Eesti Pilt Rootsi Ajalehtedes Aastatel 1995-1997 Ja 2002-2003

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Eesti Pilt Rootsi Ajalehtedes Aastatel 1995-1997 Ja 2002-2003 Tartu Ülikool Sotsiaalteaduskond Meedia ja kommunikatsiooni osakond Kristel Vaino Eesti pilt Rootsi ajalehtedes aastatel 1995-1997 ja 2002-2003 Magistritöö Juhendaja: professor Peeter Vihalemm Tartu 2004 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ..............................................................................................................4 1. Rootsi - Eesti suhted 1988-2003 ...................................................................................6 1.1. Põhilised suhete valdkonnad ja mõjutegurid..........................................................6 1.2. Poliitilised suhted...................................................................................................8 1.2.1. 1988-1989: Teineteise avastamise faas...........................................................8 1.2.2. 1990-1991: Toetus vabanemisliikumisele ......................................................9 1.2.3. 1991-1994: Aktiivsed suhted riikide vahel ...................................................10 1.2.4. 1994-1998: Läänemeremaade koostöö tugevdamine....................................11 1.2.5. 1999-2003: Rootsi abi Eesti liitumisel NATOga ja ELiga ...........................13 1.3. Majandussuhted ...................................................................................................14 1.3.1. 1988-1991: Esimesed kontaktid....................................................................14 1.3.2. 1991-1993: Eesti oludega tutvumise aeg ......................................................15 1.3.3. 1993-1995: Esimeste ettevõtete tulek Eestisse .............................................16 1.3.4. 1995-1997: Majandussuhete plahvatuslik areng...........................................16 1.3.5. 1997-1998: Uus Rootsi aeg Eesti majanduses ..............................................17 1.3.6. 1999-2003: Rootsi aeg Eesti majanduses kestab ..........................................18 1.4. Kultuurisuhted......................................................................................................18 1.4.1. 1988-1993: Kultuurisuhete tormiline areng..................................................19 1.4.2. 1993-1995: Eesti kultuuriline pommitamine ................................................20 1.4.3. 1995-1998: Aktiivne kultuurisuhtlus jätkub .................................................21 1.4.4. 1999-2003: Kultuurisuhete stabiliseerumine ................................................22 1.5. Isiklikud kontaktid ..............................................................................................23 1.5.1. Suhted sõpruslinnade, koguduste ja kodanikeühenduste vahel ....................23 1.5.2. Turism ...........................................................................................................24 1.6. Kokkuvõtteks suhete arengust..............................................................................26 2.Sotsiaalse ruumi muutumine ja ajakirjanduslikud tavad..........................................32 2 2.1.Vastastikune paiknemine sotsiaalses ruumis .........................................................32 2.2.Ajakirjanduse mõju sotsiaalse ruumi kujundamisel...............................................33 3.Uurimisküsimused ja hüpoteesid .................................................................................38 4.Ajalehtede analüüsi metoodika ....................................................................................45 4.1. Valim....................................................................................................................45 4.2. Kontentanalüüs.....................................................................................................46 4.3. Formaliseerimata analüüs.....................................................................................50 4.4. Ekspertküsitlus .....................................................................................................52 5. Kontentanalüüsi tulemused .........................................................................................55 5.1.Eesti-teemaliste artiklite esinemine Rootsi ajalehtedes ........................................55 5.2.Artiklite arvu seos erinevate sündmustega............................................................57 5.3.Eesti-teemaliste lugude paiknemine ajalehtedes...................................................60 5.4.Autorsus ................................................................................................................61 5.5.Artiklite temaatika.................................................................................................64 5.5.1. Üldülevaade temaatikast esimesel ja teisel perioodil....................................64 5.5.2. Ainult esimesel perioodil esinenud temaatika...............................................67 5.5.3. Mõlemale perioodile ühine temaatika...........................................................69 5.5.4. Pealkirja ja teksti emotsionaalne varjund......................................................92 6. Formaliseerimata analüüsi tulemused.........................................................................95 6.1. Esimesel perioodil esinenud mõtteviisid..........................................................95 6.2.Teisel perioodil esinenud mõtteviisid .............................................................107 7. Diskussioon: Miks Eestist nii kirjutatakse? ..............................................................122 Kokkuvõte.....................................................................................................................130 Summary .......................................................................................................................135 Kasutatud kirjandus.......................................................................................................137 Lisa 1 Kontentanalüüsi kodeerimisjuhend....................................................................143 Lisa 2 Ajalehtedes ilmunud artiklite arv………………………………………………142 Lisa 3 Artiklite arv kuude lõikes……………………………………………………...144 Lisa 4 Refereeringuid ja tsitaate iseloomulikest artiklitest……………………………147 Lisa 5 Intervjuude kokkuvõtted……………………………………………………….178 3 SISSEJUHATUS Pärast taasiseseisvumist 1991. aastal jõudis Eesti ümbritsevate riikide mällu tagasi. Kohe pärast ajaloolisi sündmusi oli Rootsi rahva huvi vahepeal unustatud Eesti vastu väga suur ja ajalehtedes ilmus suur hulk artikleid. Aeg on läinud edasi. Tekib küsimus kas rootslaste huvi on jäänud sama suureks või vähenenud? Kuidas on arenenud Eesti- Rootsi suhted? Kuidas kirjeldatakse Eestit Rootsi ajalehtedes ja millise mulje saavad rootslased artikleid lugedes? Kas ajalehtede antud pilt vastab sellele pildile, mis on inimeste peades. Kas ajakirjandus võib ja saab mõjutada kahe maa vahelisi suhteid? Need on mõned küsimused, millele püütakse antud magistritöös vastust leida. Inimeste suhtumine ümbritsevasse maailmasse muutub aja jooksul. Ühelt poolt tekitavad sellel teisel maal toimuvad sündmused uut huvi riigi vastu ja teiselt poolt puudutab see pikaajalisi muutusi omal maal ning isiklik kogemus. Nii muutub sotsiaalne distants teiste maade ja rahvastega. Paljud neist on tulnud Eestile pärast raudse eesriide langemist lähemale, saanud tuttavamaks ja tähtsamaks. Mitmed aga nihkunud kaugemale, muutunud võõramaks. Eestil on nüüd võimalik valida partnereid poliitilistes, majanduslikes, kultuurilistes ja isikuvahelistes suhetes. Euroopa Liiduga ühinemine muudab neid suhteid teiste riikidega veelgi. Välismeedia jälgimine annab meile võimaluse vaadata peeglisse ning näha, millisena paistame välismaailmale. Kuigi välisriigi meedia näol on tegu kõrvaltvaatajaga, ei saa me eeldada, et seal antav pilt oleks objektiivne. Kohati võib peegelpilt hoopis osutuda kõverpeegliks. See, kuidas meid teises riigis nähakse, sõltub mh vahemaast ja suhtluse intensiivsusest, poliitilistest suhetest ja ajaloolisest ning kultuurilisest taustast. Oma osa on ka konkreetse riigi meedia traditsioonidel. Meedia on tänapäeval saanud üheks tähtsamaks vahendiks, mis kujundab ja korrastab inimeste arusaamu. Meedia mitte ainult ei kirjelda, vaid ka konstrueerib reaalsust. Missugune pilt ühe riigi ajakirjanduses teise riigi kohta tekib, sõltub sellest, kui palju ja missuguseid teemasid esitatakse, kes on kirjutajad, kes saavad artiklites sõna jne. Peale selle tuleb arvestada, et ajakirjandus võib 4 esitada teatud stereotüüpilisi arusaamu ning stereotüüpide olemasolu ja nendest lähtumine mõjutab ka kõiki kajastuse aspekte. Stereotüüpidele tuginemises peitub oht, et klammerdutakse ühe ja sama malli külge ning tekstidest kaob objektiivsus. Möödunud kümnendil ületas Eesti rahvusvahelises meedias uudisekünnise vaid juhul, kui meil toimus midagi erakorralist või katastroofilist. Riigi positiivse maine sihipärane ja pidev kujundamine on Eesti kui väikese riigi jaoks oluline tegevus. Töö koosneb seitsmest osast. Esimeses osas luuakse Eesti ja Rootsi suhete kirjeldamise kaudu taust ajakirjanduslikule pildile. Siin on selgelt näha, mis on juba toimunud. Töö teises osas räägitakse sotsiaalse ruumi muutumisest, ajakirjanduse mõjust sotsiaalse ruumi kujundamisel ja ajakirjanduslikust kontekstist. Töö kolmandas osas tuuakse välja uurimisküsimused ja hüpoteesid. Neljandas osas kirjeldatakse uurimismetoodikat. Töös on kasutatud kontentanalüüsi ning kvalitatiivset teksti sisuanalüüsi. Nendele lisaks on küsitud kümne eksperdi arvamust sel teemal. Töö viiendas osas esitatakse kontentanalüüsi tulemused, tuuakse ära ülevaade temaatikast, autorsusest ja Eesti- teemaliste artiklite
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