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DWD’s Climate Services

Observing – Modelling – Consulting Foreword

Dear readers,

Climate change presents us with great challenges. Extreme weather events and changes in the climate can cause humanitarian disasters and huge damage to the environment. Decision-makers in politics, administration and business require meaningful information about the changing climate and the climate of the future to be able to develop preventive measures against the consequences of climate change. There is therefore demand for high spatial resolution information as well as information for specific fields of action, such as water management and health. The Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) regards the provision of climate information as a comprehen- sive and user-oriented service. The DWD has the biggest climate data collection in the whole of Germany and offers many years of experience in climate monitoring, climate modelling on different space and timescales and model result evaluation. The DWD is also well networked with other scientific institutions at the national and international level and ensures that customers are given state-of-the-art scientific information. Besides supplying data and information on various portals, a key aspect of our mission is communicating directly with and providing consultancy services to our customers. This also helps enhance users’ capability to use climate data in various areas of application. The DWD also assists in the development of climate services in other countries, including, in particular, developing countries. All these activities take account of the elements for successful climate services recommended by the Global Framework for Climate Services. Our aim in publishing this brochure is to provide a readable overview of all the climate services provided by the DWD.

Dr. Paul Becker Vice-President of the Deutscher Wetterdienst

2 The challenge: Learning to deal with climate change

Human activities contribute significantly to climate change. Long series of temperature measure- ments depict a warming which, in global terms, affects Germany in particular. The DWD's climate services help to adapt to climate change as well as possible.

Scientific evidence shows that we are living in an era become an increasingly important cause of migratory of climate change. The Earth has warmed by around flows, which also affect us in Germany. As a complex 0.9°C and Germany even by 1.4°C since the end of the global phenomenon climate change presents us with 19th century. Averaged over the whole of Germany, numerous interrelated challenges. the annual number of hot days on which temperatures peak at 30°C or higher have increased since 1951 One of the answers: climate services from three to nine days. Compared to the long-term Stakeholders at all levels require precise information average for the 1961 1990 period, both the number of in order to plan and implement adaptation measures in warm years and decadal average temperatures have response to climate change. In this context, informa- increased significantly, particularly in the last three tion about past and future climate developments plays decades. an important, supportive and in many cases decisive role. This is caused by human greenhouse-gas emissions. Since the beginning of industrialisation, the concen- In consequence of this, the Global Framework for Cli- tration of carbon dioxide, which is the most important mate Services (GFCS) was created in 2009 on the initi- greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, has increased by ative of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) over 40 percent. at the Third World Climate Conference (WCC 3).

One of the greatest challenges of our time is limiting The DWD participates through its climate services in global warming. At the same time, we must also adjust the national implementation of the GFCS. It has pro- to ongoing and future climate change. This concerns vided climate information for decades. Since WCC 3, all areas of life, from agriculture and transport infra- efforts have been intensified to improve forecasts structure through to hotter urban climates in the sum- and projections, research and modelling initiatives. mer. The availability and quality of climate data have been enhanced. In addition, we must also help poorer countries to develop climate expertise. Climate change will

3 Climate services - five elements for success

The DWD supplies information and expertise for the planning of climate preparedness measures and runs the office of the Deuts Klimadiens (DKD) – both important contribution implementing the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS).

The DWD's climate services are guided by the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). They com- prise the following five components:

1. Climate monitoring 2. Climate modelling, forecasts, projections, climate impact assessment 3. Climate information and data platform 4. Communication with users 5. Building climate capacities through international activities.

Climate services involve the retrieval and provision of high-quality observations for the most important climate variables stored in national and internation- al databases. In addition to parameters for the atmo- Furthermore, information is provided about climate sphere, oceanic and terrestrial parameters are also developments in the future for all relevant time and important. spatial scales, but also about the user-oriented appli- cation of such information. The information results from models, forecasts and projections which take account of greenhouse gas emission scenarios. It also Facts: Deutscher Wetterdienst includes risk and vulnerability analyses, evaluations • Around 2300 employees and estimates of climate impacts in various areas. • Headquarters in Offenbach, 6 branch office The information is presented using modern graphical • 5 regional climate offie providin tools, e.g. digital maps. consultancy services in the field of climate and environment Of particular importance is the provision of data as • Available annual budget: around 190 million well as communication and advisory services to users euros and, linked to this, the building of know-how at their Annual productivity: end to make more effective use of climate data for • Around 14000 advisory statements and various fields of action. expert reports • Around 15000 climate monitoring products

As of January 2018

4 ◂ Official launch of the Deutscher Klimadienst in October 2015 by (from right to left) Parliamentary State Secretary Peter Bleser (Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, BMEL), State Secretary Rainer Bomba (Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infra- structure, BMVI), Parliamentary State Secretary Rita Schwarzelühr-Sutter (Federal Ministry for the Environ- ment, Nature Conservation, Building, BMUB), Dr Paul Becker (DWD Vice-President) and Prof. Dr Gerhard Adrian (DWD President).

Networking with other public authorities The DWD has joined forces with other public bodies, The DWD's climate services play an important role in institutions and organisations to provide climate Germany’s national implementation of the GFCS. They services as part of the Deutscher Klimadienst (DKD). also make a substantial contribution to the implemen- The DKD office is run by th tation of the German Strategy for Adaptation to Cli- mate Change (Deutsche AnpassungsStrategie, DAS). The aim of the DKD network is to provide sound information for political, administrative and business The DAS identifies 15 fields of action in which options decision-makers with the aim of ensuring optimum for adaptation to the impacts of climate change are use of existing climate knowledge. This combination of studied systematically. Examples of such fields of know-how from different sources may be beneficial in action are human health and water management. various fields, such as crop protection in agriculture and forestry.

5 Climate monitoring

Climate monitoring helps to understand the state of the climate system in the past, present and future. Successful climate monitoring depends on an observing system providing good spatial coverage and long series of meteorological measurement data. Technology has changed over time. Where a ground-based observation network was adequate in the past, satellite and radar remote sensing data are now as important as surface measurements. Data are measured, verified, combined, evaluated and archived.

The DWD operates Germany's densest meteorological and climatological observing network. Data acquired through it have been processed over many decades.

What data are measured and how? DWD measurements focus on recording atmo- spheric parameters, such as air temperature, pre- cipitation, wind, air pressure, radiation and sunshine duration. These are complemented by observations of snow cover and albedo, forest fires, soil moisture and phenology, such as the vegetation periods in the bio- sphere. DWD surface stations are increasingly run automatically. The measuring network also includes aircraft measurements and shipboard measuring sites. Radar and satellite remote sensing data are becoming increasingly important as demand grows for informa- tion with very high spatial resolution. Additional data are derived from computer modelling to fill the tempo- ral and spatial gaps existing in the data coverage. ▴ Radar sites for the measurement of precipitation in Germany. Radar Are the measurement data verified? measurements are made in radii of 150 km. The RADOLAN technique Data quality and compliance with recognised inter- combines radar data with data from automatic online precipitation stations to obtain a better, more complete description of precipita- national climate monitoring principles (e.g. GCOS tion conditions. Climate Monitoring Principles) are very important. All the meteorological data recorded by the DWD are checked for plausibility and completeness in several steps. The DWD runs climate reference stations which DWD weather & climate observations enable it to analyse and document impacts arising 2 observatories from the introduction of new sensors or observing 182 staffed and automatic weather & climate stations systems on the data records. 18 weather radar sites Use of meteorological satellites 9 upper-air stations 4 radar wind profilers/RASS 1761 precipitation measuring sites 434 shipborne measuring stations 4 marine upper-air stations 1149 phenological observation sites 6 As of January 2018 More precise and area covering analyses The measured values from surface stations and remote sensing systems are used together to provide a better picture of climatic phenomena. By combining data from various sources, the DWD strives to provide descriptions of climate develop- ments which are more accurate and geographically inclusive – in particular trends, deviations from long-term mean and extreme values. Re-analyses are an increasingly important source for this. This new approach deploys numerical weather models of the kind used for weather forecasts. The weather model enables millions of largely grid-point data to be converted into a comprehensive three-dimensional description of the state of the atmosphere at a ▴ Combination of different climate monitoring methods. particular point in time. Data sets such as these constitute an important information base for many fields of action, such as in the energy sector.

The way in which the DWD evaluates such data also depends on the interests of users. The DWD passes ▸ Further information: German Climate Observing Systems its data sets on to national and international climate GCOS inventory report. observation networks while, at the same time, using information from cross-border data centres for analysis purposes.

Examples of this are the European and global maps with solar radiation data from satellite-based climate monitoring for the planning of photovoltaic installa- tions. Another example is information about the future probability of extreme precipitation in Germany for flood protection planning and the construction industr y.

▴ The DWD operates a high-performance computing system for computation-intensive data processing, modelling and forecasting.

▸ The DWD's climate reference station at Hohenpeissenberg. Measurements made at climate reference stations are used in the DWD to compare the measuring equipment used (operationally) to date and innovative, automatic sensors. This is important in order to assure the quality of the DWD's climatological observation series and to verify the impact of new measurement techniques on climato- logical issues against the background of climate change. Climate reference stations are representative for their geographic and clima- tological environment.

7 From the model to climate impact evaluation

Early planning of measures to adapt to climate change requires information regarding future climate changes. Statements about the climate of the future are made on the basis of climate models which take account of the components of the climate system and the links and interactions between them. Impact models simulate the influence of climate change on the environment.

The DWD publishes monthly and seasonal forecasts as well as multi-decade climate projections. Seasonal and decadal climate predictions cover periods which are relevant for planners and decision-makers in politics, business and society while remaining subject to intense research and ongoing development.

Climate predictions Climate predictions compute the development of the future climate within a timescale of weeks, months or decades. Climate prediction models are based on his- torical climate developments. Nonetheless, it is not possible to capture the state of the climate system perfectly, particularly as it is subject to chaotic behav- iour. The uncertainty and reliability of climate pre- dictions are quantified by generating an ensemble of solutions with slightly varying initial conditions. This results in different predictions for the relevant peri- od in the future. The evaluation of such an ensemble enables conclusions to be drawn about the spread and ▴ Temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific (Niño 3.4 Region) probability of occurrence of climatic events. relative to 1981–2010. While the median model results predict an El Niño event, the "plume" illustrates the spread of the results from the Climate projections GCFS ensemble members. Source: www.dwd.de/seasonalforecasts Climate projections compute impacts on the future climate from periods of several decades to over 100 years using ‘scenarios’. These scenarios, which reach The model calculations take account of the impact of from a climate mitigation scenario (RCP2.6) through various greenhouse gas concentrations on the climate. to a scenario of unchecked and unchanged economic The range of results for each scenario can be shown growth (the business-as-usual scenario, RCP8.5), are by using multiple results from different models, known based on different assumptions regarding future as a "multi-model ensemble". global economic developments.

▸ Further information: DWD brochure ‘ Climate predictions and climate projections’ www.dwd.de/climateforecastsandprojections

8 Regional climate models Climate models simulate the physical processes in the The DWD also develops and runs regional climate climate system on a three-dimensional grid. The spa- models for projections as well as impact models tial resolution is given by the distance between the for investigating specific practice-related issues. grid points. With more than 100 km, global models This takes place in close co-operation with are coarse. For this reason, regional climate models partners in research and science and in with a higher spatial resolution (1–20 km) are used to accordance with the needs of numerous users. describe the different regional characteristics of cli- mate change. This enables different landscapes to be captured more accurately.

Impact models and climate impact evaluations The findings obtained from regionalisation can be used in so-called impact models to analyse the possi- ble effects of climate change at the local level and for specific sectors.

Impact models allow, for example, the computation of biometeorological, urban climate and agricultural parameters.

Numerous parameters for agriculture, forestry and soil protection can be derived from the standard parameters such as air temperature and precipitation totals. This helps to identify the potentials and risks for agriculture. These include, for example, changes in the water budget, growth conditions and pest poten- tials.

In the field of medicine and health, impact models can be used to evaluate present and future human stress- es. The objective is to protect risk groups by providing forecasts and warnings relating to heat, cold, UV radi- ation, pollen flight or fine particles.

Urban climate models also play a role in this context. They show, for example, thermal stresses in cities and ▴ Wiesbaden-Mainz region: Annual mean number of hot days in the provide information about the increase in summer period 1971–2000 (left) and the median of an ensemble of 17 climate days, hot days and tropical nights to be expected in projections for the anticipated number of hot days per year in the period 2031–2060 (right). These results were obtained by applying the distant future. the high-resolution urban climate model MUKLIMO_3. Hot days have a maximum temperature of at least 30 °C.

9 The portals

The DWD's high-quality climate information and data platforms lay the foundations for efficient climate services. The DWD offersccess to climate data and understa prepared information through various online portals. The Deutscher Wetterdienst Act and international arrangements allow most of the climate data and information to be made available for free.

Important climate information from public bodies The KliVO portal provides background information and services for the implementation of the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change. Appro- priate climate preparedness services (climate infor- mation from the DWD and other authorities as well as services designed to support adaptation to cli- mate change) can be filtered and selected on this por- tal according to individual needs. Selection options www.klivoportal.de include groups of users, steps in the climate change planning cycle, climate variables and climate impacts.

How can I access the data directly? The DWD's Climate Data Center (CDC) provides open access to a wide variety of measured and derived cli- mate data. It provides observations from the DWD's observing network as well as, for example, radar and satellite-based products or observations of plant growth phases and international data. The DWD is continuously expanding the range of data it offers on the CDC. One key focus is on opening up the DWD’s entire wealth of historical data back to the early days of observations by digitising the records.

The data collections can be accessed via an interac- tive portal or via direct technical interfaces. In addi- tion, the DWD is continuing to develop further access options through modern technical interfaces such as, for example, Geo Web Services. www.dwd.de/cdc .

10 Climate data well illustrated The DWD's German Climate Atlas is an information platform which offers climate data in user-friend- ly formats. The data can easily be navigated and are regularly updated. The Climate Atlas portal contains a huge amount of information on climate change.

Among other things, the DWD shows possible scenar- ios for future climate development together with the earlier and current climate. Comparisons between past, current and future climate conditions clear- ly show to what extent mean climate parameters have changed already and in what direction they are expected to change in the future. Regional differences are shown in maps. Results from an ensemble of cli- mate models are used to show the range of potential climate changes. www.dwd.de/germanclimateatlas.de

Joint portal of German climate service providers The DWD operates the German Climate Portal as a network of over 40 other institutions. This portal sup- ports the nationwide networking of climate service providers with users of climate information from the federal states, various sectors and branches of indus- try. The German Climate Portal provides access to the combined climate expertise of its partners.

www.deutsches-klimaportal.de

What else is there? The DWD also provides a multitude of different www.dwd.de/inkas information and services relating to climate and environment on its website at www.dwd.de/climate, www.dwd.de/nationalclimatereport both for the general public and for professional users www.dwd.de/agriculture in the fields of politics, administration, business, education and science. www.dwd.de/solarenergy

www.dwd.de/seasonalforecasts

(Selection of short links)

www.dwd.de/climate

11 Communication and advice

Besides providing climate data and information on the online platforms presented in this brochure, the DWD also communicates with various users and professional customers on individual climatological issues. The DWD’s Climate Offie ofr proa avc a vros locations

As Germany's national meteorological service, Who are our customers? the DWD holds a unique archive of climate data and The DWD provides climate services for various groups has decades of experience in the field of applied of customers. Important users include public authori- meteorology and climatology. It is also integrated ties and other agencies and bodies of the German in all important national and international Federation and the federal states. These include scientific networks. It brings its established in particular authorities and institutions actively expertise to bear on its climate consultancy and engaged in the German Strategy for Adaptation to advisory services for policy-makers. Climate Change. They conduct planning projects in various sectors, such as developing the transport infrastructure or flood and coastal protection. Pur- suant to its statutory mandate the DWD supports the Federation, federal states and local authorities in theirs civil, disaster and environmental protection tasks.

Business and industry – particularly those branch- es which are especially affected by climate change, such as agriculture and forestry, the health sector, air pollution control, transport and construction, water management and energy – all have a great need for climate information. In addition, players involved in urban and regional planning, education, science and justice as well as the media and the general public are also interested in the DWD's climate services.

Meeting the need for different types of information The DWD's expert and consulting activities vary depending on the topics under focus in the political and business context. The DWD is able to draw on a variety of climate data and information sources, mobilise interdisciplinary expertise and provide valuable and useful information as well as recommen- dations for action.

12 Parameters relevant to specific fields of action on var- ious time and spatial scales are obtained from the available basic data about the atmosphere, ocean and land surface and communicated to planners and deci- sion-makers in politics and business.

The DWD initiates special studies in partnership with cities in order, for example, to illustrate the chang- es in heat stress which climate change is expected to cause or to detect small-scale wind systems.

Use of flexible communication channels The DWD provides general and ready-for-use informa- tion and statistics for the public at large and profes- sional users on the websites and platforms already referred to. Users can also access specific technical publications on the DWD website at www.dwd.de. The DWD's online services are rounded off by contribu- tions in social media (e.g. Twitter @DWD_klima) and ▸ DWD customers include heat warning and pollen flight apps. cities and local authorities as well as players and planners The DWD's services also include climatological prod- from various sectors and ucts and advisory services tailored to customers' branches. specific requirements. Besides face-to-face commu- nication and on-site consulting, the DWD also holds conferences, colloquiums and workshops which play an important role in publicising the services it pro- vides. The communication of know-how is especially important in this context as it enables users to inter- pret climate data correctly and use them in their spe- cial area of work.

On-site climate and environment consultancy The individual consulting services provided by the DWD's Climate Offices is a central climate service. In addition to the Central Climate Office in Offen- bach, customer-oriented climate and environmental consultancy is also offered by the Regional Climate Offices in Hamburg, Essen, Freiburg, Munich and Potsdam.

Specific consultancy services are available in the fields of air hygiene and human biometeorology (provided by DWD’s Branch Office in Freiburg) and agrometeorology (provided by DWD’s Branch Offices in Braunschweig and Weihenstephan). The headquarters in Offenbach and the Branch Office Berlin-Buch are responsible for hydrometeorologi- ▴ Climate and environment consultancy location map. cal consulting. Contact data are provided on pages 18–19. .

13 Expansion of global climate competence

Climate change is global. International collaboration is mutually beneficial. Developing countries in particular are massively affected by climate change. The DWD is helping these countries to set up their own climate services.

Specific capabilities and know-how are required for There is a demand for modern climate services in the development and professional use of climate many countries – not only in developing countries, services. The DWD has built up important capaci- notably in Africa, but also in emerging economies in ties in the fields of climate observation and climate Asia, South America and Eastern Europe. The DWD monitoring, climate predictions and climate projec- helps these countries to acquire climate expertise and tions, impact models, assessment of model results to build up and expand their climate service capaci- and consulting for various user sectors. The DWD ties. also supports the establishment and development of climate services at the international level through This support initially concentrates on establishing a technical infrastructure, its participation in inter- functioning meteorological observing system and the national bodies and networks and collaboration associated data management and on providing opera- with developing countries. tional support. The second step is to build up climate services, including producing forecasts and climate diagnoses for special areas of application.

14 Examples of development co-operation projects

SASSCAL - Southern African Science Service Cen- tre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Manage- ment In the SASSCAL project funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the DWD has helped set up a regional climate compe- tence centre in southern Africa. The co-operation focused primarily on the installation of database

▴ Village in Lesotho, southern Africa systems for climate data for the meteorological services in Angola, Botswana and Zambia. One important aspect of the project was securing his- Development co-operation activities torical records of climate data and their applica- tion-oriented processing. The DWD has helped to set up and expand meteo- rological services in developing countries over many IKI-CSI – Improved Climate Services for Infrastruc- years. Training events at the national and interna- ture Investments tional levels as well as the training of guest scientists The CSI project is part of the International Climate and special funding projects in which DWD is a part- Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Envi- ner all play an important role. ronment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU). It is run by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für A key focus of current development co-operation is on Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) and the two projects IKI-CSI and PrAda. In the past, the involves 13 developing countries. The DWD is a DWD has participated in the SASSCAL project (fur- co-operation partner. The project supports the ther information right). For example, the DWD has ‘Climate Services’ provided by meteorological ser- also trained scientists from South America in agrome- vices and public authorities to help handle climate teorology or African scientists in seasonal forecasting. risks and infrastructure planning. Similar fellowships are also possible for the training in satellite-based climate monitoring. PrAda – Adaptation of Agricultural Value Chains to Climate Change A co-operation project with the DWD is under preparation for the PrAda project which is being carried out by the GIZ on behalf of the Feder- al Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Devel- opment (BMZ). Capacities for the collection and processing of agrometeorological data are to be developed in co-operation with the national mete- orological service of Madagascar, DGM. The aim is to help the DGM by providing it with adapted agro- meteorological models and support for the produc- tion of seasonal forecasts and evaluation of climate projections for specific agricultural purposes. The purpose of these activities is to improve access to agrometeorological and agronomic consultan- cy services. It is anticipated that this support will ▴ Agriculture in Madagascar. Agriculture is an important livelihood increase the performance of players in Madagas- activity for a large part of the population of the island state of car in selected agricultural value chains which are Madagascar, which is why it is particularly vulnerable to the effects especially vulnerable to climate change. of climate change.

15 Results from climate projections for Germany

Anticipated changes in the future climate can be described using climate models and on the basis of scenarios. For this reason, the DWD produces new climate projections at regular intervals with updated scenarios and improved models.

Future temperature changes A further increase in temperatures in Germany can the century. On the basis of the climate mitigation almost certainly be expected. The modelled increase scenario which focuses on emissions reduction, an in near-surface temperature for the 2021–2050 time increase in temperature of 1.2 °C may be expected. period ranges from approx. 1.1 °C to 1.5 °C compared Warming under the conditions of the business-as-usu- with the 1971–2000 reference period. The difference al scenario is projected around 4.0 °C, with the range between the changes projected for the various cli- of results varying between 2.8 °C and 5.2 °C. This mate scenarios (from a moderate emissions scenario, would mean considerable risks for the environment. i.e. the climate mitigation scenario RCP2.6, through to the business-as-usual scenario RCP8.5) is still small. It is expected that this projected mean warming will be accompanied by a change in the extreme values Modelled temperature changes through to the end of pattern. the century show clear differences from the middle of

Seasonal mean temperature in Germany and expected changes

Period 1971-2000 2021-2050 2021-2050 2071-2100 2071-2100

Scenario Climate mitigation Business-as-usual Climate mitigation Business-as-usual

Spring 8.1 °C +0.9 °C +1.3 °C +1.0 °C +3.3 °C

Summer 16.6 °C +1.1 °C +1.6 °C +1.3 °C +4.2 °C

Autumn 8.7 °C +1.2 °C +1.7 °C +1.1 °C +4.2 °C

Winter 0.8 °C +1.2 °C +1.5 °C +1.4 °C +4.1 °C

Year 8.6 °C +1.1 °C +1.5 °C +1.2 °C +4.0 °C

Data sources: DWD (past), EURO-CORDEX + ReKliEs-De Ensemble (future, as of 31.12.2017)

16 Changes in precipitation in the future Seasonal variations A significant change in mean annual total precipita- While the projected mean warming is similar for all tion in the periods 2021–2050 and 2071-2100 is not seasons, more recent model calculations show strong expected for Germany. An increase in mean annual differences in seasonal precipitation. Increases in win- precipitation of 2 % is projected for the period 2021- ter precipitation of +6 % to +7 % are projected for the 2050. There are no recognisable differences between short-range 2021–2050 planning horizon. Precipitation the scenarios. When looking at the business-as-usu- is expected to decrease by -4 % to -5 % in summer. al scenario, the projections also show only a small The longer-term 2071–2100 planning horizon and the change in annual precipitation in Germany over the business-as-usual scenario entail a pronounced reduc- long-term period 2071–2100, although the results of tion in precipitation -14 % in summer and an increase each of the individual model calculations vary very of 16 % during the winter months. strongly between –22 % and +26 %.

Seasonal mean precipitation in Germany and expected changes

Period 1971-2000 2021-2050 2021-2050 2071-2100 2071-2100

Scenario Climate mitigation Business-as-usual Climate mitigation Business-as-usual

Spring 179 mm +5% +5% +3% +6%

Summer 234 mm -4% -5% -4% -14%

Autumn 191 mm +1% +2% +1% +1%

Winter 183 mm +6% +7% +3% +16%

Year 788 mm +2% +2% 0% +1%

Data sources: DWD (past), EURO-CORDEX + ReKliEs-De Ensemble (future, as of 31.12.2017)

The DWD advises and supports the users of climate data on issues relating to adaptation to climate change.

Our services comprise: • Consultancy services on all issues relating to climate change • Statistical evaluation of climate data • Provision of climate data and products (for example through the DWD Climate Data Center) Related inquiries can be sent by e-mail to the DWD's Central Climate Offic at: [email protected]

17 Presence throughout the country

Our contacts and regional office

Deutscher Wetterdienst Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Schleswig- Climate and Environment Consultancy Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, abroad and oceans:

Regionales Klimabüro Hamburg Postfach 30 11 90 20304 Hamburg 0 69 / 80 62 - 60 22 [email protected]

Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia:

Hamburg Regionales Klimabüro Potsdam Güterfelder Damm 87-91 14532 Stahnsdorf Berlin 0 69 / 80 62 - 54 44 North-Rhine-Westphalia, Essen [email protected] Hesse, Rhineland-Palati- nate, Saarland

Regionales Klimabüro Essen Wallneyer Straße 10 Bavaria Offenbach 45133 Essen Regionales Klimabüro München 0 69 / 80 62 - 68 88 Postfach 20 06 20 [email protected] 80006 München München 0 69 / 80 62 - 92 25 Freibung [email protected]

Germany, nationwide: Baden-Württemberg

Zentrales Klimabüro Regionales Klimabüro Freiburg Frankfurter Straße 135 Stefan-Meier-Straße 4 63067 Offenbach 79104 Freiburg 0 69 / 80 62 - 29 12 0 69 / 80 62 - 96 03 [email protected] [email protected]

18 Agrometeorology Hydrometeorology Human biometeo- Deutscher Klima- rology dienst (DKD)

Agrarmeteorology Hydrometeorology Research Centre Human DKD Geschäftsstelle Frankfurter Straße 135 Frankfurter Straße 135 Biometeorology Frankfurter Straße 135 63067 Offenbach 63067 Offenbach Stefan-Meier-Straße 4 63067 Offenbach 0 69 / 80 62 - 23 01 0 69 / 80 62 - 29 80 79104 Freiburg [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 0 69 / 80 62 - 96 30 [email protected] Agrometeorological Branch Offie Berlin-Buc Research Centre Lindenberger Weg 24 Bundesallee 50 13125 Berlin 38116 Braunschweig 0 69 / 80 62 - 55 70 0 531 / 2 52 05 - 39 [email protected] [email protected]

Branch Offic Weihenstephan Alte Akademie Nr. 16 Weihenstephaner Berg 85354 Freising 0 8161 / 5 37 69 - 0 [email protected]

19 Air temperature | Annual average temperature anomalies in Germany for 1881–2017 relative to the 1961–1990 base period

Graphical representation per decade: number of warm years and decadal averages have risen significantly in the last 3 decades in particular.

Each little map shows the mean temperature anomaly for the corres- ponding year, shades of blue for annual means below, shades of red for values above the long-term averages.

The bars show the decadal averages of temperature anomalies, narrow bars for small and wide bars for large anomalies. The colour indicates the direction of the temperature anomaly.

Publishing details Text, editing and layout: Central Climate Office

Picture credits: DWD: 2, 5 top, 14; 5 bottom, 13 bottom (Michael Kügler), 7 (Ulf Köhler) Fotolia.de: 18 top (Christian Malsch), 19 top 2nd from right (Makuba) MEV: 18/19 (Jonas Krüger); Panthermedia.net: 12 top (weerapat), middle (Thomas Kakalik), bottom (Klaus Raab), 13 top (Ikonoklast), middle (Monika Wendorf), 18 bottom left (Dominik Zwingmann) Piqs: 19 top left (M. Oelhaf); Pixabay: 2, 15 top, 15 bottom, 16, 17 left, 17 right, 19 top 2nd from left, 19 bottom right Graphic credits: DWD (unless otherwise specified)

Deutscher Wetterdienst Geschäftsbereich Klima und Umwelt Frankfurter Straße 135 Go to www.dwd.de to access our 63067 Offenbach/Main pages on GERMANY Tel: +49 (0) 69 / 8062 - 0

E-Mail: [email protected] DWD 1. Auflage 200/ 09.18