THE Malayan Agricultural Journal.
Vol. XVI. DECEMBER, 1928. No. 12.
Correction.
It has been represented to this Department that the article published in the Malayan Agricultural Journal, Volume XVI, No. 3 under the title "Brief Notes on Agri¬ cultural Conditions on the East Coast of Malaya", does not give a correct impression of the State of Kelantan. The following emendations should, therefore, be read in conjunc¬ tion with the original article:— The coastal plain of Kelantan, comprising the districts of Kota Bahru and Pasir Puteh and the sub-districts of Bacho' and Pasir Mas, affords an exception to the general conditions prevailing elsewhere on the East coast. The area of this plain is approximately 1,000 square miles and the whole is densely populated and cultivated by an industrious agricultural popu¬ lation.
In this coastal plain very little land remains available for alienation, but in Southern Kelantan large areas are available for rubber, tea, oil-palm and other crops etc. with the opening up of the Railway the demand for land in Southern Kelantan is rapidly increasing.
38ti
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Leptoglcssus membranaceus F. a Pest of Cucurbitaceae.
H. T. Pagden.
Introduction.
Leptoglossus membranaceus, P., tjie Leaf-footed plant bug, belongs to the family Coreidae. It is of wide distribution and in all its stages causes great damage to Cucurbitaeeous plants and cotton. The adult is recorded damaging citrus, and in Malaya it has been observed damaging ripe orange fruits.
The adult may be readily recognised by its' black and yellow colouration, and the greatly expanded hind tibiae. So far it has only been recorded in numbers from the Govern¬ ment Experimental Plantation at Serdang and the Government Plantation at Kuala Kangsar. The material used in the pre¬ paration of this paper came from the former locality.
Distribution.
Leptoglossus membranaceus occurs in South and East Africa, Ceylon, Philippines, Queensland, Assam, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Burma, Tenasserim and Malaya.
Host Plants.
Nearly all Cucurbitaeeous plants appear to be affected both by the young forms and by the adults. The plants on which it has so far been recorded in Malaya are Cucurbita maxima, Luffa acutangula, Momordica charantia, Trichosan- thes anguina and T. palmata. On these plants both nymplis and adults have been obtained. On Citrus the adults have so far only been recorded from oranges at Kuala Kangsar, where the insect was found breeding on an adjacent area of mixed Cucurbitaeeous plants.
In S. Africa1 the insect is recorded damaging Citrus fruit during the dry season and in East Africa generally27, it is recorded on Peponium usambarense. In Tanganyika Terri¬ tory I5, 17 it does damage to cotton attacking the bolls in a
387
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similar manner to Dy.idercus, and all stages are recorded on Cotton in Uganda Protectorate 7, 8, 9, 16 where tliey attack the seeds and cause blister-like proliferations.
In Australia it is recorded from Queensland18 on Cucum¬ bers and causing great damage to Citrus in the adult stages, while in Ceylon it is found to breed on beans.
In the Philippines19 it is recorded on Cucurbitaceae ■ and is said to facilitate the oviposition of the fruit-fly Dacus cucurbitae, Coq. the fly depositing its eggs in the punctures made by the stylets of L. membranaceus.
It appears therefore that the chief host plants are Cucur¬ bitaceae, Cotton and Beans while the adult insect may do considerable damage to Citrus fruit.
Description.
The genus is diagonised by Distant, Pauna of British India, as follows:—
"Head long, produced in front of the antenniferous tubercles, "Eyes Inserted at about one-third from the base; pronotum "broader than long, the lateral angles prominent or spinously "produced; posterior femora long, spinous, their apices reach- "ing or passing the apex of the abdomen; posterior tibiae "more or less dilated on each side, most prominently on th*e "outer margin; rostrum somewhat long, basal joint passing the "basal margin of the head".
Ovum.
Length. Width.
Maximum 1.6 mm 1.16 mm
Minimum 1.4 mm 1.12 mm
The operculum is sub-circular and 0.8 mm in average diameter. In shape the ova resemble a longitudinally bisected cylinder but the curve from base to apex is slightly sharper than for a true cylinder. There is a sub-circular operculum situated at the anterior end on the surface of the hemi-cylinder.
Colour.—A rather light greenish-gilt with metallic reflections, some ova are paler than others, being almost green.
Sculpture.—The surface is unsculptured except on the oper¬ culum where it is finely reticulate, visible only under a strong lens. A curved line of 7 to 8 raised pores runs across the operculum, the extremities of the curve being on a diameter and the line curv¬ ing backwards towards the posterior margin of the operculum.
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First Instar.
This is taken as the first free living form and excludes the form prior to eclosion, an ecdysis taking place at eclosion as. is usual. The cast skin of the pre-natal instar is visible in the empty egg and bears a well chitinised egg-bursting denticle. Length 2.5 to 3 mm.
Head.—The central lobe, clypeus or tylus, bears a single spine¬ like process about half way along its length and this bears two divergent setae at its apex. Two larger divergent processes are situated on the vertex between • the eyes at. a distance from the centre line equal to, or nearly equal to, half the distance from one eye to the centre-line of the head. Each of these processes bears a single seta at its apex. The whole surface of the head bears minute, symmetrically distributed setae. The epicranial sutures are well marked and form an ochreous Y which is infuscate on the margins.
Antennae of 4 segments, apical segment slightly clubbed. Very dark brown, almost black. The basal segment is shortest in all instars.
Length in mm of segments ot antennae. I II III IV CL48 L02 £68 LOST
but this varies within small limits.
The proboscis extends to the second ventral abdominal seg¬ ment, in repose. Freshly emerged nymphs have the apex of the proboscis visible beyond the abdomen and the distance to which the proboscis reaches is measured in all cases after 24 hours.
In colour the head is brick red, infuscate on the tylus and along the margins of the epicranial sutures. Eyes darker red. Ocelli absent. Processes and setae black and shining, the processes rufescent at the base.
Thorax.—Black and shining with a pale ochreous central line which joins the median epicranial suture, Pleural region almost white and very weakly chitinised. The prothorax bears two diver¬ gent processes on either side of the central line, and each of these processes bears two divergent setae at its apex and one forward pointing seta half way up. The posterior angles of the pronotum are well developed though obtuse, and each bears a single seta. Approximately half way between this and the anterior angle of the pronotum is another lateral seta. The meso-tliorax and meta-t.horax are without processes, but are setose.
The legs are long and well-developed, black. Tarsi 2-segment- ed. Femora somewhat flattened, the intermediate and posterior femora mottled ochreous just distal to the middle of their length, their apices black. All the legs are well clothed with setae.
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Abdomen.—The first segment bears two processes situated about half way between the mid-line and the lateral margins, slightly nearer the mid-line. Each bears a single seta at its apex. Laterally are two small lamellate processes near the posterior margin. These are black and shining. Tergum red, processes red at the base, through rufescent and fuscus to black; setae black. The second segment bears two very much smaller processes situated in a line with the inner margin of the base of those on segment I. The lateral margins bear much larger lamellate processes each bearing an apical seta as in segment I. Colour similar to segment I. The third segment is immaculate dorsally except for two microscopic setae. Laterally it has the same lamellate expansions. Between segents 4 and 5 is situated a large raised scent-gland black in colour and armed with two divergent processes each process bearing a single seta at its apex. Most of this gland is situated on segment 4. Between segments 5 and 6, mostly on 5 is a similar scent-gland. These three segments together with segment 7 are armed laterally with upward and backward curving lamellate processes. Segment 8 immaculate and fuscus, segments 9 and .10 bristly and black.
All the processes are black and shining, refescent at the base.
Second Instar.
Length: 4.5 to 6 mm.
Antennal segments in mm variable within small limits. I II III IV 078 1775" L25 1.3
Appearance very similar to the first instar. All the flnger-like processes are better developed and have setae on their sides as well as apically. The processes on Segment 2 are better developed and are piceous in colour. The lateral lobes, juga, of the head are infuscate and the tylus bears a fuscus patch round the base of its process, and extending forwards from this. The antenniferous tubercles are infuscate apicaliv and postero-basally, and the sym¬ metrically arranged setae on the head are slightly larger. The pro¬ boscis, just after ecdysis, extends 0.75 mm beyond the apex of the abdomen, after 24 hours it extends to the 4th abdominal segment due to expansion of the abdomen after feeding. Labium of pro¬ boscis black the first segment ochreous mottled with black. Labrum ochreous, mottled with black.
The legs are black with a very faint fuscescent cloud just be¬ yond the middle of the intermediate femora and a stronger ochreous cloud on the hind femora. The lower margin of the hind femora is interrupted with white. Hind tibiae flattened and slightly ex¬ panded.
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Third Instar.
Length: 6.5 to 9 mm.
First segment of antennae distinctly expanded from base to apex, more so than previously, slightly laterally compressed. Colour of antennae piceous, apical segment l'useescent distaily.
Antennal segments in mm. variable within small limits. I II III IV 1.0 2.25 176 1.75
Very similar in general appearance but process on tylus rela¬ tively shorter. Tylus and juga black on their apical half, as also are the antenniferous tubercles. Processes on vertex almost in a line with the front of the eyes, and all the processes are setose, there being no distinction between their apical setae and those on their sides, the apical setae being relatively much smaller than in previous instars. Proboscis reaching to apex of 4th ventral abdo¬ minal segment.
Thorax flattened and curved up at the sides, lobed, and tuber- culate at the anterior angles of the pronotum.
The hind femora have the same ochreous cloud but that on the intermediate femora is less clear. The hind tibiae are slightly more expanded and flattened on their proximal third and have a central carina internally. The seven lateral lamellae of the abdo¬ men are slightly wider, relative to their length. There is an infus- cate ring round the first scent-gland and an infuscate patch behind the processes on the frons.
Fourth Instar.
Length: 9.5 to 12 mm.
Antennal segments in mm. varying within small limits. I II III IV 175 2775 2.0 2.3 _
Head.—Tylus and juga black. Antenniferous tubercles black with a piceous line running backwards past the eyes and joining the epicranial sutures as an almost black border, the sutures them¬ selves ochreous. The general colour of the head is reddish-ochreous. The third segment of the antennae has a narrow ochreous annulus on its proximal third, the distal third of the apical segment is entirely ochreous. The process on the tylus still smaller than previ¬ ously and the setae on the head are no longer symmetrically ar¬ ranged.
Thorax.—Pronotum with its anterior angles tuberculate, its lateral margins denticulate, and its posterior angles upturned and spinose. Latero-posteriorly, on the upturned part of the pro-tergum,
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is a triangular reddisli-ochreous mark. The wing pads just overlap the second abdominal segment and almost completely hide the metanolum except for a small area centrally. Processes or the pro- thorax as belore. Colour shining black, sparsely covered with minute waxy while scales. The upturned portions of the prothorax are reddisli-ochreous beneath. The median thoracic suture is oclireous.
The hind femora have square white markings on their posterior margins. The hind tibate are bi—, or tri-dentate externally, more expanded externally than internally, and the inner expansion bears an ochreous spot.
Abdomen.—Segments 1 and 2 red. Segment 3 infuscate laterally and centrally, ochreous between the clouds. Segments 4, 5 and 6 infuscate over the whole disc except round the base of the scent glands, where there is a narrow ring of red. Segment 7 ochreous, infuscate laterally. Segments 8, 9 and 10 black, segment 10 almost telescoped into 9. Ventrally the abdomen is mottled ochreous and reddish fuscus, with a fuscus line laterally, just below the spiracles. The proboscis reaches to the apex of the fifth abdominal segment when in repose. The lateral lamellate processes remain black and shining, those on segment 1 are hidden by the wing pads.
Fifth Instar.
Length ■. 13 mm. Antennal Segments in mm. I II III IV 2.25 3.~5 2/75 3jT~
Head.—Juga black, extremity of tylus, and the process on tylus, black. From the spine on the tylus a reddish—ochreous mark covers the rest of the tylus and extends backwards, widening posteriorly until it becomes confluent, by a narrow isthmus, with two lateral, triangular marks of the same colour. These lateral marks are situated just internal to the antenniferous tubercles and their anterior angles extend along the inner margins of these tubercles, the rest of the tubercle black. Just posterior to this the central mark is constricted and continues to the median epicranial suture as a somewhat narrower median line. Epicranial sutures ochreous, the anterior ends of the lateral arms ending in an ochreous spot in front of which is a shallow depression. Along the inner margins of the eyes, and extending back to the pronotum, is a wide reddish- ocliraceous line. Eyes dark reddish-brown.
Laterally a broad longitudinal fascia of reddish-ochreous ex¬ tends from behind the eye to the pronotum, and below the eye is a large irregular mark of the same colour, also extending back to the pronotum. In front of this and extending almost to the labrum is a similarly coloured irregular patch.
Ventral surface of the head with a central ochreous line, darker along the margins, the lighter colour of the centre being due to translucense. This mark widens just before its posterior ex¬ tremity.
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Antennae:—basal segment somewhat, laterally compressed, stout, black. Segment 2 with a broad central annulus of ochraceous- orange, segment 3 with a wider annulus, rather paler and situated nearer the proximal end. Segment 4 fusiform, with the distal two- thirds pale ochraceous-orange darker proximally.
Thorax.—Prothorax black. There is a distinct collar anteriorly. Posteriorly the pronotum is elevated. The anterior portion, includ¬ ing the collar, has a central depressed suture, which becomes a polished, raised line on the posterior, upward inclined, portion. Just posterior to the collar, on either side of the suture, are two divergent, setose processes, with their bases sometimes obscurely ferruginous inwardly. External to these are two semi-l.unar polished depressions, their convex margins towards the lateral margins of the pronotum. Just posterior to the processes are two shallow pits. Anterior angles, posterior to the collar, strongly tuberculate, the tubercles pointing upwards, forwards and outwards. The posterior raised portion has the lateral angles upturned and spinose and between the angles is a broad ochraceous fascia, interrupted in the middle for about one-third of its length, and not quite extending to the lateral margins. The whole lateral margin of the prothorax is denticulate, and the surface of the posterior portion is finely papilliform and setose; impunctate.
Scutellum: Irregularly and indefinitely striate, depressed late¬ rally and with a central longitudinal carina.
Anterior wing-pads extending half-way across abdominal seg¬ ment 4, their surface is papilliform and setose and both these and the scutellum are black and shining, and powdered with minute appressed white hairs.
Metanoturn almost completely concealed. Black. The posterior wing-pads, except their inner margins, concealed by the anterior wing-pads, black. Both these have a few appressed white hairs.
Ventrally the whole thorax between the legs is reddish-ochre- ous. Above each leg is a spot of this colour, and above this again, another spot. Underside of the lateral posterior angles of the pro thorax reddish-ochreous.
Legs.—Black. Anterior femora widely and minutely denticu¬ late beneath. Anterior tibiae obscurely mottled with reddish-ochreous posteriorly at their distal extremity.
Intermediate femora denticulate posteriorly and beneath, a small red spot just distal to the middle, ventrally. Tibiae black, apex usually with a line of dark reddish-ochreous posteriorly.
Posterior femora fairly strongly denticulate posteriorly, yel¬ lowish-ochre between the last four denticles. Tibiae much expanded for half their length from the base, more so externally. Bi—, or tri-dent.ate externally. On the internal expansion is an ochreous spot, and there is a similarly coloured, very much smaller spot, level with this, and situated on the external expansion, extreme apex of tibiae obscurely rufo-ochrescent.
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Abdomen—Segment 1. Only a small central portion is visible, bluish-black. There are two divergent black processes on the disc, situated one on either side ol the centre line. Lateral margins covered by wing-pads but they bear a minute upturned lamellate process.
Segment 2. Similar to segment I . The processes situated near¬ ly on the posterior margin. Lamellae of lateral margins larger than on 1, black and shining. Segment 3 immaculate, bluish black. The lateral margins with a well developed upturned triangular lamella, convex above, black and shining. The extreme lateral poste¬ rior angle of the segment is reddisb-ochreous.
Segment 4. Bluish-black. A similar but larger triangular lamella, convex above, black and shining, the margins round this reddish-ochreous.
Segment 5. Similar 1o 4. The scent-gland large and well deve¬ loped, situated between 4 and 5, black and shining and armed with two vertical, finger-like processes which are setose.
Segment G. Similar, but dull black, without the bluish tint except round the bases of the lateral lamelliform processes. The scent-gland between 5 and 6 similar to that between 4 and 5.
Segment 7. Similar to G but the surface immaculate except for appressed white hairs, and the ocbreous lateral marks are obscure.
Segments 8, 9 and 10, black and shining.
All the segments with scattered, white, scale-like hairs, which are most numerous laterally.
Ventrally there is a central interrupted line of reddish-ochreous and on either side of this are three rows of reddish-ochreous spots.
IMAGO.
Black, occasionally dark chocolate brown but this is usually a post-mortem change. Markings variable in colour, ranging from almost chrome-yellow to reddish-ochraceous in the series of speci¬ mens examined.
Antennae black with a central ochraceous annulus on the second and third segments, that on the third wider. Fourth segment with the apical two-thirds ochreous above, the colour more extensive below.
Head with a central ochraceous line, sometimes incomplete or absent and slightly darker in living specimens, and a lateral line of the same colour behind each eye. Ventrally there is a broad lateral line of reddish-ochraceous.
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Pronotuin with a broad arcuate fascia, sometimes interrupted in the middle, crossing the anterior area; occasionally a central spot, which may be divided, in front of this and a centrai spot on the posterior margin of the protliorax yellow-ochre. The whole of the under-surface of the thorax and abdomen densely spotted with reddish-ochreous.
Sculellum sometimes with a spot at each angle, more often at the apex alone, yellowish-oclire. Occasionally all these spots are absent.
Forewings with the corium black and bearing a yellowish- ochreous spot, variable in size and sometimes wanting, on r—m. Sometimes a line of the same colour at the base of Sc + R. Mem¬ brane fuscus by the transmitted light, black with reflections, when in repose, in the living state.
Hindwings clear hyaline, the basal half with pale violet reflec¬ tions.
Abdomen black with a lateral spot of yellow-ochre at the base of segments two to six, the spots increasing in size posteriorly. There are six visible ventral segments in the male and eight in the female. Traces of the larval odoriferous glands are visible bet¬ ween segments four and five, and five and six.
Legs black. Fore tibiae with a line of dark ochraceous, most obvious in the paler examples, though sometimes absent, on their internal and external surfaces. Hind femora dentate, those of the male relatively much more robust than those of the female. Hind tibiae expanded and flattened widest outwardly and with this margin sharply bi—or tri-dentate, the inner margin sinuate, slightly denti¬ culate in the male, smooth in the female. The inner expansion bears an irregular ochraceous spot and usually there is a similar spot of the same colour on the external expansion.
Head impunctate on vertex, punctured on tylus and juga, trans¬ versely strigose beneath. Two comma-shaped depressions are situat¬ ed between the eyes and in front of each ocellus is a deep pit.
Protliorax with an impunctate transverse fascia anteriorly, bear¬ ing a deep fovoea in the middle of its posterior margin, and in front of this two raised maculae sometimes coloured ochreous.
Posterior to this area is the transverse ochreous fascia which is coarsely punctured, somewhat remotely in the middle, more closely laterally and posteriorly, the surface between the punctures polished and shining. A triangular area of close puncturation is situated between the lateral extremities of this fascia and the impunctate area referred to above. Posterior to the ochreous fascia the pro- notum is closely and coarsely punctured, the punctures coalescing and forming rugosities at the lateral angles. Lateral angles rnucro- nate, usually pointing forwards and upwards, but occasionally pointing out laterally. In one male examined they were obtuse, almost rounded. Between the lateral angles, and running in a
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backward curve, is a prominent tri-sinuate carina, the area posterior to this somewhat transversely rugulose. From the anterior fovoea a raised, dull, impunctate line runs back to the carina. Pleurae punctate, anteriorly the pro-pleurae have a polished, finely longitudi¬ nally strigose, ochreous spot, and the anterior area of both ineso— and ineta—pleurae is longitudinally striate. The odoriferous glands on the metasternum are surrounded by well defined divergent striae Sternites polished, faintly transversely striate. Scutellum trans¬ versely rugulose.
Abdomen indefinitely transversely striate on both surfaces.
Length 17.5 mm to 21 mm. Width across pronotal angles 6 mm. to 7.5 mm.
Antennal segments in mm: I II III IV Average 2.7 3.9 3.1 4.4 Maximum 3.0 4.5 3.5 4.75 Male. Minimum 2.5 3.75 3.0 4.25 Variation 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5
I II III IV Average 2.6 3.9 3.4 4.4 Maximum 2.75 4.5 3.5 4.75 Female. Minimum 2.5 3.75 3.25 4.25 Variation 0.25 0.75 0.25 0.5
Major differences between male and female.
Male. Female. Visible abdominal segments. Hind femora. Wider. Narrower.
Hind tibiae Denticulate internally. Smoothe internally. Wings. Cover abdomen laterally Lateral margins of abdo- and overlap apex. men visible and wings only just overlap apex or just reach it.
Life History.
The ova are deposited in strings of varying number. Occasionally ova were deposited singly in the laboratory, but in all cases these came from unfertilised females. The largest number obtained in a single string was 14 and these were deposited on a stem of Trichosanthes anguina. The position varies however; in the laboratory eggs have been deposited on the cloth used for covering the cages, on the stems of the food plant, and on the fruit, while in the field they have been found on the labels attached to the various food plants.
The incubation period varies from 4 to 8 days with an average of 6.73 days for 58 individuals.
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There is, as usual, an ecdysis at the time of eclosion of the young nymph, which is bright red all over, but rapidly assumes its normal red and black colouration. The first instar nymphs are gregarious but readily scatter when disturbed. In the field they have been observed feeding on the shoots and flower buds of Cucurbitaeeous plants and in the labora¬ tory they appear to prefer the calyx of the just bursting flowers. The average period of the first instar is 3 days, the shortest time observed being 2 days and the longest 4 days. Increase in size during this period is not very marked, there being an increase in length of about 0.5 mm. only.
The second instar lasts for 4 to 13 days with an average period of 7.36 days for 39 individuals. On the third or fourth day after ecdysis the nymphs usually lose their gregarious habit, though third instar nymphs have been observed in the field in fairly close association. This appears to be un¬ usual however, for they are more frequently found singly after the first instar. In appearance the second instar is very similar to the first except in size and minute differences which will be found in the description. There is an increase in length of about 1.5 mm during this instar.
The third instar differs not only in size but in having distinct tubercles at the anterior angles of the thorax and the hind tibiae are more expanded. The antennae also differ in colour being a very dark blackish-brown with the apical seg¬ ment slightly paler, almost dark oclireous in some specimens. This instar lasts from 4 to 10 days with an average of 5.87 days for 29 individuals.
The fourth instar differs considerably in colour from the previous instars. There are two orange marks at the posterior lateral angles of the prothorax which are upturned and point¬ ed, the anterior lateral angles, also, are strongly tuberculate. The abdomen differs in having a wide area on the disc strongly infuscate and the hind tibiae are markedly lamelate. The antennae have an obscure ochreous annulus on the third seg¬ ment and the apical segment has the tip and a varying amount, below this ochreous in colour. There is an increase in length of about 2.5 mm during this stage. The wing- vestiges are first apparent in this instar.
After the fourth skin change the whole appearance of the insect alters, the ground colour becomes black with a few rather obscure markings and a well marked interrupted band
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across the anterior area of the prothorax above. The head hears rather obscure ochreous marks and the antennae are distinctly ringed with ochreous 011 the second and third seg¬ ments, the third segment being entirely ochreous from the middle to its apex. The hind tibiae are very markedly ex¬ panded, more so outwardly, where they are sharply bi—, or tri-dentate, and they hear one or two small ochreous spots.
The underside is strongly spotted with orange ochreous.
This instar lasts for from 8 to 10 days with an average length of 8.8 days.
The length of the insect at this time is about 13 mm.
The sixth instar is the adult. Nearly all the characters of the adult are foreshadowed in the fifth instar with the exception of the appearance of an extra pair of eyes or ocelli on the vertex and a reduction in the number of the abdominal segments. Previously too, there was a pair of stink glands on the abdomen, one between segments 4 and 5 and one between segments 5 and 6. These disappear, though their position may still be seen when the wings are opened, and another pair of stink glands appears on either side of the metasternum just in front of the posterior coxae. In colour the insect is black with a broad ochreous band across the prothorax and darker ochreous markings on the head. In the female the lateral margins of the abdomen are visible and are marked with yellow at the bases of the segments. I11 the male the segments are similarly marked but are covered by the wings. The hind tibiae are strongly expanded and flattened, with the outer margin bi—, or tri-dentate.
The undersurface is mottled ochreous and black.
Length 17 mm to 21 mm.
The total life-cycle, from the deposition of the egg to the death of the adults which these produced, varied in the laboratory from 35 to 94 days. Adults captured in the field and confined in cages in the laboratory lived for 66 days, and of those which were bred, the longest lived adult was 59 days the old at date of death. From egg to adult takes a little over a month so that a total length of life of 90 days is probably a fair average for those insects which do not meet with an accident.
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The adults are extremely active, readily taking to the wing- when disturbed, particularly in bright sunshine. To¬ wards the evening they are more readily caught with a hand net and this is therefore the best time of day to put control measures into practice.
A table showing the life of ten individuals from egg to adult is given on page 400 and for comparison a table, giving the periods of the various instars in the Uganda Protectorate is also reproduced. An examination of these two tables shows that the period from the hatching of the egg until the adult stage is reached is more than twice as long in Uganda than in this country. Again the incubation period in Uganda is about fourteen days whereas in Malaya the longest incubation period observed is eight days and the shortest five days.
That laboratory conditions do not affect the life-cycle to any marked extent in Malaya is indicated by the fact that adults will he found in the field at approximately the same time as they appear under artificial conditions, and usually, representatives of the various instars are obtainable in the field co-existent with those in the laboratory.
Meteorological conditions for the district in Uganda where observations were carried out on this insect, namely the Ka- dunguru Farm, are very much drier than in Selangor. The total rainfall for the year in question (April 1913 t.o March 1914) on the Kadunguru Farm, Bugondo was 51.96 ins. where¬ as the average annual rainfall for Selangor approaches 90 ins. As regards temperature the two places are somewhat similar though no exact data are to hand for the Kadunguru Farm hut a mean maximum annual temperature for Uganda would appear t;o he about 78.6° F. with a mean minimum of 62.5° F. It is possible that rainfall alone would cause this difference in the rate of development.
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6 7.5.28 13.5.28 days 16..528 days3 24.5.28 8days 29.5.28 days5 3.6.28 days5 11.6.28 days8 9.8.28 days94
9 5
6 2 11 4 8 7.5.28 13.5.28 days 15.5.28 days 26.5.28 days 30.5.28 days 4.6.28 days5 12.6.28 days 30.7.28 84days
4 5
7.5.28 6 2 5 4 9.6.28 8 37 13.5.28 days 15.5.28 days 23.5.28 days8 28.5.28 days 1.6.28 days days 13.6.28 days
d
3
7.5.28 6 8 8 29.5.28 5 6 43 13.5.28 days 16.5.28 days3 24.5.28 days days 4.6.28 days 12.6.28 days 19.6.28 days
2 d
13 7.5.28 5.28 days6 16.5.28 days3 25.5.28 days9 30.5.28 days.5 5.6.28 days6 13.6.28 days8 22.6.28 days46
I* cf
15 7.5.28 13.5.28 days.6 285 days2 23.5.28 days8 28.5.28 days5 2.6.28 days5 10.6.28 8days 11.6.28 killed 11.VI.28
Sex.
Dateovipositionof Dateeclosionnymphof PeriodIncubation 1stDateecdysisof PeriodInstar1stof 2ndDateecdysisof Instar2ndPeriodof Date3rdofecdysis 3rdPeriodInstarof 4thDateecdysisof Period4thInstarof Datebecoming:ofadult PeriodInstar5thof Datedeathof Totallifeperiodof Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 401
Maximum Minimum Number of Duration Average number number number Moult. of Moult. of days. of days. of days.
First Dec. 17-27 10 10 10
Second Dec. 19-30
Dec. 19-29 11 9 10
Dec. 19 - 28
Third Dec. 24 - Jan. 5 11 10 10.5
Dec. 24 - Jan. 4
Fourth Dec. 25 - Jan. 2 12 8 10
Dec. 25 - Jan. 6
Fifth Dec. 23 - Jan. 10
Dec. 23 - Jan. 13 21 18 19.5
Dec. 23 - Jan. 11
Control.
So far L. membranaceus, F. has only been recorded from Cucurbitaceae and oranges in Malaya, and in the latter case only the adults have been observed doing damage. It is obvi¬ ous, therefore, that where this insect occurs, it is inadvisable to grow Cucurbitaceous plants in the neighbourhood of Citrus.
For control on Cucurbitaceae the adults may readily be captured in a hand net and destroyed, while a kerosene emul¬ sion spray will be found effective against the younger stages provided that they are actually wetted by the spray. Since, however, the nymphs readily drop off the plant when dis¬ turbed the method recommended for its control on beans in
Ceylon2 may be easily carried out where the plants are grown on a framework or trained up sticks. This is to dislodge the
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 402 nymphs by jarring the plants and to catch them in pans con¬ taining water on which a layer of kerosene has been poured. This method lias the advantage of giving an immediate known result, whereas with spraying the number of insects killed is difficult to determine.
Other Species of Economic Importance.
Other species of Leptoylossus have been recorded damag¬ ing various plants of economic importance in various parts of the world. L. baltentus 4, 12 occurs on cotton, tomatoes and leguminous plants in St. Vincent and has been shown to carry Cotton Boll Disease. L. gonagra 4, 12 also occurs in St. Vincent damaging tomatoes and Legiminosae but has not been recorded on cotton. L. phyllopus, L has many host plants being recorded from Cotton in U.S.A. 13, on Citrus in Florida 22,23, 24 and Alabama on potatoes in Florida 25, tomatoes in Mexico 3 and Florida 21, tobacco in Florida 26 in which case sunflowers have been used as a successful trap-crop, and doing damage to Pecan kernel in Arizona 6. L. Zonatus, Dall, also occurs on cotton in U.S.A. 13 though its normal host plant is pomegranate, and has been recorded on Sorghum in Kansas 11. While L. oppositus 13 is another pest of cotton in the South-West of America. In the Bismark Archipelago 20 L. australis is recorded damaging cotton. A species of Leptoglossus is recorded as a minor pest of Citrus in the Gold Coast 14.
The species L. balteatus, L. gonagra, L. oppositus, and L. australis are cited without their authors and in the absence of adequate literature it is impossible to say if they are synonyms of other species or not. It may be, therefore, that the writer has recorded a species more than once under dif¬ ferent names, but it was considered advisable to refer to all papers examined either as abstracts or in full.
Bibliography.
1. Jl. Dept. Agric. Union of S. Africa vii No. 5 Pretoria, Nov. 1923.
2. Austin, G. D. Some Insect Pests of Food Crops. Trop, Agriculturist LXVI, No. 4-5 Peradeniya, April-May, 1926.
3. Calvino, M. Ramirez, R. Riquelme Inda, J. El jitamate y sus Enfermedades. Direccion Agric. Mexico N.E. Bol., 107, 1920.
4. Colonial Office, M.S. Mycologist's Report on a Visit to St. Vincent, Oct. 17—Dec. 9, 1917.
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 403
5 ■ Dozier, H. L. Insect Pests and Diseases of Satsuma Orange Gulf Coast Citrus Exchange, Educ. Bull No. 1, 1924.
6. Glick, P. A. Insects Injurious to Arizona Crops, 14th Annual Report Commission of Agric. and Ilortic., 1921—1922.
7. Govvdey, C.C. An Account of Insects Injurious to Economic Products and Their Control. Dept. Agric. Uganda Protectorate. Entebbe 1912.
8. Gowdey, C.C. Ann. Report of Entomologist, Uganda Dept. Agric. for the year ending March 31st, 1914. Kampala 1914.
9. Gowdey, C.C. Ann. Rept. Govt. Entomologist. Uganda Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. for the year ending March 31st, 1918.
10. Green, E. E. Injurious Insects in Ceylon. Report Govt. Entomologist Dept. Agric., Ceylon, 1911-1912.
11. Hayes, W.P. Observations on Insects attacking Sorghums. Jl. Econ. Entom. Concord, N.II. XV, No. 5.
12. Hutson, J.C. Report of a Visit to St. Vincent during November and December 1917. Colonial Office M.S.
13. Morrill, A.W. Cotton Pests in the Arid and Semi-Arid South-west. Jl. Econ. Entom. Concord N.H. X, No. 3, June, 1917.
14. Patterson, W.H. Report of the Entomologist, Gold Coast Rpt. Apric. Dept. 1921.
15. Ritchie, A.H. Entomologist's Report 1924—1925 Tanganyika Territory Rept. Dept. Agric. 1924—1925.
16. Small, W. Uganda Protectorate Ann. Report Dept. Agric. for the year ending March 31st, 1915.
17. Tanganyika Territory. Work of the Entomologist. Rept Dept. Agric., Tanga¬ nyika Territory, 1922.
18. Tryon, H. Queensland Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. and Stock for the year 1916-17. Brisbane 1917.
19. Tuason, D. R. A Study of Cncurbitaceous Vegetables in the Philippines. Ph. Agriculturist and Forester Los Banos, V, No. 10, Feb 1917.
20. Tropenpflazer. Notizen fiber Schadlinge tropischer Kulturen Tropenpflanzer XVII, No. 3, March 1913.
21. Watson, J.R. Tomato Insects, Root-knot and "White-Mold" Florida Agric. Expt. Sta. Gainsville Fla. Bull. No. 125, 1914.
22. Watson, J.R. Report for the Fiscal year ending 30th June, 1917. Florida Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta. Gainsville 1917.
23. Watson, J.R. Report for the Fiscal year ending 30th June, 1917. Florida Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta. Gainsville 1918.
24. Watson, J.R. Insects of a Citrus Grove. Univ. Florida Agric. Expt. Sta. Gainsville, Bull. No. 148, 1918.
25. Watson, J.R. Florida Truck and Garden Insects. Bull. No. 134, 1917 and Bull. No. 151, 1919. TJniv. Florida Agric. Expt. Sta. Gainsville.
26. Watson, J.R. Report of Entomologist, Florida Agric. Expt. Sta. Gainsville, 1920—1921.
27. Zimmermann, A. Die Cucurbitaceen No. 2. Jena. Gustav Fischer 1922.
Received for 'publication 17th November, 1928,
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries PLATE I.
1. Ova x 2.
2. First instar nymph x 8.
3. Second instar nymph x 5.
4. Third instar nymph x 4.5.
5. Fourth instar nymph x 3.
6. Fifth instar nymph x 3.
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries .
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries PLATE II.
1. Imago, female, x 3.
2. Ventral surface of abdomen of male x 8 approx.
3. Ventral surface of abdomen of female x 8 approx.
4. Eight hind leg of male x 2.
ft. Eight hind leg of female x 2.
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 4- v; ,_'Er. Ig|i- :..■
.
' -
-
-
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IE
'
Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries
g EE- • Gr. H. Corbett and N. C. E. Miller. The earliest record of the utilisation of parasites or pre- dat.ors in the control of insects attacking plants of economic importance is possibly that mentioned in Kirby and Spence's Entomology (1816) when the employment of Coccinellidae, or, as they are popularly called, "Ladybirds", to destroy Aphids, was advocated. This method was adopted with considerable success, and since then, the breeding and liberation of para¬ sites and predators have been carried on, in some cases with marked success in many countries. Among these., probably the most note-worthy was the introduction into California from Australia, in the early days of horticulture, of Novius cardinalis Muls. a coccinellid beetle, to combat the ravages of the scale insect, leerya purchasi Mask., on lemon and orange trees. Many thousands of adults of this beetle were bred out and distributed among the owners of groves with the result that in a comparatively short time this insect was almost completely wiped out, and was no longer considered a factor in the cultivation of fruits of the citrus family. Equally successful was the introduction of the same beetle into Portugal in 1897 (1). In 1816, C. Y. Riley, the State Entomologist of Missouri, in his Fourth Report of the Insects of Missouri, advocated the liberation of parasites, and destroying the host by means of confining larvae or pupae in gauze covered cages, the gauze having a sufficiently wide mesh to allow parasites to escape, but too narrow to permit the exit of the host. (2). This method, undoubtedly could be utilised with success and with a minimum of expense for several insects in Malaya, and particularly so for the control of Setora nitens Walk., a "nettle" caterpillar which is an important pest of coconut palms up to about 5 years of age. The present method of collecting the larvae and pupae would undoubtedly prove to be far more effective, if instead of destroying them, they were enclosed in such cages. 404 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 405 Since the time when biological control was first suggested, the work of breeding and distributing parasites has assumed considerable proportions and laboratories have been established in many countries. In this connection it is fitting to refer to the work of parasite breeding and distribution which is at present being carried out at the laboratory of the Imperial Bureau of Ento¬ mology, London. (3). Among the exports from that labora¬ tory during 1927, the following may be mentioned—Blow fly puparia containing parasites to the Falkland Islands, New Zealand and Australia. Earwig parasites to Canada; para¬ sites of Sirex, a Hymenopteron whose larvae, by boring, do much damage to timber trees, to New Zealand; Aphelinus mali. to Kenya and Poland, and Hydrotaea dentipes to Australia. Of particular interest was the introduction from Malaya to Fiji of the Tachinid fly, Ptychomyia remota Aid. (4). Bet¬ ween the years 1920 and 1923 attempts had been made with¬ out success in Fiji, to control the moth Levuana iridescent Beth. Baker, a pest of coconirt palms, and finally, requests were made to the Department of Agriculture, Straits Settle¬ ments and Federated Malay States, for help and information regarding the parasites of Artona catoxantha Hamps., an allied species which is also a coconut pest in Malaya. In 1924, following an intensive study of this parasite, this Division was in a position to report that Ptychomyia remota Aid. would breed on larvae other than those of Artona catoxantha Hamps., inferring at the same time that they would attack the nearly related Levuana. The transportation to Fiji was no simple matter owing to the short life-history of the parasite, and to the failure of the larvae of the host to thrive in small cages. It was therefore decided to construct special cages capable of containing small growing palms. After some difficulty the Government of Fiji arranged for the "Clan Mackay" to call at Singapore on July 4, 1925. The "Clan Mackay" was delayed, owing to having to go to the assistance of another ship and it appeared as if the first attempt were going to fail. Arrangements were finally made however for the "Clan Matheson" to sail direct from Java to Suva, Fiji, and for the cargo of parasitised material to be transhipped from the Clan Mackay at Souraba.va. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 406 On arrival at Suva, three hundred adult Ptychomyia remota were found to he living and they at once oviposited on larvae of Levuana. Some months later, it was reported that the introduced parasites were thriving and beginning to disperse, and that the number of larvae found to be attacked was commonly 75%, and occasionally 90%. It should not be thought, however, that the introduction of parasites from other countries, or the breeding and releasing of indigenous parasites will give immediate results in the control of a pest. In the case of an introduced parasite, a considerable period must necessarily elapse before it can tho¬ roughly establish itself. Success in one particular case may give rise to undue optimism on the part of the general public, but, it should be emphasised that our knowledge of the eco¬ logy of both hosts and parasites is at present meagre, there¬ fore, the adoption of biological control to the exclusion of other methods is not recommended, except in specific cases in which by experiment, it has proved to be entirely effective. The following list of parasites and their hosts, together with the food-plants of the hosts has been compiled from records obtained in the entomological laboratory since 1920 and has been, prepared essentially to acquaint entomologists, working in the Pacific area, of the parasitic and predaceous fauna of Malaya. The list is unfortunately incomplete in res¬ pect of the specific determinations of a great number of the hosts and the parasites. On numerous occasions all specimens have been parasitised, and in some cases, also, only a single individual of a species has been bred out and has not been identified. The number of specialists working on the parasitic groups of insects is limited, with the result that these workers are inundated with more material than they can conveniently manage. We are very much indebted to Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, to Dr. J. M. Aldrich of the Dnited States National Museum, to the late Professor M. Bezzi of Turin, to Mr. J. Mallocb of the Dnited States, Department of Agriculture, and to Mr. H. W. Wilkinson of the Imperial Bureau for their kindness in identifying most of the parasites contained in the list. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 407 References. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomo¬ logy. Bulletin No. 91. "The Importation into the United States of the Parasites of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown Tail Moth." L. 0. Howard and W. F. Fiske. (1) Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 19, 1926. The Parasite Element of Natural Control of Injurious Insects and Its Control by Man. L. O. Howard. (2) Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London. Report of the Director for the year ending 31st March, 1928. (3) Further remarks on Ptychomyia remota Aid., a parasite of Artona catoxantha Hamps. Malayan Agricultural Journal, Volume XIV, No. 10, 1926. B. A. R. Gater. (4) Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Wilk. Apanteles1650. 716. Palius3295.albopilis stantoni ...... A.shm. *2-356.... 1958. ... *852. 2202. *2944. *2244. Mots. Chalcidoid. Apantelesagamevinonis Chalcidoid.3610.(ova). Hainps.Eublemmarubra Chalcidoid. Insect. j Malaya.in Guen. Margaronia1606.glauculalis (ova)L.Attacus2249.atlas L.Papilio1957.agamemnon 355-3. (ova).L.Attacus814.atlas Lymantriid.2162. Coccid.2894. L.(ova).Attacus2235.atlas Aleurocanthvs3270.sp. *2810.Sw'inh.Psora1399.submarginalis 2-311.Walk—Spilosoma2261.strigatula 2-365.War.interuiixtaPhytometra2264. A Tachinid. List Cosmolestes PredatorsParasitesandtheirInsectswithof Sta.picticeps Hvmenopteron. Food-plant. Dilleniaceae. Hook.Dilleniameliosmaefolia, Anonaceae. (Soursop).L.Anonamuricata (CostardL.Anonaapple).squamosa Baill.Canangiumodoratum, (Ylang-Ylang). Cruciferae. (Cabbage).L.Brassicaoleracea Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. (hyp.Hvm.1829). 2470. 2435. 2809. 1461. 4929. *603. 2801. 1667. 3869. 3325. 3339. 1908. Chelonvs78.sp. Dipteron. Chalcidoid. Hymenopteron. Braconid. TricholygaWied.sorbillans Tachinid. Chalcidoid. Tachinid. Braconid*1759. Chalcidoid. Braconid. Insect. ProdeniaF.litura Spilosoma2458.Walk.strigatula... Altha2375.Sn."albiguttatus 2375. fluvihasalisAetholi.v1437.Guen.... Aphid.4927. Sphingid.937. bipuncialisSylepta2778.Warr.... Mahasena1661.Tarns.corbetti Lymantriid.3747. SyleptaF.1692.clerogata 3320. 3320. 1869. Food-plant. Mill. Pierre. Brassica (Cauliflower). (Lukrabo). Garcinia (Mangosteen). Mesua Durio (Kapok). Gassypiuui Hibiscus Hibiscus flower).(Shoe botrytisL.oleraceavar. Bixaceae. Hydnocarpusanthelviinthicus Guttiferae. L.Manyostano. (CeylonL.ferreaIron-wood). Malvaceae. (Durian).L.zibethinus D.C.Eriodendronanfractuosum (Cotton).spp. (Ochra).L.esculentus L.rosa-sinensis Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. j Hymenopteron. Chalcidoid. J Syrphid. F.Asarkinaaegrota Hymenopteron. Tachnid. F.Xanthopimpla408.punctata 769,759,755,*751, Braconid.1319. Hymenopteron.2301. Chalcidoid.*1802. F.Coccinellatransversalis5122. Coccinellid.2522. ?Seymnus3827.sp. Hymenopteron.4973. 4887 Chalcidoid.*2160. *1106. 1392. 2309. 2412. 2511. 3608. 527,9. 5149. 5160. 2589. 4690. Insect. j F.derogataSylepta L.Papiliopolytcs Green.Coccusviridis Staint.Psorostichazizyphi Aleurocanthussp. Aphid. Moore.Crocidomerarobusta Mg.Agrouiyza2271.pusilla (ova).L.Attacus1737.atlas Guer.delAphis5121.tavaresi 2521. husAl3826.sp.canteuro StainPhyllocnistis4896.citrella Psychid.4846. (ova).L.Attacus2130.atlas 1386. 2246. 2411. 2411. 3575. 5148. 5148. 5148. 2554. 4655. Food-plant. (Lime). Hibiscussp. Geraniaceae. (Nasturtium).L.Tropaeolummajus Rutaceae. (Orange).L.Citrusaurantium (Pomelo).Murr.decumanaCitrus.. Hook.L.Citrusacidavar.medica (Lemon).limonumCitrus Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Tricholygasp Chaleidoid. Ichneumonid. Tachinid. Chaleidoid. Tachinid. EuhlemmaHamps,*3435.rubra Clialcidoid.4370. Cam.Chalcis*231.marginata Chaleidoid.1225. SpalgisWest.2024.epius Chrysopa2318.sp. Coelophora2319.sp. Chaleidoid.2975. *2392. 603. *2188. 4807. 4972. 3755. 3760. Chaleidoid.4.4503, Walk.Dastarcus2929.porosus Chaleidoid.1.3200, Insect. 5' Rob.Phenacoccus3433.spinosus. L.Papilio4369.polytes Wall.Orpheides756.malayanus Pseudococcus2010.sp. Guer.delAphis2317.tavaresi Walk.Saissetia2965.cojfeae L.Attacus(ova).2321.atlas Psycbid.768. (ova).L.Attacus2130.atlas Dr.Attacus4788.cynthia Stoll.beatrixPorihetria3746. 3746. 3746. White.Rliytidodera2877.simulans Psychid.3178. Food-plant. (Orange). (Macassar (Java Many L.Citrus(sinensis)aurantium Citrussp. latifoliaEvodiaD.C. Simarubeae. Roxb.Bruceasumatrana kernel). Burseraceae. L.Canariumcommune almond). Anacardiaceae. (Mango).L.Mangiferaindica Lour.foetidaifera Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. 33 ?3 Sturmia Tachinid. Braconid. Braconid. 2009. Chilocorus Hymenopteron. R.D.atropivora Phanerotomasp. Chalcidoid.1379. Hymenopteron. Dipteron. Muls.politvs Yier.Apanteles2381.creatonoti Wilk.inquisitorApanteles2482. Chalcidoid.3087. Stal.Cosmolestes*2814.picliceps Hymenopteron.1889. 2582. Sic.Pullus2.3161,elegans 1887. *986. 2224. 1272. 3300. 3313. 979. 1373, 1414. 3628. 2039, 2671. Insect. Guen. Guen. Guen. Green. Walk.Creatonotustransiens2379. diemenalisLamprosema2481. Bl.Orgyia3083.turbata Hamps.flavigeraHeliothis1546.. Lymantriid.1843. Lesne.Sinoxylon2581.anale Puto3132.sp. Geometrid.1846. F.lachesisAcherontia713. 2195. Hub.Agathodes1257.ostenialis. WalkPorthesia3265.scintillans. 3265. diemenalisLamprosema975. Zehnt.Agromyza1369.sojae Pyralid.1404. diemenalis.Lamprosema3613. Lymantriid.1997. Ceroplastodes2667.virescens Pood-plant. Derris Derris tree).(Rain (Thorny Glycine bean).(Soy Hymenaea (Locusttree). Glincidia Leguminosae. (Groundnut).L.hypogaeaArachis Spreng.Cajanusindicus. Benth.Centrosemaplumieri Benth.elliptica sp. Benth.Pithecolobiumsaman Pithecolobiumsp. Lam.indicaErythrina dadap). Max.hispida L.courbaril H.B.K.maculata Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. 78. 913. 911. 3172. 947. 3629. Chelonussp. Carcelia157. 1044. 2941. 3800. 1299. 3147. 5715. 4387. 2169. 1945. Braconid. Hymenopteron.2771. Ichnenmonid.2728. Tachinid. Hymenopteron.4949,50. Sja-phid. 1491,1516.,,F.Paragusserratus. Y.d.W.modicella Chalcidoid. Ichnenmonid. Tachinid. Hymenopteron. Braconid. Chalcid. Muls.Chilocoruspolitus Chalcidoid. Tachinid. Insect. F.lituraProdenia Walk.Orgyiacerigoides 875. 876. 2770. 2665. 3158. Aphid.945. 8612. 981. 2902. 3771. 1271. 3086. 5646. 4386. 2163. 1816. F.indicataLamprosema Walk.Tirathabarufivena Zelint.Agromyzasojae,sp.nr. Psyckid. ... „Treit.Etiella4948.zinckenella L.Aphis1490.rumicis Aphid. (ova).L.Attacusatlas Psychid. Dr.Attacuscynthia Green.Coccusviridis Wals.Brachyacmapalpigera (ova).L.hylasCeph.onodes... Green.Coccusviridis L.Attacusatlas Sphingid. Food-plant. (Flame Coffea Linn.Phaseolusvulgaris bean).(French Boj.Poincianaregia tree). hookerianaTephrosiaamoenavar... (Cowpea).Walp.Vignacatjang... Myrtaceae. Bnrm.Eugeniaaquea L.Psidiumguajava Rubiaceae. (Coffee).Hiern.libericaCojfea L.arabica (Gambier).Tfoxb.Uncariaganmbir Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. (Nematodeworm). 3190. 3065. 2384. Sturuua319. Hymenopterou.2863. Ichneumonid.3732. F.Paragus3549.serratus 3369,4324.sp..1dermis Ashm.Apanteles1936.stantoni Braconid.1708. Chalcidoid. Pachyopthalmussp. Bezzi.parachrysops Insect. Hamps. (ova). (ova). 2383. Psara296. Limacodid.2825. Margaroma3720.coeruleiceps Aphid.3548. F.balteataSylepta3369. Meyr.Argyroploce1924.codonectis Guen.Caprinia1679.conchylalis F.Physomerus3189.grossipes F.Aspidomorpha3058.miliaris Guen....Leucinodesorbonalis F.bipunctalis Food-pi,ant. Roxb.Uncariagambir Compositae. Chrysanthemum. Sapotaceae. Burek.Palaquiumgutta (Gutta-percha). Apocynaceae. Stapf.Funtumiaelastica (Africanrubber). Convolvulaceae. Lam.BatatasIpomaea (Sweetpotato). Roth.Ipomaeapurpurea (Morningglory). Solanaceae. (Egg-plant).Solanummelongena.... Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Wilk.Apanteles2400.corbetti Wilk.Microgaster232.psarae Tachinid.2107. 2680. Chaleidoid.3455. Ichneumonid.3472. Chaleidoid.3799. Braconid.4876A. Chaleidoid.3455. 1157. R.D.Sturmia*946.atropivora Chaleidoid.1330. Lissonota1382.sp. Hymenopteron.1849. 2432. Chaleidoid.3984. 2284. Insect. Dup. Walk. 44. 118. ,, 899. Geometrid.2391. E.bipunctalisPsara Lymantriid.2094. Westw.Acherontia2657.styx GuenLeucinodes3439.orbonalis Mnls.indicaEpilachna3748. E.bipunctalisPsara4863. Westw.Acherontia.3444.styx Psycliid.1118. Westw.Acherontiastyx Antigastra1297.catalaunalii Syngamia1343.abruptalis E.Pycnarmon1815.cribrata Walk.Psara3983.stultalis (ova).L.Attacvs2197.atlas Food-plant. Eberm. Solatium Jacaranda Sesamum Coleus Coleussp. Pogostemon Cinnamomum (Camphor). (Egg-plant).melongena... Bignoniaceae. B..Br.mimosaefolia ineae.Pedal D.C.indicum Labiatae. Benth.parviflorus Benth.cublin &Neesacamphor Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Wilk.lamprosemaeApanteles V.d.W.Carceliamodicella Tachinid. Braconid. Chalcidoid. Tachinid. Apantelessp. Tachinid. Braconid. Chalcidoid. *603. 2382. 1952. 3080. 2367.2358, 2486. 2102. 1150. 2108. 2102. 3336. 3695. 3684. 3686. 3761. 3046. 1188. 3334. 3350. Wied.Tricholygasorbillans Chalcidoid. Tachinid. Braconid. Hymenopteron. *2290. Eublemmasp. Insect. Lymantriid. Geometrid. (ova).L.Attacusatlas. Hub.Orgyiamendosa Tams.Mahasenacorbetti Morg.Aspidiotuspalmae Lecaniumsp.and Hiil).Dasychira1260.mendosa (ova).L.Attacus2322.atlas Hub.Dasychira1895.mendosa 3067. Limacodid.2324. 2475. 2103. 1103. 1992. 2062. 3323. 3692. 2227. 3659. 3744. 2963. 3324. 3324. 3358. Food-plant. Bl.Cinnamomurnzeylanicum (Cinnamon). Euphorbiaceae. Wils.Aleuritesmontana (Chinaoil).wood Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Wilk. Kirby. Bezzi.rufellavar. Exorista*119B. 1.2210. Tricholyga*603. *1213. Exorista394. Apanteles397-400. 2434. 3202. Pullus3217,8. Tachinid.3825. 2982, Blepharipoda153. Sturm,in*393. Dol.Podomyia70.setosa Tricholyga*603. 1445. Cylidrus laeviventris Chalcidoid. Henicospilus . V.d.W.cervinoides Thorns.wallacei Wied.sorbillans Hamps.Eublemmarubra Y.d.W. hemitheae Hymenopteron. Mots.dlbopilis Walk.ophirica Mg.inconspicua Wied.sorbillans flavocephalus Wilk.Apanteles*2381.creatonoti Insect. y Swinh.Chalcocelisfumifera Hemitheacostipunctata Moore. Hamps. Walk.Prodenialitura Walk.Orgyiapostica flavipesIllig.Xylothrips2208. Nymphalid.1210. SaissetiaNiet.1212.nigra bracteiguttaHomodes2433. Ckll.Ferrisia3198.virgata Bl.Orgyia3795.turbata Walk.Tiracola2959.plagiata Walk.Nygmia1378.scintilla,ns L.janataAchaea2371. Food-plant. (Candle (Oroton). (Para (Tapioca). (Castor). Forst.Aleuritestriloba nut). L.Crotontiglium Muell.brasiliensisHevea rubber). ManihotPohl.utilissima RicinusL.communis Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Chalcidoid. 2275). Westw.Brachymeria488.euploeae Tachinid.3221. Chalcidoid(hyp.Tachinid2178. 3181. 3203. 3135,6,7.„ VierApanteles*2381.creatonoti Chalcidoid.3139. 3523. Cam.Chalcis*230.marginata Xanthopimpla364.sp. Wilk.Apanteles*233.erionotae Hymenopteron.2777. Braconid.4904. Chalcidoid.4905. (ova). Insect. (ova).L.Attacusatlas L.Erionotathrax Guen.Caprinia470.conchylalis. Guen.Micronia3184.astheniata... Boisd.Asota2157.caricae Tams.liparaStreblote3175. Snell.Clania3134.variegata Walk.iransiensCreatonotus2379. 3126. 3514. 1517. 4862. 4883. Food-plant. (Chinese (India (Vanilla). Musci Musasp. Roxb.Sqpiumsebiferum tallow). lloxh.Ficuselastica rubber). Endospermummalaccense Ficussp. Casuarineae. Forst.Casuarinaequisetifolia Casuarinasp. Orchideae. Andr.Vanillaplanifolia Musaceae. (Banana)L.sapientum Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries >1 Enemy. 1\ fJ Tachinid. Scymnussp. WilkApantelestirathabae bastfulvaHemimaticera Bezzi. Wilk.Nemeritispalmaris. Chalcidoid. Iclmeumonid. Wilk.Nemeritispalmaris. Braconid. Iclmeumonid. Tachinid. Ichneumonid. Wilk.Nemeritispalmaris. 2352. 2397. 5152. 4604. 396. 234. 512. 4048. *4101. *4102. 4104. *4105. *4204. 4205. *4212. *4217. *4476. Insect. Tams.Mahasena2330.corbetti 2330. SigndestructorAspidiotus5151. Walk.Tirathaba4599.rufivena 4004. 4086. 4125. 4145. 4264. Food-plant. (Pineapple). Areca Cocos Bromeliaceae. 3446.Schult.Ananassativus Palmaceae. Palm).(ArecaL.catechu (Coconut).L.nucifera Original from Scymnus3447.Ckll.brevipesPseudococcussp.and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enems. >f NemeritisWilk.palmaris Tacliinid. Iclmeumonid. Tacliinid. SWSarcophagaorientaloides Tacliinid. Dipteron. Hynopteron.me Tacliinid. TricholygaStrobl.aberrans Tachinid. Hynienopteron. Eok.Apantelesartonae B.B.Chaetexoristajavana Spinariasp. *4488. *4524. 4601. *4648. *3802. 1204. *958. 973. 972. *3756. *3786. *4978. *229. 3042. 1290. 4020. PtychomyiaAid.*79.remota Tetrastichus575.sp. CamGoryphus192.raaculipennis *445. 377. Chalcidoid.3105,3119,20. Braconid.3109. Chalcidoid.4320. Tacliinid.*4936. Insect. MahasenaTams.corbetti F.Gangarathyr.sis heterogrammaDecadarchis Me^~ Hamps.Artonacatoxantha Walk.Setoranitens Walk.Tirathaba4291.rujivena 4430. 4552. 4631. Moore.iravaHidari3801. 1203. 956. 956. 956. 3737. 3738. 4977. 3040. 1215. 4010. 434. 191. 371. 3104. 3104. 4319. 4865. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. Cbalcidoid. Yier.*Apantelescreatonoti F.Coccinellatransversalts F.8-maculataCoccinella Mg.Sturmiainconspicua*393. Wied.Tricholyga*603.sorbillans Strobl.Tricholyga*229.aherrans F.Asarldna3434.aegrota Chrysopa3547.sp. 1470. Hvmenopteron.2019. Tachinid.*2212,2185,2243. Braconid.3076. Hymenopteron.3689. Tachinid.3991. Hymenopteron.3258. Sarcophaga2316.sp. Braconid.*3445. Holiday3478.sp.a Walk.luteicornisHalidaya*154. Insect. y> L.Amathusiaphidvppus (ova)Chap.Plesispareichei Hub.ihraxHidari 11 F.Chapramathias deOregma3432.nipae 3457.„ Setora2013.nitens 2183,4. lepidaParasa3075. 3673. 3906. Agrotis2274.ypsilon Aphid.3329. Goot. Walk. Cram. Cram.lepidaParasa3906.... Htib. Moore.badaParnara3442.... Walk.Creatonotus2379.(Ragi).transiens FoODILANT. (African (Water (Bermuda L.Cocosnucifera Jacq.Elaeisgvineensis palm).oil Wurmb.Nipafruticans palm). Gramineae. (Bamboo).Bamhusasp. Pers.dactylonCynodon grass). Gaertn.Eleusinecoracana (Rice).L.Oryzasativa Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. 65. 5159. Halidaya5200. F.Cyphocera17.varia Winthemia*32. Xantliopimplasp. Phanerotoma688.sp. Chalcidoid.960. 5402. Halidaya ...... sp. . Halidaya3429.sp. . Chalcidoid.2677.. Ichneuinonid.2698. Braconid.*3560. Tachinid.4969,4978A. Braconid.1525. sp. Braconid.5156. Tachinid.5176. Braconid.5185,5199. Braconid.5217. Bezzi.semiberbis Tachinid.2125. 1032. 3492,3,4.,, Braconid.5117. Chalcidoid.5120. t y Insect. f Hamps. (egg).Wlk. F.Chapramathias Walk.inferSesamiaens Dudg.Diatraeaauricilia brachiellaMonoctenocera Thiinb.Leptocorisaacuta (egg). incertellusSchoenobius 2675. 3554. 4966.,, 5127. 5112. 5126. 5184. 5189. Gn.Spodoptera13.pecten 3421. 5113. 5119.,, FoOD-i'LANT, L.Oryzosaliva Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. J J Brac.onid. Ichneumonid. F.Cyphoceravaria Tachinid. Ichneumonid. Tachinid. St.Euagorassordidatus Pseerythropau-docyptera Bezzi. Chalcidoid. Apantelessp. Cam?.Elphealutea F.Asarkinaaegrota Phanerotomasp. Syrphid. Hymenopteron. Walk.leucornesusSyc-amus 4931. 960. 585. 583. 2800. 688. 731. 1062. 3468. Insect. Guen. Boisd..Spodopieramauritia Thunbg.Leptocorisaacuta F.Scotinopharacoarciata F.Scotinopharacoarctata (ova). Hamps. Zehn.lanigeraOregma brachiellaMonoctenocera Hamps. Fitch.Aphismaidis Zell.binotalisHellula Laphygrnaexempta Walk. Cnaphalocrocis4884.medinalis 5130. 3097. 3096. 4081. 4933. 856. Topeutis584.rhodoproctalis 2742. 730. 1046. 3466. Food-plant. (Sugar L.Oryzatativa L.Saccharumofjicinarum cane). L.(Maize).Zeamays (Rice).Oryzasp. Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Enemy. II.D.Sturmia*1054.atropivora Braeonid.4083. Ichneumonid.4142. 3115. Insect. Sphingid.1020. Walk.Laelia4082.suffusa Laphygma310.exem.pta Food-plant. Grass. Cyr.Imperalaarundinacea Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries London Market Prices 1928. The following quotations are intended to indicate the trend of prices during the period under review, viz., -January to November, 1928. The list is based on various issues of the following journals and price lists published during the year 1928. Lewis & Peat Prices Current ; Lewis and Peat, West Indian, Central American and Brazilian Monthly; Tropical Life; British Trade Journal; Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs Journal; Chemist & Druggist; Chemical Trade Journal; Chemical Age; Perfumery & Essential Oil Record. Oil Seeds. Highest. Month. Lowest. Month per ton. per ton. £ s. d. £. s. d. Castor (Bombay) - 18.15.0 January 17. 0.0 October Copra (Ceylon) - 29.15.0 February 26.17.0 Nov. - 28.13.9 25.15.0 Copra (Straits) ,, Sept. - Cotton Seed 12. 1.8 It 9.12.6 October per cwt. per cwt. Desiccated Coconut (fine) - 1.19.0 September 1.17.0 Nov. 1.16.6 tt tt (medium) 1.18.6 May October per ton. per ton. Ground nut (Hull) - 21.11.3 February 20.15.0 Nov. Linseed (Bombay) - 18. 2.6 October 17. 3.9 January Linseed (Plate) - 16. 5.0 June 15. 5.0 March & Sept. Palm Kernels (West African) - 20.15.0 Apr.-May 20. 3.0 Sept. Quotations for oil seeds were very much on a par with those of 1927, with the exception of Cotton Seed and Linseed (Bombay) which have ruled somewhat higher. The market for Palm Kernels has been steady, the price for the greater part of the year being in the region of £20-15-0. Oils. Highest. Month. Lowest. Month, per ton. per ton. £ s. d. £ s. d. Castor (First pressing) 47. 5.0 February 44. 0.0 October Coconut (Cochin) 60. 0.0 July-Nov. 55. 0.0 Feb-May. Coconut (Ceylon) 44.10.0 January 42.15.0 Aug.-Sep Cotton seed (Egyptian Crude) 37.10.0 January 30.10.0 November Groundnut(Crude) 45. 0.0 January 39. 0.0 July-Nov. Linseed 31.10.0 June 28. 0.0 March per cwt. per cwt. Palm (Lagos) 2. 1.9 October 1.13.4 March per ton. per ton. Palm Kernel 39.10.0 January 32.10.0 September 425 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 42G The price of Cotton seed oil (Egyptian Crude) which by December, 1927, had risen to £38-10-0, thereafter declined steadily until it reached the low level of £30-10-0 in Novem¬ ber. Palm kernel oil was steady around £38, except in September when it dropped to £32-10-0, recovering to £37-5-0 in the following month, and to £37-10-0 in Novem¬ ber. There have been no violent fluctuations in the oil market, which fact undoubtedly reacts favourably on the two oil pro¬ ducts in which Malaya is particularly interested—copra and palm oil. Oil Cakes. Highest, Month. Lowest. Month, per ton. per ton. £ s. d. £. s. d. Cotton (Egyptian Seed) 7. 8.9 October 8.12.6 May Cotton (Bombay Seed) 7.17.6 November 7. 5.0 March Ground nut (London decort¬ icated) 12.15.0 January 11.15.0 October Linseed (9%) 11,17.6 January 12.17.6 November Palm Kernel 9.17.6 (Nominal) With the exception of cotton, prices of oil cakes have been generally in advance of those in the previous year. Lin¬ seed recorded a gradual improvement, with a sharp rise of ten shillings in November. There have been few quotations for palm kernel cake, values are nominal and ready buyers have to pay long prices. Essential Oils. Cajeput - per lb. 2/6 January 3/2 November. - Camphor (Chinese Crude) „ 2/3 - Camphor (Japanese refined) „ 2/6 to 31- Camphor oil (white distilled) - per cwt. 50/- to 60/- Cinnamon (Ceylon leaf) - per lb. 5/8 to 6/3 - Citronella (Ceylon) „ 1/4^ to 2/2 - Citronella (Java) „ 1/7" to 2/1 Clove (90 to 92%) 4/3 to 8/9 - Lemon Grass (Cochin) „ 3/3 to 3/- Lime - (West Indian distilled) „ £1.5.0 to £] .10.0 Patchouli (Penang) „ £1.1.0 to £2.2.0 - Yetiver (Bourbon) „ £1.1.0 to £1.2,0 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 427 With the exception of Patchouli and Vetiver oils, all products in the above list have maintained prices, while many shew considerable advance over 1927 prices. Prices generally improved towards the end of the year under review. Planters are often tempted to undertake the cultivation of essential oil crops on account of the spectacular advance in prices recorded on the European markets. Such enterprise should, however, be tempered with caution, as the market for many of these products is extremely limited and therefore readily flooded, a fact which is responsible for the violent fluctuations of prices. Prices for 1928 call for little comment. Clove oil im¬ proved from an average price of 4/6 in January to 8/9 per lb. in November. Spices. per cwt, £ s. d. £. s. d. Capsicums (East Indian) - 3. 0.0 to 2. 5.0 (September) Capsicums (Nyassaland) - 3.15.0 to 4. 5.0 (Jan. to July) 3. 5.0 to 3.10.0 (September) Chillies (Zanzibar) - 7.10.0 to 8. 0.0 (Feb. to July) 6.10.0 to 7.10.0 (September) Chillies (Nyassaland) - 8. 0.0 to 8.10.0 (Jan. to July) 7. 0.0 to 8. 0.0 (September) Chillies (Japan) - 6.10.0 per lb. Cinnamon (Ceylon) - 2/3 Cloves (Zanzibar) - to lid. Cloves (Penang) - 1/8 to 1/10 per cwt. Ginger(Japan) - £2.10.0 (Feb.-April) £2.15.0 (May-September) Ginger (Jamaica) - 2. 4.0 to 2. 5.0 (April) 2.12.0 to 2.13.0 (September) per lb. Mace (Bombay) - 3/6 to 3/9 Nutmegs (S'pore & Penang) 1 10's - 1/4 80's- Nutmegs ,, ,, 1/8 to 1/64 57's - Nutmegs ,, „ 2/5 per lb. Pepper Singapore (black) - 1/64 (April-May) 1/4 (Sept.) Pepper Singapore (white) - 2/3 (April-May) 1/11 (Feb.) It will be remembered that chillies experienced a sensa¬ tional rise in 1927 from £3 to £8. Prices have well main- Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 428 tained during 1928 at around the latter figure. Pepper prices too have remained at a satisfactory level, and these two crops are regarded as the most favourable of the above list suitable for cultivation in Malaya. Drugs. Chaulmoogra (Genuine) - per lb. 3/- Ipecacuanha (Rio) - „ 15/6 (February) 10/- (Nov.) Natural Dyes and Extracts. Gam bier (cube) per cwt. £3 The prices of gambier has remained at a low level. The market for Malaya's product has been largely superseded by the estate product of the Dutch East Indies, where it is said to be prepared under more careful management than is usual amongst the Chinese cultivators of this country. Fibres. per lb. per lb. Cotton (American G.O. to Mid.) - 11.69 to 12.49 (July) 9.49—10.44 (Nov.) Cotton (Egyptian Sakel- larides F. G. to Fine) - 20.40 to 24.20 (June) 16.55 to 19.45 (Feb.) per ton. per ton. Hemp (Manila "J" grade) £41.10.0 (February) £35 (Oct.-Nov.) Hemp (Mauritius) £35—£)0 (Oct.-Nov.) £32—£36 (January) Hemp (New Zealand) £32—£35 (Jan-Mar.) £27—£32 (Oct-Nov.) Hemp (Sisal) - £15—£40 (Jan.-May) £20—£42 (Oct-Nov) per lb. Kapok (Indian) - 10^d—(Jan,-Feb.) —7| (Oct.-Nov.) Kapok (Java) - l/l§—1/2J (Feb.Mar) 10J—1/1^ (Oct.—Nov.) Cottons shew a decided improvement over prices recorded in 1927. Of the hemps, Manila has dropped about £(; per ton, while Mauritius shews an improvement. Kapok prices are maintained. Food Stuffs. Arrowroot (Natal) - per lb. 8d. to 9d. Cocoa (Ceylon Plantation) per cwt. £4.10.0 to .£6. 0.0 (September) 4. 2.0 to 4.11.0 (February) Coffee (Malay Plantation) „ 5.10.0 to 6. 5.0 Coffee (Liberian) „ 4. 6.0 to 4.10.0 Sago (Pearl) 1. 8.0 Sago (flour) 17/6 to 18/- Tapioca (Singapore flake) 1b. 2id. Tapioca (flour) cwt. 14/- to 18/- Tapioca (bullett) „ £1.6.0 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 429 The prices of the above beverages and foodstuffs have remained remarkably steady throughout 1928, at prices which compare favourably with those of 1927. The prospect of the coffee market appears to justify fully the increased confidence of those Malayan planters who are turning their attention to this form of cultivation. Chemicals. per ton. Acetic Acid (Glacial) - £66 Acetic Acid (80% o6n) - £37 Acetone - £63—66 (Jan) £74—£77.10.0 (Nov.) Ammonia (880) - £22 (Jan.-April) 21—21.15.0 (May.Nov.) Calcium Acetate (Grey) - £14—15 Citric Acid per lb. - 1/7 (January) 2/5—2/5^ (November) Formic Acid ,, ton - £45.10.0 (Jan.) £46—46.12.6 (Nov.) Formalin (40% Yol.) - £38 (January) £37 (November) Lime Juice (Cone) - £16.10.0. Nominal. Sodium Bisulphate (60-62%) £17.10.0. ,, Sodium Sulphate (Anhydrous) - £14 Sulphate of Ammonia - £10.13.0 (Feb.-July) £10—£10.5.0 Wood Creosote (unrefined) per gallon 1/9. (Aug-Nov.) Acetone has advanced steadily during the year. Citric acid, which at the end of 1927 stood at 1/6, has now reached the level of 2/5|. Formalin shews a slight decline, as does also Sulphate of Ammonia. Quotations of other chemicals are approximately those of the previous year. Received for publication 30th January, 2929 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries hours 24 during 6.48 3.64 2.17 0.82 0.82 4.60 1.14 0.89 0.24 1.50 0.66 8.00 2.98 1.94 2.64 1.58 1.88 Raiufu Greatest 1.20 Rainfull. Total 10.95 6.45 5.16 6.26 2.06 1.98 18.59 4.76 4.12 0.39 3.05 1.43 16.66 14.31 6.63 .4.96 5.91 6.96 Winds. of Direction Prevailing N.R. N.W. N.E. N.W. N.E. N.W. Humidity. 89 74 88 77 88 87 67 77 78.2 66.5 82.7 68.2 Point. lew 1 73 76.2 71.9 73.6 6.77 71.18 73.3 74.6 71.06 Tension. Vapour 812 782 Hygrometer. 829 969 32.0 763 820 962 30.2 760 1001 31.7 Bulb. Wet Mean 80 79 78.7 76 76.4 78 76 76.6 78.2 6.77 78.9 76.5 a! be cc 15 23 8.62 16 24 9.48 25.5 11.90 ... 15 Minimum. 75.67 73.06 73 71 71.7 75.51 73.24 73 72 72.1 75.48 78.93 74 72 72.5 Maximum. 85 88 89 Temperature. 84.29 85.06 89 95 91 86.58 97.5 91.8 87.38 87.96 95 92.2 Bulb. Dry Mean 81.1 81 81.7 83.2 81 '81 83.6 83.4 82.1 82 83 83.5 Sun. in Maximum 133.12 11(1. 166. 132.50 114. 168. 140. 117. 166. at Pressure Fall. 32° . Barometrical Mean 1010.7 1009.2 1010.9 1009.1 . 103*0.9 1009.0 inReadingsMeteorologicalAbstractof > the 1 MalayaDistrictsofvarious isti-ict. for Kelantan, Joliore, Malacca, Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Johore, Malacca, Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Johore, Malacca, Penang, Kedah, Perlis, the Alor Aior Alor 1st Ivota Johore Uurian George Star Kangar Kota Johore Durian George Star Kangar Kota Johore Durian George Star Kangar Quarter Bahru- Bahru Dann- Town Bahru. Bahru Daun Town Bahru Bahru Daun- Town 1928. March— January— February— Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries r- O' 03■*— 3.31 4.03 4.14 2.10 2.15 2.30 4.30 3.25 3.99 2.40 0.94 2.02 2.12 !-c£ 1.75 1.37 1.98 1.80 2■S Rainfall. Total 5.20 18.17 13.54 11.77 12.87 5.21 3.57 8.91 9.75 16.82 12.87 3.57 7.75 13.78 1.05 5.59 4.37 Winds. E. S ..y of Direction Prevailing N.E. N.E. N.E. Humidity. 77 88 86.4 78.8 86 90 79.5 60 89 75 77.1 Point. Dew 76 75.4 77.3 76.3 ... 72 75.9 0.57 76.08 Tension. Vapour Hygrometer. 880 ... 1014 3.26 912 906 . 1026 899 785 990 29.7 897 Bulb. Wet Mean 78.6 80 79.4 79.4 78.2 80 78.9 77.3 ... 79 78 79.2 Range. 9.8 15 23 14 15 24 15.67 •V 18.7 15.9 Minimum. 75 71 75 77.1 74.20 74 76.12 75.19 74.5 75.26 74.66 74 70 74.1 Maximum. 90 Temperature. 86.9 87.6 90 94 91.3 91.8 87.45 89 88.9 93.96 87.40 89 94 Bulb. Dry Mean 82 83.4 83 82.6 88.8 80.9 83.1 84.3 82 84.2 84.1 Sun. in Maximum 125 162 139.23 120 170 140 125 ... 138.65 at Pressure Fall. 32° Barometrical Mean 1011 1008.1 1011.1 1011. 1007.0 MeteorologicalAbstractof DistrictsintheReadingsofvarious District. Malaya Malacca, Kedah,A Malacca, Kedah, Kedah, Perlis, Perlis, for Kelantan, oh«J Penang, lor Kelantan, Johore, Penang, Perlis, Kelantan, Johore, Malacca, Penang, Alor the Kota ore, Durian Alor 2nd George Star Kangar Kota Johore Durian George Star Kangar Kota Johore Durian George Star Kangar Quarter Bahru Johore Daun Town Bahrn Bahru Daun Town Bahru Bahru Daun Town Bahru May— 1928. April— JCJNE Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries hours. 24 during, Rainfall Greatest 1.44 2.17 1.59 0.87 0.85 1.07 0.80 2.95 2.90 1.38 2.46 1.59 3.15 1.22 1.36 4.21 2.34 2.10 Rainfall. Total 3.06 7.99 8.00 4.53 2.03 3.29 3.67 13.24 10.56 7.48 11.11 5.90 10.60 3.94 9.63 19.92 16.09 12.64 Winds. S • ... of Direction Prevailing N.E • ... N.E. N.W. N.E. N.W. ... Humidity. 68 88 70 73.8 71 89 73 80.3 75 88 77 84.4 Point. Dew 73 73.5 75.1 72.8 73 75.1 73.7 73 75.93 Tension. Yapour Hygrometer. 812 997 29.4 871 807 987 28.8 ... 871 832 994 28.2 895 Bulb. Wet Mean 79 77 79 77.6 79 78.4 78.8 76.9 77.3 77.8 77.2 78 Range. 24 19.77 14 ... 16.8 21.41 14 25.5 15.1 20.33 14 25 13.7 Minimum. 74 70 74 68 74.96 75.09 73.8 72.83 73.38 ... 73.5 74.13 73.86 74 69 73.8 Maximum. 88 94 88 88 Temperature. 94.74 86.09 90.6 94.25 85.83 93.5 ... 88.6 94.46 88.3 94 87 Bulb. Dry Mean 84.6 82 86 ... 84.4 83 ... 82 84 ... 81.8 82.2 82 82.9 81.1 Sun. in Maximum 122 164 ... 123 162 ... 121 156.4 •••. I 143.03 140.31 d•.• • 142.03 at Pressure Fab. 32° . . Barometrical Mean 1011. 1007.8 1011.1 1009.4 1011.1 998.4 ... inReadingsMeteorologicaltheAbstractof forMalagaDistrictsofvarious District. the Malacca, Kedah, Perlis, Malacca, Kedah, Kedah, 3rd Kelantan, Johore, Penang, Alor Kelantan, Johore, Penang, Perlis, Kelantan, Johore, Malacca, Penang, Alor Perlis, Quarter Kota Johore Dnrian George Star Kangar Kota Johore Durian George StarAlor Kangar Kota Johore Durian George Star Kangar 1928. Bahru Bahru Daun- Town Bahru Bahru Daun- Town Bahru- Bahru Daun- Town July— August— September— Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries hours. 24 during 1.29 3.12 2.22 1.61 4.07 2:57 1.91 0.89 1.35 • 5.84 1.18 3.40 1.20 0.81 Rainfall Greatest 10.73 Rainfall. Total 25.76 6.17 14.98 9.92 10.12 18.61 11.29 13.02 2.71 5.12 27.64 8.78 14.11 4.07 2.47 Winds. ... of Direction Prevailing N.'E. N.E. N.E. Humidity. 80 87 79.5 80 87 ... 62.07 80 88 77.09 Point. Dew 74.2 74.4 73.4 ... 66.86 72.4 ... 72.7 Tension. Vapour 846 Hygrometer. 997 851 823 993 658 796 ... 983 804 Bulb. Wet Mean 79 79 79 76.8 77.2 76.1 62'.7 75.1 75.9 n oc 01 c3 p3 15 15 17 14 21.35 ... 13.5 17.43 ... • 16.22 ...... 15.5 Minimum. 74 73.83 74.12 74 ... 73.2 73.96 73.80 74 72.1 73.61 73.25 71.8 Maximum. 88 89 89 Temperature. 95.19 86.80 86.7 91.40 85.26 89.1 89.83 86.45 *•. 87.3 Bulb. Dry Mean 70.7 82 81.4 79.9 82 81.1 78.8 ... 81 ... 80.6 Sun. in Maximum 137.05 123 ...... 131.08 .. 119 134.14 lib at Pressure Pah. 82° Barometrical Mean lOli.l 1011.1 1011.1 inReadingsMeteorologicalAbstractof Districtstheofvarious District. Malaya Kedah, Kedah, for Malacca. Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perlis, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perlis, the Kelantan, Johore, Penang, Alor Johore, Alor Johore, Alor 4th Ivota Durian Kangar Kota Durian George Star Kangar Kota Joliore Durian George Star Kangar Quarter1928. Bahru- BahruJoliore Daun- TownGeorge Star Bahru BahruJohore Daun- Town Bahru Bahru Daun Town October— November— December— Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries ABSTRACT OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, DECEMBER, 1928. Humidity. j Air Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Rainfall. Britrht Means. Sunshine. Means. Absolute Extremes. Depression of Wet Bull). Vapour Pressure Percentage. Most in a day. ] STATION. c I M 0 .£ □ .£ « £ 2 £ £ • 3 2 3 Total. £ 3 $ u £ in a r-3 33 c. 15 3 N _£ .§ 2 O o "o >> •0 -3 t G G O • Hill Statiovs— Cameron's Tl'lands (Tanah Rata) 65.2 66.9 61.8 69.8 58.4 53.7 75 11th 45 4th 63 22 nd 61 25 2i> 2.2 3.2 0.9 18.2 IS.2 17.6 88 84 95 14.17 359 .8 89.9 10 th 28 2.26 70.15 Cameron's H'lands (Bt. Mentigi.) 63.7 64.5 68.3 58.6 55.7 74 1st 53 4th 61 22nd 59 Sev 1.9 2.0 17.6 18.0 89 89 .13.83 351 .4 85.8 10th 25 2.41 74.60 94 Eraser's Hill 64.0 66.0 63.3 68.9 60.8 59.2 74 1st 59 22nd c4 Sev 63 1st 0.7 1.2 0.3 19.3 20.1 19.4 96 98 11.75 298 .5 40.4 12th 28 2.05 63.40 Maxwell's Hil! 69.4 69.1 67.1 73.6 65.5 77 10th 64 Sev 70 26,27 69 13th 3.2 1.7 2.7 20.0 21.7 18.9 84 91 86 17.09 434 .1 76.4 18 th 26 RAINFALL STATIONS. Perak. Solaigor. Neg ri Seinhilan. Pahang. = 0. = — = >> 3 •s *= "3 ~2 . •2 .£ .2 Total. e SH X Total. Total Total. Total. •- in 2 - = | , X < Pi 3 £ .5 .5 . -2 -J o . X 1. m 3 -2 n 3 .-2 m 3 S G 2 G 2 S G 2 2 G G Ins. m.m. m.m. Ins. m.m. m.m. Ins. m.m. m.m. Ins. m.m. m.m. Ins. m.m. m.m. Sabak Mentakab 516.4 97.8 22nd 21 .. >11.7 87.4 15 20.33 13 Kuala Ml rail .. 11.17 283.7 119.1 2nd Bagan Datoh 5.70 144.8 44.9 18th 15 Bernam. 12.27 13th Mantin 13.20 335.3 95.5 21st 15 The 12 44.7 11th 24 ! 34.78 131.0 13 14 7.48 190.0 44.0 18th 19 S. Lembing .. 44.08 1,119.6 160.3 22nd 28 Cottage . . 33 314.5 Sungkai 375.5 th Dist. Hosp., K.L. Genl. Hosp. K.L. 6.05 153. 7 51.1 18th 17 llompin 58.54 1,486.9 381.5 22 nd 16 Klang 10.41 164.4 73.7 19 th 13 P. Swettenliam LI.01 179.7 62.2 3rd 24 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries VOLUME XVI. INDEX. Page. Absidia Butleri, Lend. 352, 353 Achatina fulica Fr. - 354. Acremoniella species 352, 353 Adenanthera pavonina Lin. . 143 Agricultural Conditions 011 the East Coast of Malaya. 88, 386 Agricultural Shows, Annual Reports. 129, 158 Agricultural Trade of Malaya for the 1st half year 1928 - 299 Agriculture, General, Annual Report Agriculturist - ] 03 Alcohol. Annual Report Agricultural Chemist. - 112 Aleurites, Fordii. - 296 Aleurites, moluccana ' 212, 296, 353 Aleuritgs, njjjbtana. 96, 296 * "enritcs, triloba. 212, 296 dae, Malayan. , - 137 oi I .arid Ji 1 the Kuala Kangsar district of Perak. - 255 [la phidippus L. 7,138 - 16 Amyna punctum, F. 6, 96, 140 Annual ReporfPof the Agricultural Chemist for 1927 - 109 Economist for 1927 114 ,, „ Instructor for 1927 - 175 ,, ,, Agriculturist for 1927. - 92 ,, ,, Chief'Field Officer for 1927 - 141 ,, Economic Botanist for 1927 - 131 ,. „ Entomologist for 1927 - 136 ,, ,, Mycologist-for 1927 - 161 „ ,. Plant Physiologist for 1927 - 169 Aphelencus coeophilus, Cobb. - 314 Aphelinus mali - . 405 Aracerus fasciculatus de Geer 7, 275 Arachis hypogea, L. , - 48 Arachis hypogea, L. Annual Report Economic Botanist. - 134 ,, ,, Exports 1st. half year 1928 - .300 ,, ,, Oil. Exports 1st. half .year 1928 - 300 Areca. - 349 Areca, Annual Reports. 106, 122, 133, 139, 153, 162 Areca, Exports 1st. half year 1928 - 301 Artificial Farmyard Manure - ] 94 Artona. catoxantha Harnps. 1, 4, 6, 137, 148, 405 Attacus atlas, L. - 4,6 B Bacillus coli (Escherlich Mignla.) - 314 Bacterium solanacearum, E.F. Smith. - 166 Balanocarpus Heimii, King. - 167 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries 11 B—(contd.) Page. Banana, Annual Report Mycologist. - 165 „ Panama Disease. - 48 Benincasa cerifera Savi. - 32 Bitter-Cucumber or Peria - 32 Borassus flabellifera, L. - 315 Brief Notes on Agricultural Conditions on the East Coast of Malaya. - 88 Brithys crini, P. - 6 Bye Products of the Pineapple Canning Industry - 8 C Caladium species. 48, 57, 165 Calopogonium mucunoides 107, 154, 261, 264, 273 Candle-nut, Preliminary Report on the cultivation of Candle-nut at Serdang 212 Caprinia conchylalis, Guen. 6. Capsicum annuum, L. - Castor Oil, Exports 1st half year 1928 - Centrosema pubesceus 107, 261, 273 Cephouodes hylas, L. .6, 96, 140 Ceriopria subocellata Cast llllii- 050 Chaaetodacus cucurbitae Coq. • . A V; ■'! 7,82 Chaetodacus ferrugineus F. - 7 Chprca mathias, F. 3,7 Charcoal, Annual Report Agric. Economist. - 127 Chaulmoogra Oil, Annual Report Agriculturist - 107 Chengai, Annual Report Mycologist - 167 Cinchona Ledgeriana - 100 Cinchona succirubra - 100 Cinnamomum Oamphora. 94, 101 Citrus, Annual Reports 139,167 Coccus viridis Green - 140 Coconuts, Oil. 300, 303 ,, Palm Diseases. - 313 ,, Annual Reports 103, 109, 114, 132, 137, 147, 162, 173 Coerulo-Molybdate Method for determination o: Phosphates - 70 Coffee species. - 48 „ Annual Reports 105, 120, 140 Oolletotrichum species - 167 Colorimetric Estimation of Phosphorus in Acid Soil Extracts - 361 Comparison af the Robinson, International and Buoyoucos methods of mechanical analysis on non-organic soils and the analysis of such soil with and without preliminary treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide - 374 Competitions, Annual Report Chief Field Officer - 157 Copra & Coconut Oil. 303 ,, crops & Cost of Production in Malaya - 284 ,, Exports 1st half year 1928 - '300 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries iii C—(contd.) Page. Copra crops in Malaya 378 Corticium salmonicolor, B & Br. 145, 148, 275 Cotton, Annual Reports 133,167 Cover Crops, Annual Reports 107,153, 173 Cover Crops & Green Manures 256 Crotalaria anagyroides 273, 276 ,, usaramoensis 48, 165 Cucumis sativus, Linn. 32, 37 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne 32,387 „ pepo. D C. 32 Cymbopogon citratus, Staph 34 Cytosporella species 341 Daciis species 5, 388 Derris species, see also Tuba root 137 ,, elliptica 07, 105 ,, malaccensis 97, 105 Dioscprea esculenta 94 Piplodia 'species 2.16 Dolichos Hosei, Craib 107, 217, 261,266, 273 Dysdercus 388 Earias fabia, Stotl - 6 Eichorniacrassipes - 154 Enterolobium Saman, Prain - 143 Epilachna indies, Muls. - 7 Erionota thrax L. 7, 96 Eucalyptus citriodora - 101 „ globulus - 101 ,, Naudiniana - 101 Evaporation in Rice-fields - 381 Experimental Plantations, Ann. Report Chief Field Officer - 155 ,, ,, Cameron's Highlands, Ann. Report Agi'ilculturist - 99 ,, ,, Kuala Lumpur, Ann. Report Agriculturist 102 Serdang, Ann. Reports 92,110 Flood-damage, Annual Report Chief Field Officer 159 Fomes lignosus Klotzsch 163, 164, 316 ,, pseudoferreus, Wakefield 145 167 ,, Setulosus Lloyd Forest Dept Investigations for the—Annual Report of the Agricultural Chemist 111 Fruit, Annual Reports 153,162 Fusarinm cubense 165, 166 Fusarium cubense, Prelimanary Report on—causing Panama Disease in Malaya 76 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries iv Page. Gambir, Annual Reports 128, 153 301 ,, Exports 1st half year 1928. Gaugara thyrsis, F. 7 Gatioderraa species 315, 316 Ginger, Annual Report Agric. Economist 124 Gloecosporium species 164 Glycine hispida. Maxim 48, 165 Glyphodes coeruleiceps Hamps 140 Green Manures, Oovercrops &— 256 Groundnuts, see Arachis hypogea H Heliantlius tuberosus, L. Helmintosporium species Hemileia vastratix, B & Br. Hemimaticera basifulva, Bezzi Hendersonia species Hidari thrax, Hubn. Plydnocarpus anthelmintica „ inebrians „ Wightiana Hydrotaea dentipes Hypomeces squamosus F. I Icerya purchasi, Mask 404 Imporved Methods of fusion for soils 372 Indigofera endecaphylla 261, 268 Injurious Insects 408 Insect-Parasites 408 408 Insect-Pests . Ipomea batatas, L. Poir 48 Jelutong 204 Jelutong, The valuation of 220 Kapok, Annual Report Agric. Economist 124 Kretzschmaria micropus 145 Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. 32 Lamprosema diemenalis, Guen. 5, 6 Land available for Alienation in the Kuala Kangsar district of Perak 255 Land Tenure in the F.M.S. 181, 255 Leptocorisa species. 137,138 Leptocorisa acuta, Thunb. 3,6,151 Leptocorisa varicornis F. 6 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries I.—(conld.) Page. Lepfcoglossus membranaceus P. - 887 Leptoglossus other species - 402 Levuana iridescens, Beth Baker - 405 List of Insects with their Parasites and Predators in Malaya - 404 Live Stock, Annual Report Agric. Economist - 125 London Market Prices, 1928 - 425 Luffa acutangula, Roxb- 82, 387 Luffa aegyptica, Mill - 32 Lycopersicutn escuientum, Mill - 48 M Facrophomina phaseoli, Ashby - 352 Maize, Annual Report Economic Botanist - 138 Mangrove, Annual Report Mycologist - 167 Manihot utilissima Pohl 48,165 Manufacture of Palm Oil - 234 Manure, Artificial Farmyard— - 194 Manure, Hove ns & Green— - 256 Marasmius sp<. . 148, 323, 348, 356 .Melanitis leda, i, -3,7 Mikania scandens 261, 271 Mimosa invisa | - 258 Mimosa pudica > . •: - 138 Miresa bracteata Butl. - 140 Momordica charantia, Linn.,fiSt, 32, 387 Muntingia Calabura, An Ornamental Shade Tree - 29 Musa cavendishii || Musa malaccensis, Ridl. .i'. ■'< . - 166 N Nephotettix apicalis 3 Nephotettix bipunctatis, F. - 3,6 Nipa, Annual Report Entomologist - 138 Notes on Selerotium Rolfsii, Sacc. in Malaya - 48 Novius cardinalis, Muls. - 404 Nymphula depunctalis, Guen. - 138 O Oil from Aleurites Montana - 296 Oil Palms, Annual Reports, 104, 110, 116, 133, 139, 152, 155, 164 ,, Diseases - 313 „ Forecast of 1928 crop in Malaya - 219 „ Manufacture of Palm Oil 234 ,, Observations on - 20 Oreodoxa regia H. B. 167, 849 Orgyia turbata, Butl. 138, 146 Oryctes rhinoceros, L. 5, 7,137,139, 148, 320, 338 Oryza sativa L. 48,165 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries vi Page. Paddy see also Rice Paddy Notes in Perak North - 281 Palm diseases in Malaya - 813 Palm kernels, Exports 1st half year 1928 - 300 Palm oi^ Exports 1st half year 1928 - 300 Palm oil, Forecast of 1928 crop in Malaya - 219 Palm oil, Manufacture of - 234 Panama disease in Malaya - 70 Papain, Annual Report Agrie. Economist - 125 Papilio agamemnon, L. - 7 Papilio demoleus, L - 4,7 Popilio polytes, L. 4, 7,139 Parasa herbifera, Walk - 6 Parasa lepida, Cram. 6, 138,155 Parasitic Insects in Malaya 408, 424 Patchouli Oil, Annual Report Chief Field Officer - 152 Peponium usambarense - 087 Peria 32 Pestalozzia species - . 167 Pestalozzia Tlieae, Sawada - - 167 Phoma Species - 352 Phyllocnistis citrella, Staint |I':L : 139 Physalis peruviana ■ - 101 Phptophthora species 40, 46, 58, 144, 161, 164, 168, 314, 315 Pine Apple, Annual Reports : 105, 121, 152 Pine Apple Canning Industry, Bye products of the - 8 Pine Apple, Refuse V;* : - 199 Piper Betle, L. see also Areca 40, 44, 48, 165, 167,168 Plant Importation Rules of the Dutch East Indies - 307 Platydenia sudfascia Walk. - 350 Plesispa nipa Mauiik - 138 Plesispa reichi, Chap 7,138 Polyporus ostreiformis, Berk. 163, 165, 349, 356 Prays citri, Mill - 139 Predacious Insects in Malaya 408-424 Preliminary Report on the Cultivation of Candle-nut at Serdang 212 Preliminary Report on Fusarium Cubense, causing Panama Disease in Malaya - 76 Preliminary Note on Phytophthora species found in Malaya - 40 Prodenia litura, F. - 4,6 Psara bipunctarus F. 6 Psara submarginalis, Swin - 6 Pseudomonas malvacearum, E. F. Smith - 167 Ptychomyia remota Aid. - 405 Pueraria phaseoloides 107, 261, 270, 273 Pycnonotus goiavier analis - 31 Pyrausta salentialis Snell 140,155 Pythium species 41, 161,162 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries vii R Page. Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub) But], 352, 353 Rhizophora species - 137 Rkvacia ypsilon . 102 Rhynchophorus schach 9G, 137,139 Rhytidodera simulans White - 140 Rice, see also Paddy Rice, Annual Reports 110, 131, 138, 149, 1G5, 172 Rice, Evaporation in Rice Fields - 331 Rice, Sarnsu from Rice - 14 Rigidoporus micropenis van Overeem - 319 Rubber, Annual Reports 138, 143, 1G1 S Sacckarum officinarnm, L. - 48 Samsu from Rice - 14 Sanrosites pygmaeus, Har. - 341 Scardia sistrata, Meyr. - 350 ''-''izopliyllniu commune Fr. - 344 Solerotial Diseases, Annual Report .Mycologist - .135 Sclerotium glumale, Ces - 55 Sclerotium irregulare . - 55 Sclerotium oryzae, Catt 54, 55 Sclerotium Rolfsii, Sacc. 48, 165 Scotinopliora coarctata, F. 3, 6, 138, 159 Sesamia inferens, Walk - 3, 6 Setora nitens Wile A5! 187, 155,404 Shade Trees, Muntingia Calabura . 29 Sirex species - 405 Sirih, Annual Report Agric. Economist - 124 Sisal, Annual Report Agriculturist - 10G Sogata pallescens, Dist. 138, 149, 150 Soil Analyses and their limitations - 289 Soils, Annual Report Plant Physiologist 170 Soils, The Colorimetric Estimation of Phosphorus in Acid Soil Extracts - 301 Soils, An improved method of Fusion for soils - 372 Soils, A comparison of the Robinson, International and Buoyoucos methods of mehanical analysis on non-organic soils and the analysis of such soils with and without treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide - 374 Solarium Melongena, Linn - 167 ,, tuberosum, L. - 48 Some General Remarks 011 the influence of Climatic Conditions 011 the prevalence of Economic Insects in Malaya 1 Soya Bean, Annual Report Agric. Economist - 133 Spathoglottis plicata, Blume 48,165 Sphaeronema fimbriatum, E & II. 143, 145, 168 Spodoptera mauritia, Boisd - 3,7 ,, pecten, Guen - 3,7 ,, species - 138 Studies on Tapioca - 59 Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries Till p—(eontd.) Page. 140 Sylepta balteata, F 6 „ derogata F. 181,255 System of Land Tenure in the F.M.S. 59 Tapioca 104,122,153 „ Annual Reports 95 Taraktogenos Kurzii 124 Tea, Annual Report Agricultural Economist Tephrosia Candida, W.C. 48,105, 258, 273, 274, 27/, 2^8 Thiealavia species Tiracola plagiata Walk 137i a7 Tirathaba rufivena, Wlk 352 Torula species Trichosanthes 32, 387, 396 anguina Linn 387 palmata Tuba root. Annual Reports . . - U 145,158 Ustnlina zonata, Lev. (Saac.) Yalanga nigricornis, Burn . Valuation of Jelutong " 1(57 Yermicularia capsici 9jr. Yigna Hosei * A 217 „ Oligosperma, Backer W 139 Wallacea palmarum, Gestro Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries