potrdilo o (+) Potrdilo izpitu strokovnem o opravljenem Potrdilo (Diploma Supplement) has been an integral part of the Examinations cations Qualifi Titles Examinations cations Qualifi Titles priloga k diplomi Strokovni izpit Strokovni Strokovni izpit Strokovni Delovodski izpit Mojstrski izpit izpit Poslovodski : ) Applicable also to adult education also to ) Applicable ISCED 3 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 • ( Note Since the year 2002, the Adult education Adult the Recognition of Qualifi the cations Recognition concerning of Higher Qualifi Education in the European Region, and the recommendations of the European Commission, UNESCO-CEPES.the Council of Europe and

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 243

Slovakia Licenciát teológie (ThLic.) teológie Licenciát Bakalár (Bc.) PaedDr., MVDr., MUDr., MDDr., (+) (JUDr., Doktor ThDr.) RNDr., PhDr., PharmDr., Inžinier Ing.arch.) (+) (Ing., Mgr.art.) (+) (Mgr., Magister Slovakia Vysvedčenie o maturitnej skúške Vysvedčenie skúške o záverečnej Vysvedčenie list Výučný diplom Absolventský Vysokoškolský diplom (+) skúške o štátnej Vysvedčenie Examinations cations Qualifi Titles Absolventská skúška (Absolutórium) skúškaRigorózna skúškaŠtátna Dizertačná skúška Vysokoškolský diplom (+)ThDr.) PhD, (+) (ArtD., Doktor Maturitná skúška skúška Záverečná Maturitná skúška ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 3 ISCED 5 ISCED 6 ISCED 4

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 245 Finland (Student) ) • ( Ylioppilas Ylioppilas Arkkitehti (Arkitekt) Diplomi-insinööri (DI) (Diplomingenjör) (Farmaceut) Farmaseutti Kandidaatti (+) (Kandidat) (+) (Licentiat) Lisensiaatti Maisteri (+) (Magister) (Provisor) Proviisori (Betyg över (Betyg över ) • ( (Grundexamen) )

• (Avgångsbetyg från från (Avgångsbetyg ( ) • (Studentexamensbetyg) ( ) ) • • (

(Gymnasiets avgångsbetyg) (Gymnasiets ( ) • ( Finland läroavtalsutbildning) opinnoista ammatillisista asteen toisen Todistus stadiet) yrkesexamen på andra avlagd (Betyg över (Betyg över yhdistelmäopinnoista Todistus kombinationsstudier) Tohtorin tutkinto (+) (Doktorsexamen)Tohtorin (+) (Doktor) Tohtori Peruskoulun päättötodistus Peruskoulun Lukion päättötodistus oppisopimuskoulutuksesta Todistus Ylioppilastutkintotodistus tutkinto (Yrkesexamen opistoasteen Ammatillinen på institutnivå) jatkotutkintoAmmattikorkeakoulun vid yrkeshögskola) (Påbyggnadsexamen Ammattikorkeakoulututkinto (+) (Yrkeshögskoleexamen) Arkkitehdin tutkinto (Arkitektexamen) Diplomi-insinöörin tutkinto (Diplomingenjörsexamen) Erikoistumistutkinto (Yrkesinriktad specialisering examen) påbyggnadsexamen, tutkinto (Farmaceutexamen) Farmaseutin Kandidaatin tutkinto (+) (Kandidatexamen) tutkintoLisensiaatin (+) (Licentiatexamen) Maisterin tutkinto (+) (Magisterexamen) Oikeusnotaarin tutkinto (Rättsnotarieexamen) tutkinto (Provisorsexamen) Proviisorin grundskolan) (Studentexamen) perustutkinto Ammatillinen (+) ) • ( Examinations Qualifications Titles Ylioppilastutkinto ) Applicable also to adult education ) Applicable also to ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3 • Mainstream education Mainstream (

246 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Finland cations Titles (continued) Finland Finland Ammattitutkinto (+) (Yrkesexamen) examen) (+) (Fristående Näyttötutkinto Erikoisammattitutkinto (+) (Specialyrkesexamen) Examinations Qualifi ISCED 3 ISCED 4 Adult education Adult

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 247 Sweden Doktor (+) Doktor (+) Licentiat Kandidat (+) (+) Magister can, depending on course, be either ISCED 5B or 4C. can, depending on course, ) ) • • ( ( cations Titles Kvalifi cerad yrkesexamen cerad Kvalifi Sweden cerad yrkesexamen cerad yrkesexamen cerad Doktorsexamen (+) Doktorsexamen (+) Licentiatexamen Slutbetyg från grundskolan Slutbetyg från gymnasieskolan Slutbetyg Kvalifi Agronomexamen Arkitektexamen Barnmorskeexamen Civilingenjörsexamen Högskoleexamen Högskoleingenjörsexamen Juris kandidatexamen Kandidatexamen (+) Konstnärlig högskoleexamen Kvalifi Lantmästarexamen Läkarexamen Lärarexamen med ämnesbredd Magisterexamen med ämnesdjup Magisterexamen Psykologexamen Psykoterapeutexamen Receptarieexamen Sjuksköterskeexamen Social omsorgsexamen Socionomexamen Veterinärexamen

Examinations Qualifi : Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to ) ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3 • Note a big number of diplomas in Sweden. accompanies Diploma Supplement already The (

248 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) ) ) ) ) ) • • • • • ( ( ( ( (

) • ( ) ) • • ( ( ) • ( (GNVQ) cation (FSMQ) cation ) ) • ) ( • ( • ) ( • ) ( • cate cate ( General Certifi cate of Education Advanced level level Advanced of Education cate Certifi General A2) GCE A level, level, (A Supplementary AS examination) (GCE Examination of Secondarycate (GCSE) Education General Certifi Qualifi Vocational National General Advanced Extension Award (AEA) (AEA) Extension Award Advanced of Achievement) cate (Certifi cate Certifi Entry Level Qualifi Mathematics Free-standing Advanced Vocational Certifi of Education cate Certifi Vocational Advanced A level) Vocational ( A level) VCE (AVCE, General Certifi Advanced of Education cate Certifi General AS level) Subsidiary AS level, (GCE level BTEC First Diploma First BTEC BTEC National Award Award National BTEC BTEC National Diploma National BTEC and Diplomas cates City Certifi and Guilds BTEC National Certifi National BTEC General Certifi Advanced of Education cate Certifi General Examinations cations Qualifi Titles United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern and Ireland) Wales (England, Kingdom United National Curriculum Assessment (End of Key Stage Assessment Curriculum National (ENG/WLS) Assessment) Northern (End of Assessment Ireland Curriculum Key Stage Assessment) Baseline assessment (WLS,Baseline assessment NIR) le (ENG) stage profi Foundation (WLS,Baseline assessment NIR) le (ENG) stage profi Foundation (End of Key Stage Assessment Curriculum National WLS) (ENG, Assessment) Northern (End of Assessment Ireland Curriculum Key Stage Assessment) (NIR) Tests Transfer ISCED 0 ISCED 2 ISCED 3 ISCED 1 Mainstream education Mainstream

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 249 United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)

(continued) Doctor of (+) (PhD, DPhil, EdD, etc.) EdD, DPhil, Doctor of (+) (PhD, BA, BEd, BMBS, BSc, etc. BMBS, BSc, BA, BEd, CertHE (+) DipHE (+) FD Grad Cert (+), Grad Dip (+) HNC (+) HND (+) LLM, etc. MSc, MPhil, MBA, MEng, MB, MA, PG Cert (+) eg PGCE, PG Dip (+) cations cations cation ) • ( ) • ( ) • ( cate cate cations cation (NVQ) (NVQ) cation ) cations Titles cations Titles • ( ) (+) (HNC)cate • ( ) cate/Diploma (+) cate/Diploma • ( cation cate cate cate/Diploma (+) cate/Diploma of Highercate Education (+) (CertHE) Technical Certifi Technical London Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Commerce Chamber London qualifi Board Examinations National Vocational Qualifi CertifiOCR Vocationally-Related Part One General National Vocational Qualifi Vocational One General National Part (Part One GNVQ) One GNVQ) (Part National Adult LiteracyNational Adult and Numeracy Qualifi LiteracyNational Adult and Numeracy Qualifi Key Skills Qualifi BMBS, BSc) (BA, Bed, Bachelors degree Certifi Diploma of Higher Education (+) (DipHE) (+) (FD) degree Foundation CertifiGraduate Higher National Certifi Higher National Diploma (+) (HND) MSc, MPhil, MBA, MEng, MB, (MA, Masters degree LLM) Certifi Postgraduate Doctorate Examinations Qualifi Examinations Qualifi United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern and Ireland) Wales (England, Kingdom United Applicable also to adult education Applicable also to ) ISCED 3 ISCED 1 ISCED 3 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 (continued) • Adult education Adult (

250 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) itor itor cation at cation cations (see cations e award of the e award (continued) vels 4 and 5. The regulatoryThe autho- 4 and 5. vels cations, developed by the Quality by developed cations, n a number of initiatives to rationalise rationalise to of initiatives n a number vering general, vocationally related and related vocationally general, vering o provides guidelines for the titles which guidelines for o provides odies and vocational awarding bodies has awarding odies and vocational intended to be comprehensive. to intended overnment has encouraged the rationalisation the has encouraged overnment at a particular often targeted cations are age group, the Framework for Higher Education Qualifi for the Framework setting for responsible the regulatoryby ed and are authorities cations see http://www.qaa.ac.uk/ see cations ered by the awarding bodies. Awarding bodies are independent, not- independent, are bodies Awarding bodies. the awarding by ered cations Framework (NQF) was introduced, co was introduced, (NQF) cations Framework main qualifi The (H), Masters (I), Honours Doctoral (M) and (C), Intermediate cate (D). While qualifi and colleges. in schools ered specifi the framework cations within cations off cations the range off from er their students cations: Certifi cations: cations to off to cations see http://www.qca.org.uk cation levels of qualifi levels ve cations and curriculum authorities in England (QCA), Wales (ACCAC) and Northern Ireland (CCEA); they develop, regulate and mon regulate they develop, and Northern (CCEA); Ireland (ACCAC) Wales in England (QCA), cations and curriculum authorities cation descriptor which includes a statement of outcomes (the achievement which a student should be able to demonstrate for th for demonstrate which a student should be able to (the achievement of outcomes which includes a statement cation descriptor cation titles. There are fi are There cation titles. United Kingdom (England, Wales and Northern and Ireland) Wales (England, Kingdom United cations. There are currently six levels: Entry level, Foundation level 1, Intermediate level 2, Advanced level 3 and Higher 3 and level le 2, Advanced level 1, Intermediate level Entry Foundation six levels: currently level, are There cations. cations cations system in England, Wales and Northern Ireland has traditionally been decentralised, but in recent years there have bee have there years and Northern but in recent Ireland been decentralised, has traditionally Wales in England, cations system t companies funded largely by examination fees. They design qualifi design They examination fees. by funded largely t companies cation) and a statement of the wider abilities that the typical student could be expected to have developed. The Framework als Framework The developed. of the wider abilities that the typical be expected have cation) and a statement student could to occupational qualifi occupational rities have recently accepted proposals to revise the framework to include nine levels. This will allow for clearer links with clearer for will allow This nine levels. include to the framework revise to proposals accepted recently rities have below). For more information on revised national qualifi on revised information more For below). Higher Education Qualifi for the Framework However, use. which titles to cations and decide qualifi their own award In universities general, ensure cations and to education qualifi understanding of higher improve to September 2003, is intended from implemented and Higher Agency Education (QAA), for Assurance for-profi the national qualifi all qualifi and approve and assessment system cations the national qualifi and standardise the system. the and standardise choose which external qualifi may Schools colleges and the G years, In quality recent assurance. and for (schools etc.) and marking examination centres external assessment, approving and GCSE examination b GCE A level between and alliances a number of mergers as a result, bodies and, of the number of awarding taken place. the qualifi regulatoryThe authorities are most may be taken by students of any age. students of any be taken by most may 1996), a National Qualifi Review (Dearing, of the Dearing the recommendations Following the consistent use of qualifi the consistent each level is defi a qualifi by ned is defi each level qualifi should be used at the various levels. For more information on the Framework for HigherEducation Qualifi for on the Framework information more For should be used at the various levels. The qualifi The National Specifi National The qualifi cations included in this glossary represent the principal ones in use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The list is not The and Northern Ireland. Wales this glossarycations included in in England, the principal ones in use represent qualifi The

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 251 United Kingdom (Scotland) BA, BEd, BMBS, BSc, etc. BMBS, BSc, BA, BEd, CertHE (+) DipHE (+) CertGrad Dip (+) (+), Grad HNC (+) HND (+) LLM, etc. MSc, MPhil, MBA, MEng, MB, MA, PG Cert PG Dip (+) (+) eg PGCE, ) • • ( ( ) (GSVQ) cation (GSVQ) cation (SVQ) cation ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) • • ( • • • • • • ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) • • • • ( ( ( ( Standard Grade Grade Standard Intermediate 2 Intermediate Intermediate 2 Intermediate National Certifi Module cate Certifi National (SGA) Award Group Scottish Grade Standard Intermediate 1 Intermediate Intermediate 1 Intermediate Access Access Studies) Year of Sixthcate Higher (Certifi Advanced Qualifi Vocational ScottishGeneral Higher Studies) Year of Sixthcate Higher (Certifi Advanced BMBS, BSc) (BA, Bed, Bachelors degree of Higher(+) (CertHE) Education cate Certifi Diploma of Higher (+) (DipHE) Education (+) cate/Diploma Certifi Graduate (+) (HNC)cate Higher Certifi National Higher Diploma (+) (HND) National MSc, MPhil, MBA, MEng, MB, (MA, degree Masters LLM) (+) cate/Diploma Certifi Postgraduate Intermediate 2 Intermediate National Certifi Module cate Certifi National (SGA) Award Group Scottish Qualifi Vocational Scottish General Scottish Vocational Qualifi Vocational Scottish General Higher 1 Intermediate United Kingdom (Scotland) Kingdom United Examinations cations Qualifi Titles National testing National National testing National ISCED 1 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3 ISCED 2

252 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 United Kingdom (Scotland) Doctor of (+) (PhD, DPhil, EdD, etc.) EdD, DPhil, Doctor(+) (PhD, of (continued) Doctorate United Kingdom (Scotland) (Scotland) Kingdom United Examinations cations Qualifi Titles : ) Applicable also to adult e ducation adult e ducation also to ) Applicable ISCED 6 • Note cations/. on www.scotland.gov.uk/education/nationalqualifi is available Award Group the Scottish concerning information Further (

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 253 Iceland Doktor (+) (Dr.phil.) Doktor Meistari Stúdent Sveinn ne arts (B.F.A) Bachelor of fi Bachelor of music (B.MUS) Bachelor of arts (BA) Bachelor of education (BEd) (BS) Bachelor of science (+) Cand. Kandidat (+) MS, MPaed, MPA, MBA, MEd, Master of (+) (MA, MSW) cations Titles Iceland Meistarabréf (+) Meistarabréf Meistaranám í iðn Stúdentsprófsskírteini Sveinsbréf BA-gráda BEd-gráda BS-gráda Diplóma Kandidatsgráda Meistaragráda Doktorsgráda Examinations Qualifi Doktorspróf BA-próf BEd-próf BS-próf Diplóma-próf Kandidatspróf Meistarapróf Samræmd lokapróf Stúdentspróf Sveinspróf ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 5 ISCED 4 ISCED 3

254 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Liechtenstein Doktor der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Doktor Bachelor of (+) ArtiumMagister (MA) of (+) Master cations Titles (+) NDS

kat Liechtenstein Fachausweis of (+) Master Master-Urkunde (Master-Diplom) Nachdiplom Zertifi Abschlusszeugnis der Oberschule Abschlusszeugnis Realschule der Abschlusszeugnis Berufsmaturitätszeugnis Lehrbrief Maturazeugnis Baccalaureat Bachelor of (+) Bachelor-Urkunde (Bachelor-Diplom) Diplom-Architekt Diplomierter Examinations Qualifi Bachelor-Prüfung (Magisterexamen) Magisterprüfung Master-Prüfung Nachdiplomprüfung eines Hochschullehrgangs zum Abschluss Prüfung Abschlussprüfung der Oberschule Abschlussprüfung der Realschule Abschlussprüfung (Berufsmaturität) Berufsmaturitätsprüfung Lehrabschlussprüfung Maturaprüfung (Matura) ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 255 Norway Bachelor i (+) (+)) (+) (Cand. Candidatus mag.) (Cand. magisterii Candidatus Designkandidat (Exam. oecon) Examinatus oeconomiae Fiskerikandidat Høgskolekandidat kandidatHovedfags Idrettskandidat Kandidat (+) Kandidat i musikk Kommunal kandidat Kunstfagkandidat (+)) (+) (Lic. Licentiatus artiumMagister Art) (Mag. Maritim kandidat i (+) Master M.Sc.) M.Phil., MBA, MIB, Master of (+) (MA, Sivilarkitekt (Siv.ark) cations Titles Norway Vitnemål Bachelor i (+) (+)) (+) (Cand. Candidatus mag.) (Cand. magisterii Candidatus Designkandidat Diplomeksamen (Exam. oecon) Examinatus oeconomiae Fiskerikandidat Høgskolekandidat kandidatHovedfags eksamen avdelings Høyere revisoreksamen Høyere Idrettskandidat Kandidat (+) Kandidat i musikk Kommunal kandidat Kunstfagkandidat utdanning Kunstfaglig (+)) (+) (Lic. Licentiatus artiumMagister Art) (Mag. Årskursbevis Delkompetansebevis opplæring Eksamen fra videregående Fagbrev Fagkarakterbevis Modulbevis Svennebrev Vitnemål Examinations Qualifi Avgangsprøve Fagprøve Svenneprøve ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3

256 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Norway Sivilingeniør (Siv.ing.) Sivilingeniør (Siv.øk.) Siviløkonom (+)) Doctor (+) (Dr. Ph.d. cations Titles (continued) Norway Norway Maritimkandidat i (+) Master M.Sc.) M.Phil., MBA, MIB, Master of (+) (MA, utdanning Praktisk-pedagogisk utdanning Praktisk-teologisk Sivilarkitekt (Siv.ark) Sivilingeniør (Siv.ing.) Siviløkonom (Siv.øk.) (+) Vitnemål (+)) Doctor (+) (Dr. Ph.d. Examinations Qualifi as in the case of younger pupils or students, so each qualifi them. by also be obtained title may cation, examination or so each qualifi pupils or students, as in the case of younger adults : ISCED 5 ISCED 6 (continued) Note apply to same rules The

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 257 Bulgaria Bakalavur (Бакалавър) Magistur (Магистър) Specialist po (+) (Специалист по) (Д-р) Dr. (Доктор) Doktor Bulgaria Udostoverenie za zavurchen IV clas (Удостоверение (Удостоверение clas IV zavurchen za Udostoverenie IV клас)за завършен kasia kvalifi za profesionalna Svidetelstvo за професионална квалификация)(Свидетелство obrazovanie osnovno za zavurcheno Svidetelstvo основно за завършено (Свидетелство образование) obrazovanie sredno Diploma za zavurcheno образование) средно (Диплома завършено за izdavano za pravosposobnost, Svidetelstvo iziskva na koito uprajniavaneto za profesii на степен (Диплома завършена за obrazovanie образование) висшето na vischeto stepen Diploma za zavurchena на степен (Диплома за завършена obrazovanie образование) висшето pravosposobnost (Cвидетелство за (Cвидетелство pravosposobnost издавано за професии, правоспособност, изисква на които упражняването правоспособност) kasia kvalifi za profesionalna Svidetelstvo професионална за квалификация)(Свидетелство Examinations cations Qualifi Titles Durjaven izpit (Държавен изпит) izpit (Държавен Durjaven vischeto na stepen za zavurchena Diploma Durjaven zrelosten izpit za pridobivane na zrelosten Durjaven зрелостен katzia(Държавен kvalifi profesionalna на професионалнаизпит за придобиване квалификация) зpeлостен izpit (Държавен zrelosten Durjaven изпит) ISCED 1 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 6 ISCED 2 ISCED 3

258 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 Romania Arhitect diplomat Inginer diplomat Licenţiat Doctor (Dr.) (Magister) Master Romania Foaie matricolă Foaie profesional Atestat de absolvire cat Certifi Diplomă de absolvire Diplomă de bacalaureat Diplomă de merit matricolă Foaie matricolă Foaie de absolvire cat Certifi de lungă durată de studii universitare cat Certifi de scurtă de studii universitare durată cat Certifi Diplomă de absolvire Diplomă de arhitect diplomat diplomat Diplomă de inginer Diplomă de licenţă matricolă Foaie Diplomă de doctor de specializare Diplomă postuniversitară postuniversitare Diplomă de studii academice Diplomă de Master Diplomă de studii aprofundate Examinations cations Qualifi Titles Colocviu Dizertaţie de doctorat Teză Examen de absolvireExamen de absolvire Examen de diplomă Examen de licenţă de absolvire cat Certifi Examen de capacitateExamen de absolvire Examen de bacalaureat practică Probă capacitate de cat Certifi ISCED 1 ISCED 2 ISCED 6 ISCED 4 ISCED 5 ISCED 3

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 259

Acknowledgements

EURYDICE NETWORK

A. EURYDICE EUROPEAN UNIT

Avenue Louise 240 B-1050 Brussels (http://www.eurydice.org)

Managing editor and coordination

Arlette Delhaxhe

Authors

Renata Kosinska, Maria Pafi li

English-Language Editor

Brian Frost-Smith

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Secretarial support

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Cover illustration - Internet

Matthias Vandenborne - Brigitte Gendebien

Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles 261 B. NATIONAL UNITS OF EURYDICE

BĂLGARIJA DEUTSCHLAND Eurydice Unit Eurydice-Informationsstelle beim Equivalence and Information Centre Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung International Relations Department Referat 112 – Übergreifende Fragen EU; Bildungspolitische Ministry of Education and Science Zusammenarbeit 2A, Knjaz Dondukov Bld Hannoversche Strasse 28-30 1000 Sofi a 11055 Berlin Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility of the Eurydice-Informationsstelle der Länder im Sekretariat der Eurydice Unit, respective departments of the Kultusministerkonferenz Ministry and the Bulgarian ENIC/NARIC center Lennéstrasse 6 53113 Bonn BELGIQUE / BELGIË Contribution of the Unit: Dorothea Lewerenz, Brigitte Lohmar Unité francophone d’Eurydice Ministère de la Communauté française EESTI Direction des Relations internationales Eurydice Unit Boulevard Leopold II, 44 – Bureau 6A/002 Estonian Ministry of Education and Research 1080 Bruxelles Tallinn Offi ce Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility 11 Tõnismägi St. Vlaamse Eurydice-Eenheid 15192 Tallinn Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap Contribution of the Unit: Kersti Kaldma Departement Onderwijs Afdeling Beleidscoördinatie ELLÁDA Hendrik Consciencegebouw 5 C 11 Koning Albert II – laan 15 Eurydice Unit 1210 Brussel Ministry of National Education and Religious Aff airs Contribution of the Unit: Martine Zaman (DVO Direction CEE / Section C – Department of Education) Mitropoleos 15 10185 Athens Agentur Eurydice Contribution of the Unit: Antigoni Faragoulitaki, Agentur für Europäische Bildungsprogramme Anastasia Liapi Ministerium der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft Gospertstraße 1 ESPAÑA 4700 Eupen Contribution of the Unit: Leonhard Schiffl ers Unidad Española de Eurydice CIDE – Centro de Investigación y Documentación ČESKÁ REPUBLIKA Educativa (MECD) c/General Oraá 55 Eurydice Unit 28006 Madrid Institute for Information on Education Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility Senovážné nám. 26 P.O. Box č.1 FRANCE 110 06 Praha 06 Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility of the Unit Unité d’Eurydice Ministère de la Jeunesse, de l’Éducation nationale et de la DANMARK Recherche Direction des aff aires internationales et de la coopération Eurydice’s Informationskontor i Danmark Centre de ressources pour l’information internationale et Institutionsstyrelsen l’accueil des personnalités étrangères Undervisningsministeriet Rue de Grenelle 110 Frederiksholms Kanal 21 75357 Paris 1220 København K Contribution of the Unit: Thierry Damour with the Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility cooperation of the ‘direction de l’enseignement supérieur’ of the ‘Ministère de la Jeunesse, de l’Éducation nationale et de la Recherche’

262 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 IRELAND LUXEMBOURG Eurydice Unit Unité d’Eurydice Department of Education and Science Ministère de la Culture, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de International Section la Recherche (CEDIES) Marlborough Street Route d’Esch 211 Dublin 1 1471 Luxembourg Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility

ÍSLAND MAGYARORSZÁG Eurydice Unit Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education, Science and Culture Ministry of Education Division of Evaluation and Supervision Szalay u. 10-14 Sölvholsgata 4 1054 Budapest 150 Reykjavik Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility MALTA ITALIA Eurydice Unit Unità di Eurydice Education Officer (Statistics) Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca Department of Planning and Development –c/o INDIRE Education Division Via Buonarroti 10 Floriana CMR 02 50122 Firenze Contribution of the Unit: Raymond Camilleri (Eurydice); Contribution of the Unit: Silvia Vecchi, Alessandra Mochi J. Pullicino (Malta QRIC), J. Bartolo (University of Malta), J. Cilia (MCAST), N. Gingell (Institute of Tourism Studies) KYPROS NEDERLAND Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education and Culture Eurydice Nederland Kimonos and Thoukydidou Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschappen 1434 Nicosia Directie Internationaal Beleid Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility IPC 2300/Kamer 10.086 Postbus 16375 LATVIJA 2500 BJ Den Haag Contribution of the Unit: Raymond van der Ree Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education and Science NORGE Department of European Integration and Coordination of International Assistance Programmes Eurydice Unit Valnu 2 Ministry of Education and Research 1050 Riga Department for Policy Analysis and International Affairs Contribution of the Unit: Evija Kleina (external expert), Akersgaten 44 Solvita Silina (expert of ENIC/NARIC Network), 0032 Oslo Aija Lejas-Sausa (Eurydice Unit) Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility

LIECHTENSTEIN ÖSTERREICH Eurydice-Informationsstelle Eurydice-Informationsstelle Schulamt Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur Austrasse 79 – Abt. I/6b 9490 Vaduz Minoritenplatz 5 Contribution of the Unit: Helga Kranz 1014 Wien Contribution of the Unit: Austrian Eurydice and Naric Units; LIETUVA joint responsibility Eurydice Unit Ministry of Education and Science A. Volano 2/7 2691 Vilnius Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility with ministerial officials concerned

Examinations, Qualifications and Titles 263 POLSKA SUOMI / FINLAND

Eurydice Unit Eurydice Finland Foundation for the Development of the Education System National Board of Education Socrates Agency Hakaniemenkatu 2 Mokotowska 43 00530 Helsinki 00-551 Warsaw Contribution of the Unit: Eurydice Finland and Ministry of Contribution of the Unit: Anna Smoczyńska, Education Magdalena Górowska-Fells SVERIGE PORTUGAL Eurydice Unit Unidade de Eurydice Ministry of Education and Science Ministério da Educação Drottninggatan 16 Gabinete de Informação e Avaliação do Sistema Educativo 10333 Stockholm (GIASE) Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility Av. 24 de Julho 134 1399-054 Lisboa UNITED KINGDOM Contribution of the Unit: Maria Luisa Maia, Ana Machado de Araújo (Eurydice); Maria Clementina Campos Eurydice Unit for England, Wales and Northern Ireland (Department of Terminology – DAPP – Ministry of National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) Education); Manuela Paiva (Naric) The Mere, Upton Park Slough, Berkshire SL1 2DQ ROMÂNIA Contribution of the Unit: Joint responsibility Eurydice Unit Scotland Eurydice Unit The Scottish Executive Education Department (SEED) Socrates National Agency International Relations Unit 1 Schitu Magureanu – 2nd Floor Information, Analysis & Communication Division 70626 Bucharest Area 1-B South / Mailpoint 25 Contribution of the Unit: Tinca Modrescu, Victoria Quay Alexandru Modrescu Edinburgh EH6 6QQ Contribution of the Unit: James Newman SLOVENIJA

Eurydice Programme Supervisory Body Ministry of Education, Science and Sport Offi ce for School Education of the Republic of Slovenia Trubarjeva 5 1000 Ljubljana Contribution of the Unit: Andrej Žižmond SLOVENSKÁ REPUBLIKA

Eurydice Unit Slovak Academic Association for International Cooperation Socrates National Agency Staré grunty 52 842 44 Bratislava Contribution of the Unit: Marta Ivanova (Eurydice); Maria Hrabinska (Naric)

Production

Layout and printing: Les Éditions européennes, Brussels, Belgium

264 European Glossary on Education − Volume 1 European Glossary on Education. Volume 1 − Second edition: Examinations, Qualifi cations and Titles.

Eurydice

2nd edition

Brussels: Eurydice

2004 - 266 p.

(European Glossary on Education; 1)

ISBN 2-87116-366-9

Descriptors: Glossary, Certifi cation, Leaving Certifi cate, Certifi cate, Examination, Qualifi cation, Primary Education, Secondary Education, Higher Education, Cyprus, Malta, EFTA, Central and Eastern Europe, European Union

EURYDICE

Directorate-General฀for฀Education฀and฀Culture European฀Glossary฀on฀Education,฀volume฀1฀-฀Examinations,฀Qualifications฀and฀Titles฀฀

European฀Glossary฀on฀Education Volume฀1฀–฀Second฀edition EURYDICE,฀the฀information฀network฀฀ on฀education฀in฀Europe Examinations,฀Qualifications฀฀ and฀Titles Eurydice฀is฀an฀institutional฀network฀for฀gathering,฀monitoring,฀processing฀and฀circulating฀ reliable฀and฀readily฀comparable฀information฀on฀education฀systems฀and฀policies฀throughout฀ Europe.฀The฀Network฀focuses฀primarily฀on฀the฀way฀education฀in฀Europe฀is฀structured฀and฀ organised฀at฀all฀levels.฀Its฀publications฀output฀may฀be฀broadly฀divided฀into฀descriptions฀of฀ national฀education฀systems,฀comparative฀studies฀devoted฀to฀specific฀topics,฀and฀indicators฀ A and฀statistics. E Eurydice฀works฀mainly฀for฀those฀involved฀in฀educational฀policy-making฀nationally฀and฀ in฀the฀European฀Union฀institutions,฀as฀well฀as฀at฀regional฀and฀local฀levels.฀However,฀its฀ publications฀may฀be฀consulted฀by฀anyone฀and฀are฀available฀both฀in฀print฀and฀over฀the฀ Internet.฀ FK First฀ launched฀ by฀ the฀ European฀ Community฀ in฀ 1980,฀ the฀ Eurydice฀ Network฀ consists฀ of฀a฀European฀Unit฀set฀up฀by฀the฀European฀Commission฀in฀Brussels฀and฀National฀Units฀ established฀ by฀ education฀ ministries฀ in฀ all฀ countries฀ taking฀ part฀ in฀ Socrates,฀ the฀ EU฀ education฀ action฀ programme.฀ Eurydice฀ has฀ been฀ an฀ integral฀ part฀ of฀ Socrates฀ since฀ 1995.฀The฀Network฀boosts฀European฀cooperation฀in฀education฀by฀developing฀exchanges฀ L of฀ information฀ about฀ systems฀ and฀ policies฀ and฀ producing฀ studies฀ on฀ issues฀ common฀ to฀ G education฀systems. Eurydice฀is฀a฀dynamic฀interdependent฀Network฀to฀whose฀work฀all฀Units฀contribute.฀The฀ T European฀Unit฀coordinates฀the฀activity฀of฀the฀Network,฀drafts฀and฀distributes฀most฀of฀its฀ Ü publications,฀and฀designs฀and฀administers฀Eurydice฀databases฀and฀the฀central฀website.฀ National฀Units฀provide฀and฀are฀involved฀in฀processing฀the฀data฀on฀which฀this฀activity฀relies฀ and฀ensure฀that฀the฀output฀of฀the฀Network฀reaches฀target฀groups฀within฀their฀countries.฀In฀ PV most฀countries,฀Units฀are฀situated฀within฀the฀education฀ministry.฀In฀a฀few,฀however,฀they฀are฀ located฀in฀library฀resource฀centres,฀or฀bodies฀for฀administration฀and฀research.฀ QR

EURYDICE฀on฀the฀Internet:฀http://www.eurydice.org European฀Commission