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Traveller Prides : Entre Revendications Et Patrimonialisation Estelle Shallon

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Traveller Prides : Entre Revendications Et Patrimonialisation Estelle Shallon Traveller Prides : entre revendications et patrimonialisation Estelle Shallon To cite this version: Estelle Shallon. Traveller Prides : entre revendications et patrimonialisation. Anthropologie sociale et ethnologie. 2016. <dumas-01361449> HAL Id: dumas-01361449 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01361449 Submitted on 7 Sep 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Aix-Marseille Université Master 2 d’anthropologie UFR ALLSH Spécialité recherche Département d’anthropologie Traveller Prides Entre revendications et patrimonialisation Estelle Shallon Sous la direction de Marc Bordigoni Année 2016 Aix-Marseille Université Shallon Estelle UFR ALLSH Master 2 d’anthropologie Département d’anthropologie Spécialité recherche Traveller Prides Entre revendications et patrimonialisation Sous la direction de Marc Bordigoni Année 2016 Remerciements Pour son aide, ses conseils et son soutien durant ces trois années, à Marc Bordigoni. À l’Idemec et Éric Pons pour le matériel vidéo qui m’a permit de réaliser cette enquête. À Laurent-Sébastien Fournier et Gilles de Rapper pour leurs conseils. Pour leur accueil, leur patience et leur confiance : à Maggie, Bernard, David et Tony. À Michael, Miriam, Tracie, Leah et à toute l’équipe de Travellers’ Voice. À Noelle pour tout ça et tout le reste. À Leanne. Aux équipes de Pavee Point, d’ITM, de GTM de Meath Travellers Workshops, de TVG, et plus particulièrement dans ces organisations à Martin Collins, John-Paul Collins, Thomas McCann, Bridget, Anne-marie, Michael McDonagh, Ellen McDonagh, Patrick, Brian, Anne Hyland, Anne Duddy, Brigid Carmody. À Tom McDonnell et Geraldine. À Michael et Gary Sweeney. À Franck Fahy, Mick Nugent et Joe Reilly. Merci également aux habitants et à l’équipe de St.Catherine’s et notamment à Paula, Claire, Mikee et Emmett. Aux autres que je ne peux mentionner et à ceux que j’aurais éventuellement manqué de nommer. Merci à Marie-Claire. À Tomtom et Franno, Cathy, Ian, Niamh, Hughie et à Marc regretté de beaucoup. Enfin, à Sonia, Léa, Clément, Olivier et à Lucie. Table des matières Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Notes sur le contexte de l’enquête et sur le texte ................................................................... 5 Partie 1 - Les usages du passé ............................................................................................ 9 A – Conserver, préserver, transmettre .................................................................................. 11 B – Les supports de la transmission ..................................................................................... 16 C – Les fonctions du passé ................................................................................................... 23 Partie 2 - Se représenter dans le présent ........................................................................ 31 A – Interroger le regard de l’Autre ....................................................................................... 33 B - Se défaire des images assignées ..................................................................................... 40 C - Changer son image ......................................................................................................... 46 Occuper l’espace public ................................................................................................... 46 Promouvoir une représentation positive .......................................................................... 47 Montrer une société traveller moderne ............................................................................ 48 S’inscrire dans la nation irlandaise ................................................................................. 50 Ouverture ......................................................................................................................... 51 Partie 3 - Revendiquer pour l’avenir .............................................................................. 55 A – S’inscrire dans le paysage politique irlandais ............................................................... 57 B – Irish Travellers : acteurs du changement ....................................................................... 64 C – Les orientations du « Traveller Struggle » .................................................................... 71 Partie 4 - La question de l’identité dans les Traveller Prides .................................. 79 A – L’État-nation irlandais et les Travellers ........................................................................ 79 L’émergence de la nation irlandaise ................................................................................ 79 Les Travellers dans la nation irlandaise .......................................................................... 81 B – La revendication ethnique : débats et enjeux ................................................................. 87 Débattre avec l’État ......................................................................................................... 87 Débattre dans sa communauté ......................................................................................... 93 L’autre débat .................................................................................................................... 97 C – L’identité dans les Traveller Prides ............................................................................. 101 L’affirmation de soi ........................................................................................................ 101 Perspectives et propositions ........................................................................................... 106 Partie 5 - Traveller Prides et Patrimoine ..................................................................... 109 A – Travellers, folklore et patrimoine ................................................................................ 109 B – Travellers : quelles intentions patrimoniales ? ............................................................ 114 C – Penser le passé et la sauvegarde du patrimoine traveller ............................................. 117 D- Patrimoine traveller ....................................................................................................... 121 E – Communication et « misdirection » ............................................................................. 125 Conclusion : Travellers Prides et patrimoine ..................................................................... 128 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 131 Annexes ................................................................................................................................ 135 Annexe 1 : A Tinker’s Lullaby, Pecker Dunne. .................................................................. 137 Annexe 2 : Travellers’ Voice, autumn 2014, issue 96, pages 40-41. ................................. 138 Annexe 3 : Éléments du Voting pack de Mincéirs Whiden. ............................................... 140 Annexe 4 : Extraits du livret produit par Meath Travellers Workshops, The Craft of the Tinsmith – “An Tincear” .................................................................................................... 148 Bibliographie ...................................................................................................................... 151 Table des illustrations Carte d’Irlande : Lieux de l’enquête et organisations avec lesquelles j’ai été en contact.......... 8 Carte postale 1 : photographie de George Gmelch ................................................................ 17 Carte postale 2 : photographie de George Gmelch ................................................................ 17 Carte postale 3 : photographie de Derek Speirs .................................................................... 17 Carte postale 4 : photographie de Dragan Thomas ............................................................... 17 Carte postale 5 : photographie de Dara McGrath .................................................................. 17 Carte postale 6 : photographie de Leanne McDonagh ............................................................ 17 Introduction Ils sont souvent appelés tinkers, vagrants, tramps, pikeys, gypos, knackers.... eux préfèrent Pavees ou Mincéirs, en général aujourd’hui ils se disent Traveller. Un nom qui rappelle l’importance du voyage et qui n’a pas de consonance négative. De tous les noms qu’ils ont ou qu’ils se donnent, ils ont pris celui qui pouvait désigner n’importe qui, ils ont choisi celui qui ne saurait devenir une insulte. Les Irish Travellers sont un groupe indigène d’Irlande. Ils appartiennent à « l’univers nomade » européen mais ne sont pas « Tsiganes »1 - terme qui s’est imposé depuis le milieu du 20e siècle et qui recouvre un ensemble de groupes familiaux distincts : Manouches, Roms, Gitans, etc. Si des similarités
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