TIDSKRIFT I SJÖVÅ.SENDET

1771 MED FÖRSTÅN D OCH STYRKA

UTGES AV KU~GL ÖRLOGSMANNASÄLLSKAPET N:r 3 2001 PROCEEDINGS BALTIC FUTURE 2001 TIDSKRIFT I SJÖVÄSENDET FÖRSTA UTGIVNINGSÅR 1836 KUNGL ÖRLOGSMANNASÄLLSKAPET KARLSKRONA POSTG IRO 125 J 7- 9 BANKGIRO 446-3220

Redaktör och ansvarig utgivare: Kommendörkapten LARS WIGERT, FMV, 115 88 Stockholm, Telefon: 08-782 63 85, Telefax: 08-782 44 56. Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapets postadress: Box 13025, 103 01 Stockholm. Annonser: MARGARETA JOHANSSON, Mälby l, 148 95 Muskö, Telefon: 08-500 454 76, Telefax 08-500 456 79. Contents Ekonomi och prenumerationer: Kommendör l.gr JAN BRING, Kantatvägen 27, 131 40 Nacka, Telefon: 08-716 73 38, Telefax: 08-466 97 92. Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet utkommer i regel med 4 häften per år. Prenumerationspris 100 kronor Baltic Future 2001 - background and aim ...... 191 per år inom Sverige, 150 kr utrikes. Prenumeration sker endast genom att avgiften insätts på post­ girokonto 125 17-9. Bertil Björkman l nbetalningskort utsänds med första häftet årligen. Opening remarks ...... 195 Införda artiklar, recensioner, o dyl honoreras med c:a 50 kronor per sida. För införd artikel, som av KÖMS anses särskilt förtjänt, kan författaren belönas med sällska­ pets medalj och/eller penningpris. A historical retrospect

Bestämmelser för Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapets tävlingsskrifter återfinns i häftena nr l och 4. Bo Huldt The Baltic Sea Region - Security in a Historical Perspective ...... 197 Security building activities Sven-Eric Söder Enhanced trade - enhanced security ...... 203 Östersiöinstitutet/The Baltic Institute An Information Centre, a Prompter and a Broker in the Baltic Sea Region. Marie Jacobsson The Baltic Sea from perspective of international la w ...... 209 The Baltic Institute supports the decentralised cooperation in Marie Hafström the Baltic Sea Region with special emphasis on the southern part of the region Go-operation in the Baltic Sea Region against border criminal activity ...... 215 lt has developed a wide network and a Iot of experiences from Göran Larsbrink concrete project in the region lt is the only Swedish organisation with a representative office Monitoring and control for the benefit of a more in Ka li ningrad secure Baltic Sea ...... 223 Claes Tornberg An ambassador, adviser to the board, maintains a close relation with the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Baltic maritime security within a network centric For further information please visit ca-operation concept ...... 225 vwvvv. balticinstitute se r:+' and www ballad arg ~ How to make the Baltic Sea more secure for the future? Vladimir Egorov lmproving the Security System on the Baltic Sea and in the Baltic Region ...... 231

JSSN 0040-6945 189 Abrahamsons Tryckeri AB, Karlskrona 200 1 Atis Leijns Baltic Future 2001 - Background and aim Baltic Sea Security -The Baltic Viewpoint ...... 235

Troels Fröling The development of events around the want to maintain or improve the high How to make the Baltic Sea more secure for the Baltic has, for over a thousand years, standard of living that we enjoy. T11is re­ Future? A Danish perspective ...... 239 been characterised by a continually quires peace, security and efficient struc­ changing power play. There are three tures for trade. l t requires a political, eco­ Tomas Ries main centres: orre in the east, the Russian nomic and social stability. l t also requires Baltic Security -A vie w from Finland ...... 245 area, orre in the west, Sweden and orre in that those elements that provide us with Jaroslaw Dziedzic the south, the fluctuating constellatians security and those elements that contri­ Ca-operation in the Baltic Sea Region -as viewed of the German and Polish nations. Over bute to our development be secured, re­ the last decade, we have experienced the gardless of where they exist. from a Polish perspective ...... 253 latest tum of events in this power play. We all want to have reliable neigh­ Helmut Hubel After World War II, German y was no bours, not at !east as a buffer against un­ The future of security in the Baltic Sub-region - a longer a functioning state while the certainty and instability. We all want to USSR re-emerged as the most important have well-functioning forums for security German perspective ...... 257 power in the Baltic area with control of policy ca-ordination and we all want to Dag Hartelius the coast from the Gulf of Finland to LU­ maintain and, in the majority of ca ses, de­ Enhancing Security in the Baltic Sea Region - beck. velop the central institutions of the EU. Swedish Contributions and Views ...... 263 After the building up and unification Most of the export and import of ra w of East and West Germany, the country materials and finished products are The evironmental aspects has oriented itself again to the contirrent transported by sea to, from and within after the fall of the Soviet Union and the the area. The sea lanes and the free flow Anders Wijkman dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, primarily of ra w materials and processed products The Baltic Sea and its environment- a joint obligation ...... 267 through the EU. This has resulted in a to and from the harbours on the Baltic power vacuum in the south-eastern cor­ Approaches and around the Baltic Sea, is Sven-Erik Al hem ner of the Baltic Sea. Once again, and the basis on which the countries prosper­ The Commission of dumping oil - consequences now orre of nine independent nations, ity rests. Fre e access to the sea lanes th­ for the Baltic Sea and its c oastal states ...... 273 Sweden has become the geographically rough the straits between Sweden, Den­ dominant state in the Baltic Sea area. mark and Germany will always be of ma­ Jan Berglöw Against this background of many jor strategic significance to the nations in Green sh i ps- the environment, a cancern for us all ...... 275 centuries of changing conditions, i t would the Baltic area. Catharina Ringborg appear optimistic to assume t hat a sustai­ Today, Denmark, Finland, Germany nable situation in the Baltic Sea area has and Sweden are members of the EU and The water purification project in Kaliningrad ...... 281 now been attained. T11e region can be in­ an integrated part of European security. Björn Ganning tegrated in a stable way into a unified The European Union is a peace project The maritime environment of the Baltic Sea- Europe on condition that the states aro­ and, de facto, an alliance. Is it wort h protecting? ...... 287 und the Baltic Sea are weil integrated in The Baltic involvement together with the international community that has a the ambition of wishing to contribute to Mats Lindemalm domirrating influence in the area. peace and security in the surrounding Short summary from the panel debates ...... 291 world, the states around the Baltic Sea Key interests have common interests which have in­ The basis of this will be the will to main­ creased radically during the last decade. tain freedom and democracy. We all also Both Finland and Denmark are intima-

190 191 tely invalved in Estonia Latvia, and Lit­ statesthat govern this development It is ern Europe passes through the Polish where policing is poor. The seas around huania. German y is in volved in Lithuani­ also a duty for the states to ensure that, and north German coast, and in addition the states provide a suitable transport an while for Poland; Lithuanian stability from the Baltic Approaches to th e Baltic there is a tendency to avoid the traffic route. To make smuggling more difficult, is of vital interest Germany has shown area and from northern Germany and bottleneeks common in western Germa­ i t is necessary for theseasto be effective­ marginal interes t, at least for the time be­ Poland to Spitsbergen, those internatio­ ny and France. ly controlied and monitored and be pos­ i ng as this sub-region is relatively secure. nal agreements are adhered to. The vali­ In this context, it is not on ly sea trans­ sible to board vessels and carry out in­ If we focus on the Baltic Sea, free Iines of dity of the tractates on Åland, The Sound port that is of current interest The build­ spections. [n this con text, illegal immigra­ communication and the security of the and Spitsbergen should not be questio­ up and Iinking of energy supplies, with tion is also a problem and one that has to Baltic area is of vital interest ned. Sweden, in the centre of this area power cables and gas pipelines is a vital be dealt with in the framework of the la w. When stability is so dependent on se­ has the longest coastline, can not stand national requirement for the safe and se­ This requires that we not only monitor curity in the Baltic area, then security aside from the responsibility this e ntails. cure development of society. It is a fun­ the sea, bu t that we are also able to prov­ should be deepened and strengthened. Sweden will, in one way or another, be damental interest for the states cancer­ ide social support and health care to the­ Our assumption is that there are many forced to shoulder this responsibility for ned that this energy supplies functions se illegal immigrants. interests, desirous of closer ca-operation ensurin g freedom and security at sea. The on a continuous and safe basis. The Baltic Sea is extremely sensitive in the Baltic area. states around the Baltic Sea are not on! y The division of the sea areas in to eco­ to environmental damage. Environmen­ coastal states, bu t also maritime nations. nomic zones and the division of fish quo­ tal pollution control is a major concern, The aim of the seminar The sea is a source of income for tas are not without cost This generates and one in which the coastal states all The guiding principle for the develop­ many people in the Nordie area. The issues over rights, but also requires that have a shared interest I t is of paramount ment of maritime ca-operation in the bridges over 1l1e Sound and the Great the states around the Baltic Sea have th e importance that we maintain a continu­ new Europeisthat the strategic focus has Belt, connect local regions. The Baltic ability to fulfil all necessary require­ ous and sustainable presence and to mo­ shifted from the en try of the Baltic Sea to Approaches, the Baltic Sea, the Gult of ments in accordance with international nitor the sea and the seabed so as to be the Baltic area itself. The states around 8othnia and the Gult of Finland all con­ agreements. 1l1is then, demands strict able to act quickly when environmental the Baltic Sea, and indeed the other Eu­ stitute, to an ever greater extent, the most monitoring, to prevent illegal fisbing and accidents occur. Likewise, th e transport ropean sta tes, are all interested in a com­ important transport routes for the Scan­ the subsequent depletion of fish reserves. of dangerous goods is extremely impor­ mon maritime standpoint and capability dinavian countries, the Baltic area and Fishing rights and the access to fish are tant to control. Maybe, for example, spe­ with regard to Russia. The harboms are kept navigable considered to be national assets. cial piloting is necessary; instructions for • Security year round with the hel p of l arge icebrea­ Accidents have to be prevented and navigation and, in certain cases, the pro­ • Frontier patrolling kers. avoided. If however, they do occur, the tection of vessels ma y be necessary. • Environment Maritime transport is increasing dra­ repercussions resulting from similar caJa­ The maritime cultural inheritance of • Communication and trade matically in the Baltic Sea area. This is mities must be limit as much as is pos­ the Baltic Sea must be protected and pre­ • Energy exchange because the Baltic states are trading sible. The rescuing of people in distress served. The "maritime graves" must be • Rescue more and more with the nations around and dealing with those that have peris­ left in peace. Continuous presence and flexible ac­ the Baltic Sea, as weil with states outside hed is a matter of significant common in­ Sweden will support peaceful deve­ tion capability above, on, under, and the area. Russia would be wholly depen­ terest for the coastal sta tes. This can only lopment in the Baltic Sea area and the from the sea conslitute the prerequisites dent on sea transport for the supply of take place through preventive measures Baltic Approaches by participating in for preventing international crises in our the Kaliningrad region, if her transports such as training and inspections, as weil and supporting the development of the near vicinity. through the neighbouring states are dis­ as a high leve! of readiness for rescue · various European security structures. The Baltic Approaches and the Baltic turbed or refused entry. Another contri­ missions when catastrophes do take pla­ The states around the Baltic are beco­ Sea have the great potential to continue buting factor is that traffic and trade to ce. ming ever more closely linked to each to act as a bridge between the nations and from Polish and north German har­ Smuggling across frontiers has always other, regardless of their membership in concerned, instead of as a moat or bar­ bours has also increased. This applies in existed. The smuggling of drugs, aleobol the EU or in NATO. rier. particular to ferries carrying rolling and cigarettes, for example, is of particu­ The aim of the seminar is to find a As a European state and a member of stock. The reason for thisisthat the nea­ lar concern. Smugglers are always sear­ broad and multipurpose approach as to the EU, it is not only the interests of the rest route to and from Central and south- ebing for new routes for their goods how seeurity-building measures in the

192 193 .,. ' area may be developed. This is one way increasingly critical. In the future defence Bertil Björkman to create conditions for a p eacefully de­ environment, the states around the Baltic Rea r Admiral Bertil Björkman's present posi­ velopment within and among the states Sea have a special responsibility, both in tion is Director Joint Procw·ement Command around the Baltic Sea. The maritime en­ regard to national and international at the Swedish Defence Materiel Administra­ vironment also plays a vital ro ll in the et­ needs, to ensure that they have the capaci­ tion (FMV) in Stockholm. Prior to this he was forts to achieve this gaol, and must there­ ty to fulfil their obligations in this field. A Commanding Officer, ].Submarine Flolilla e Naval fore be combined with the other securi­ common maritime strategy is a part of a and Direcwr Plans and Policy at th ty-building measures. regional and world wide stewardship of Staff Bertil Björkman graduated from the Royal A key question li es in the understan­ the seas and th e i r shared usage. Swedish Naval Academy in 197I and Naval ding and interpretation of the world that Partidpants Weapon ( artillery) Officer's School in J 973 and surrounds us. The threat scenario has be­ served during the 70 's in des /royers and FPB 's. come more important, and concealed Representatives from authorities and or­ H e also served in icebreakers. After graduation forms of threat require special counter­ ganisations from Denmark, Estonia, Fin­ from the Swedish Armed Forces Staff and War measures. The ability of being a ble to land, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Pol­ College in1984 he served for five years in vari­ mislead the source of the threat, bot h stra­ and, Russia (also Kaliningrad) and Swe­ ous staff appointmen.ts (mainly Plans and Poli­ tegically and operationally, is becoming den will participale in the seminar. cy and Budget) at the Naval Staff In 1989 he was Commonding Officer of a Corvelle and the year ajier he commandeda C01·veue Squadron. After gradumionfrom the U.S.Naval War Col­ lege in 1991 he was appointed at the Swedish Armed Forces Staffand War College as Director Senior Naval Staff Course. In 1997 Bertil Björk­ man was appointed as ChiefNaval Materiel Command at the Swedish Defence Materiel Adminis­ tration. Du ring 1998 as Program Manager, he was responsible for a major reorganisation. In .lamt­ ary 2000 he was appointed to his present position. Bertil Björkman is a fel/o w of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and ils president since 1999. J-Je is als o a fellow of the Royal Swedish Academy of Military Sciences. Opening remarks For me as the Chairman of the Royal speakers and experienced audience gath­ Swedish Society of Naval Sciences i t is a ered h ere in our unique Naval Museum, true pleasure to bid you all cordially wel­ as l personally see it. To my regret we come to th e U niversal Heritage City of have not been able to comply with th e Karlskrona and this seminar on security wishes of all those who would have liked issues linked to the Baltic region. to attend, but we chose to limit the For most of you international seminar mimber of participants for the purpose affairs are probably nothing new - may­ of hopefully creating an atmosphere of be on the contrary, if anything. There are intimacy and thus promoting the build­ an endless number of those who more or in g of networks for the future. less desire and occasionally even demand The great interest in this seminar the presence of the existi ng small elite, shown to us might to some extent be at­ representing the areas of expertise on tributable to our choice this time to set the cu1-rent agenda. For t hat reason i t is a an agenda, maybe somewhat different great source of pleasure for us arganisers from the customary ones. The reason for to see such a !arge number of qualified this is that we are members of two sepa-

194 195 rate organisations that have adopted the changed conditions. That is how new op­ Bo Huldt option of collaboration, since our portunities are paved the way for. Ph. D Bo Huld! is Professor and Direelor for spheres of interests have so far actmitted­ I assume that it is public knowledge Department of Strategic Studies at the Swedish ly not been the same, but comprise the to most of you in this qualified audience National Defence College. Prior to his present same target scenario of course- promot­ that Swedish security policy has under­ appoinlmentfrom 1996 Bo Huldt was Director ing peace, stability, prosperity, etc. gone a dramatic process of change dur­ for the International Institute of Stralegic Stu­ Weil, what are these organisations? ing the past few years. The threat pattern dies in London. H e has also served as Director Firstly, it is the Royal Swedish Society in relation to security policy has dramati­ for the Swedish Institute of Imernalional Af­ of Naval Sciences, established as early as cally changed from a comparatively tra­ fairs. Bo Huld t holds a Ph. D. in history from the 1771 , that is an academic association to­ ditional military focus on a wide range of University of Lund 1974. I-Je has been research tally independent of the Swedish Arrned threats difficult to prediet In my opinion, assochr/e at the Secretariatfor Futt.tre Studies in Forces and thus independent also of our this is distinctly reflected in the items on the Cabinet Office and al the Swedish Institute Navy, and that is aiming for dealing with the agenda lying in front of us. of International Affairs. He has also been an maritime matters under its motto ' By in­ It is our hope that the next 24 hours officer in the Swedish Army reserve. telligence and strength ', or as expressed in will give all of us participating in this Bo Huldt is a fellow of the Royal Swedish writing, 'monitoring and actively promot­ seminar an insight, from different as­ Academy of War Sciences and the Royal Swe­ ing the development of the naval sciences pects, into our views of the security mat­ dish Society of Naval Sciences. and navy-related matters and conditions ters in the Baltic region of today and to­ in general'. This association, one of the morrow. l t is also our hope that this sem­ oldest academies of naval sciences in the inar will shed light and thus information world, primarily operates by progressive­ on a number of issues that affect us in ly following up the development within one way or other. The Baltic Sea Region - Security in a the maritime area. We publish essays and The format of this seminar has been encourage eminent efforts within the made "compact" on purpose, that it is to Historical Perspective Academy's range of activities, and actdi­ say with brief and hopefully sententious, tiorrally arrange seminars and symposi­ interesting and challenging contribu­ With the end of the Cold War t here arose Baltic, Barents and Black Seas; also the ums within o ur field of expertise. tions, including comparatively abundant a renewed interest in the historical re­ Mediterranean, (the Barcelona process, Secondly, we have the Baltic Institute, time set aside for a question-and-answer gions of Europe - not surprising as much which however contains several subre­ established in 1992- admittedly not that session and discussions. This presuppos­ of the security discussion after the col­ gions; even the old Danube-community old, but no doubt well-established within es, however, that the participants of the lapse of the Cold War order came to focus was brought to Iife in regional initiatives its area of expertise. seminar, actively take part in discussions on security as seen in regional or even su­ emanating from Austria and its former Some of you might fin d that this is an and exchanges of views. A consensus of bregional terms with the transformation Habsburg neighbours. oddmatch to some extent, bu t as the past opinion among the participants may of the frontier between East and West in to The Baltic region is thus an example decade's changes in the real world have even be reached in a number of issues­ a potential political instability zone in so­ among several for the interest in "wet" shown, all organisations have every rea­ something that in a long-term perspec­ cial, political and economic transforma­ concepts, intended to serve to bring us all son to adapt themselves to new and/or tive may in turn bear fruit in other fora?! tion. But also because the old "regions" in to Europe, together. seemed a reasonable, useful and fully un­ The history of the Baltic Sea region Cold War-ish way of thinking about both gives strong support for the idea a bo ut the security and development. Sea uniting rather than keeping apart. The In the focus were the "w a ters" of Eu­ Cold War period appears an abnormity rope, w h ich in previous historical periods against a background of Baltic trade, ex­ had functioned as means for communica­ changes, migrations, communications go­ tion, bringing Europe "together". The ing back to the Iron Age and perhaps three B's were introduced as a concept: even further to the Bronze age traders in

196 197 am ber and other commodities. The Baltic in northern Europe, the struggle for the The some time powers never quite scenario could, however, on ly be realized area as a trade region is the fundament för Russian market, which went on until made it- constrained by the permanents at the end of the war when a British Bal­ understanding both Medieval Europe and Russia itself in the 1700's succeeded in in various configurations, but also by the tic squadron took part in the operations the forming of the various modern states making its debut in European power pol­ third category of actors: the maritime against Russia in revolution, assisting in in the ear! y modern age. itics. powers. They have been three- the Neth­ the independence process of the Baltic When the Nordie kingdoms emerge Since the beginning of the Modern erlands, Britain and The United States. sta tes. out of the relative darkness of the Viking Age we may talk about three types of Their interests in the region as non-shore Since the end of the Cold War, the ages, when we know that they had been strategic actors in the region which states have been strategic, connected Americans have replaced the British as happily robbing and roaming but also formed the patterns of security and inse­ above all with trade bu t also with the on e global maritme power, although not too trading both in Western Europe and far cmity in the region. First the permanent overruling aim not to allow any one of often visible in the Baltic Sea region. into Russia, we find them co-habiting great powers - there was always a Ger­ the local powers to establish a matery However, in 1985, the USS lowa was with stronger political and economic many to the South and there was always over all the region; no new Hanse would high! y visible in our midst, even shooting forcesto the South, the Germans advanc­ a Russia in the East. Sometimes strong, be allowed to emerge, monopolizing great holes in the water with its heavy ing along the southern shore eastwards. sometimes in decay, sometimes totally trade and making the Baltic in to a el osed, guns-all to demonstrate that the Soviets TI1e first modern trading regime in the dominant in the region. Under different inland sea. In the early 1600's, when the di d not own the Baltic-and t hat this was region was a result of cooperation be­ namesand in different shapes- bu t basi­ Danes heJd the upper hand, the Dutch thus an international waterway open to tween the Hanseatic cities, the some 70 cally German and Russian. There seems helped the Swedes against the Danes; others than the short states. Northern European cities united in the even to have developed a kind of see­ when the Swedes threatened to become The situation between 1945 and 1991, Hanseatic League and successfully dur­ saw-phenomenon: when Germany tri­ all predominant in the 1650's, the Dutch the Cold War, has, however, been abnor­ ing the 1300s and almost into the 1600's umfed, Russia retreated, and vice versa. sent a fleet against the Swedes to aid ma] as already indicated with a total divi­ maintaining a trade monopol y. An image The seeond category is made up of Den mark. sion of the Baltic Sea between two blocs. of a harmonious and peaceful communi­ the same time great powers - and they When the British succeeded the For the Nordies as weil as the rest of ty on the Baltic scale, a lost world of rea­ have been three: Denmark in the Middle Dutch as the dominant maritime power Western Europe, the Baltics disappeared sonable proportions, became popular in Ages (when it headed the Union of Ka­ in the early 1700"s the pattern repeated together with Poland (and the Eastern the early 90s as an alternative to the ris­ lmar encompassing the whole of the itself: the British supporting the great al­ half of Germany) behind the iron cur­ ing European Union- but it rests upon North) and into to the modern age. Sit­ liance against Sweden in 1715, but once tain. The Sea divided, and did no longer totally romantic conceptions of what the ting on the Sounds, able to impose a to!!. the now very hard pressed Swedes had unite. From a narrow Swedish point of Hanse was. The League was the equiva­ Next Poland which was a great power in concluded a peace with the Britain (and view this implied that Sweden ended up lent of the EC/EU and had interests far the 1400-1650"s period, never quite suc­ Hannover) in 1719 they shifted to sup­ with a moat between itself and Moscow­ outside of the Baltic region. B ut it was a cessfully mobilizing all its potential and port the Swedes aginst the Russians, now as weil as having Finland as insulation. truly international trading system, domi­ spending a "mobile" existence east- and the predominant power in the region un­ This, in combination with very substan­ nated by the German cities, Iong success­ westwards under the pressmes of the two der Peter the Great. Again, during the hal armaments effOI·ts producing both ar­ fully holding their own against both permanent powers; destroyed in the late Napoleoni wars, Britain came to Swedish senal and order of battle super strong for kings and emperors. 1700's, reconstituted after the First World rescue, now against both Napoleon and belonging to a small state, provided Swe­ In the 1500's , however, they rapidly War, again occupied and later Sovietized the Russiansin 1808-09. den with a platform for a neutral policy lost their power and monopol y as a res u lt in and after World War 2. The t hird some­ Again, during the Crimean War in the and a barrier role during the Cold War, of the new competitition entering the time great power was Sweden - the 1850's, the British (together with the being thus the backbone of the so cal!ed Baltic Sea from the outside, changing "Swedish Century" 1621-1721, with Swe­ French) intervened in the Baltic, attack­ Nordie balance. This was a situation tol­ global trad in g patterns (the Atlantization den replacing Denmark as local ilegem­ ing Russian fortifications in Finland and erated by both superpowers - until the of Europe), and the rise of new, national on and later itself replaced by Russia af­ on the Aaland isles, trying to bring the late 70's when the Soviets had drastically states with ambitious rulers in the region. ter the Great Nordie War 1700-1721. Bu t Swedes into the war against the Czar. increased their capacity in both conven­ A great tu g of war brok e out between the reappearing in the mid-J 900's not only as During the First World War, the British tional and nuclear weapons, with !arge Danes, Poles, Swedes and Russians over a welfare mode! but also as a strategic had strategic ambitions to push through base structures now built in the High de facto contro l over the East-West trade barrier state between East and West. the Sounds and attack Germany. This North. The North of the Nordie balance

198 199 had functioned as a de-escalating, stabi­ with programmes and ambitions that in­ cerns for the smaller partners as weil as building.ll1e Baltic region has the poten­ lizing counterweight to the Central Front escapeably form the agendas also of the their huge but hemmed in neighbour. tial to become fully a part of the (West­ between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. individual states in the region. New ports, built on Russian soil, north ern) European security community that Now stability was endangered by rising Germany has been reunited, Poland and south of St Petersberg are now sup­ has emerged since 1945. All-European, superpower presence, action and reac­ restared (a potential Spain in the North posedly being developed but it will take as weil as regional and subregional or­ tian patterus emerging during the 1979- as a member of both NATO and the EU), time, be costly and still not make the ganizations are now winding their webs 1985 period which we often refer to as the Baltics resurrected and candidates Russians totally independent of their over the region with regional coopera­ the New Cold War. for both EU and NATO memberships. Baltic and Finnish connections. tian supplementing that of the larger Eu­ With Soviet military power culminat­ And the two Nordie neutrals have, al­ The Russian market thus returns ropean organizations through overlap­ ing, however, economic collapse fol­ though still militarily nonaligned states, from history as a strategic factor-alsoas ping arrangements. Al so the region dem­ lowed logically enough with subsequent joined the EU, a political alliance which a strong magnet for the European Union onstrates an element of sub-state, provin­ social and political changes in th e late is now al so, part! y upon joint Finnish and as weil as individual Baltic, trading part­ cial, city to city, university to university 80's: the end of the Cold War and of the Swedish initiatives, building military ca­ ners: this is the one single m arket of such networking which really should recall to Soviet regime. pacity for crisis management. This trans­ size and possibilities arising on Europe's us the one time success of the Hanseatic ll1e new pattern that has since 1989- forms the whole strategic map in the "periphery" in any foreseeable future. cities. 91 recalls the old pattern. The bipolar North. The Sea is no longer dominated The possibilities inherent in this are Whether one is an optimist or a pessi­ balance between the superpowers, on by the Warsaw Pact fleets - in the mid­ enormous. At the same time, Western mist about the future may be a matter of which both Swedish and Finnish neutrali­ SO's constituting between 60 and 70% of European worries over the dangers, po­ personal disposition and preferences. ty as weil as Danish and Norwegian all naval tonnage in the region. tential instability and uncertainties about Much does, however, speak in favour of NATO membership were based, has now Russia in its new shape, however, is Russia are considerable as are obviously optimism. B ut here a key factor will also been replaced by a new order - which, still Russia in the region - a neighbour, a Russia's worries about being left out of lie in the strength of the European insti­ however, weil fits into past patterns. We shore state, but which is now holding on Europe through the processes of EU and tutions, as weil as in Russian commit­ still have a German y to the South, now in to two rather precarious "bridgeheads" NATO enlargement. ments to a European programrue of de­ the shape of the re united Federal Re pub­ the St Petersberg area and the Kalinin­ This is strategically a very interesting, mocracy, open societies and economies lic but also of the European Union; we grad oblast and base area. While the to say the !east, situation with great po­ as weil as in the preparedness of the still have a Russia, with the Soviet Union mental self-image may be the same, of tential bu t also with commensurate risks. Western countries to stand by their own being cut down to size and retreating the superpower, Russia's possibilities for In previous centuries wars have been ideals w hen and if the going, economical­ from global ambitions and superpower exercising such powers are limited. Rus­ fought between opposing candidates for ly or politically gets tough. Whichever status into the old Russia with borders as sia is today a state in reshaping and tran­ regional hegemony, the Swedes, as weil way we see it, this region is one of great of the 17'h century.; and we still have a sition and in great need of both a new as the Russians being among th e con­ historical potential for Europe-building, maritime power, the United States with identity, partners and assistance. The very tenders. Today, the military instrument is including a new Russia. B ut i t won't hap­ NATO. development of the Russian economy so much fmther away from the pen all by itself. We shall have to go out What is new, of course, is the network since 1991 has presented the Russians statesman's hands and we all emphasize and get it. of international organizations - NATO, with a new form of dependence on their cooperation, confidence and security- th e EU, the OSCE- bu t al so the regional neighbours. With Russian exports to cooperative patterus formed through the Western Europe to a !arge extent leaving Council for Baltic Sea States since 1992 the Baltic through the Baltic sea ports, (including the shore states, Norway and these ports, mainly through the trade in as the European Commission), the Arc­ energy raw materials, have become what tic and Barents regional arrangements today is the equivalent of Rotterdam and also in volving the counties/oblasts of the Antwerp to Germany. This constitutes a North. relationship of interdependence between The Baltic region is now a network of Russia and the Baltics, both finding act­ international organizations overlapping, vantages in the relationship, bu t also con-

200 201 r l

Sven-Eric Söder M1: Sven-Eric Söder is state secretary for Nordie and Ballic co-operalion, development co-operarion with Central and Eas1ern. Europe, Expon and invesrmenl promotion and the in­ rernc!l marker ar rhe Ministry for Foreign Af­ fairs. l-le is a/so a member of rh e Stockholm In ­ s/i ture of Transition Economics. Before this he has been the elirector of th e Olof Palme International Centre, information officer and polirica/ adviser to th e Swedish Mi­ nister of Defence.

.. Från och med 1 maj 2001 har Kungl. Orlogsmannasällskapet ny postadress: .. Kungl. Orlogsmannasällskapet Enhanced trade - enhanced security Box 13025 We are here today to discuss the future of sure prosperity and development. A the Baltic Sea region- our region. We all broad perspective is vital here. Common want this region to continue on its security implies a great deal more than 103 01 STOCKHOLM present path of development and pros­ security in the traditional sense. It en­ perity, but, of course, it is up to us to compasses a host of other areas such as make sure that i t develops in the right di­ communications, environmental issues, rection. We would like the Baltic to be a rescue services, IT, border control, ship­ clean sea without pollution, in a region ping and- not !east- trade. We are today where security, peace and common un­ witnessing rapid development in allthese derstanding prevail and where trade, areas. And it is only natural that all the economy and culture flourish. But to countries in the Baltic Sea region should achieve this we must cooperate. We must strive together, building up networks at help each other, meet at different levels alllevels and working for common devel­ and discuss our visions of a common fu­ opment and cooperation in all these sec­ ture around the Baltic Sea. Because it is tors. My particular focus today will be the arithmetic of cooperation in meeting trade and how trade can contribute to common chall enges that 1 +l is mo re enhanced security in our region. than 2. Gatherings and conferences like There is a close connection between this provide excellent apportunities for trade and investment, stability and secu­ continuous dialogue on a wide range of rity, growth and prosperity. Few things topics im portant to our region. are more effective in bringing people to­ Security is essential if we are to en- gether and securing stability than eco-

202 203 nornie interdependence, the understand­ portant that illl_countries in the region represents a sizeable market, amounting spective, for an appreciable s hare of total ing that the quality of our future Iife de­ are actively involved. In the end, the to around USD 1,200 billion in ·1999.1l1is inwardFDI. pends on how weil things develop for o ur Hanseatic league became obsolete be­ is almost 30 per cent of the total Japanese A prerequisite for positive growth, neighbours and on how we manage to cause the organisation kept old technolo­ market and nearly one seventh of th e US development and prosperity is the suc­ use the full combined potential of our re­ gy, belived in protectionism and did not market. GDP for the Greater Balti c Sea cessful transition of the former eastern gion. Trade and investment create mutual include all relevant partners around the region - which includes !arge parts of economies into market economies. This interdependence between people and Baltic rim. Russia and Germany- amounted in 1999 process has in man y ways been accelerat­ countries and this in tum promates Today, i t is amazing to see how quick­ to USD 3,100 billion, equivalent to 70 per ed by the fact that several of the eastern growth and prosperity. This is the posi­ ly old relations have been re-established. cent of the Japanese mark et. countries around the Baltic Sea are tive framework that we must strive to The trading network across the Baltic At present, we anticipate positive about to enter the European Union. The achieve. Sea grows stronger as each year goes by. GDP growth in all the countries in the perspective of future membership in the Trade has a Iong tradition in the re­ Trade exchange has undergene enor­ region. GDP growth in the Balti c coun­ EU for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and gion. 1l1e sea itself and the rivers have mous expansion since the beginning of tries has been remarkable, reaching a Poland is in many ways a very important been the connecting bridges and main the nineties and the potential for the tu­ peak in 1997 of almost 11 per cent in Es­ factor for further development, growth transport earridors for centuries. Trad in g ture is just as great. On average, trade tonia and around 8 per cent in Latvia and and prosperity in our region, particularly relations between the Scandinavian Vi­ flows between all countries in the region Lithuania. as the conditions of EU membership will kings and the people of Novgorod in increased by more than 30 per cent annu­ The high growth rates and the low in­ lead to rapid reforms and restructuring. modern Russia were weil established a ally between 1993 and 1998. In 1999, flation in 2000 indicate that 1999 was just First of all, future membership will re­ thousand years ago. This was followed by these stagnated slightly because of the a temporary setback in growth due to the duce the risk for western campanies the ascendancy of the German-dominat­ repercussions of the Russian crisis in Russian crisis. Russia had the highest wanting to trade with or invest in these ed Hanseatic League. The only break in 1998. However, trade flows will pick up growth rate in the region in 2000. These countries, and this in tum will boost this age-old pattern was the half-century again in response to the acceleration in favourable conditions seem set to contin­ growth. Secondly, membership will sig­ Iong tragic parenthesis of the cold war, economic growth in 2000 and 2001. ue in 2001. nificantly improve the security situation when the Baltic Sea divided two political The Baltic Sea region is today one of The Baltic Sea region is also a signifi­ forthese countries and reduce the risk of and economic systems instead of being the most dynamic growth regions in Eu­ cant recipient of foreign direct invest­ political backlash during possible eco­ the !ink between advanced industrial rope. H has also a unique potential: prox­ ment. As the primary medium for th e nomic crises. countries i t is today. One could just recall imity to markets with strong purchasing transfer of technology, business leader­ Naturally, this development can not that the standard of living in Estonia and power, a well-educated population, and ship and marketing know-how, capita! be achieved without stable institutions, Latvia before the Second World War was proud industrial traditions. lt is also imports in terms of Foreign Direct In­ capable of guaranteeing democracy and comparable to that of Sweden or Finland unique in concentrating a number of the vestments are crucial to the rate of eco­ the rule of la w. To a !arge extent Estonia, at the time to realise that th e forced in­ world's leading IT nations and thereby in nomic growth. The new countries around Latvia, Lithuania and Poland have al­ troduction of a communist system led to presenting a tremendous plattorm for the Baltic Sea have so far proved adept ready achieved this. Although further re­ an anomaly in economic development businesses of the New Economy. at attracting FDI. The !arge inflows of di­ structuring remains to be done we are and made the region more heterogenous. Although efforts to exploit this mar­ rect investment in recent years have impressed by the progress madebythese From the period of the Hanseatic ket potential have already begun, there highlighted the increasing importance of countries in the past few years. The con­ League we have learned several lessons. are still immense opportun i ties to further FDI in the Eastern Baltic region. The clusions by the Göteborg European First of all , countries in the region experi­ i nerease trade and economic growth. countries in the region had a stock of in­ Council will make sure that the momen­ enced the importance of trusting in new Let me give you a few more figures to ward FDI of about 380 billion USD at tum of the enlargement process is kept. I technology and of taking advantage of illustrate trade development in the re­ the beginning of 1999, corresponding to feel confident that we will find present technical development. We also know gion. The Baltic Sea region has a popula­ almost 30 per cent of the total stock of candidate countries from our region that we must Jet free trade prevail as op­ tion of about 84 million people and in FDI in the European Union. Of course, among the first group of new member posed to leaning on the principle of pro­ G D P terms is a bo ut the same size as the not all FDI are directed to areas in the states, hopefully joining the Union in tectionism. Furthermore, if we are to en­ United Kingdom. This is more than 10 Baltic Sea region, but that region never­ 2004. sure future prosperity, i t is extremely im- per cent of Europe's GDP. The region theless accounts, in an international per- In this context, l would also like to

204 205 mention corruption, which could be con­ Commissioner Mr Lam y and the Russian example of successful subregional coop­ sea, with more than a thousand ships sidered a problem for the Baltic Sea Re­ Minister for Economic Development eration. For example, this town, Karlsk­ moving across it at any one time. In the gion as a whole and a threat to our com­ and Trade Mr Gref. rona, has already been cooperating with past few decades there has been a major mon development. I am rather worried Its purpose was to provide political Baltiysk in the Kaliningrad oblast for structural change in the transport sector. about the negative tendencies that we support to stimulate debate in Russia - same years now, with fruitful results. Despite environmental cancerns and po­ see today in this area. We must work to­ invalving political decision-makers and One area which I particularly want to litical initiatives, we areseeinga growing gether at alllevels to fight this. the business community - on the benefits draw your attention to is the IT sector. shift from rail transport to trailers, which As regards Russia, pressure for re­ of WTO accession. At the EU-Russia The Baltic Sea region enjoys a leading has led to an increase in ferry traffic on form has not been quite as intense bu t we Summit in May in Moscow, it was decid­ position and is a potential economic and seas like the Baltic Sea. We have seen a are currently witnessing economic re­ ed to set up a joint high-leve! group to technological power axis in terms of in­ huge increase in maritime transport form issues el im bing the political agenda elaborate the Concept of a Common Eu­ formation technology. Four of the five across the Baltic Sea. Since 1997 the in Moscow. There is an obvious realisa­ ropean Economic Space. The specific strongest IT nations in the world are numbers of trailers on felTies has in­ tion among Russia's politicalleaders to­ tasks of the group are currently under found in the Nordie region. Sweden, to­ creased by 10 per cent or more between a day that the only way towards meeting discussion in the Union and with Russia. gether with Finland,is in fact one of the Iot of destinations. However, this expan­ the enormous challenges the country is It is clear however that a primary objec­ world's leading nations in this sector, and sion cannot be sustained in the Iong run, facing will be by securing stable and tive will be to facilitate Russia's econom­ the IT seetar is developing very rapidly especially since much of this traffic pass­ strong economic growth. Having said ic integration in Europe, in particular on the eastern rim of the Baltic Sea es through the downtown Stockholm that, the success of the Russian Govern­ through the country's adoption of the where for instance Estonia has already area. The economic and environmental ment's economic programme will now rules and standards of the single market. passed many EU member states with re­ benefits of a "Via Baltica", which is un­ de pen d on its success in creating the right The concept of a Common European gard to IT development. Recently a der implementation, will be of great im­ conditions for attracting investment and Economic space, tagether with the objec­ number of initialives have been taken to portance in this connection. in implementing further measures in the tive of WTO accession and the dialogue promate !T development in the region. Regarding cooperation in the Baltic sphere of judicial and administrative re­ on energy cooperation launched last The initialive for a Northern eDimension Sea region, energy is a top priority seetar form. After the latest presidential elec­ year, will provide additional incentives Action Plan is one example. The Action for Sweden. We are monitoring the im­ tion, the situation in Russia seems more for the continued process of Russian re­ Plan will be formally adopted at the portant developments taking place in the stable than it has ever been. However, form necessary to bring Russia and Eu­ meeting of IT Ministers of the CBSS Baltic Sea region energy market very just as in the Baltic countries and Poland, rope ciaser together. Achieving such a countries in Riga on 28 September this closely. Sweden is actively invalved in efforts are still needed to establish func­ rapprochement is only IogicaJ with re­ year. Sweden welcomes the initiative, this ongoing process in the region tioning market institutions, the rule of gard to the fact that the EU stands for which constitutes an important means of through, among other things, the Baltic la w and efficient, impartial authorities. about 40 percent of Russian foreign developing and strengthening coopera­ Ring stud y. Sweden is by tradition an advocate of trade and it is imperative for the im­ tian in the IT sector. We have extensive experience of the free trade and the abolition of barriers to provement of security and stability in In my view, we cannot place too much deregulated energy markets in Scandina­ trade. Sweden, and the EU as a whole, Europe. This cancerns the Baltic Sea Re­ emphasis on the IT sector, which is a ma­ via, and our industries have acquired therefore actively support Russia's aspi­ gion in particular w hich is the on ly region jor contribulor to the development of the considerable know-how in the energy rations to become a member of the where Russia and EU have a common New Economy, trade and business in our field from projects in the global market. World Trade Organisation. The accession borde r. region. Development of the electricity market process is as much about clear ground As the region of Russia clasest to To enhance trade, we must also seek around the Baltic Sea- including impor­ rules, transparency and legal certainty as Sweden, Kaliningrad is clearly an im por­ to develop functional and effective tant transmission projects in Iine with the i t is about cl assic m arket access. In March tant aspect of bilateral Russo-Swedish means of transport. For centuries, access Baltic Ring concept - is part of the this year, a high-leve! conference on relations. Swedish cooperation with Ka­ to water has been the most necessary Northern Dimension Action Plan and is WTO and Russia's integration in the liningrad takes place on many levels, precondition for economic growth in the an important factor in environmental im­ world economy was heJd in Moscow at both national and regional. Baltic Sea region. The sea is still impor­ provement. the initialive of the Swedish Minister for Joint projects invalving Kaliningrad tant, both for the transportatio n of goods Under the seeond Baltic Billion, a Trade Mr Pagrotsky, The European and parts of southern Sweden are one and passenger traffic. The Baltic is a bus y programme launched by the Swedish

206 207 Government to strengthen the posttian works for dialogue and cooperation. Bu t Marie Jacobsson of Swedish industry and support the de­ the concrete content of cooperation must M s. Marie Jacobsson is a Senior Legal Adviser velopment in the Baltic Sea region, fi­ develop from contact at local and region­ ( Director) at the Department for International nancial instruments are available that allevel. Law, Human Rights and Treaty Law at th e could usefully contribute to the develop­ That is why this conference is impor­ Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. She has ment of important key Baltic Ring tant. We must build new bridges across warked jit!l time with public internarionallaw projects. the Baltic Sea, and make our part of Eu­ issues since 1987. Previous to thai she warked with secttrity policy issues at the Swedish De­ At the start of my speech I mentioned rope the good example - in terms of con­ .fence StafT She holds a Doctor of La w from the of networking at all lev­ tact, cooperation and prosperity - that the importance University of Lund, Sweden. The tir/e of her els to create the Baltic Sea regionthat we we want it to be. rhesis is "The Antareric Treaty Sysrem - Erga want to live in. Cooperation at local and To sum up, J think integration is the Omnes or /mer Par!es? " regional leve! around the Baltic Sea key word to explain how l hope present Marie .Jacobsson is responsible for acade­ should not be under-estimated in this and future relations between the coun­ mic courses on la w of the sea and national se­ context. It is the direct contact and the tries in the Baltic Sea region will be. Inte­ curity at the Swedish National Defence College meetings between people that will con­ gration - so that we can live in a neigh­ and al Melbourne University, Australia. She stitute the basis for enhanced mutual un­ bourhood of shared human values, eco­ has a/so been c/ose/y invalved in maritime as­ derstanding and respect. nomic growth and prosperity, stability boundary n.egotiations. One of her recent signmen.ts is as the I-lead of the Swedish Dele­ In realising the vision of the Baltic and security. gation to th e UNESCO meetingson the p rarec­ dynamic This is the vision l have for the Baltic Sea region as orre of the most tian of underwafer cu.ltura/ heritage. She is a/so regions in Europe J believe it is extreme­ Sea region - of cooperation and integra­ a member of!he Humanitarian Law Delegation ofrhe Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and of ly important to work at different levels: tion into a real partnership. Through the Swedish Government's Delegation to examine Swedish weaponry projecls .fi·om th e perspective European, national and regional. At Eu­ joint efforts, I am confident that we have of internationallegal norms (under the egid of the Ministry of Defence). She is an experr in a go­ ropean and Nationallevel we can - and every chance of making this vision a real­ vern.menta/ commiuee dealing with revision ofrhe Swedish crimina/ code with respectto the legisla­ should- create preconditions and frame- ity. tian on war crimes and of a commillee dealing wilh the Swedish boarder surveillance in limes of war. Marie .Jacobsson is a fellow and a member of the board of the Royal Swedish Sociery of Naval Sciences, jellow of rhe Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences, of the Board of the Swedish B ranch of the lntern.arion ct! Law Association and of the Board of the Swedish Association for ln­ temarional Humanilarian La w. She is funhermore a member of the Assembly of the Jnslitute for International J-Jum.anitarian Law in San Remo, !ta/y, and of the Editorial Board of Nordie .Journal of lntemarional La w, Copenhagen. The Baltic Sea from the perspective of internationallaw

On the 23 of April 1908, representatives from the Bay of Bothnia southwards to of four Baltic rim states namely, Germa­ the point where i t met the border of Ger­ ny, Den mark, Russia and Sweden signed many, which at the time covered parts of an agreement on the preservation of the today's Poland. status quo in the Baltic Sea region. Alt­ The 1908 agreement bears evidence hough on ly four states were parties to the both of an ambition to sta bi Iise the politi­ agreement, it should be recalled that cal environment and to co-operate by re­ their territories entirely framed the Bal­ lying on an international legal instru­ tic Sea area. Russia's coast stretched ment. The agreement was concluded with

208 209 an express ambition to confirm - in real­ condition for the definitive establish­ A definition of "the Baltic Sea is not the legal map of the Baltic Sea much ity to establish - the bands of fri endship ment of the Baltic Sea as a mare liberum. entirely obvious. In Swedish encyclopae­ clearer and brings about a much more and good neighbourliness between the A seeond important example is the dias i t is not unusual to find a di stinction predietable political situation. states, and airned at contributing to the Åland Islands Treaty from 1921 which between the 'true' Baltic Sea ("egentliga Regrettably, delimitation is not preservation of peace in the region by demilitarises the Åland istands area. Östersjön") and the 'wider Baltic Sea'. enough to create a 'safe and secure' (in a agreeing not to engage in any territorial There were, however, a number of By the 'true' Baltic Sea' authors often wide sense) maritime e nvironment. One expansion. The four states therefore ex­ other agreements that focused on ca­ mean the sea area between Denmark/ reason why th e ' legal status' of the Baltic pressed their firm intent to respect and operation rather than conflict. The num­ Sweden up to the Åland Isl ands archipe­ Sea has become less clear today has its maintain the rights of th e other parties to ber of agreements regarding ca-opera­ lago. (It is not always entirely clear if roats in another area of internationallaw, their respective passessions ( rnainland as tion in combating smuggling (in particu­ they mean to include the Gulf of Finland namely in the development of the law of weil as islands) in th e Baltic Sea region. lar liquor) in the 1920s and regulating also.) For the sake of simplicity I would th e sea. The ambiguities of the rightsand In retrospective we all know that the fishing rights, are impressive. Already at like to join those who cover all sea areas obligations embedded in l egal concepts agreement was overtaken by events, pri­ that time the Baltic States identified from Denmark/Sweden all the way north such as 'the excl usive economic zone', marily the First World War. It mi ght wh at we today label as a 'soft security to the Bay of 8othnia in the concept of continental shelf and contiguous zone therefore be tempting to ridicule these threat' as an important area for ca-ope­ " Baltic Sea", also including for example can be mentioned as examples. The Uni­ ambitions to achieve "perpetual peace" rati on. the G ulf of Finland, the Bay of Riga and ted Nations Conventia n on the Law of (to travesty the title of a work of a fa­ Hence, we have seen a number of the Danish and Danish/Swedish Straits. the Sea from 1982 (UNCLOS) allocates mous Baltic region philosopher namely, agreements retating to the status of the Such a definition, or delimitation, would rights and duties to states with respect to Immanuel Kant from Königsberg/Kali• Baltic Sea region, or to ca-operation bet­ make legal sense. the different maritime zones of the sea, ningrad). However, in my view it would ween states with regard to the Baltic Sea, but it is often far from clear what they be a mistake to ridicule the ambitions to that serve as examples of an insight that What the Baltic Sea is today imply, in practice. White a t the same time conclude security arrangement by means territorial expansionist ambitions risk and what it might be it is cl ear that an exclusive economic of a regional agreement in the absence of creating instability rather than stability, Since the birth of modern law of the sea, zone (EEZ) is not the same as the high any other multilateral security arrange­ and t hat a focus on ca-operation is to the the legal status of the Baltic Sea has be­ seas, most high seas rights prevail in prin­ ment such as the League of Nations or benefit of all Baltic Sea sta tes. come both clearer and more obscure. I t is ciple in the EEZ:s. UNCLOS uses con­ the United Nations. clearer because the Baltic Sea is the most cepts such as sovereignty,jurisdiction, ex­ Instead, we should consicter the at­ The geographical map properly delimited so-called semi-enelo­ clusive rights, sovereign rightsand sim p ly tempt a s tep in the historical develop­ Reference to a philosopher such as Im­ sed sea area in the world. With fe w ex­ 'rights' when referring to the 'rights' and ment of relations amongst Baltic Sea manuel Kant is natural for a lawyer since ceptions th e nine Baltic States have ma­ 'du ties' of states (be they coastal or not) neighbours. For centuries, the Baltic Sea there is at !east one thing that lawyers naged to 'delimit' their maritime zones in in the context of the law of the sea. The has been the object of rivalries between an d philosophers have in common. the Baltic Sea area by agreeing on vari­ Conventian is a jigsaw puzzle and its ter­ states, - the legal battles regarding the Neither a lawyer nor a philosopher can ous maritime boundaries in accordance minology is sometimes inconsistent. This status of the Baltic Sea as a ma re ciausum seriously engage in a discussion without with internationallaw. Few areas remain makes UNCLOS difficult to read, but (a ciased sea) or a mare liberum (an defining the subj ect of the discussion. I to be delimited (for example the bounda­ even more difficult to implement. If a open, free sea) serve as good examples. am in no way different an d I will therefo­ ry between Denmark and Poland south stateimplementsit in 'too far-reaching' a It was not until states affected by the re attempt to make a geographical d efi ­ east of Bornholm regarding the exclusive manner i t ma y be criticised, and if i t does instability of the status of the Baltic Sea nition of what I m ean by 'the Baltic Sea' economic zone and continental shelf) not implement it at all , it may be critici­ seriously started to negotiate multilateral in this presentation. and in most cases negotiations between sed for not fulfilling its obli gations. I t be­ agreements that a foundation was laid Although the title of the symposium the states cancerned are weil under way. comes even more complicated when sta­ for stability in the region. The f irst ex­ is, as you know, "Bal tic Future", the titles The impressive number of maritime tes attempt to tackle problems that are ample which still exists is, of course, the of the individual presentations indicate boundary agreements is in itself a school not explicitly addressed in UNCLOS, Öresund Treaty, regulating and guaran­ that most speakers are Ii kely to actdress example of confidence-building measu­ and it is therefore im portant to discuss teein g free passage in Öresund and the issues relating to th e Balti c Sea. And so res through international agreements. lt and come to an understanding of the me­ Belts from 1857. That trea ty was the pre- will I. is confidence-building because it makes aning of the content of the law.

210 211 This is one reason why maximum se­ curity from the security of the rest of Eu­ serves as an example of another type of tura! heritage since the multilateral draft curity cannot be achieved through unila­ rope or indeed, the rest of the world. lt 'regional' agreement. It is both a geo­ agreement is not Iikely to attract all Bal­ teral regulation on the part of the Baltic makesit impossible to im pose stricter re­ graphical and a functional regional tic Sea parties and hence will be difficult Sea sta tes. Co-operation is needed, and I gulations on the protection of the envi­ agreement. lt is geographical in that it to en force against non-parties. shall later show why. ronment or to take other jurisdictional can be geographically distinctly identi­ The Baltic Sea as a common resource 1l1ere is also another typical Baltic measures to combat illegal trafficking, fied. It is functional in that it clearly de­ is of immediate concern to the Baltic Sea Sea feature which J have hinted at above, smuggling, drug trafficking or other cri­ fines the aim and mandate of the parties states and of indirect concern to non­ namely the multilateral agreements such minal activities than those regulations to the agreement. The Schengen Agree­ Baltic Sea states. The international com­ as the Åland Islands Trea ty, the Öresund that already are accepted by the interna­ ment has a feature typical of new devel­ munity has agreed on a regime for the Treaty and the MIS Estonia Agreement. tional community as a whole. The means opments in international law, namely sea w hi ch gives states 'rights'. The regi­ All these agreements have one interes­ to combat such criminality is through ca­ that it requires other agreements and mes are developed to empower and en­ ting common feature: they are not only operation with other states, be they Bal­ practical arrangements in order to prop­ courage states to take their share of the concluded between Baltic Sea states but tic Sea states or not. Individual measures erly implement it. States parties to the responsibility to act. A state has to make also involve non-Baltic Sea states. Hence by states that go beyond what is legally Schengen Agreement are forced to co­ use of its right to act, and that, in turn, re­ they are not restricted to Baltic Sea Sta­ accepted will not only constitute 'creep­ operate closely. The more Baltic Sea quires both a will and a capacity to act. tes, but are of legal and political interest ing jurisdiction' bu t will also be very dif­ states that become members of the EU, This is why the Baltic Sea states have a to other states and a recognition of the ficult, to uphold and enforce in relation the closer this ca-operation will become. special responsibility for the manage­ fact that Baltic Sea security - be it of a to third sta tes. As a result, such unilateral Bu t like UNCLOS, the Schengen Agree­ ment of the Baltic Sea. 'soft' or 'hard' nature is inseparable from measures are Iikely to destabilise securi­ ment cannot prevent other States from A better Baltic Sea 'environment' in a its wider security con text. ty in the Baltic Sea. enjoying their legal rights under interna­ wide sense will not be brought about by The question is, of course, how the Yet the Baltic Sea states can do a tionallaw, in particular under UNCLOS. individual expansion of jurisdiction, but Baltic Sea can be of legal and political in­ great deal. They can agree to establish The Schengen agreement does not give, rather through ca-operation. Here i t is of terest to non-Baltic states, especially stricter rules between themselves, and or does not allow, the parties more utmost importance to define common w hen we are facing a situation where the­ thereby set a standard for the Baltic Sea 'rights', than they already have under in­ valnes and to come to a common under­ re are few areas of high seas lett in the area. They can conclude regional agree­ ternationallaw. The only thing the states standing of how to interpret and imple­ Baltic Sea and where the prospect of the­ ments with, and open them to, other parties to the agreement do is to make ment various international legal instru­ re being no high seas areas at all is not far states and thereby la y the foundation for use of their right to co-operate under in­ ments, such as UNCLOS, the conven­ off? In this context, we should recall the the development of a regional customary ternational la w. And we can rest assured tians developed under the auspices of words of UNCLOS (Article 87) that "the law. Both the Öresund Treaty and the that every attempt to exceed what inter­ the International Maritime Organisation high seas are open to all States, whether Åland Islands Treaty now have custom­ national law allows will be criticised by and other relevant agreements. Similar coastal or land-locked" and that "free­ ary law status and have what lawyers la­ other states. views and ca-operation as re gards border dom of the high seas is exercised under bel an erga omnes status, that is, they are control, the build-up of an effective civil the conditions laid down by this Conven­ valid and legally upheld in relation to all What can be done? information system, the development of tian and by other rules of international states. It is not unlikely that the MIS Es­ There is still much room for improve­ equal coastal strength in combating cri­ law." The same principle of 'freedom of tonia Agreement constitutes the basis for ment of the present legal regime, both at mes against the environment, common navigation' applies in the EEZs of coas­ such a regional customary law develop­ micro and macro level. Search-and­ measures to proteet the Baltic Sea under­ tal states (Article 58). This is the reason ment. We have already seen indications rescue agreements, combined joint forces water cultura l heritage from being looted why the Baltic Sea in a legal sense is an of this. A similar agreement might be exercises in preparation for multinatio­ - all will contribute to a safer Baltic Sea international maritime area, and this is concluded to proteet the wreck of the Ti­ nal peace support operations, technical regwn. the reason why the Baltic Sea states can­ tanic and there is growing recognition in ca-operation and information sharing ~ However, international law does not not exclude other states' activities in the new international (multilateral or bilat­ the list can be left open-ended. Looting lay down which entity within a state Baltic Sea -for good or for bad. The legal eral) treaties of an 'obligation' to respect of the underwater cultural heritage can should have the power. The manner in status of the Baltic Sea makes i t difficult, maritime graves, including war graves. require a special Baltic Sea agreement which a state makes use of or organises if not impossible, to delink Baltic Sea se- The so-called Schengen Agreement for the protection of the underwater cul- its human and material resources is of

212 213 minimal interest from an international patchwork of agreements is Iikely to ex­ Marie Hafström law perspective. lt is considered an inter­ pand. Some will be bilateral, others regi­ Ms. Marie Hafström is Director-General fi:Jr na] matter. It may be a civil, military or onal and multinationaL There are few in­ the Swedish Coast Guard. Prior to this she has paramilitary entity - as Iong as the entity dications that an y of the Baltic States has been director for the Department Civil Defence acts within the rules and principles of in­ any ambition to exclude non-Baltic sta­ at the Ministry of Defence in Sweden, legal ternational law. At the same time, it is tes from the ca-operation. By developing adviser at the Cabinet Office and the Ministry clear that international law requires ca-operation the Baltic Sea states can be of Foreign Affairs. She has a universi/y degree states to co-operate and this in turn re­ at the forefront and set new standards for in la w and has been judge of primary and se­ quires states to live with the fact that po­ a more 'secure environment'. The Baltic condary courts in Sweden. Marie Hafström is a fe!/ow of the Royal Swedish Academy of War lice forces, coast guards and border Sea states have, and can make use of, this Sciences. guards are organised in different ways in special responsibility. I hope that what I different countries. have said will promote a view of interna­ l think and hope that we will see tionallaw as a means to develop ca-ope­ much more ca-operation with regard to ration rather than as an obstacle to secu­ Baltic Sea issues in the future. The rity.

Go-operation in the Baltic Sea Region against cross border criminal activity The Swedish Coast ca-operation aimed at developing border control and crime prevention Guard and its border at sea as weil as maritime environ­ control function mental protection and other forms of surveillance at sea. The Coast Guard The Swedish Coast Guard's tasks, accord­ is also required to co-operate with ing to regulation (1988:256, altered by reg­ other authorities in order to promote ulation 2000:336) containing instructions Swedish participation in international for the Swedish Coast Guard, are: ca-operation within the authority's • in accordance with special regula­ sphere of competence. tions, conduct maritime surveillance, The field of operations lies with in six are­ other control and inspection du ties as as of political responsibility. These are; well as environmental protection and • Accident protection and reduction rescue at sea, (maritime rescue and environmental • co-ordinate the civil requirements re­ protection at sea) , lating to maritime surveillance and in­ • Justice (the executing of police duties formation, including border controlat sea), • follow international developments • Tax, customs and excise ( customs within the authority's sphere of com­ contro l including the contro l of goods petency; participate in international transported by sea),

214 215 • Food and agriculture (fisheries sur­ of operations by especially designaled Coast G uard and other authorities as weil came so call ed interna! barders. This veillance and control), police, customs and coast guard officers as the ear! y and good ca-operation of the means that regular control of persons • The en vira nment (action against mar­ with in the territory of another state. Baltic States and a peaceful development erossing these interna! borders is not per­ itime pollution) and within the region. mitted. On the other hand , persons eross­ • Transport ( contro l of sh i ps' rnave­ Risk and threat Both the threats menti oned remain ing so ca ll ed externa! borders to non ments and safety at sea). today but have, up until now, been suc­ Schengen m ember states are always re­ The Coast Guard is one of Sweden's development during the cessfull y hindered through an extensive quired to be controlied irrespective of three border control authorities. The au­ 1990:s ca-operation between border control au­ the fact that the person is entering in to or thority's area of operations includes both thorities and international ca-operati on. departing from the Schengen area. Nor­ Sweden's maritime barder, from the the control of persons, for which the po­ Sweden and other countries in the Baltic way and Iceland, both non European Fi nnish to the Norwegian barder, is som e lice are primarily responsible, and the Region have made !arge contributions to U nion sta tes, are associated to the Schen­ 2,700 kilornetres Iong. Throughout the control of goods, for which the customs the processes of independence and de­ gen ca-operation by special agreement. entire year, this border is erossed contin­ service bear th e primary responsibility. mocratisation within the Baltic States The land borders to D enmark , Norway uously by maritime traffic comprising of The Coast Guard participales in border and Poland. and Finland are therefore interna! bor­ ferries in regular traffic, cruise sh ips , oth­ control duties by conducting controls at In a study conducted by the heads of ders whilst the maritime border consti­ er merchant ships, fisbing vessels and sea, for which the authority has been de­ governments "Task Force for combating tutes Sweden's externa! border tagether pleasure craft. In addition to this a cl ared campeten t to independently carry organised crime in the Balti c Sea Re­ with air and seaports which have traffic nu m ber visits by warships and other state out these duties and for which coast gion" and its Operative Committee to third countries and have been desig­ owned vessels also take place. guard officers have du ly been authorized. (OPC), under Gennan leadership the nated as border erossing points. Operations a re conducted within the refugee situation in the countries sur­ The fundamental intention of the geographicallimits of Swedish territorial The dissolvement of the rounding the Baltic Sea has been chart­ Schengen ca-operation is based upon waters and exclusive economic zone as Soviet Union, the process of ed. Amongst other things, the report two factors strongly associated to each weil as in areas subject to international democratisation in Poland shows that a !arge number of stateless other. The first is the free movement of agreement. The du ties carried out by the and the reunification of refugees exist in countries in our nearest persons in so much as traditional border control shall cease to exist. The other Coast Guard include the imposing of au­ Germany proximity, over a million in Russia, ap­ thority on individuals. For this purpose, proximately 45,000 in German y etc. fundamental intention, and as a require­ certain powers of authority have been The changes which took place during the ment of the first, is the strengthening of bestowed upon coast guard officers ena­ 1990:s primarily influencing Swedish bor­ Sweden's membership of the the fight against international crime and bling th em, within the fraruework of the der control at sea were the dissolvement European Union and illegal immigration of the Soviet U nion and the process of de­ In order to avoid international crime country's constitution, to take appropri ­ operative implementation of ate action. mocratisation in Poland as weil as the re­ and illegal immigration as undesired side Amongst other responsibilities, the unification of Germany. Analyses con­ the Schengen agreement effects of the free movement of persons Coast Guard has been given the inde­ ducted in th e beginning of the 1990:s indi­ Sweden joined the European Union in the Schengen ca-operation includes pro­ pendent responsibility for conducting cated that there was an apparent risk for 1996 and thereby became a member of visions for a number of campensatory ac­ border controls at sea relating to both !arge floods of refugees over the Baltic the common market which means that tivities. These are primarily reinforced persons and goods. Sea and a spreading of organised crime several of the areas over w hi ch the Coast border control, surveillance of the exter­ International police and customs ca­ from bases in Russia. That the feared Guard isassigned to control, such as fish­ na! barder, intemal control of ali ens, visa operation has developed strongly within floods of refugees became reality in on ly a eries control and customs control, are di­ and consular issues, as weil as police and the present year giving rise to new Swed­ few cases, and then in the form of transit rectly regulated by European Union leg­ judicial ca-operation ish l egislati an based upon international refugees from other parts of the world islation. treati es. An important new item of prin­ (Africa and Asia), was due to a very !arge Sweden became an operative ruem­ The expansion of the extent to the fact that the attempts which ciple interest in these treaties and the ber of the Schengen group of countries European Union Swedish legislatian is that the rules for were made were suppressed by the effec­ on the 25'h March 2001 whereby Swe­ ion of the Europe- combating crime permit a certain degree tive surveillance and rapid response of the den's borders to other member states be- The process of expans

216 217 an Union is under way and all the states terminal within Lithuanian waters is at and the lasbing of cargoes is judged to Mälaren and Vänern other merchant surmunding the Baltic Sea with the ex­ the project stage. remain at a high leve!. An increase can ships rnainta in regular connections to and ception of Russia have applied for mem­ The development of bunkering at sea, possibly be expected within the coming from third countries. A t otal of 28, 000 bership. When and if these countries be­ thereby reducing th e costs of harbour years primarily with regard to thernatic merchant ships per year arrive in Swedish come members of the Union the Treaty time, is elifficul t to asses. controts in ca-operation with domestic ports. Of th ese approximately 9, 000 ar­ of Amsterdam will be in force. This and foreign authorities. The reason for rive fromthird countries. means that these countries will then be Illegal immigration this being the increased internationali­ Approximately 75, 000 pl easure boats part of the previously described ca-oper­ sation of hauliers with an associated in­ visit Sweden every year. Of these some The extent of illegal immigration and the ation as the Schengen agreement has crease in competition in whose footsteps 50% come from Schengen countries out­ therewith associated smuggling of per­ been incorporated in to the Trea ty of Am­ follow additionally reduced time mar­ side the Nordie area, 46 % come from sons is judged to be on the increase with­ sterdam. This then means that all borders gins resulting in an increased risk for other Nordie countries and approximate­ in the next few years. This depends upon between E. U. and Schengen countries in carelessness. ly 4 % , that is 3, 000 boats, come from factors such as increased globalisation, the Baltic Sea Region with th e exception The intensity of maritime traffic is third countries. Pleasure boat traffic is improved communications and the ex­ of maritime borders and the border to expectecl to i nerease within the next few mainly concentratecl to coastal waters be­ pected continuation of the enormous di­ Russiawill be interna! barders. years which indicates an increase in the tween Stockholm and Svinesuncl, primari­ vergence in living standards between dif­ need for maritime surveillance. ly within the archipelagos and the lakes ferent parts of the world. The Coast Guard's Mälaren and Vänern. Environmental surveillance In the Swedish part of the European understanding of present and Infringements against import Union's common waters th ere are some 2, A marginal decrease in the number of future threats restri cti o ns 000 vessels conducting fisbing activities operation al illegal discharges of oil is ex­ The risk and threat analysis the Coast every year. Swedish fisbing ports receive 1l1e smuggling of narcotics is expected pected under the coming five years un­ Guard has made is based upon som e 8, 000 visits of foreign fish i ng vessels informa­ under the coming five to ten years to be less special steps are taken in accord­ tion from both international and dames­ annually. continue to a !arge extent. Even the !arge ance with the Swedish Oil Spill Commis­ tic sources. It has Cruise ships visit Swedish waters most been developed in asso­ scale smuggling of aleohoJ and tobacco is sion Analysis ( oljeutsläppsutredningen) ciation with co-operating authorities frequently between May and September and expected to be of substantial proportions and resources are made available in or­ reflects the Coast Guard's new operative with Stockholm and Visby as the most fre­ within the next few years at !east. An act­ der to reach the environmental quality strategy for the earher mentioned quentecl ports. In 1997 a total of 167 cruise politi­ justment to the European Unions import goals the Swedish parliament decided cal areas. A few of the main areas of ships arrived in Stockholm of which 39 this legislatian in combination with a harmo­ upon in the spring of 1999. The Iong strategy are given here. carriecl from third countries. nising of aleobol taxes can in the longer term development is more difficult to perspective contribute to a r eduction in speculale upon. There is at the moment International co-operation Accident prevention and this form of smuggling. work being done on an international reduction plane which aims at reducing the in border control Fisheries control number of oil spills. Within a foreseeable future shipping will functions The need for continue to intensify. A general indica­ fishery surveillance will in­ In order to meet the new requirements crease with in the coming tion isthatthere will be a boom period in years due to the The flow of maritime traffic created by increased movement over bor­ increase in effectiveness of the fisbing shipping between 2000 and 2005 and that Ferry traffic to third countries is concen­ elers new and higher requirements are be­ fleet whilst biological resources are ex­ a general increase in shipping is also ex­ trated to the east and south coasts of ing made on operative involvement from pected to continue to be substantially re­ pected within the Baltic Area. Studies Sweclen. Ferry traffic in Sweden is in­ public prosecutors, police and customs duced due to negative e nvironmental in­ within the Helsinki Commission indicate creasing. ln ·1999 40 million passen gers, 5 authorities and both national and interna­ flu ences. a doubling of oil transport within the million cars and 1,5 million cargo vehi­ tional levels. Criminal investigation oper­ Baltic Sea area, where of investments in cles were transporled ations must, for example, be adjustecl to the Gulf of Finland are responsible for a Maritime safety and sea traffic From ports along the e ntire Swedish meet the new parameters. Within the Eu­ substantial proportion. An off-shore oil The need for control of dange rous goods coastline and from those in lake ropean Union work is proceecting to accu-

218 219 mulate resources and structure organisa­ Guard together with the police, the cus­ Baltic Sea Region Border lance and surveillance from ships and tions adapted to common and national toms and the public prosecutor actively Control Co-operation aircraft. legislation. contributed to OPC and provided expert Conference (BSRBCCC) • operations in ca-operation with BSR­ An especially important resource in support for the Task Force as weil as be­ BCCC and Task Force on Combating this field is the Nordie Police and Cus­ ing responsible for the implementation TI1e BSRBCCC was founded in 1997 on organised crime in the Baltic Sea Re­ toms ca-operation with liaison officers of a nu m ber of projects within the frame­ the initiative of Finland. The area of ca­ gion and its Operative Committee stationed in a number of specially ehosen work of the Task Force. operation encompasses border control (OPC) with the general aim at follow­ countries to co-operate with the host The priorities for operations within and coast guard duties within the Baltic ing and controlling shipping and mar­ county's police, customs and border con­ the Baltic Region are primarily directed Sea area and is well established within itime activities in the Baltic area tro! authorities. The placing of a coast towards common actions cancerned with the entire region. which can, after the assimilation of in­ guard officer within the Swedish Board the combating of illegal immigration and The work is conducted partially as telligence, be identified as having of Customs Analytic Division and anoth­ charting and assessing the extend of part of the daily operative ca-operation some connection with illegal immi­ er at the National Police Headquarters cross border crime of differing types. between the countries involved and par­ gration or cross border organised Communication Office (N CC) is, for the Through ca-operation within OPC the tially in accordance with a common pro­ crime. When conducting this type of Coast Guard, of paramount interest for national ca-operation between the au­ gram of action under the leadership of operation a special ICC (Internation­ the ca-operation and exchange of infor­ thorities responsible for crime preven­ that country which has the chairmanship al Ca-ordination Centre) with repre­ mation between these authorities. tion in the different states has also im­ for the year in question. sentatives from all the co-operating Much can also be done with states proved. T11e daily operative ca-operation in­ countries and authorities as well as which are not part of the European Un­ Criminal intelligence ca-operation, cludes mainly the exchange of informa­ Interpol is established to ensure and ion and with whom no agreement of ca­ which is of a high priority, has developed tion between National Co-ordination guarantee international ca-operation. operation has yet been reached. Ca-oper­ and improved successively and is today Centres (NCC) and the International In accordance with the Program of ation can be improved and made more cancerned with the combating of cross Ca-ordination Centre (ICC) under the Action technical seminaries have also effective within the parameters of na­ border crime in its entirety. leadership of the chaircountry. The rou­ been held where experts from border tional legislation. Within the Baltic Re­ From the so called "Weekly Situation tine exchange of information is conduct­ and coast guard authorities have ex­ gion there are two such ca-operation Report" it can be deduced that a !arge ed in accordance with a special manual changed experiences and discussed com­ projects encompassing the entire region number of illegal immigrants has been and includes mon development possibilities within together with a number of bilateral ca­ detected and that a number of stolen • List Of Suspicious Ships (LOSS-list), such areas of technical competence as operation projects. cars, as well as other stolen property, al so • Ad hoc reports, urgent reports about shipbuilding, radar surveillance and oth­ has been detected during co-ordinated actions or observations and er technical aids. The combating of organised border controts as has the number of ar­ • Weekly Situation Report (WSR) in­ Exchange programs have also been crime in the Baltic Area rests of criminals. The increased number formation about actions or observa­ made whereby officials from the partici­ of co-ordinated operations is judged to tions etc. during the preeecting week. pating states border and coast guard au­ Ca-operation within the Baltic Area in have a high degree of preventative effect The Program of action encompasses thorities have been exchanged. the combating of organised crime com­ on cross border crime. The common in­ the development project for increased On going im portant projects are: menced, upon Swedish initiative, in 1993 crease in knowledge of the participating ca-operation and the program of opera­ • the development of a common IT­ with the founding of The Baltic Sea Con­ countries' national organisations and re­ tive ca-operation in the form of opera­ based communications system (Fin­ ference on Combating International sources has resulted in a more effective tions to be undertaken, for example: land is leading this project) and Crime. The heads of governments' Task ca-operation between authorities. • operations designed to maintain the • the development of a common mari­ Force for combating organised crime in At the meeting of the heads of gov­ ability to co-operate operatively be­ time surveillance system (Sweden in the Baltic Sea Region commenced its ernments in Kolding on the 12' 11 and 13' 11 tween the authorities cancerned the form of the Swedish Coast Guard work in 1996 and its Operative Commit­ April 2000 it was decided to extend the whereby merchant ships of interest is leading this project). tee (OPC) in 1998. Sweden has since the Task Force's mandate to 2004. It was also are continually followed within the commencement had the chairmanship of decided that Denmark should take over Baltic area using the resources nor­ Bilateral Co-operation both the Task Force and OPC. The Coast mally available such as radar surveil- the chairmanship from 1st January 2001 . A bilateral ca-operation protocol has

220 221 been drawn up between the countries police and other border control authori­ Göran Larsbrink surrounding the Baltic. For the Swedish ties especially related to the exchange of Rear-Adm.iral (L) Göran Larsbrink Coast Guard's part such agreements info rmation and intel ligence, training heads the Planning Department in the have been drawn up with Russia, Esto­ and the exchange of experts, common ac­ Forces Directorate at Swedish Armed For­ nia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Po­ tions, the development of communica­ ces Headquarters in Stockholm. Prior to land. tions and common surveillance systems. this Göran Larsbrink commanded a Sur­ PFP-exercises as an instrument to face Warfare Flatilla and was CO for the Conclusions strengthen peace and security in the re­ ASW Task Force. gion have been of importance in the de­ Göran Larsbrink graduated from the The risk for military conflict in our im­ velopment of contacts and relations be­ Royal Swedish Naval Academy in 1974 mediate area has been reduced through tween countries' arm ed forces. To enable and Naval Weapon (ASW)Officer 's PFP and other such mechanisms. lt is us to go further, ca-operation in the field School (1975)and served in destroyers now therefore of considerable impor­ of security must now be redirected to­ and FPB's. I-le has also held several posts tance to redirect security operations wards and focused on the creation of a in naval aviation (ASW-helicopters and within the region from military to civil region governed by law and the strength­ M PA). A.fter graduating from the Swedish co-operation and to focus our attention ening of democracy in Russia, the Baltic Armed Forces Staff and War College he on the development of civil security, pri­ States and Poland. served in earvettes and was CO for a Gö• marily by government of law. Through This development is important not teborg-dass corvette, used as a test p/at­ developed co-operation between police, on ly from the point of view of crime pre­ form for new A SW equipment and ta c tics. prosecutor, customs, border and coast vention but even in order to proteet mar­ H e als o held ap pointments at the Swedish Defence Material Administration ( FMV)as at guard authorities the obligations and itime resources and thus guarantee and the Naval Stajf rights of coastal states will be guaranteed increase the durability of the ecological Göran Larsbrink is a fellow of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences. thereby also guaranteeing law and order system and the marine environment. Es­ within the region. pecially importantareas are, for example, Monitoring and control for the benefit of a This redirection is an important aspect co-operation within marine scientific re­ of political security aimed at guaranteeing search, fishery control and surveillance, more secure Baltic Sea peace and security in the region compara­ environmental surveillance, and rescue ble with the European Union as a concept at sea. Wi th the rights and obligations of I will actdress some of the issues that other countries surmunding the Baltic and project for political security. any state to contt·ol and proteet its terri­ SwAF are defining as relevant objectives Sea. The increased international ca-opera­ tory, be it maritime or land territory, it is when providing national as well as bilate­ As a member of the European Union, tion between crime fighting authorities, of course of vital interest to have an effi­ ral, or even multilateral efforts in crea­ Sweden like other members sited around border control, fisheries surveillance and cient border control and territorial sur­ ting a more secure Baltic Sea. the Baltic Sea have obligations to fulfiL control, environmental control etc. de­ veillance. However, in order to ensure The Swedish Governement has stated The Schengen Treaty has increased the mands that the national systems also can progress in the field of co-operation and in their guidelines to the Armed Forces required capabilities to monitor the Bal­ function across borders. The work car­ to facilitate operations over national bor­ as well as to the Swedish Coastguard t hat tic Sea. Of concern for all nations today ried out by border control authorities in ders, a greater degree of openness in re­ ca-operation is "the name of the game" and for the foreseeable future are mariti­ the Baltic Region should be directed to­ lation to national integrity must be estab­ to achieve a higher costeffectiveness in me safetyness, as well as to prevent envi­ wards increasing co-operation between lished. the use of governmental invested recour­ ronmental pollution, drugs and crime ses. traffic. TI1e Baltic Sea is an important mariti­ The ongoing development of the Ar­ me link between the surmunding states med Forces includes a number of pro­ and the outside world. In Sweden there is grams that provides an increasing effort also a high priority of further develop­ in the Command &Control organisation, ment in the field of co-operation with new sensor systems, as weil as increased

222 223 communication capabilities. These ef­ tern", AIS, which is a promising imple­ Claes Tornberg forts are to be demonstrated in years to mentation of commercial technology Rear Admiral C/aes Tornberg was Common­ come. that will radically increase the leve! of dan! ofrh e Swedish D efence College from / 990 The Swedish Government has hi gh­ identification in the Baltic Sea over the ro 1998. During his presidency he deve!opecl li ghted a strategic vision to achieve a next decade. The system has been in use and managed !h e changesfi-orn a mililary colle­ Networking Defence structure. This me­ since three years and the SwAF and the ge lo an academic institule, a universi/y for the ans in principle that all units on alllevels Swedish Maritime Agency are now in the def"ence. should have the capability to access of in­ process of upgrading the system infras­ Bef"ore being appoinred Presidenl and formation and to provide information tructure. The information with in Sweden Commandanl h e was Commander-in -Chief of the Swedish Fleet. into the structure in a seamless state of are handled in accordance with the gui­ Du ring !his period he framformed rhe .fleel the art information architecture. Alt­ delin esgiven by th e Swedish Governme­ ji·om a peacelime unit inro a deployed j7eer. hough, this does not necessarily mean nt to the SwAF as weil as to the Swedish C/aes Tornberg has a/so been head o fp/ans and that everyone always have access do all Coastguard. With this expanded network policy department in rhe Naval Sraff information around th e Baltic Sea, the leve l of inden­ Claes Tornberg graduared f rom rh e Royal The strategic objectives includes a tification would substantially increase. Swedish Naval Academy in 1958. C/aes Torn­ number of activities such as: Finally, I must state that a Iot of work berg have served in torpeda boars and des­ • Extending the coverage of sensor­ remain to be done. Technical infrastruc­ /royers for man y years. A fler groduaring from chains to cover areas of international ture, manning, training, working proce­ rh e Swedish A rmed Forces' Sraff and War Col­ waters and to provide fused informa­ dures, the problem with information se­ lege and fi-om the US Naval War College he hel d appointmenrs in regional and joint srajfs. tion in close to real-time. curity policies and so on, might differ A fler /ca ving aclive service he is now Director at the Supervisory Board of Kockums AB, Presi­ sensor networking lP-ar­ between countries. • Expanding dent of the Swedish Maritime L eague and Chairman of rhe Board for Krislineberg Marine Re­ vital for the chitecture with higher bandwidth Live exercises will be search Sration. capacity. continuity and in the achievement of im­ • Replacing older radar sensors with portant "lessons learned" in the effort to commercial of the shelf systems. be able to monitor thiswidearea mariti­ Baltic maritime security within a network • lmplementing commercial standard me picture - and - also to effectively use interfaces to provide interoperability this information, thereby creating a more centric ca-operation concept efforts with other nations as weil as secure Baltic Sea. tegic area for the western maritime pow­ domestic agencies. In my opinion, neither of th ese areas The Baltic- an adjacent sea ers as weil as for Russi a. The historical great importance is also to be able seems, or ought to, be impossible to sol ve to the Atlantic Of struggle between the two opposite posi­ on in a bi- and/or multilateral cooperation to share information between nations The Baltic and the Mediterranean seas tions to see the Baltic as a mare ciausum between the countries surmunding the bilateral agreement without violating na­ have many similarities. For exampl e, both or a mare liberum will continue. The Eng­ tional security requirements regarding Baltic sea. After all, the concern of the can be looked upon as adjacentseasto the lish expression the "Ballic approaches" information assurance. Baltic Sea to become a safe and clean Atlantic. In my view the Baltic has had the versus the Swedish and German the "Bal­ I would also like to say something area is something that we a ll have an in­ same type of influence on the economic tic outlets" gives a linguistic example how about "Automatic Identification Sys- terest in . and cultural development in Northern different maritime and continental pow­ E urope as the Mediterranean has created ers have Jooked upon the Baltic. for its region. Consequently it has always Beli eve it or not, the Baltic does con­ been difficult for me to understand why sist of water! Thus, th e maritime issues, the Baltic area has been Jooked upon as a have been in the past and will be in the lake within the European l andmass. Al­ future, of core importance for the stabili­ though the Baltic has been a faraway out­ ty in the area. post from the civilised world it has never­ I am going to talk about the necessity theless been an important trade and stra- for Baltic ca-operation in a broad sense

224 225 and the new tools that are avail able in sars will have a difficult task in sarting • Flexibility to fulfi l tasks over the Tasks for the Swedish order to establish different types of net­ out the many facets when used in Crisis w hale spectra of conflict maritime security forces • Capacity to operate in the extreme works in the information age. Management situations. In the Baltic Sweden is one of the major littorals I will argue that we from a European/ When we in Sweden have adopted players in the mutual overseeing; above, • Ability to co-operate and co-ordinate Baltic perspective must transform the the new U.S. concepts of "Revolution in on and under the Baltic sea. Our national the civilianand military effort. present U.S. concept - "Network Centric Military Affairs (RMA)" and NCW we interests place demands on our maritime I think it is necessary to elaborate on Warfare (NCW)"- to a "Network Crisis have to be fully aware of that the con­ capability with regard to security, the en­ the interpretation of ca-operation and Management (NCM)" framework. cepts basically are developed to provide vironment, communication, energy ex­ ca-ordination. Different states and or­ lt is my hope that I can increase your options in wartime. change, and rescue. Continuous presence ganisations have their own policy, agen­ understanding of th e necessity and possi­ So I suggest that we develop our own and capability for flexible action above, das and professional reasons for achiev­ bilities at hand to establish a ca-opera­ concepts that will meet the specific re­ on and from the sea constitute the pre­ ing their goals. Ca-operation is the rela­ tion in a broad sense covering the whole quirements in crisis management that we requisites for preventing international tionship between different and inde­ spectra of security. have in Europe as a whole and in the Bal­ crisis in our near vieini ty. pendent component, while ca-ordination tic more specifically. Due to the overall requirements with­ is an organisational matter within any of in the Petersberg Tasks and the demand What is Network Centric the components. A military force earn­ Network within the for an international capacity also outside Warfare (NCW)? mander in a UN mission, for example, co­ framework of the Petersberg the Baltic, the maritime operations as­ ordinates the units in his force, but he has Network Centric Warfare is a term in­ tasks - Network Crisis pects could be summarised in the follow­ to describe al so to co-operate with the Chief Admin­ vented by the U.S. Defence ing headlines: informa­ Management (NCM) istrator, civi lian governmental organisa­ the new options we have in the • Control of embargo Accordingly, I will widen the term NCW tions, NG Os, UN Agencies etc. etc. Even tion age. Basically i t is a concept that de­ • Contro l of immigration to include all conflicts short of war. The if the military role is an indispensable scribes a shift in wartime from a • Evacuation of civiliansin danger a mission reason for this is that we, now also en­ part of an international mission it also plattorm oriented profile to • Participation in air operations and concept is by the Swedish Parlament, be­ has a supparti ve role towards the civilian oriented one. In the U.S. the dorsed Air Defence operatars in lieve that these types of conflicts proha­ effort within the mission. Military and ci­ focused on how to get the • Antiterrorism most common and danger­ vilian organisations have to be able to the field supported by a full picture bly will be the • Mine warfare and clearing explosive for our future security. work and act in close ca-operation. Ca­ from the area of operation. Thus, the ous ordnance on the sea bed For example, in the agreement in Pe­ operation could be described as co-m·di­ sensors in the operational and tactical • Countering underwater activities tersberg 1992 on strengthening WEU op­ nation by consensus. This calls for a mu­ grid have to communicate with each • Surveillance at sea and various types e, the fo­ l role it was agreed that military tual and shared awareness. other. From a naval perspectiv erationa of maritime warfare e water" to a units could be employed for: Information contra! is a necessity in cus has changed from "blu • Fishery surveillance - humanitarian and rescue tasks (h u­ management of the broad array of crisis littoral environment. NCW concen­ • Military ca-operation between Na­ esent con­ manitarian assistance, disaster reli ef, that we have to deal with .You mustn't be trates on targeting and the pr vies evacuation ), provaked to a reaction that perhaps cept of NCW is today so narrow that it You have probably noticed that I use tasks ( conflict preven­ might be adequate from a pure military only gives black and white answers and - peacekeeping the term maritime operations, resources and point of view, but not from the overall it is so far a concept purely for war and tion, peace-building) etc. The reason for thisisthat states have - tasks of combat forces in crisis man­ political goal. The speed of updating in­ doesn't include crisis prevention and ehosen varying security tasks between aking) formation creates a revolution in crisis crisis management. Hence, there is an agement (including peacem different governmental organisations y, I suggest that all management as a whole and not just in imminent risk that this will mislead both Consequentl such as police forces, coast-guard, mili­ region, in order to warfare. the military high command and the po­ states in the Baltic tary forces and others. For me it is the tasks" jointly "Network Crisis Management" litical leadership to direct the war fu lfi l these "Petersberg joint effort that counts- notwithstanding (NCM) seems to be a better term to cov­ against targets instead of supporting the create: how they are organised. The term "mari­ crisis management and er the needs for the futlll·e within the "on-scene-commander". • Capacity for time" covers this joint effort. It is my understanding that legal advi- conflict prevention whole spectra of conflict.

227 226 A new operation profile? levels. We must also assure and ensure At the same time Naval forces al­ in real time at the actual troublespotand the collecting of information. TI1 e condi­ ways have had, have and will as weil in by receiving in real time the analysis The new world order could be summa­ and innovative anal­ the future have an extremely good abili­ from the on scene commanderico-ordi­ rised ; "to be more unpredictable than tians of a farsighted ent of the ty to adapt to new situations. Naval forc­ nator the decisi on maker on all levels - before". ysis of th e possible developm be at hand. If th e political es have since a Iong time had a capacity within their ro les-willget a much better From the very beginning an innocent crisis will then is possi­ for far-reaching detection, identification background for a Iong term direction and crisis could rapidly grow into a much will is there - crisis prevention ble. and classification as weil as a capacity of giving the necessary rules of engagement. more serious situation. Consequently, it could be OK extensive information transfers from Thiswill create a basis for preventive ac­ would be a serious mistake to believe As I am a sailor i hope i t sailing and to other systems in the national and tions and will reduce the risks of carrying that a military force can exercise any if l use a naval metaphor. - We are To international information systems. Be­ out tasks which are not in Iine with the form of influence in a crisis situation on a rough sea with low visibility. g another cause of that they can be a centrepiece overall policy/mandate. without the poli ticalwilland being credi­ avoid running agrOLtnd or hittin have to and play a central role in crisis manage­ ble as a combat read y force - that is effi­ vessel rhe c aptain and his crew ment command and control. This ena­ cient and useful. team how to use the navigational equip­ Facing the future ment. The captain has to use all his skills bles a crisis management concept, by On th e other hand as we mainly have The Swedish contribution to the overall to avoid the dangers within the rocky networking sensors, decision makers to cope with crisis prevention and with security within the Baltic area is best shallow waters. He will a/so meer other and tools/weapons for flexible and grad­ crisis situations short of war the military made through pro-active work outside of vessels. He has lo team about their inten­ ed action. component in the peace support missions our barders. Military units that are flexi­ tions and their crews. H e must ifnecessary Being tbere with a wide variety of ca­ will initially mainly be used to support ble and multi-faceted so that they can be ab/e to co-operate. They must not be ig­ pabilities they can accomplish tasks in a the civilian effort. This means a necessity meet demands covering the wbole spec­ nored! The common purpose is indeed a flexible way. The wide array of none le­ to manage a very divided and fragment­ tra of conflict will be more cost effective safe sailing environment. The risk of tos­ thai options and weaponry make a grad­ ed network. A broader unity of effort is than units just optimised for direct war ing the ship is evident- if we pretend that ed and flexible effort possible. an essential goal to achieve. It is also im­ fighting in traditional warfare. Not the there are no rocks or ships on collision We must also bear in mind that a with­ portant to know that crisis-handling and !east, the ability of naval units to be courses. So the message isthat we have to drawal of naval forces may be done in­ warfare cannot be done just by projec­ present at the rightspotwith high endur­ be able to interpret the information as stantly after a political decision has been tion of power from a distance - u sing un­ ance and also to be flexible for use in weil as countering a broad array of made. Naval forces will also be needed to manned vehicles, projection of power etc. multi-missions faceted way rather than tbreats covering the wbole spectra of carry out evacuation operations of civil ­ You have to be there in the middle of the for standalone operations will be a key conflict. Notbing will of course function ians and/or ground forces. crisis to be able to counter a broad array need in the future. without the political will. But we can Naval forces consequently have a of threats You must also be able to The "veil of uncertainty" will be re­ have the tools to establisb th e basis for unique ability to contribute to the NCW/ interpret all aspects of the information. duced. This enables a crisis management political decision making, NCM. Furthermore they can be the ex­ Which you cannot do from a distance. networking sensors, decision tended arm for the central joint com­ concept by tools/weapons for flexibl e Naval Network Crisis mand - being able to act in all conceiva­ makers and and graded action. Admiral Woodward, Conflict prevention Management ble situations with different means and in the British taskforce commander in the A prerequisite for crisis prevention and The maritime scenario is today and will a coherrent manner. Falkland war, asked himself every night: peace building is to be able to cope with also tomorrow be a very demanding one. By using network covering alllayers­ "What is il today 1 will wish tomorrow l the underlying reasons for the conflict. lt will especially appear in the li ttorals the political decision makers as weil as had done yesterday?" Hence, i t is necessary to cope with multi­ and not the least in "very sballow water" executive resources - the information In fact he asked for better intelli­ faceted threats and risks in an early stage environments. TI1e necessary qualities to technology can !ink decision makers on gence information. The NCW/NCM or before a crisis occurs. Lessons learned solve the problem in the extreme littorals all leve ls together. That doesn't m ean opens a possibility for shared awareness in crisis management of today is the lack includes capacity to counteract tbreats that the strategic guidance and direction which generates a better basis for pre­ of preventive actions. The remedy for from hypersonic cruise missilesto under­ should be mixed up with the tactical ventive action by an information superi­ that is to improve the ability to share water measures - midget submarines, command and control in the field. But it ority. what we know with all players and on all min es etc means that by knowing what is going on

228 229 A suggestion to implement tic including Russia and not excluding Vladimir Egorov NCM within the future Baltic the US, UK or France. l11is must of Governor Viaelimir Egorov is the Head of th e security architecture course just now be seen as a vision as I Adminislration of the Kaliningrad Oblas/ and am fully aware that there are many ob­ is a four s/ar admira/. Before being elec!ed go­ Many good initiatives have been taken to stacles in the near future with the lack of vernor he was Commander-in-Chief of lhe enhance the practical maritime ca-opera­ resources, training etc. Russian Baltic fleet. Governor Viaelimir Ego­ tion within th e Baltic region "in the spirit Bu t we must establish a joint vision in rov is an honorary fel/01-v of !h e Royal Swedish of PfP". We have the German -Swedish order to develop the guidelines neces­ Socie1y of Naval Sciences. Kiel-initiative, the Danish-German­ sary to display gradually a capability for Polish combined proposal for naval ca­ a collective Baltic Sea Region maritime operation within the Baltic Sea region security structure. l11is will also in the and the BALTOPS exercises just to men­ long-term perspective create a pool of tian a few. resources for Peace Support Operations These initiatives are much welcome, in other regions. but all of th em just have top leve! meet­ Hence, I suggest the creation of a Bal­ ings and exercises as their main theme. tic maritime secUI·ity project within the To my thinking this is not enough. We network centric ca-operation concept. have to be mo re visionary in o ur thinking This project should be started up under if we really mean to establish a Baltic se­ the auspices of th e European Union and curity architecture connected to the be firmly connected to the European as overall Euro- Atlantic security pattern. weil as the Atlantic security structure. My suggestionisthat we have to start This "Baltic Future seminar" could lmproving the Security System on the Baltic up a process to establish a " Baltic mari­ perhaps be used as a think tank along Sea and in the Baltic Region time crisis centre" managing and net­ these Iines. working all littoral states within the Bal- On behalf of the administration and the March of this year too k a special decision population of the Kaliningrad Oblast I on the need to prepare a Federal target­ thank you for your attention and support ed deve!opment programme for the Ob­ to our Oblast, which recently marked its last for the period up to the year 2010. 55'h anniversary. I also want to express Work on preparing this programme will my personal gratitude for the invitation be finalized shortly. In July, the Security to participale in this seminar and for the Council of the Russian Federation opportunity to give a presentation on the adopted a number of conceptual, long­ most topic issue of the Baltic region. term areas of activity within the Federal I consider it necessary to inform you policies related to o ur O blast. that during the last half-year the leader­ All this instills hope, and opens new sliip of our country has focused very prospects for ca-operation and, conse­ close attention on our region and taken quently, also for im proving security in th e substantial steps to stabilise the situation Baltic region. In recent years we have, on in the Oblast and transform it into an the whole, throughjoint efforts been able outpost for developing Russia's interre­ to build a security providing system on gional ca-operation with the European the Baltic Sea and in the Baltic region. Union and the Council of the Baltic Sea Among the principal institutions of States (CBSS). this system we ma y note the active role of For instance, our Government in the CBSS, and recently the Kaliningrad

230 231 on of legal Oblast three times has been the host for characterised by the fact that the E urope­ special EU programmes Sapard and of organisations for protecti sessions of the principal working body of an Union is coming doser to the borders Ispa. rights, wh ere we see a steady trend of to co-oper­ the CBSS, i.e. the Senior Officials' Com­ of the Kaliningrad Oblast, which signifi­ Assymetric development in the Kalin­ transition from confrontation e mittee for sub-regional and border-eross­ cantly alters the geopolitical situation ingrad Oblast and the neighbouring coun­ ation, the activities going on to improv ing ca-operation, and also an internation­ around the Oblast, and may lead to new tries ma y lead to a situation where the re­ searching for and saving people in dis­ al conference on co-operation (in March) dividing lines occurring. For instance, the gion will lose its attractiveness to foreign tress at sea, primarily between the Swed­ at the Kaliningrad State University under option that the O blast ma y become an en­ in vestors, as weil as to additional environ­ ish Maritime Administration and the Ad­ e the auspices of the CBSS. clave in th e E uropean Union is acquiring mental threats,growth in ill egal migration, ministration of the Kaliningrad Port, th We feel th at interaction with the EU more and more realistic outlines, since Po­ trafficking an d other negative conse­ joint measures being taken to increase within the frameworks of the Northern la n d and Lithuania plan to introduce a quences. O ur positionisthat specialmeas­ environmental security, which we will Dimension proceeds successfully, the spe­ visa regimefor the inhabitants of the O b­ ures forfinancialsupport must be applied discuss in concrete terms during th e ses­ cial consultations heJd under the formula last in the near future. T11is development to the Oblast, measures which would sion tomorrow. Russia - Poland - Lithuania - EU are of events will lead to a s ituation wh ere smooth the consequences of the Oblast Considering the developing co-opera­ picking up momentum and we see fairly there will be a drastic decrease in possibil­ acquiring status of an enelave and provide tion between universities in countries on swift development of the Oblasrs con­ ities for the inhabitants of the Oblast, not for a progressing development simil ar t o the Baltic we feel it would also be pru­ tacts with neighbouring voyevodstvos in only to visit neighbouring countries, but that of her neighbours. Some of these dent to establish a Baltic Sea States Lan­ Poland , districts in Lithuania, individual also in terms of trave! into other territo­ measures are toreseen in the draft tm·get­ guage and Culture Centre based on the provinces in Sweden, amts in Denmark ri es of Russia and back, which will be a ed Federal development programme for Kaliningrad State University. This and Länder in Germany. This list of areas substantial infringement of the rights of the Oblast up to the year 2010. project would appear to be a fairly topic of co-operation may be continued for Russian citizens to free movements. Another field of activity deserving at­ one, hearing in mind, as you know, that some time because there are not less th an Work to identify a principal solution to tention could be to make joint use of re­ the current year has been declared a ns fifty similar fields of acitivities. this problem has been initiated and is un­ sources in the Tacis, Phare and Interreg Year of Dialogue between Civi li satio Russia 's position in matters related to der way within the frameworks men­ programmes for implementation of ma­ by the UN. The primary function for the secUJ·ity building in the Baltic region has tioned above, i.e. the di alogue Russia - jor border-erossing projects, for instance, Centre could be to coordinate all kinds l­ been, is and will be that this is best ac­ EU and the quadrilateral consultations update of the Pan-European Transport of activities relating to the study of cu complished through th e development Russia - Poland - Lithuania - EU. We Conidors lA and IXD which pass the tures and languages of the Baltic Sea and expansion of ca-operation between know th at in officials circles in the Lithua­ Oblast territory. In our opinion, countries, mmmg at unifying and our countries. We perceive security in the nian Republic discussions are going on re­ Denmark's initiative to set up a border strengthening cultural and educational ect Baltic region first of all through security gardin g leaving the existing visa-free re­ co-operation fund, which was approved ties in the Baltic region. This proj g in the economic f ield, and primm·ily in gime in relation to the Kaliningrad Oblast at the CBSS Ministerial Session in Ber­ could be a practical step towards fo rmin matters relating to energy supply and unaltered. Our opinion is that this initia­ gen, is interesting. I would like to under­ a single European educational space. transport, as weil as security in the fields tive deserves not on ly close attention and line that we perceive all co-operation Concluding my presentation, I can of international relations, informati on, profound respect, bu t also support. projects in the economic field not simply not bu t d weil also on the matter of seeu­ border control, defence, social w elfare, l would als o lik e to focus your atten­ as aid programmes, but in the modern rity in connection to conducting naval ac­ culture, environment, combating crime tian on another problem which is very format of ca-operation on an equal basis. tivities on the Baltic Sea. On e can not bu t and other areas. We feel it expedient to vital for a correct assessment of the de­ Speaking about co-operation in other point out, that military and political de­ direct our further efforts towards identi­ ve loping situation, and that is the grow­ areas, I wo u ld like to express special sup­ velopments are still dynamic and can be fyin g joint reactions to current challeng­ ing gap in levels of social and economic port to the work conducted in the group described, on one hand, as a situation of on es threatening stability in the Baltic re­ development in the Kaliningrad Oblast of personal representatives of the heads reduced risk for large-scale war, and, ew gion, to .focus on strengthening general and her n eighbours, Poland and Lithua­ of Governments of the Baltic Sea States the other hand, as a situation with n Baltic ca-operation tools and adapting nia. This gap has become tangible start­ on combating organised crime, illegal types and contents of local and regional the principal areas and contents of this in g from 2000 when candidate countries drugs smuggling, illegal migration, and threats, specifically on the Baltic, due to ca-operation to the developin g situation. for membership in the EU were granted transmission of infectious diseases. I NATO enlargement to the East. The developing situation i s currently access to the new ( besides the Ph are) would also like to point to the activation Therefor the issue of expanding meas-

232 233 ures for confidence buiJding and control tween the command centres of the fleets Atis Lejins over n aval acti vities is becoming more of the Baltic Sea sta tes. Di rector A ti s Lejins is the faunder and di rector topical, all the more so, since the naval In our opinion, the idea to create a of th e Latvianlnstilllte of International Affairs. forces of a majority of countries remain Conference of the Commanders-in­ H e has an MA in History ji-om UCLA and has the only e lement of the armed fo rces Chief of the fl eets of the Baltic Sea coun­ worked in th e Swedish Institute of Internatio­ which are not included in the negotiation tries is also promising. The primary func­ nal Ajfairs be.fore returning to Latvia in / 991. H e has wrilten extensive/y on Baltic secw·ity is­ process on limitations and reductions. tion of this conference could be to exam­ sues; his recent publications are "Joining th e It is no secret that during the last 5 -7 ine and prepare proposals on improving E U and NATO: Baltic Security Prospeels at th e the security system at sea and submit years, fo llowing decisions taken by the Turn of the 2 /" Century". political leadership in our country, in the such proposals to the politicalleadership process of reducing the military contin­ of their respective countries. A nother gent present on the Oblast territory by useful field of activity could be to estab­ almost three times, we have managed to li sh and maintain military technical ca­ set up a territorial multi-service defence­ operation, primaril y in the area of ship­ oriented military force, which is unique building and ship repairs. in international military practice- name­ Conluding my presentation I can not ly the Baltic Fleet, designated primarily bu t point out that we put great hope in the to provide a s table military and political coming yearly Russian Presidency in the situation in the region. CBSS, because the programme that has This force strictly fulfills in practice been developed by the Presidency as one Baltic Sea Security - the Baltic Viewpoint the provisions of the Open Sea concept, of the priorities mentions strengthening of using their annual joint exercises for the economic component in Baltic ca-op­ The Issue Good relations with Russia has also training prevention of incidents at sea, eration. During this period we also plan to been a priority but it was clear from the peace keeping operations, rendering of host a session with the Council of Minis­ Considering the history of the Baltic very beginning that this could be humanitarian aid, actively participales in ters for Foreign Affairs, timed to coincide States, it should have surprised n o one achieved on ly with firm back i ng from the representative activities of the state and with the 10'" anniversary of the CBSS in that the main foreign policy goals of the West, especially the USA. Their status as exercises rendering assistance to people Kaliningrad in March 2002, a meeting of Baltics immediately after regaining inde­ the so-called "former republics of the So­ and vessels in distress at sea and provid­ the heads of Governments of the Baltic pendence in 1991 was membership in the viet U nion" and the enormous power ing mine clearing and environmental se­ Sea States (possibly to be held in Saint Pe­ EU and NATO. asymmetry between them and Russia curity and other actions. tersburg in Jun e 2002), and a meeting with Parallel to these priorities, it should made support from the West indispensa­ In order to expand measures for con­ the Ministers for Economy and Trade, and not be forgotten that the Baltic States ble. fidence building and control of the naval the Defence Ministers (September, in learnt from history and established a rel­ This was a very difficult task, since activities in the Baltic Sea we hold the Sweden) and other arrangements. atively well functioning Baltic coopera­ Russia Jooked upon the Baltic states as opi ni on that it would be possible to set As our nearest task we see the trans­ tian model, which includes agri cu ltural de jure, not just de facto parts of the up an International Operations Informa­ formation of the list of priority projects goods in the free trade agreement and USSR, and treated them as such, while tion Center in the Baltic region, designat­ within the Northern Dimension (includ­ close military cooperation. Some aspects the West, or should we now say the Old ed to coll ect and exchange information ing projects for the Kaliningrad Oblast) of the very successful cooperation in mil­ West, was quite hesitant in the beginning on naval activities, incidents at sea and in prepared by the CBSS into practical im­ itary affairs have merged in to military in­ to Jet the Baltics in to the EU and NATO. the air above the sea, and also to give no­ plementation, and the nexttask will be to tegration, for example the air surveil­ The "Russian factor" Joomed heavily tice of dangers occurring from wreckage contirrue to search for solutions to exist­ lance system known as BALTNET, which over relations between the West and the of ships and vessels, environmental acci­ ing problems, implementation of joint is operational and ready to be connected Bal tics. dents and emergency situations. As a first projects with the purpose of strengthen­ to the NATO civil and military air sur­ There was backing for everything else step in these efforts it could be expedient ing confidence and developing good veillance and control system should regarding Baltic state-building, including to establish direct communications be- neighbour relations in the Baltic region. NATO so desire. the "early, orderly and complete with-

234 235 dra w al of foreign troops from the territo­ to create a new Yalta within the EU it­ out, the Russian security establishment would be very exposed. Forward deploy­ ries of the Baltic sta tes", as formulated in self. explicitly has warned against a NATO ment of offensive airpower would be a the CSCE summit in Jul y 1992 where the Russia did offer security guarantees enlargement with a Baltic dimension be­ high risk and an unnecessary option just Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt in the form of a Pact for Regional Stabil­ cause it sees it as a substantial depreca­ as a nation of a build-up of offensive Es­ played an active role, but marked hesi­ ity and Security to the Baltic States, later tion of Russian security. The new Russian tonian, Latvianor Lithuanian air capabil­ tancy when membership in the EU and expanded to include all countries in the Security Concept and Military Doctrine ities would be preposterous, if only be­ NATO came up for discussion. The obvi­ Baltic Rim in 1997, w h ich was rejected by bear witness to this attitude.4 cause of the costs invalved Jet alone the 5 ous reason was that it meant extending the Baltic States, Sweden and Finland as Hence, the question of a Baltic di­ meaninglessness of doing it." soft and hard security guarantees to the out of step with the modern version of mension in NATO is subordinated to the Baltics. security.2 overall question of a Europe whole and The Solution free and future NATO-Russian rela­ The Baltics and their friends had to By not objecting to Baltic member­ The solution is to invite the Baltic States tions. How can these relations be re­ struggle to overcome this hesitancy and ship in the EU but opposing Baltic to join NATO in Prague next year. That is solved if they must be based, according in this they eventually succeeded as seen NATO membership Russia is reserving how hidden Iines dividing Europewill be to Moscow, upon a legitimate sphere of by the Luxembourg and Helsinki EU the right to decide which EU states may finally overcome. Moscow knows this influence or a buffer zone between summit invitations in 1997 and 1999 to or ma y not join NATO and rests her case and it is up to Putin whether he wantsto NATO and Russia which would include begin accession negotiations. In the same on previously established spheres of in­ cooperate with the EU and NATO or the Baltic States? years NATO first referred to the Baltics fluence when balance of power politics not. All signs point in the direction that This kind of logic, as described by indirectly as aspiring members at the and buffer states were in vogue. he is determined to cooperate, even in Clemmesen and Kvarnoe, is contradieto­ Madrid summit and then directly at the Yet this argument is increasingly un­ ballistic missile defense. ry to the whole paradigm of ca-operative Washington NATO summit.' tenable: if Poland a former Warsaw Pact As Henry Kissinger recently wrote, security, which NATO has adopted since Today all three Baltic States are deep­ country and a former province of the Putin is the first leader of a genuinely non­ the end of the Cold War, and which re­ ly in volved in the EU integration process Czarist Empire can become a member of communist Russia coming to grips with jects power - balance as a fundamental and membership is only a technical ques­ both the EU and NATO why not the Bal­ the emerging international realities. He prerequisite for stable security. Their ar­ tion to be resolved in a few years time. tic States, also former provinces of the also has shown his understanding of the gument against Russian opposition to This means that Europe's biggest peace Czarist Empire who happened to be ille­ limited means available to restare Rus­ Baltic NATO membership is worth citing project in the form of the EU will be gally incorporated into the Soviet Union sian power by actmitting that even a heady in full: completed with the inclusion of Poland in 1940? Finland could also have been annual growth of 8 percent for 15 years "Seen in the ca-operative security and the three Baltic States. The Baltic easily incorporated in 1940. would allow Russia to reach only the per perspective of the West there can be no Sea, indeed, will then become a sea of This is the problem - not the Baltic capita income of present-day Portugal." real reduction to Russian security with peace for the very simple reason that no States- bu t Russia. Kissinger also says that it is morally the Baltic Three inside NATO. There is more Molatav-Ribbentrop pacts orYal­ Michael Clemmesen and Ole Kvar­ and politically impossible to ignore or no power in the Baltic Sea area that Rus­ tas will be possible. noe of the Baltic Defence College in the postpone the appeals of the Baltic de­ sia needs to balance by establishing for­ The challenge to Baltic Sea security, latest issue Baltic Defence Review put it mocracies to join NATO. He outlirres ward naval bases, or that could use the indeed, European security as a whole is in a nutshell: "While NATO and indeed three options in resolving this and rela­ Baltic rim as a platform for massive land that Russia does not see things along the Baltic States themselves would por­ tions with Russia: these Iines. If a country joins the EU it tray a Baltic dimension as a firmly ce­ offensives. The actor based security l. To face down Russia by admitting all can join NATO, the other pillar of Euro­ menting of Northern European stability threats of 1915-18 and 1941 or for that the Baltic States with some security pean stability and security, true, with a in a coherent Baltic security region of matter of the Cold War simply no longer assurances such as agreeing not to hard security cutting edge, to which most hitherto very low tension, Russia is more exist. station NATO forces on Baltic terri­ EU states belong. Russia's steadfast op­ than Iikely to view i t as an enemachment And to the extent that one could ar­ tory; position to Baltic NATO membership, if of its sphere of influence by a politically gue that an actor based air threat might it is not simply a bargaining position to and militarily superior alliance with un­ exist under a new NATO humanitarian 2. An accelerated Baltic membership in win maximum concessions in relations certain future intentions."3 intervention doctrine, it certainly does the EU if the EU is serious about with the USA and NATO, is an attempt Indeed, as the authors rightly point not depend on forward airbases that strengthening its detenses and if it

236 237 were prepared to assign a meaningful bership. Great Britain is silent, but the Troels Fmling mission to the projected European new NATO members of Poland, the Mr. Troels Fr(Oling is secretary general of "At­ force, coupled with a security guaran­ Czech Republic and Hungary have re­ lantsammenslutningen" al The Danish Atlantic tee by both the EU and the USA but cently issued an informal statement that Treaty Association. H e has an MA and BA in without the formal machinery of the Baltic membership must be conditioned political science and Russian, is an officer of NATO military structure; on actmitting also Slovakia and Slovenia. the reserve and hasstudiedal the NATO De­ fence College. 3. Treating eligibility for NATO not so much as a security issue as a recogni­ Conclusion H e has held various posts in the Danish Minis­ try of defence. H e is externa! professor al the tion of political and economic evolu­ The appropriate question today then is if University of Copenhagen, Denmark's Interna­ tion. Any country meeting stated cri­ the Baltics join NATO before they join tional Study Programme. J-Te has been Vice teria could be admitted, including the EU, how will this effect security in President in the Atlantic Treaty Organisation Russia some years after the Baltics, the Baltic Sea region? It can only im­ and guest professor at universities and higher when its domestic evolution has pra­ prove i t more quickly, since EU member­ educational institutions in Denmark and other gressed further. ship will follow soon, if the Irish get their countries Although the latter is a seductive act together. On e can on! y hope then that proposition, Kissinger warns of its impli­ the people of Estonia, Latvia, and cations - in the end it would no longer Lithuania say "yes" to the EU, since a guarantee against Russian intervention referendum is needed for joining the EU most desired by countries formerly under bu t not for joining NATO. Soviet occupation, because NATO pro­ How to make the Baltic Sea more secure for vides no guarantee against attacks from Notes other members of the alliance. It would be the future? A Danish perspective. 1 the end of NATO as we know it. For an analysis of the difficult road to EU lt appears that the first option is the and NATO membership see Atis Lejins, "Join­ It is important to examine the visions of In my presentation today I will put ing the EU and NATO: Baltic Security Pros­ only viable option, since option 2 seems the Baltic F u ture. This is the Readline for emphasis on two dimensions, one exter­ peels at the Turn of the 21" Century," in Atis na!: the NATO enlargement process in highly implausible, except there is no Lejins (ed), Baltic Security Prospeels at the this seminar organised by the Royal need to face down Russia. I think an Tum of the 21" Century, Kikimma Publi ca­ Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and this area, one interna!: the necessity of a agreement has already been reached tions, Helsink i, 1999. the Baltic Institute. I would like to tbank eonstant development of democracy in all of the Baltic Sea countries. These two where by Russia has understoact the inev­ 2 Zaneta ozolina, "Crisis Prevention or Inven­ the arganisers for the setting up of this itable and is now working for an en­ tion: Latvia's Response to the Proposed Rus­ important event and look forward to a dimensions are strategic in their scope hanced security relationship with the sian Security Guarantees," in Eric K. Stern fruitful seminar. and decisive for the overall positive de­ USA and NATO. and Dan Hansen (eds), Crisis Management in The Baltic Sea Region bas all of the velopment in the area. President Bush's Warsaw speech, and a Transiiianal Society: The Latvian Experience, actvantages of an existing and potential the statements by influential American Foersvarshoegskolan, Yol.12, 2000, pp. 188- productive region in Europe: a huge pop­ The NATO enlargement senators and congressmen before and af­ 216. ulation from the countries around the Laoking at Annex A for this conference ter the speech, as well as their frequent 3 Michael H. Clemmesen and Ole Kvarnoe : Baltic Sea and a corresponding adequate it struck me that neither the organisa­ trips to the Baltic capitols, indicate this. Debate: NATO Enlargement - With or With­ gnp, high leve! of education, good infra­ tion, nor the policies which so to say are Denmark and Norway support Baltic out a Baltic Dimension? in Baltic Defence Re­ structure, big markets and a strong tradi­ the backbone, the strategic rationale be­ view, No.S, Vol. 2001, Tartu, 2001, p. 45 . membership, President Chirac admitted tion for industrial production. The Baltic hind the key security political activities 4 on his trip to the Baltics in July that if Ibid. Sea area, which en campasses among oth­ today going on in most of this area , the America decides to go for the Baltics, 5 Ibid, p. 46. er things North Western Russia with St North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, are then France will follow. Germany ap­ "Henry Kissinger, "What to Do With the New Petersburg and Kaliningrad is on e of the being mentioned in this capacity. Is pears to be wavering on the Baltics but Russia," Washington Post, August 14, 2001 , p. most dynamic areas in the new Europe, NATO taken for granted? Maybe NATO supports in principle Baltic NATO mem- AJS. with enormous options and possibilities. is the missing link or are there other rea-

238 239 of the three Balticslates and for thi nking bership of NATO and the EU. The over­ sons? Anyway i t is a convenient point of Baltic Sea area a Iot of other initialives in terms of spheres of influence. Why not all security political stability for the Bal­ departure for me. such as BALTBAT, BALTDEFCOL, give in here for the sake of good neigh­ tic Sea area cannot be realised full y with­ Politically the strategic situation to­ BALTNET, BALTRO N, a number of bi­ bourhood and in the goodspiri t of coop­ out the NATO enlargement, without the day in the Baltic Sea area is better than lateral activities and a number of exer­ EU enlargement. ever. The NATO membership of Poland cises invalving countries around the Bal­ eration ? A general observation would be that has already contributed to the develop­ tic Sea to illustrate a development being if we Jet our foreign policies or strategic Russia must be included ment of stability in the overall regional seen in the interest of the countries, options be directed by more narrow con­ context The coming EU enlargement members or partners of NATO., taking These processes must include Russia . A be they of economic or busi­ with Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithua­ care of security in the Balkans, prevent­ siderations Iot of activities are al ready going on.l11is then we would Jet nia will only add to this potential. Coop­ ing majorwarsin Southern Europe. nesslike character means that our Russian neighbours must own ideals, political convie­ eration with Russia is already developing In his European speech this summer down our realise that the enlargement is not direct­ people, populations. I am of well.l11e NATO summit in 2002 will deal American president Bush in Warsaw tians and ed against t hem. Allow me to quote pres­ of the citizens of Estonia, with the next enlargement. Membership gave a very positive assessment of the de­ course thinking ident Va el av Havel: Lithuania who need our sup­ of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania will in velopment of E uropean affairs, including Latvia and " .. . it serves our friendship with Rus­ arity and assistance during a its own IogicaJ way contribute to the the enlargement of NATO and the coop­ port, solid sia best if we deal with Russia as equals overall security of the Baltic Sea area. eration with Russia. The recent US-Rus­ di fficu l t time of transition. and tellit the truth to its.face no matter read in the latest edition of For the first time the overall secut·ity sia meetings illustrate the development l recently how unpleasant i t might be ... Russia does of the Baltic states a top of these countries will be firmly embed­ of what hopefully will turn out to be a the city paper not deserve that we treatitas a leper, an twenty list of things that have become ded in the voluntary defence & security new US-Russian strategic understanding invalid or a child in need of special trea t­ since Soviet rule ended cooperation w hich has existed since 1949, based on cooperation with Russia in the distant memories ment, whose habits and mannersno mat­ states some Oyears ago. Let but actually has its basis in the Atlantic new Europe as a strong partner for the in the Baltic 1 ter how dangerous should be understoact a fe w of t hese examples: Charter of 1941, the declaration which E uropean countries and USA. me just menbon and tolerated. Such an attitude does not veterans with rights to cut Jead to the establishment of the United So things do not look that bad for the Soviet war help Russia at all , is actuall y an insult to­ Nations in 1945. Baltic Sea area. There is however one food Iines; Searchlights along the shore wards Russia and will only strengthen E uropean historical experience tells but, namely that the vision of the Baltic meant to prevent escape to the West; Russian misunderstanding." with barbed wire, Soviet us the stories about alliances who having Future will not be realised fully without beaches strewn As to th e Baltic sta tes:" .. I do not un­ regularly buzzing major served their purpose-when the war is the involvement of the North Western military planes derstand why these three countri es not , mandatory exit visas for lo­ won or lost- are abandoned and new Russia with the metropolis of St Peters­ Baltic cities soon are being offered membership of zones, incl uding certain times begin. This was not the case with burg and Kaliningrad which must be­ cals, restricted NATO. To give in to some Russian geo­ NATO. When the Soviet Union disap­ come part of the future, not of the prob­ cities and most coastal areas, state cen­ political or geo strategic interests or to its peared in 1991 the NATO member coun­ lem. The governor of Kaliningrad O blast sorship boards, out bund flights all con­ prestige would be the worst the Alliance Moscow, Soviet troops tries did not want this organisation to go Mr. Vladimir Yegorov in his presentation necting through could do. It wo u l dbe a return to the Mol­ and cranny of the region, the same way. They saw the purposes of gave some most enlightening and posi­ in every nook otov- Ribbentrop agreement...an under­ such an organisation as much more than tive assessments of the perspectives. statues of Lenin ... mining of the fundament of the Washing­ of the brave peoples of that of detening a real or potential ene­ This raises several questions of a prin­ Now because ton treaty. It would be an admittance l Latvia and Lithuania Central my from without keeping the tllfeats cipled character when dealing with Rus­ Estonia, acceptance that Russian fear of NATO Europe, because of wise de­ away. In the years that have fo llowed we sia, one of the countries in the Baltic Sea and Eastern enlargement with the three Baltic states and wise reactions and have seen the NATO member countries Region. Let me just take one: should we cisions in Moscow would be justified and that NATO in re­ the West all of these have be­ tagether with partners working on the not saften the political criticism of Russia offers by ality has aggressive or imperialistic anti opportunity to develop a new Euro At­ in the East West relationship to use old come distant memories. Let them stay Russian intentions." lantic security system with the European phraseology? Russia is opposed to that way. The best way to make sure that What we talk about in reality is nei­ not ever become the future Union and Russia. I need only mention NATO enlargement and we criticize the past will ther a question of w hether the realisation up for cooperation, partner­ IFOR, SFOR, Kosovo, KFOR, PfP, PEP Russia for demanding a kind of right of is to open of the Baltic vision shall take place be­ and access to mem- plus, in the spirit of PfP. Ad d to this in the veto to the security political relationship silip or membership fore everytbing else or whether it can be 241 240 bought at too costly a prize. l t is possible ported. It must take root throughout so­ have a demoeratic mindseL Organised further development of democracy. The to combine criticism in the tieids where i t ciety and people must understand, accept crime is based on hierarchic systems with work of the Baltic Institute, the Ballad is necessary with wishes and policies and take ownership of the demoeratic one or very few leaders. These criminal Website and the Atlantic NGO's contrib­ about cooperation in other areas and principles and valnes. The Council of the systems do not work for the benefit of ute in their way to the development of thus create a political vision that is com­ Baltic Sea States is among other things the people in the countries of the Baltic democracy in the Baltic Sea region. prehensive and thus includes Russia. working strong! y on this. Sea region and must be dealt with in a Why do demoeratic states react this Russia is part of the future of the Euro­ Some may fee l that the demoeratic cross border cooperation . way? Weil I guess the ma in reason is that Atlantic development. principles seem very different from what Fighting crime, environmental mis­ democracies by their very nature are the y have been used to. Democracy, how­ management, pollution etc.and all the based on routines of discussion, debate Democracy - another ever, consists of universal principles and other problems start at the very centre of and compromise. This is characteristic the domestic scen e and w hen ap­ condition for security in the va lnes, such as free and fair elections, re­ society, this starts with in the political sys­ both on of tem, the !east worse of which still is the proach ing conflicts on the international area. spect for h uman rights, the existence Baltic Sea political parties and a free press. The demoeratic system. I will give you two scene. You have a built in bias towards When it comes to the kind of activities challenges being faced by the llmember reasons: one- democracy is based on uni­ the need for public debate and public which are being disenssed around this countries of the Council of the Baltic Sea versal values. Democracy is the key ele­ support for rulers' actions, because de­ Conference, it is important to stress the States ma y differ substantially. Man y fea­ ment in the development of sustainable mocracy, by nature, reflects and respects domestic background for all our activi­ tures are however common. I could men­ societies that can prosper and enjoy the the beliefs of ordinary people. So I hope l ties. Namely the introduction of democ­ tian the speed of change difficult to ac­ benefits of future economic and social have made the argument for putting racy in all of the countries around the cept that what we takefor grantednow is development. two- demoeratic govern­ pressure on the further introduction and Baltic Sea.It is a process which for some not valid tomorrow; the global transac­ ance has proven itself valuable in rela­ development of democracy in all of our of us ismorethan 150 years old. For oth­ tions in financial markets, the develop­ tion to peaceful management of conflicts neighbouring states along the Baltic Sea ers the process just startedsom e 10 years ment of new monapalies in media and within countries and between demoeratic coast. Democracy is the agent for the ago. For the old democracies there is a international markets. This opens up for states. Campare the developments dur­ managing of conflicts in societies. tendency to grow "lazy" and take democ­ unregulated and endless power games ing th e Cold war period in the "Western" Apart from the familythe school sys­ racy and respect for basic human rights that excludes people socially, discrimi­ versus the "Eastern" world. tem is the most importantagent of influ­ and va lues for granted. We do however in nate minorities and in general leads to In short, demoeratic countries do not ence w hen i tcomes down to introduction our societies see disturbing tendencies in frustration in relations between elected go to war against each other to sol ve con­ of democracy. A good Russian friend, a the form of egoism, selfsufficiency, peo­ and voters. flicts. Democracy operates as a conflict teacher, recently told me that one main ple fighting for single issues instead of So this is also a new general agenda management system. Disputes are proc­ obstacle on the way to democracy in contributing to the work of the repre­ for all the people living in the area we are essed, debated and reacted to,they are Russia is the lack of understanding of sentative democracy. disenssing today. In the Baltic Sea Area not being solved definitively and perma­ how people can influence their own Iife In the younger democracies problems context, the Council of the Baltic Sea nently. All outcomes are temporary as and society as a whole. She saw it as the are of a different character. These coun­ States puts strong emphasis on exactly the loser today ma y be the winner tomor­ result of the historical development that tries are expected to undergo transfor­ the development of democracy including row. Demoeratic systems actually allow many Russians, especially the genera­ mation with unprecedented speed. What human rights and minority issues with grievances to be expressed openly and to tions brought up during the Soviet sys­ too k us l 50 years has to be accomplished the Danish Commissioner Ms. Helle receive an open response. That is the con­ tem lack the understanding of democra­ within a few years. Instant prosperity and Degn responsible for this dimension. flict management system at work. You cy and its valnes. A firmly established au­ a reasonable distribution of wealth is ex­ We have already disenssed coopera­ dont suppress conflicts. thoritarian, hierarchial spirit still domi­ pected to be brought about because of tian against cross border criminality. Di­ I mention this example to illustrate nates in several spheres in society. Now the new democracy. What the new de­ rector general Marie Hafström Swedish what it comes down to when we have to of course we can always ask ourselves of mocracies in the Baltic Sea Region how­ Coast Guard disenssed this. Allow me talk hard politics: the in troductian of de­ the wisdom of o ur own societies? can one ever are learning right now is that it is just to add a few words in the context of mocracy at alllevels in society. Coopera­ export culture ? Not directly l think .But very difficult to establish a society based democracy. Organised crime undermines tian with and membership of EU and if the majority of the people in a country on democracy. Democracy cannot be im- democracy because the criminal does not NATO are already contributing to the wantsto try another form of political sys-

242 243 tern i t is only fair to give i t a try -to put it the most important function of the Tomas Ries United States has been as the balancer mildly. Ph. D. Tomas Ries is senior researeher at De­ Weil, this then ladies and gentiemen is from beyond the sea. This is true today, partment of Strategic and Defence Studies at a challenge. lt takes time, strength and not only in terms of a residua! Russian National Defence Academy in Finland. Before patience to ch ange this stereotype. There nuclear potential bu t also in terms of the being appointed senior researeher Tomas Ries is a need to teach democracy, to develop collective psyche of the European coun­ was Deputy Di rector of the Geneva Center for the skills of exercising democracy in dif­ tries. Professor, Di rector Bo Huldt in his Security Policy. From 1992 to 1996 he was 'Di­ ferent spheres of society. ll1ere is a introductory leeture pointed to exactly rector of the International Training Course in strong need for all of us to develop coop­ this maritime dimension in hi s character­ Security Po licy at the Graduate Institute of In­ in Geneva. Before this he eration with ou r Russian neighbours also istic of the USA in Europe. ternational Studies has been Senior Research Associate at the Insti­ in this important field. And mind you, it With the USA continuing to be a E u­ tute for De.fence Studies in Norway and at Nor­ ropean power, all imbalances uncertain ­ need not be our Russian neighbours wegian Jn sti!Ute for International Af/airs. As a alone who can learn and benefit from ties and nightmares of Europe are man­ researeher he has been associated to different such a cooperation ... ageable. Without the USA in Europe the institutions in Norway and Finland. ghost from the past would appear, reap­ Tomas Ries ho ids a Ph. D. fi"om the Gradu­ Conclusion- The Atlantic pear in a rather unpleasant way en­ ale Institute of International Studies at the Uni­ Necessity hanced by the fact that Germany now is versity of Geneva and a B.Sc. (E con) interna­ The strategic situation in the Baltic Sea the economic largest player in E urope. tional Relations at the London School of Eco­ nomics and Political Science.He has published area is more secure than ever I think. So the development of also this part of two books "Jnvesting Kola" (co-author l onny to cooperale to help change Europe will be dependent upon th e e n­ We have Skorve) and "Cold Will: The Defence of Finland". J-Je has a /so published four silldies and more li ghtened leadership of the US and the the minds of men around the Baltic Sea. t han fifty short papers conceming secw·ity policy, especially in the Nordie countries. li ty to fuse US national interest with Two major steps are necessary as the abi Tomas Ries is a fellow of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and th e International backbanes for all other initiatives: partic­ the interests of all major and minor part­ Institute ofStrategic Studies in London. H e has been awarded Med al of Merit, Dejence Forces, Fin­ ipation in or membership of internation­ ners in to a coherent whole.And i t is up to land. al organisations as the EU and NATO the Europeans to widen the strategic ho­ for those who want to and qualify and rizon in order to make Washington seri­ Baltic Security - a view from Finland further development of the civil society ously consicter our concerns. The devel­ in each of our countries bordering th e opment of the E uropean Security and Europes's strategic map and security based on the rule of liberal Baltic Sea. Defence Policy must take place strictly law. This includes all EU and to a !arge From a strategic perspective I will from within NATO,the Europeans will 2001 extent all NATO members as well as conclude by putti ng things a bit into per­ have to continue to invest in Atlantic se­ Europe's strategic map today includes Switzerland. This could be called the spective. The Baltic Sea Area is located in curity to be a partner. But that is of four seeurity-political zones: western European liberal community, the Northern part of Europe. Whatever course a totally different story. Only the Country C lub: An area of deep struc­ and it is the interna! harmony and tran­ will be developed here will be part of a future can tell about new, maybe totally tural stability, in which the Iikelihood of snational in tegration within this commu­ European and E uro-Atlantic process. unexpected threats to our common secu­ severe crises arising from within or be­ nity which provides the deepest source of Historically - during the last fifty years rity ... Thank you for your attention. tween states is very low. This includes security in Europe. those states which have developed both Aspirants: A !arge group of states domestic stability and deep transnational deeply identifying with the western Eu­ integration. Domestic stability is in turn a ropean liberal community, committed to function of high standards of living, joining it , and steadily fu l(i lling the nec­ based on the free market economy, an essary preconditions for membership equitable distribution of wealth, based (free-market economy, li beral social val­ on li beral social values, politicallegitima­ ues, democracy and the rule of la w). The y cy based on representative democracy include almost all European states not

244 245 with difficulty, and north, west and southern Baltic littoral, already part of the EU and NATO, in a and ali enated. These two factors are the has been fraught present there is con­ and along much of the east, i t can be vir­ belt running from Estonia in the north to ma in source of t hreat to European stabil­ while stable for the , arising tually excluded. The domestic stability Rumania in the south. While some still ity today, with the tringes along th ese siderable potential for instability Russia and between and deep transnational integration of the suffer from varying degrees of domestic zones at particular risk. both from within neighbours. EU and NATO Country Club members, instability they are steadily entering the Russia and her Baltic virtually no serious and th e strong identification and integra­ western liberal community. Their strong­ The Baltic strategic map In the Baltic area threats arise from within or be­ tion with them of the three Baltic Aspir­ est candidates are part of the next EU The Baltic li es at the in terseetian of three security of the Country Club ants mean that serious political differ­ enlargment round. They are broadening of t hese zones: tween the members . Almost all serious security ences arising here are almost unthinka­ the zon e of structural stability in Europe. Country Club: The southern, western and Aspirants be they politico-military, ecologi­ ble. Lost: A handful of states still stuck in and northern Baltic littoral includes es­ issues- socioeconomic - are rooted in the The exception is Russia. However a Cold War limbo, having been unable to tablished members of the prosperous cal or region, which in this case means even though certain seetars in Russia establish either a clear identity or func­ and secure western European communi­ Lost other hand the Baltic is fortu­ have voiced hostility towards the west tioning economy. Their desire and/or ty. This includes all the NATO and/or EU Russia. On it does not border on any of and dissatisfaction with Baltic independ­ a bility to join the western European lib­ members Finland, Sweden, Denmark, nate in that of Europe. ence - notably the military and unrepre­ eral community remains uncertain. This Germany and Poland. While Poland's the violen t regions sentative extremist politicians - Russia's includes Russia, whose initial western economy still is not comparable with that overall regional policy has been re­ oriented hopes have been Successively of the EU members her structural foun­ Potential Baltic security strained. This is notably the case since weakened by her inability to establish dations have been reformed and the ISSUeS President Putin succeeded the increas­ western compatible foundations. This has trend of her economy is healthy. This is types of security political prob­ ingly erratic President Yeltsin. President in turn led to a gradual shift away from an area of deep stability. Three can emerge in the Baltic: political Putin's emphasis upon seeking western liberalism and towards a harder regime. Aspirants: The e astern Baltic includes lems tensions, resulting from deliberale pres­ economic involvement in Russia's eco­ Others are Belarus, whose current dicta­ three of the transition states identifying sure between local states; ecological nomic development strongly reinforces torship explicitly rejects western values, with the western liberal community, damage, resulting from global and re­ this restraint, and under current trends and Ukraine, struggling for the west striving to join the EU and NATO and gional trends; and socioeconomic crises, major tensions do not seem lik el y. against great economic obstacles. These steadily fulfilling the necessary precondi­ resulting from human hardship in the re­ N evertheless Russia's future develop­ states are characterized by a continued tions. While Estonia, Latvia and Lithua­ gion. While their root cause - economic ment remains uncertain. Given her do­ search for their identity, whose !inks to nia still suffer from varying degrees of failure and unwillingness to share the lib­ mestic development one cannot exclude the western European liberal values are economic and social hardship, their ori­ eral values of the western community - the possibility of greater alienation from by no means certain. They are also char­ entation and development is relatively are the same, the measures to deal with the west and greater political tensions acterized by deep economic, social and rapidly integrating them in th e western them are different. with the western European community political problems at home, making them European community. This is an area of as a whole on the one hand, or between inherently unstable. diminishing instability, rapidly entering Political tensions Russia and one or more of her Baltic Violent: Those areas of Europe rav­ the zone of deep stability. the deliberate neighbours specifically. Here it is worth aged by direct violence. This includes Lost: Finally the eastern Baltic also Political tensions invalves between states, noting that we have already witnessed parts of the Caucasus - notably the ongo­ includes one of the states whose identifi­ application of pressure and diplomatic three such potential crises in the rela­ ing war in Chechnya - as well as parts of cation with andability to join the western ranging from economic er end to coercion and tionship between Russia and the west. the B alkans. community remains uncertain. This is pressure at the low end. Managing such The first in 1996-1997, over NATO en­ Since the end of the Cold War Euro­ Russia, with two Baltic coastlines, with war at the higher the classical preoccu­ largment, the seeond in the spring of pean military and politically related se­ her seeond most important city St. Pe­ tensions has been and security politics 1999, over Operation Allied Force, and curity problems stem from the interac­ tersburg in the far northeast of the Bal tic, pation of strategy Modern Era, running the third in the fall of 1999, when reac­ tion between these regions. While the and the very different and special Kalin­ throughout the to 1990. tians among EU voters against Russia 's Country Club and Aspirants are relative­ ingrad in the southeast Russia also bor­ roughly from 1648 for such political ten­ war against Chechnya led Germany's ly stable and deeply integrated, the Lost ders all three Baltic states. Russia's eco­ The potential area varies. Along the Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer to raise and Vialent regions are both unstable nomic, social and political development sions in the Baltic 247 246 the possibility of sanctions against Rus­ Another, mo re subtie de terrent meas­ sian Federation. Sources here include ci­ Chronic environmental micro-devel­ sia. ure is EU en l argment to the Baltic sta tes. vilian power reactors, such as at Sosnovy opments, regionally driven include the Further such developments, or do­ This has the advantage of not presenting Bor just west of Petersburg, to military gradual atrophiation of the Baltic Sea, mestic pressmes within Russia, could a military threat to Russia, while at the facilities. The conditions and safety with increasing areas of the sea-bottom lead to tensions with the Baltic states. In same time formall y marking Baltic mem­ standardsofthese facil it ies in Russia are becoming dead areas, and coastal waters such cases Russian pressure could range bership in the western community. Draw­ often poor, and a renewed Chernobyl becoming over-nourished and stagnant. from covert destabilizing 'active meas­ backs are that enlarging the EU is a leve! accident or worse is a definite possi­ Here the source of the problem often lies ures' to overt economic and diplomatic drawn out process and takes far more bility. Preventing such an accident is diffi­ as much among the affluent littorals as pressure against the three Baltic states, time, and that the EU does not provide cult, short of dismantling existing facili­ among the post-Soviet states. Thus ac­ up to the threat or actual use of force. any hard military security guarantees. ties, rebuilding western facilities, and cording to a study completed last week Measures to guard against or prevent Nevertheless EU membership would then ensuring that they are run and many of Finland's coastal waters are in such scenarios include both hard to soft provide very strong diplomatic support. maintained to western standards. The far poorer condition than Estonia's, due options. Hard options range from rein­ A safter approach to the political first is enormously expensive, and for the to the heavy influx of agricultural fertiliz­ forcing the Baltic states defence capabili­ problem is the Northern Dimension seeond the re are no guarantees. Secondly er inta Finland's waters over the last four ties, in projects in which particularly Fin­ project, seeking to engage Russia in ca­ i t is difficult to envisagethat this could be decades. Here however the flow of un­ land (in Estonia) and Sweden (through operative ventures with her western applied to military facilities. We are thus treated waste from the St. Petersburg her significant arms deliveries to all three neighbours and the EU, thereby promot­ currently stuck with reactive disaster area into the eastern end of the Gulf of states) have contributed. While impor­ ing dialogue and hopefully establishing management options only. These include Finland is a major problem. tant, the drawback with these measures mutually profitable functional !inks the need for regional surveillance and in­ An addtional strain on the Baltic Sea are that they do not provide sufficient which increase Russian incentives for ca­ formation networks, the ability to pro­ will be the growing oil traffic. Russia has deterrent effect on their own to prevent operation and reduce her alienation. The vide support for damage repair opera­ now begun construction of a major new oil potential Russian pressure. On its own it problem with this approach is that it has tions seeking to contain and stop the ra­ terminal at Primorsk, north of Petersburg. also risks regionalizing Baltic security, in practice proven to be extremely diffi ­ diation leak, refugee and disaster relief The cancern is that the facility itself, and with the possible misperception that a cult to get any such projects going, be­ preparations for afflicted populations, the tankers carrying oil out from it , willnot Baltic crisis would be on! y a nordie affair. cause of the conditions in Russia. While and in the worst case mass evacuation have sufficient safety standards, leading to This is clearly something that neither the important, this approach is nevertheless measures should Iong term lethal radia­ a high possibility of more frequent and far three Baltic states nor Finland or Sweden very Iong term, slow and difficult. tion doses afflict urban centres. greater oil disasters in the Baltic. are particularly keen on. The other categ01·y of environmental The advantage with this category of Another hard security response are Ecological Damage problems are chronic and Iong term. problems isthat it is relatively apolitical, deterrent measures, primarily in the form Ecological dangers are of major cancern, These include macro-developments, such though even this depends. Thus the Pri­ of NATO enlargment to the three Baltic but are all too easily overlooked. They as global warming.According to the most morsk project for instance is of major sta tes. This would formall y mark the their are relatively less visible and easier to recent EU study of this spring, it is al­ economic importance for the Russian inclusion in the western liberal commu­ sweep under the earpet at the same time most certain that warming will contirrue Federation (and for influential powers nity and establish a very powerful deter­ as they are costly or politically uneom­ over the next century. Orre result is that within the Federation) and as such is rent against military pressure. The draw­ fortable to rem ed y. N evertheless the y are the fauna and ecology of the Baltic will highly political. However on the whole back is the effect i t could have on Russia, already a serious security cancern in the change, replaced by central European all parties can usually agree- at !east rhe­ reinforcing her further alienation from Baltic. The problem is that the time this conditions. Another is that tourist flows torically - that pollution is a bad thing, the west. Whateverits meritsordemerits becomes politically apparent it could be are projected to increase, as the Mediter­ and are open to measures to combat it. NATO enlargment to the Baltic is cur­ too late to deal with it. ranearr becomes uncomfortably hot and ll1e problem however is that these are rently the most significant proposal on Problems here range from potential barren, and the Baltic becomes sunnier expensive and often politically embar­ the table, almost certain to become one acute existential threats to ongoing and warmer. While good for th e e cono­ rassing or unpleasant, if they involve of the ma in issues on the European seeu­ chronic damage. Existential threats con­ my, the Baltic as a major European tour­ shutting down power plants on which the rity agenda in the coming year, up to the sist of the possibility of a major radiation ist target would also represent an enor­ local populations depend, or ciasing in­ Prague summit in 2002. accident in a nuclear facility in the Rus- mous ecological burden. dustries leading to unemployment.

248 249 --

Socioeconomic Crises three Baltic EU and NATO aspirants ment process is more rapid than this Baltic environmental control regime is Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. While should be given prim·ity. envisageable, authorized to inspect ves­ The t hird category of security problem in the soft security approach represenled The ecological dangers are a deeper sels, for instance upon their en try in to the the Baltic are related to socioeconomic by the Northern Dimension is the !east but in some cases no less serious prob­ Baltic through the Öresund. Linked to conditions, and hardship and misery provocative and promises the deepest lem. This is particularly the case where this we wi lll probably also have to in­ leading to various forms of unrest Here long-term consequences for drawing radiation accidents are concerned. Un­ crease our resources for containing oil again there is a clear dividing Iine be­ Russia into a constructive relationship fortunately the solution - distmantling disasters once they occur. Here as weil it tween the affluent andstable north, west with the west, it is both a very slow and and reconstructing Russian civilian and is possible to envisage a joint Baltic envi­ and southern shores of the Baltic, the very difficult process. Nor can it cope military nuclear facilities - is beyond us. ronmental rescue force. poorer but improving conditions within with a Russia which, for domestic rea­ On the other hand we do have the power Finally the socioeconomic problems. the three Baltic sta tes, and the deep mis­ sons beyond our control, may assume a to reduce the regional chronic pollution. Here the source of the problem li es in ery prevailing in Russia and especially more hastile stance towards the sur­ Here several projects are already under­ the economic and social development of Kaliningrad. munding world. way and are beginning to show some re­ the countries concerned. As noted this is lt is from this last area that the most For this scenario the clear and formal sults. However major issues which re­ not a problem in the wealthy Country serious source of instability li es. What is in clusion of the three Baltic states in the main to be actressed are the untreated Club members, while the Aspirant states interesting is that so far Russia's popula­ western community is necessary. The sewage from the Petersburg area, and the Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland tion has remained stoic in the face of NATO membership option has the ad­ forthcoming potential for oil disasters are steadily improving their conditions. considerably misery and social in equali­ vantage of providing a firm deterrent stemming from the construction of Pri­ The problem in this area is Russia, and ty. There has been little domestic unrest, and being relatively rapid. Drawbacks morsk and the resulting increased tanker there is little or notbing that anyone can and there has been virtually no signifi­ Russian cancern and hostility over such a traffic a Iong the length of the entire Bal­ do about this other than Russia herself. cant flow of illegal migration, on a scale move. While there is very little Russia tic. Here the establishment of strict Bal­ However the Baltic is fortunate in that similar to what is happening along com­ can do it could increase her alienation. tic safety standards for the tankers is vi­ mass illegal migration across what is parable economic fault Iines between The other option is EU membership, tal. Linked to this, but even more impor­ emerging as one of the worlds major so­ North Africa and southern E urope, or which is less provocative, but which is a tant, is the establishment of means to en­ cioeconomic fault Iines does not yet ap­ Mexico and the United States. However slower process. However while it pro­ sure that the transitting tankers actually pear likely. i t is bard to project if this trend will con­ vides a deep implicit security commit­ meet these standards. Here some sort of tinue should conditions inside Russia ment on the part of the EU, there is little continue to declineover time. military guarantee behind it. Neverthe­ Other problems linked to socioeco­ less from a grand strategy perspective nomic hardsh ip are crime. While this is this provides an optimal solution be­ rampant in Russia, and there has been a tween removing the isolation of the Bal­ noticeable increase in the flow of prosti­ tic states on the one hand and not pro­ tution and drug smuggling from the east vocing Russia on the other hand. to the nordie sta tes, this has not reach ed a What is clear is that continued isola­ leve! where i tcould as yet be ca li ed a ma­ tion of the th ree Baltic states from the jor security problem. However clearly if western European community is danger­ uncl1ecked particularly drugs risk be­ ous. lt perpetuates a seeurity-political coming a major domestic problem. grey-zone, where both Russian and west­ ern E uropean interests and feelings of Conclusion identity overlap. As Iong as this prevails The most immediate cancern is to pre­ the danger for crises arising out of misun­ vent political crises in the Baltic area derstand remains. Priority should be giv­ between Russia and the western liberal en to removing this. If this means NATO community, and then specifically the membership because the NATO enlarg-

250 251 Jaroslaw Dziedzic M1: Jaroslaw D ziedzic is head of Northern Eu­ ropean Section, Ministry of Foreign Alfairs in Po/ancl. Before this he has held various ap­ pointments at the Polish Embassy in German y www.koms.se and as head of the Central European Section of the Ministry ofForeignAffairs in Poland. Mr. Jaroslaw Dziedzic has a MA in electro­ Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapets hemsida nics and in computer sciences and has gradua­ ted from the State School of Public Administra­ tion in Warsaw. J-le has a/so alleneled courses Sedan mitten av augusti i år har Kungl. Örlogsmannasäll skapet publi cerat en for junior diplomats at German ministry of Fo­ hemsida med ovanstående adress. Akademien önskade en egen domän direkt un­ reign Affairs in Bonn/Berlin and political sci­ der huvuddomänen "se". Detta godtogs först sedan Kungl. Ö rl ogsmannasäll• ences at Stanford University, CA. skapet kunde visa utdrag ur regeringsbeslut om akademiens stadgar och det kungliga brevet från 1805, som fastlägger att

/ .. ./att såsom ett dyrbart vedermäle av derta hägn och beskydd få kalla sig Kungliga Örlogsmanna-Sällskapet, varjämte l till oss överlämnat de stadgar, varom säll• skapet vid dess inrättning år 1771 överenskommit, och tillika begärt, all Wi i nåder täcktes tilldela detsamma sådana stadgar/ .. .l Go-operation in the Baltic Sea Region - as Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet åtnjuter kungligt beskydd. Med stöd av Riksmar­ from a Polish perspective skalksämbetet erhölls ett principiellt beslut om att de kungliga akademierna äger viewed rätt till egen domän direkt under huvuddomänen "se". Adressen till hemsidan är The Baltic Sea region has over the ages gotiations with the European Union; och e-postadressen är . witnessed frequent changes in its politi­ Russia developed n ew quality contacts Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapets hemsida omfattar två delar. cal map. In the seeond half of the 20' 11 with both the U ni on and NATO while Den "översta" delen består av sådan information som sällan uppdateras, dvs. century, however, it was reduced to a cross-border and regional cooperation mindre än en gång per år. Den innehåller målsättning, historik, stadgar m.m. Upp­ mere geograhical concept, all man-to­ proceeded at an unprecedented pace. All datering utförs centralt. man contacts and regional cooperation these processes sti mulated the growth of Den andra delen editeras "on-lin e" av "web-master" och sekreteraren. Den within its boundaries having been frozen stability and trust across the region. kommer att innehålla nyheter, aktuell information om projekt, seminarier, sam­ in ta virtual nonexistence. lmportant po­ Cooperation with states öf the Baltic manträden m.m. litical changes in the region were ushered Sea region is one of priority tasks con­ in following the 1989 breakthrough The signed to Polish foreign policy. We are forts på sidan 272 collapse of the Soviet Uni on, the re­ committed to the development of good emergence of independent Baltic States relations with the Nordie states and our and the reunification of Germany - all cooperation is to deliver rapid and effi­ these developments had laid the ground­ cient progress of Poland's integration work fo r the reconstruction of former with the European U ni on. We placed a l inks serving pursuit of new forms of ca­ very high va lue on cooperation with Fin­ operation. In the past decade Finland land and Sweden when they held the and Sweden joined the European Union; presidency of the Union, and today we Poland became a member of the North pin considerable hopes on the Danish Atlantic Alliance; Poland, Lithuania, presidency schedul ed for the seeond half Latvia and Estonia started accession ne- of 2002. Striving for Poland's rapid and

252 253 complete integration inta the structures Another security initiative worth Hamburg, the Council hi ghlighted a cable within the framework of the Baltic of the North Atlantic Alliance, we purs u e keeping in mind is that of the Baltic Se­ number of important tasks, such as dis­ Electricity Ring project. New power a dialogue with D enmark and Norway, curity Assistance Group. Although it is mantling barriers to trade and invest­ transmission Iines are soon to connect both NATO members. Tagether with not connected with the North Atlantic ment, cooperation in the areas of power Poland and Lithuania and work is weil Norway we work on new regulations Alliance, it represents an important ele­ generation and envi ronmental protec­ under way on a natural gas delivery sys­ which will enable European non-EU ment of European security a rchitecture. tion, as weil as strengthening nuclear and tem to connect Norway and Denmark NATO states to take part in the Com­ The said initialive has provided an im­ radioactive security. The prime ministers with Poland and other Central E uropean mon European Security and Defence portant forum in which to hammer out of the region's states, who are to meet in countries. A seeond Yamal pipeline is Policy (CESDP). Anxious to strengthen such programmes as BALTRON, BALT­ a short time, will be expected to agree al so being plan ned. All these projects are th e security of th e Baltic States, we also NET, BALTBAT and BALTDEFCOL, upon in fo rmation technology projects to of immense importance for the Baltic search for new common undertakings this with a view to strengthening the re­ be included in a EU Northern Dimen­ Sea region and, indeed, for th e entire E u­ serving that purpose. spective defence capabilities of Lithua­ sion programme. Poland has been en­ ropean U nion. Of particular importance to us is ca­ nia, Latvia and Estonia as weil as build­ trusted with the task of coordinating Poland attaches considerable impor­ operation within the resp ective frame­ ing security systems consistent with dem­ preparations for a 5-year soft security tance to the development of various works of the Partnership fo r Peace and oeratic val ues. The se programm es are programme which is to be implemented forms of cross-border and inter-regional of the Euroatlantic Partnership Council. also supporlive of good-neighbourly se­ within the framework of regional and cooperation, as evidenced both by nu­ This is because the said cooperation seats curity cooperation. cross-border cooperation. merous international treati es to which at one table Euroatlantic community Poland fo r obvious reasons a ttaches Proteetian of the Baltic Sea environ­ Poland is a party and examples of suc­ member states to work tagether for ways considerable importance to security ca­ ment continues to pose a great challenge cessful practical undertakings. Poland of enhancing the security of both Europe operation in the Baltic region. Although, to all the countries of the region. Poland has signed 15 cross-border cooperation as a whole a nd of its individual r egions. in ou r opinion, the situation in the region has been spending huge sums of money- agreements with 13 countries and there This also furnishes an excellent forum in is marked by stability, work designed to 2 billion E uro a year to be exact - to are 14 Euro-regions in existence in Polish which to implement specific pro­ consolidale and strengthen the region's achieve the significant progress in the territory. Cooperation with Germany grammes. While discussing security in the security is at the top of Polish foreign construction of sewage treatment plants, and Nordie states in particular offers in­ Baltic Sea region, one cannot leave out policy priorities. What is more, in addi­ to reduce the emission of noxious gases stances of fruitful cooperation, the Po­ of account NATO membership aspira­ tion to strictly military security, we also into the atmosphere and cut the a mount merania a nd Baltic Euro-regions and tions of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. focus our attention on security in the of coal mine saline waste discharged inta also, to same extent, that of the Niemen Poland has man y timesove r emphasized broad sense, comprising natural di saster the country's main rivers. All this is very being toremost among those taking part. the inalienable right of states to inde­ prevention, marine rescue operations or important bearing in mind that about 90 The setting up of the Cross-Border (Sub­ pendently opt for alliances to deliver se­ ecological security. per cent of Poland's rivers feed inta th e regional) Cooperation Fund within the curity to their citizens. We intend to con­ One cannot overrate the importance Baltic Sea. However, a Iot remains to be framework of the Council of Baltic Sea tinue supporting the Euroatlantic aspira­ of the role played by the Council of Bal­ done in this field of endeavour and the States will help strengthen that coopera­ tions of, first of all, o ur neighbours, mean­ tic Sea States representing a forum for Baltic Sea environment calls for even tion. The Union of Baltic Cities, which ing Slovakia and Lithuania, but also political leadership and serving coordi­ more such effort on the part of all soli­ currently affiliates one hundred cities of those of Latvia and Estonia. At present, a nation of regional cooperation. Poland darity-motivated states of th e region. the region is another good example of process of gradual integration of those attaches considerable importance to that Modernisatian and expansion of the auspicious development of such coopera­ states inta the North Atlantic Alliance fo rum today, and will continue to do so in transport and power industry infrastruc­ tion. lt has been very active in many continnes within the framework of both the future following EU enlargement. ture offer further cooperation opportun i­ fields of endeavour, the fact only opti­ the Membership Action Plan (MAP) and The strength of the Council of Baltic Sea ties. The Via Baltica and Via Hanseatica mists dared anticipate when the Union Partnership for Peace. Poland is confi­ States lies both in its prompt respanding projects have been under implementa­ came inta being in Gdansk at the initia­ dent that the accession of the Baltic to the changing realities of cooperation, tian for years now. Due to its geographi­ tive of Poland ten years ago. States to NATOwill influence positively and in initiating ventures which serve to cal location, Poland is crisscrossed by in­ Poland responded with interest to the security-ori ented cooperation in the Bal­ meet the needs of our time. In its com­ ternational power-lines. Poland and Swe­ Finnish concept of northern dimension tic Sea region. munique adopted at the June session in den have been linked by an underwater of the European Union. We regard this

254 255 forum for cooperation as an expression the benefits of the Baltic region's eco­ Helmut Hubel of Baltic Sea sta tes' support for the proc­ nomic and social development to Kalin­ Prof D1: Helmill Hu bel, holds rhe chair of Fo­ ess of European integration, and we ingrad as weil. In September 2000, a Eu­ reign Policy and lnrernational Relations, Frie­ stress the importance of the EU opening rofaculty started work in Kaliningrad, drich Schiller University, l ena, German y. Befo­ itself to cooperation with Russia in the sponsored by the Council of Baltic Sea re he has held professorships and vi.~ itin g pro­ run-up to the Union's eastward enlarge­ States. A Polish-Lithuanian project con­ fessorship ar rh e universities of Dresden, Ko­ ment. We perceive this initiative as an at­ cerning organising, tagether with the blenz-Landau and California at lrvine. His re­ European politic.1; tempt to meet the challenge posed by the Russian side, a series of training schemes search ropics include north international conflicts (particularly in th e problems of asymmetry in economic de­ for local government officials, border Miclclle East), US. and Russian .foreign policy guardsand small and medium-sized busi­ velopment and standards of administra­ and Eastem enlargement of the EU H e is edi­ tion structures on both sides of a new ex­ ness people has met with approval. Being tor of EU Enlargemenr and Beyond: Th e Baltic terna! border of the EU. Of particular one of the countries sharing a border Stares and Russia (forth coming). importance to us is the inclusion of the with Kaliningrad, Poland appreciates the Kaliningrad Region in the Northern Di­ importance of cooperation with the Re­ mension, this being conducive to lasting gion, as manifesled by Poland's support stability of the region and enhanced mu­ for diverse forms of economic, cultural tual trust. and social contacts being established Poland also perceives cooperation with Kaliningrad by Polish border prov­ within the Baltic Sea region as an essen­ inces. tia! area of cooperation with the Russian The Baltic Sea region today is under­ Federation. Indeed, all of the region's going rapid economic transformation The future of security in the Baltic sea Sub­ states have been actively cooperating into one of Europe's most dynamic 1 with Russia, as has the European Union growth areas, strengthening its democra­ Region- a German perspective within the fraruework of the EU-Russia cy and political stability. Unfortunately, Council, and there are various Union there persist within its borders consider­ Germany in the Baltic ther successful management of the unifi­ programmes being implemented, includ­ able disproportions in living standards. cation problems. ing those generated by the Northern Di­ Reducing and then levelling off these SeaArea Germany's unification in 1990 took mension. Russia is now president of the disproportions remains a historie chal­ More than a decade since German unifi­ place in the context of two major institu­ Council of Baltic Sea States, and its pres­ lenge facing all those in volved in region­ cation, coinciding with the end of the tional adaptations: the new German idency programrue is in the interest of all al cooperation in the Baltic Sea basin. It East-West conflict, Europe's largest Länder simultaneausly became part of member states. Poland, too, cooperales is necessary to strive without let-up for economy and seeond largest society (if the European Community (since the with Russia although we believe that consolidatian of the Baltic identity as an we include Russia) is still absorbed with Maastricht Trea ty: European Union) and more dynamism could be injected into element of a European identity, now overcoming the legacy of 45 years of So­ the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. the economic dimension of that coopera­ emerging in the process of integration. viet occupation in its new länder (federal As the enlargement processes of both in­ tion. Particular attention is be i ng focused Dialogue and joint solution of current states). Berlin, again the capita! of a unit­ stitutions during the 1990s demonstrated, on Kaliningrad Region now, which fol­ problems offer the best guarantee of the ed German y, is intensively engaged in re­ both the EU and NATO became the two lowing EU enlargement, will become an further stable and secure development of construction and struggling with grave fi­ key frameworks for building the new Eu­ enelave within Union territory. We are the region. nancial problems, thus symbolizing also ropean "post-Cold War order". (Signifi­ confident th ere is a need for extending the recent unification crisis. Still, until cantly, the OSCE did not gain this status.) now the challenges have been meet with­ As integral part of both institutions, out major social and political conflicts, Germany in her foreign policy pursned a and there is good reason to expect a fur- course of bas ic continuity. The re was on! y

1 The author gratefully acknowledges the supporl of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation for writing this articlc.

256 257 -

is­ on e significant ch ange concerning its mil­ th e process towards all-European unifi­ Sub-regional security ment. In consequence, "soft" security in itary role. For the first time since 1945, cation - a process, which in the forseea­ sues are increasingly being dealt with today ­ German troops engaged abroad - in bl e future will possibly not include all the context of the EU's acquis commun NATO's Balkans campaigns, particularly states of the continent to the same de­ More than a decade since the end of the autaire. in the 1999 Kosovo war. Yet, this was an gree, i.e. as full members of the EU and East-West conflict and the dissolution act of alliance solidarity and no depar­ NATO. of the Soviet Union and its e mpire, Eu­ The Baltic Sea sub-region ture from Germany's post-War legacy as Given the interrelation between the ropean security has changed fundamen­ as a link between "EU­ a "trading state" (R. Rosecrance ). developments in the Baltic Sea area and tally:The threat of a major military (nu­ Reliability and close co-operation the targer European processes, one clear) confrontation has gone; still - as rope" and its partners with her allies and neighbours remained should not expect a specific German the Balkans and Chechnya demonstrate Today the Baltic Sea can be understoodas Germany's guiding principles. There was Baltic policy. Still, there is a growing in­ - limited military conflicts continue to a European sub-region, Iinking the EU, its also continuity in her foreign policy pri­ terest, particularly in the two northern take place. Security remains a key con­ prospective members (Poland, and the a orities: Bundesländer, in the significant eco­ cern - whether one understands it as Baltic states), Western non-EU states - Firstly, European integration re­ nomic, political and culturat benefils state of affairs, wh ere on e has not to fear (Norway) and Russia. All the states con­ mained the focus of Germany's eco­ which will result from increased Baltic dangers (following the Latin seeuritas­ cerned, i.e. including Russia which shows nomic and political activities, as could integration and co-operation. This inter­ sine cura), or as the absense of objective growing interest in its partnership with been seen in the significant contribu­ est has been demonstrated in Germa­ threats (as the Russian bezopasnot' - the EU, increasingly act within th e param­ tians towards "deepening" and "wid­ ny's active support of Finland's and bez opasnost'). eters defined by the EU. Under foreseea­ ening" of the EU (with the major Sweden's EU membership and of Po­ For "EU-rope", i. e. those parts of the ble conditions Russia will not become an achievements, the Monetm·y Union, land's joining NATO. Berlin is now en­ continent shaped by E uropean integra­ integral part of the EU, but only - under the enlargement to the EU-15 and the gaged in helping to prepare Poland and tion, major military security threats have best conditions - a closely associated part­ start of negotiations on EU member­ the three Baltic states for EU member­ waned. Instead of "hard" security issues, ner. Therefore, the Baltic Sea area should ship with Central and East European ship. Significantly, while the German "soft" problems are darninating the seeu­ be conceived of as a sub-region Iinking the states ). federal government and partiament rity agenda, such as international crime, EV and Russia. When dealing with today's Secondly, Germany actively contrib­ were very much favouring Poland's illegal migration, environmental prob­ security problems, one should be con­ uted to NATO's transformation to a membership in NATO, they were much lems etc. scious of these conditions. peace-keeping organization in th e more cautious concerning the Baltic Within the last ten years, the Baltic area has changed from a region of new Europe, thus keeping the USA states' quest for joining the Western alli­ Sea "Soft" engaged in E urope and the trans-At­ ance. The obvious reason is that Germa­ East-West division and high ly militarised "Hard" and lantie partnership functioning. ny tried to reconcile this goal with her confrontation to a European sub-region Security Problems in the - Thirdly, united Germany was deter­ third foreign policy priority, i.e. keeping of integration and co-operation. The Eu­ Baltic Sea Area mined to further develop her partner­ Russia engaged as a cooperative partner ropean Union has become the leading in­ Although the prospect of a major mil i­ ship with Russia. of th e Western institutions. stitution to organize these processes: The tary confrontation is no longer on Eu­ Unification gave Germany a seeond Still, in this author's judgement, one EU's "Eastern enlargement" began with rope's agenda, th e North European federal state, bordering the Baltic Sea can expect a future German support for the five new German Länder. In 1995 states are still being affected by the glo­ coast (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, to­ the Baltic states' membership in NATO, Sweden and Finland (together with Aus­ bal nuetear deterrence system, particu­ gether with Schleswig-Holstein). This provided the USA are willing to give se­ tria) establi shed the EU-15. Since l 998/ larly Russia's nuclear faci lities on the took place in the context of building a curity guarantees and there is a consen­ 2000 the EU is negotiating the terms of Kola peninsula. Still, when compared new European order in which the West­ sus within the al li ance. At the same time, membership with Po land and the three with th e Cold War situation, the prob­ ern institutions (EU and NATO) played Germany will continue her efforts to­ Baltic sta tes; also, the EU and Russia are resulting from th e nuclear confron­ the key role in transforming also the Bal­ wards "keeping Russia positively en­ linked with a partnership agreement, lems tation do no longer play a dominating tic Sea area to sub-region of economic gaged". (This effort could already be which envisages a future join t free trade role. Sti ll , the nuclear dimension remains and political integration. Significantly, to­ seen, e.g., at the end of the Kosovo war in area. Thus, with in a decade th e Baltic Sea a" background condition", affecting Rus- day's Baltic Sea area is an integral part of June 1999.) area has become a Focus of EU enlarge-

259 258 sia and its North European neighbours. "Soft" security problems land and the Baltic states, EU mem­ co-operative framework which will help In case of a seeond round of NATO en­ resulting from the post-Soviet/ bership will mean the adaptation to to deal with the "soft" security challeng­ West and North European norms and es, particularly stemming from there? largement, which will probably include Socialist transition the Baltic sta tes, this problem could gain standards. renewed rel evance. (Recent speculations In those societies, formerly dominated by - The Council of Baltic Sea states Conclusion the Socialist systems, several "soft about the stationing of Russian nuclear securi­ (CBSS) is a forum of inter-state ca­ The Baltic Sea sub-region has become a ty" problems have special significance. weapons in Kaliniagrad were an indica­ In operation, Iinking EU members and laboratory of European unijication: most ma ny respects, under Socialist rul tion of it.) e safety candidates, Western non-EU states of the problems, concerning the whole standards had been significantly Still, today's European security agenda, lower (Norway and Iceland), and Russia. European continent, can be studied here than in the West. The safety particularly in the Baltic sub-region, is not of nuclear Although the CBSS' recommenda­ under particularly favourable conditions. power plants is just one example. dominated by "hard" security problems, Sos­ tions cannot be enforced, i t is a useful During the last decade the members of novy Bor near St. Petersburg but by so-called "soft " issues. These non­ and the instrument particularly for dealing the Baltic Sea sub-region have managed Lithuanian Ignalina are two post-Sovi military concerns, affecting the security of et with "soft" security issues. to establish institutional frameworks to nuclear power plants dir individuals, societies and states largely fall ectly affecting Russia remains a special problem, deal with security problems in a coopera­ "soft security" concerns in the Baltic in to two categories: On the on e hand, t here Sea particularly its exclave of Kaliningrad. live and preventive way. Potential crises, area. Significantly, while are problems concerning all members of the shout-down Both institutional frameworks - the EU e.g. in the Baltic-Russian relationships, of Ignalina is a condition the Baltic sea-region; on the other there for Lithuania and its partnership with Russia as weil as could be defused. Moreover, mechanisms joining the EU, the Russian are specific issues, stemming from the col­ power plant the CBSS- can serve as instruments for have been established to deal with "soft" remains an issue of concern. The lapse of the Soviet/socialist systems. To deal post-so­ invalving Russian decision-makers. From security problems in a substanlive way. with these issues effectively, it makes sense cialist conditions also aggravate addi­ the viewpoint of the EU, the key problem Compared with other sub-regions of Eu­ to distinguish these two categories. tional problems, e.g. international crime will be how Russia's norms and values rope - be it the Balkans, the Mediterra­ or health issues. concerning "soft" security problems can neau or the Black Sea, not to speak of be affected. Since both the EU and the other crises regions - Baltic Sea sub-re­ General "soft security" Interdependence, CBSS are basically "soft" security institu­ problems in the Baltic Sea area gional co-operation has become a re­ Institutionalisation and tions, i.e. they are dealing primm·ily with markably positive example of peaceful There is a host of problems resulting the "Russian problem" non-military issues and can (on ly) apply change. Many problems and potential from modern civilization in general and "soft power" (J. Nye), i.e. incentives and risks remain, particularly in the post-So­ The Baltic Sea sub-region as a "laborato­ today's Baltic Sea conditions in particu­ rewards. viet regions. Kaliningrad will be the ma­ ry of European unification lar: Environmental problems (e. g. result­ " is a specific Concerning Russia, the problem is jor test case for the evolving EU-Russia case to test the possibilities ing from the peaceful use of nuclear en­ and problems how the decision-makers' calculations in relationship. in dealing with today's security problems ergy), the safety of navigation and traffic, . Moscow can be affected in a such way In 1795 Immanuel Kant published his Today the Baltic Sea area is highly issues of individual security vis-a-vis dis­ inter­ that Russia's Baltic regions (particularly treatise on Eternal Peace in Königsberg, dependent. Because of eases and crime etc. Significantly, today this specific con­ St. Petersburg, the Leningrad and Kare­ arguing that only a league of republican dition, t here are bot h vulnerabiliries no state is able to deal with these issues (e. g. lian regions and the Kaliniagrad oblast) states, acting in accordance with interna­ effectively on its own. These problems n uclear safety issues) and sensitivities can interact with their Baltic Sea part­ tional law, will be able to maintain per­ demand international co-operation. Re­ (problems of lower intensity; for this dis­ ners in a produclive way. manent peace. lt is up to the EU, the markably, some of the Baltic Sea area's tinction see R. Keohane/ J. Nye, Power Kaliningrad's future seems to be the CBSS and other institutions, and particu­ "soft" security issues have been dealt and Interdependence, 1977/1987/2000). most prominent test case: Will i t be possi­ lady all the Baltic Sea states, to prove For the sub-region's with al read y during the East-West con­ actors there are ble to involve the Russian exclave in a that Kant's principles can work. flict (e. g. environmental issues in the several institutional frameworks to deal Helsinki convention of 1973), thus dem­ with these issues: onsirating the North European "culture - The EU, by negotiating the terms of of co-operation" and paving the way for membership is able to affect its part­ the intensified co-operation since 1990. ners' standards substantially: For Po-

260 261 Dag Hartelius Mr. Dag Hartelius is Director, Department for Central and Eastern Europe, Ministry for Fo­ reign Aff"airs, Sweden. Before this he has been Vice President for European secw·ity at East­ West Institute in New York. J-Je has also held positions as Political Counsellor at the Embas­ sy of Sweden in London, Depuly Director at the Department for Central and Eostern Euro­ pe, Ministry for Foreign Alfairs and First Secre­ tary at the Embassies of Sweden in Berlin and Moscow. Mr. Dag Hartelius is a fellow of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . .. Från och med 1 maj 2001 har Kungl. Orlogsmannasällskapet ny postadress: .. Kungl. Orlogsmannasällskapet Enhancing Security in the Baltic Sea Region Box 13025 - Swedish Contributions and Views The Swedish views on wider security as­ top priority for Sweden to encourage a 103 01 STOCKHOLM pects of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) development leading towards increased have already been eloquently laid out by regional security, prosperity and stability. State Secretary Sven-Eric Söder earlier I hardly need to mention the enormous today. In order not to duplicate, my re­ security benefit for my country stemming marks will focus more narrowly on politi­ from the restoration of independence in cal and military security questions relat­ Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the de­ ed to our region. I will do so by walking mocratisation in Poland and Russia, and you through some Swedish considera­ the reunification of Germany. tions, views and activities in two areas: As many of the previous speakers • The importance for the BSR of ongo­ have underlined, progress already made ing Euro-Atlantic integration proc­ in establishing democracy and market esses economy in the former planned econo­ • Security-related assistance today and mies has been impressive. The same can in the futm·e be said with reference to the integration As the BSR has in modern history of these countries in the Euro-Atlantic been an area of political and military cobweb of close day-to-day cooperation. confrontation, thereby heavily affecting This integration process is, however, Swedish national security and contingen­ still incomplete. Four of the nations of cy planning, i t should come as no surprise the region - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania that over the last ten years it has been a and Poland-are on their way to become

262 263 full members of the European Union. after the enlargement is one of the main ment would clearly be negative from a USD 60 Million mainly to the Baltic Once this has been achieved - and the aims of this programme. Another recent Swedish security perspective. On the countries for these purposes. The 10 Göteborg European Council in June feature that will promote E U-Russia ca­ contrary, a further improvement of the modern infantry battalions now being gave us hope that this will happen sooner operation will be the EU-Russia High­ security situation will require full nor­ transferred to the three countries come rather t han later- a crucial stepwillhave Leve! Group charged with elaborating malisation expressed through equal in addition to this. Whereas parts of over­ been taken to secure prosperity and a the concept of a Common European treatment of NATO (and, indeed EU) all Swedish assistance to Estonia, Latvia continued positive development of these Economic Space, agreed at the Summit candidates here and in other parts of Eu­ and Lithuania will be terminated in con­ societies. This will have major security in May and currently under establish­ rope. nection of the EU accession of these implications. The challenge both for Rus­ ment. One im portant focus of this group The process of overcoming the divi­ countries, it is foreseeable that the securi­ sia and the Union concerning the effects is Iikely to be the alignment of EU rules sions of the Cold War is not yet finished. ty-enhancing assistance will continue for Kaliningrad by the EU enlargement and practices in Russian economic policy. The Baltic area is on e of the areas in Eu­ maybe up to ten years from now. T11at has already been highlighted by previous Taken together, the various rapidly rope where the security architecture- as these three nations feel secure is a neces­ speakers. But having been deeply in­ evolving elements of EU-Russia cooper­ it is usually caJled - has not been finally sary prerequisite for an im proved region­ volved in the EU-Russia dialogue on this ation brings us ever closer in a political settled. In a speech last autumn the al security. issue during the Swedish Presidency and dialogue that will gradually reduce the Swedish Foreign Minister, Mrs Anna A growing part of the programme is witnessing the development of Moscow's still existing gap in perceptions and poli­ Lindh explained that "This will only be today being devoted to cooperation with thinking on Kaliningrad as weil as the cies- and this will, if continued, substan­ done when the EV has expanded to in­ Russia. This concerns for instance assist­ emerging Russian-Lithuanian and Rus­ tially enhance security in our region. clude the present candidates, when the ance in the field of destruction and non­ sian-Polish cooperation on Kaliningrad, I The seeond integration process under Baltic states have reached their security proliferation of weapons of mass de­ feel quite confident that we will be able way is the enlargement of NATO. Swe­ goals and when Russia's ties with the EV struction, leadership training, interna­ to find practical solutions to the identi­ den is a member of a political alliance - and NATO have grown to include much tional law and armed forces, manage­ fied practical problems in time for Po­ the EU - but it is military non-aligned. more substance than now." ment of environmental consequences of land's and Lithuania's accession to the We are not a neutral country. Not being a Sweden is promoting the continued military activities, etc. Union in a few years' time. Hopefully, the member of the North Atlantic Alliance integration of the BSR in wider Euro­ Another field where we are trying to work on Kaliningrad now weil under way means of course that we have no formal Atlantic cooperation in a number of make efforts concerns the regional will produce substantial results under the influence on NATOs decisions on this is­ ways. First and foremost we actively sup­ streamlining of security policy thinking active leadership of next year's Danish sue. Still, when i t concerns o ur region, the port a rapid accession of the remaining around the Baltic Sea. Through a contin­ EU Presidency. BSR, the outcome of the process is Iikely EU candidates to the Union. In this con­ uous dialogue at all levels at seminars, Although Russia is not a candidate to atfect Sweden which also means that text, we also work for doser cooperation meetings of senior officials, etc. the a im is for EU membership, the further deepen­ we have a stake in the development. Po­ between Russia and the E U. I already re­ to stimulate wider security thinking and ing of EU-Russia cooperation is part and land has already acceded to the Alliance. ferred to this. cooperation in ordertoreplace old zero­ parce! of an improvement of the security Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are eager In addition, we make various contri­ sum thinking by the recognition of win­ situation in the BSR - more than any­ to join. I will make two positional re­ butians in the field of tradition al security win opportunities. The planned meeting where else in Europe. State Secretary marks. First, it is an important matter of towards the same goal of integration that of defence ministers in Visby, Sweden, on Söder made a number of very clear and principle to us that any nation should we believe is the over-arebing road to se­ 28 September- a joint Swedish-German detailed remarks on this topic in his pres­ have the right to choose its own security curity. One is to assist - together with initiative - will indicate a new step to­ entation. Le t me justaddthat the rapid! y arrangemen t s. Second, a decision (or other countries - Estonia, Latvia in wards this end. This dialogue should also evolving N orthem Dimension of the Eu­ non-decision) by - in this case- NATO Lithuania in improving their security in be accompanied by practical cooperation ropean Union will be extremely helpful that could be seen as if the re we re special fields such as national defence, capability in security-related areas such as search for us in the region in pusbing this coop­ membership conditions applying to the to participale in international peace sup­ and rescue exercises, management of en­ eration and integration forward. The ND remaining candidates in the Baltic Sea port operations, border control, rescue vironmental disasters, etc. in volving mili­ can indeed be seen as the Union's practi­ Region would in turn lead to the impres­ service, etc. Since the start in 1991 of our tary, paramilitary and police units. An ac­ cal policy on the BSR, and working more sion that the BSR is some kind of grey special programme for security-enhanc­ tive Russian participation is of course closely together with Russia during and zone in security terms. Such a develop- ing assistance, we have channelled about crucial for the success of these efforts

264 265 and it would be an important signal Atlantic security context would never be Anders Wijkman about Moscow's genuine interest in the helpful to the security of this region. M1~ Anders Wijkman is since 7991 a mem­ region's secm·ity that sufficient funds for Let me conclude by stressing the ber of the European Partiament represen­ this kind of practical cooperation will be strong optimism that l sense that the se­ ting Sweden. He was a member of the allocated. curity and stability of th e BSR will con­ Swedish Partiament from 1970- 1978. As European security is indivisible tinue to improve. More than anything Then he was appointed Secretary General and the Baltic Sea is and will always be this optimism is based on the steady for the Swedish Red Cross, where he ser­ an international sea, it goes without say­ growth of trade and prosperity in this ved for ten years. 1995-97 Anders Wijk­ ing that this kind of regional dialogue part of the world. B ut, as l have tried to man was Assistant Secretary General at and cooperation should not only be open demonstrate, things move in the right di­ United Nations. to participation by other interested states rection also in the area of traditional po­ J-fe is a fellow of th e Royal Swedish but that such participation should even litical-military security. Still, we need to Academy of Sciences and since 1992 be actively encouraged. This is particular­ continue to be active, to assist, to be in­ member of the Club of Rome. ly important when it comes to naval ac­ clusive. And we must continue to look tivities. Any kind of de-linkage of th e around the c01·ner. This conference, I am Baltic Sea Region from the wider Euro- sure, willhel p us in doing so.

The Baltic Sea and its en vi ronment - a joint obligation

l was asked on short notice and have not sequences in other regions. 'T11is problem had time to study in detail the specific is augmented by globalisabon and the environmental challenges of the Baltic fact that western production and con­ Sea and the region surrounding it. What I sumptian systems are being transferred will do, however, is to try to give you an very rapidly to the developing countries. overview as regards environmental poli­ Economies as weil as populations in cy-making at the European Union leve!: many of these countries are growing very - what are the main problems of envi- fast, which means that their pollution lev­ ronmental degradation that we are els will soon exceed those of OECD facing as a Union? countries. Since many ecosystems are al­ - th e strengths and weaknesses in our ready overburdened in terms of demand way of deali ng with the problems, and and pollution, we have to take very seri­ - new initialives under way. ously the responsibility to develop pro­ The first point I would like to make is ductian and consumptian systems that that environment policy-making in the are by far much more efficient than the Union has to take place within a global present ones. This must be tooked upon con text. One reason is of coursethat pol­ as a primary task for the rich countries, lution knows no borders. Hence every­ and the responsibility rests in particular tbing we do in one country th at has a with the EU given the little engagement negative impact on the environment- or of the US administration. in one region -ultima te! y will have con- Of special importance in this context

266 267 is our relationship to the candidate coun­ the transport sector, notably road trans­ are still far too high , notably nitrogen. The commission in its proposal had tries. We ought to make everytbing possi­ port. 1l1is is one of the main reasons for This in turn leads to depletion of oxy­ suggested ambitions targets in all of ble to assist them in their efforts to en­ the interest around the Baltic to try to gen in the water and affects marine theseareas to be adopted by the Gothen­ hance environmental and social stand­ develop a more environmentally sound Iife seriously. burg Council. To mi tiga te elimate change, ards and to use the best possible technol­ transpartatian system. discharges of toxic materials have de­ the proposed objective was a yearly re­ ogies, through "leap-frogging", as their The European Environment Agency creased but are still cause for can­ duction of GHG emissions between 1990 economies are growing! (EEA) in Capenhagen is responsible for cern. and 2020 by l%. This would mean a total We are gathered here in Karlskrona providing the EU and its member states - oil spills are still a major problem. reduction of 30% until 2020, to be cam­ to discuss the particular challenges in with reliable information about the state - fish stocks are deelining. pared with the Kyoto commitment of 8% terms of the environment in the Baltic of the environment in the Union. EEA - dioxin levels in fish are by many ex- until 2010. The Council, however, decid­ Sea region. Almost ten years ago l was publishes regularly environmental data perts thought to be too high for hu­ ed not to go into any detail as regards intimately invalved in a study, with par­ supplied to it or emanating from it. Ac­ man consumption. specific targets at this occasion. This was ticipants from all countries surmunding cording to recent reports, progress as re­ Against this backgro und, what can we regrettable, but understandable. The the Baltic Sea. Our task was to develop a gards the overall situation can be noted expect in terms of policy-making in the Commission proposal came very late and strategy for a more efficient and environ­ in some areas. Prominent examples are years to come? Let me start by referring had not been sufficiently discussed be­ mentally sound transpartatian system that emissions, contributing to acidifica­ to the EU Summit in Gothenburg in fore Gothenburg. The proposal was criti­ around the Baltic Sea. The study resulted tion , have been significantly reduced dur­ j une. At this occassion, several decisions sized for being too little focussing on the in a great number of specific recommen­ ing the 1990's; the introduction of cata­ were taken of great importance to the rest of the world; in fact, i t largely ignores dations. However, still today most of lytic converters has improved the qua! ity environment. The most important was the challenges of sustainability from a these recommendations, notably those of air, notably in the bi g cities; substances, the adoption of a framework for a sus­ global perspective. The idea seems to actdressing environmental cancerns, have contributing to the ozone-layer deple­ tainable development strategy. This, in have been to "first put the european not been acted upon. So there is a Iot pol­ tion, have been great! y reduced; electrici­ my opinion, represents a landmark deci­ house in order, and then deal with the icymakers can do and should do in the ty from renewable sources have in­ sion. After careful analysis the Union has rest of the world". Anyone who has some region as regards measures to proteet the creased by 3-4% during the 1990's; in­ identified six issues, three of them relat­ knowledge about sustainable develop­ Baltic Sea from land-borne sources of puts to the N orth-East Atlantic as weil as ing to the social sphere and three to the ment and the importance of the inter­ pollution, from air-borne pollution and, the Baltic of several heavy meta Is and or­ physical environment, where present linkages-bot h between different seetars indeed, from different kinds of discharg­ ganic substances fell significantly during trends are negative and which, uniess ac­ but also between different regions - es direct into the Sea. the 1990's. tion is taken, conslitute serious threats to would agree that such an approach is un­ The Baltic Sea and its watershed rep­ But on other fronts the picture is far the weltare of the Union in the longer­ realistic. resent a special challenge. This eco-sys­ from eneauragin g. The generation of mu­ term perspective. In spi te of its shortcomings, the Coun­ tem is affected by a number of pollution nicipal waste is increasing in most mern­ The six problem areas are: cil decision represents a big step in right factors but as we il from the influx of sea ber states; transportation, in particular - poverty and exclusion: an estimated direction. The important tbing is that the water from the strait of Öresund. The road transport, is growing faster than 16% of EU citizens are below the Council has agreed to the general analy­ breckish water en viranment constitutes a G DP and is the cause of several environ­ poverty Iine. sis put forward as regards the challenges very special environment and from sev­ ment-and healtb-related problems; loss - public health: threats from environ­ we europeans face from the point of vie w eral aspects mo re vulnerable than e.g. the of biodiversity is continuing at an alarm­ mental and food pollution; of sustainable development. North Sea. ing rate; C02-emissions are 2% below - demographic change/ageing: an in­ The precise targets will be revisited The deposition of phosphorus and ni­ the 1990 baseline figUI·e but emissions creasing "dependency ratio"; during the first half of 2002. Further­ trogen represen t a special challenge. The are Iikely to exceed the Kyoto commit­ - elimate change and elean energy; more, the strategy, its targets as weil as its main sources are leaches from farm-land ment by an estimated 15% in 2010 based - depletion of natural resources: includ- implementation will be monitored elose­ and sewage water treatment. But as re­ on present trends. Laoking more specifi­ ing loss of biodiversity and limits to ly and disenssed by the heads of govern­ gards nitrogen transpartatian plays a sig­ cally at the Baltic Sea and its watershed the "carrying capacity" of the bio­ ments at least once yearly. From a formal nificant role - an estimated 10-15% of the situation is indeed problematic: sphere; point of view, what the adoption of the the total nitrogen input origirrates from - discharges of nutrients into the Sea - land-use and mobility; strategy means, is that from now on the

268 269 three pillars of sustainable development, is to reduce pollution. This is highly re­ Much more could of course be said areas are energy, transportation, waste i.e. economic development, social devel­ grettabl , and I can only hope that reality about policy-making at EU leve!. We are management, chemicals, agriculture and opment and environment sustainability, will overcome perception and that it will Iikely to see revisions of CAP, the com­ natural resources managmenet. There willbegiven equal importance as regards be possible to agree on a harmonisation mon agricultural policy, as well as the are no easy solutions. A combination of policy-making in the Union. of energy-related taxes within the Union. fisheries policy within shortly. Both these policy initiatives are needed: Last! y, as regards the international di­ Apart from the elimate issue, there is an­ revisions will be of great importance to - integration of environmental aspects mension - which was largely missing in other strong argument in favour of har­ the Baltic Sea. Pressure will also mount in to allmajor sectors, the Commission proposal -the Commis­ monising energy policy frameworks, to make energy policy part of the Treaty - sector-specific strategies, sion is obliged to present a detailed pro­ namely that a liberalised electricity mar­ and thus giving the Union much needed - rethink the incentives structure of the posal on this dimension of the problem ket makes little sense uniess policy competence to actdress more proactivley economy, starting by doing away with ear ly 2002; well in time for the Johannes­ frameworks are harmonised! both the elimate issue and a host of envi­ subsicties that harm the envrionment burg Summit in september that year. Another important initiative is the ronment- and healthrelated issues. and applying the polluter pays princi­ A parallell and equally important ini­ new chemicals strategy, also discussed in Of critical importance will be how ple, tiative is the 6th Environment Action Gothenburg. This policy will be of partic­ candidate countries are brought into the - support to multi-disciplinary R&D Programme. It has a ten-year harizon ular importance for the Baltic Sea, since picture. We have to increase tunding to projects, and four major priority areas, very much it aims at improving our knowledge as help these countries adopting high envi­ - making use of public procurement to similar to the ones discussed in the sus­ weil as our control of toxic substances. ronmental standards as well as helping promote environmentally sound tech­ tainable development strategy: The fact isthat information is very limit­ them to invest in the best possible tech­ nologies, - elimate change; ed today about most of the chemicals nologies from the point of view of envi­ - enhance cooperation and support to - environment and health; marketed today. For 15% we know the ronment. Parallell to this efforts must be candidate countries and developing - natural resources management and possible effects on the ecology and on made to engage Russia more fully in the countries on environment-related is­ was te; our health. For 65% of the substances we work to clean up the environment in the sues, - biodiversity, have very limited knowledge, and for the Baltic Sea area and to comply with inter­ The overall objective will be to en­ The programme is rather general in remaining 20% we know nothing. The natinal environment agreements, notably hance the efficiency in the way we handie scope; it will be followed by more de­ aim of the new strategy is to correct the the Kyoto Protocol. energy and materials, and to reduce pol­ tailed quantitative and qualitative goals situation and to oblige producers of In my mind, Europe has a critical role lution and negative impacts on the eco­ in e a ch priority area. There has been a lo t chemical products which are frequently to play in environmenmt-policymaking systems. Quite a few good initiatives are of criticism because the programme is used to register them. Certain toxic sub­ at the regional as weil as the internation­ in the pipeline, but we still have a Iong not more detailed and because it does stances will be phased out. al leve!. Given the passive role played by way to go. l am positive that this confer­ not specify action on agriculture and Another important initiative discussed the US in this field, Eu must provide ence will give a valuable contribution to fisheries- two seetars whose EU policies is the so-called Integrated Product Policy leadership in areas where the world is o ur common goal of sustainability in the are believed to be very negative from the (IPP). This new strategy aims at "reducing Jooking for solutions. The most critical Baltic Sea region! point of view of the environment. the life-cycle environmental impacts of Another type of criticism has been products and services". By applying the that the EU does not passess the neces­ life-cycle approach all aspects of a product sary policy instruments to bring about are being analyzed; issues like extraction change in several of the most trouble­ of ra w materials, emissions at the produc­ same areas; for instance, it is hard to see tion phase, eco-design, eco-labelling, how the EU is going to live up to the re­ waste management, greening of demand quirements of the Kyoto Protocol with­ as weil as public procurement come to the out the introduction of an EU-wide ear­ fore. The main objective is to reduce ener­ bon tax. But some governments, includ­ gy and material throughput as weil as en­ ing my own, are strongly opposed to tax­ vironmental impact during all stages of es at EU leve!- even if the main purpose the Iife of a product.

270 271 Sven-Erik Alhem Mr. Sven-Erik Alhem, Director of th e pu­ blic prosecution arahority in Malmö, Swe­ den. www.koms.se

Hemsidans innehåll:

OMKÖMS Här presenteras för målsättning, histo­ rik, stadgar och organisation. stadgar­ na finns såväl som text som nedladd­ ningsbart dokument i pdf-format.

VETENSKAPSGRENAR Här presenteras för verksamhetens in­ delning i vetenskapsgrenar. Varje ve­ tenskapsgren definieras till omfattning och mål. The Commission on dumping of Oil­ BELÖNINGAR OCH STIPENDIER Här presenteras för de belöningar och consequences for the Baltic Sea and its stipendier som utdelas. coastal states

LEDAMÖTER Den förteckning över akademiens le­ Tagether with some very important ex­ deliver the waste. Much work in this con­ damöter, som publiceras i sista numret perts I had the Swedish government's as­ text has been done so far. A well-func­ avTiS varje år återfinns även på hemsi­ sign ment to investigate matters concern­ tioning system of reception facilities in dan. ing intervention in conjunction with oil combination with effective intervention, discharges and discharges of other harm­ as weil as stiff penalties for parties dis­ of should lead to a re­ KALENDARIUM Här redovisas tidsplan och innehåll för ful substances at sea for the purpose charging was te at sea, de ordinarie och extra sammanträden improving the legal possibilities to prose­ duction in unlawful discharges. samt eventuella seminarier m. m. eute illegal discharges. (The Commission The Commission stressed that a on dumping of Oil). stricter approach to this type of crime Although our assignment was prima­ must be engendered in case law. An in­ sidan 286 forts rily related to making the prosecution of tentional discharge invalving a hundred unlawful discharges more effective , we litres of oil in an area sensitive to pollu­ focused very much on the importance of tion such as the Baltic Sea should be having discharges prevented as much as deemed to be so serious in character that possible. Most importantly, there must be it can justify the imposition of a term of functioning reception facilities in every imprisonment. In our opinion, this also port to which the ships'wastes may be de­ means that the penalty imposed for a dis­ livered without special cost, while the charge committed by a foreign vessel vessel has a simultaneous obligation to within Sweden's territorial sea may also

272 273 in vol ve imposition of a term of imprison­ of illegal discharges. TI1e regulations con­ Jan Berglöw ment. cerning investigations of illegal discharg­ Mr. Jan Berglöw is vice president at Wallenius Our work was presented in SOU es will be adapted to maritime circum­ Lines in Sweden. Before this he was Captain 1998:158 (Swedish Government Official stances. Limitations applied with respect (N) and head of a Naval Shipyard in Muskö, Reports). to penal inte.rvention against foreign ves­ Sweden. He has held warious positions in the In May 2001 the Swedish government sels shall, in compliance with the United Royal Swedish Navy as staff engineer at the has introduced a bill to the Parliament Nations Conventian of the Law of the F/ag Staff and FPB squadron engineer. H e has with proposals of how to improve the Sea, be regulated by law. a/so been head of logistics at the Naval Centre. Mr. Jan Berglöw holds a M.Sc (Naval Ar­ possibilities to proseeute illegal discharg­ Flag State report The transfer of an chitect) from the Royal Institute ofTechnology. investigation and the institution of legal es of oil and other harmful substances at H e is also afellow of the Royal Swedish Society sea. ( The number of the Bill: 2000/ proceectings to the vessers flag State will of Naval Sciences. 01:139). A number of different measures be subject to important legislative regu­ are proposed. Some of them are: lation. Jurisdietian in the exclusive economic Criminal liability. Persons who exer­ zon e cise controlling influence over the opera­ A more efficient criminal investiga­ tion of the vessel shall be equated with tion. The investigative procedure must be the manager for purposes of criminallia­ structured around a special procedure bility. Also the master's liability becomes that satisties the need for speed, ca-ordi­ more comprehensive in character and in­ nation, ca-operation and special exper­ dependant of whether the master is re­ tise. Specialized public prosecutors shall sponsible for the more immediate super­ Green ships - the environment a cancern have overall and co-ordinating responsi­ vision of the handling of, for example, oil for us all bility for the investigations, and inter­ or whether the officer ch arged with this vene at an early stage. The Coast Guard supervisory responsibility is criminally li­ Every day we are met via media, how we of efforts have been done to proteet our vill be provided with the general authori­ able. The master shall have en overall re­ specially in the earlier days mistreated mutual environment. I will in my speech ty to commence and conduct investiga­ sponsibility for preventing pollution. our unique environment. This has often primarily show what has been done with­ tions of unlawful discharges. Investiga­ Reception of wastes from sh i ps been done on purpose, because of differ­ in the company and what is planned to be tions shall be conducted in close ca-oper­ The water pollution fee ent interests, such as technical and eco­ done. As a former n a vy captain I will of ation between the Police and the Coast The Swedish government has pro­ nomical, but also because of lack of course also mention briefly what has Guard. posed that the regulations shall enter knowledge and that science etc has not been done in the Swedish Arrned Forces Regulation in respect of investigation into force on February l, 2002. reached that far at the actual time. These in t h is respect. circumstances are still valid today even Back to the headline: Green ships-the though there has been a Iot of changes environment a cancern for us all. Is it the last ten to fifteen years towards a di­ possible for the shipping industry to be rection to save and proteet our environ­ green and by green I mean as you proha­ ment. Even though harder laws and regu­ bly already understand, minimized im­ lations are the fundamental means to pact to the environment. Of course can i t create improvements there are more and be that! Let us see! more campanies and organizations that The transportahon sector as a whole on a voluntarily basis do a Iot of efforts to is responsible for the larger part of nitro­ reduce impact on environment. gen oxide emissions, NOx, in Sweden. I am since almost a year employed at The Swedish government has decided the Wallenius Lines, a globally working that these emissions shall be reduced ac­ shipping-company. At this company a Iot cording to certain goals. Al so a reduction

274 275 : e. Contributes to anced with our in-house ambitions and Environmental demands put pressure of sulphur oxides and other earbon diox­ C02 earbon dioxid idesshall be don e. These goals for reduc­ the greenhouse effect. combined with the basic fulfillment of on manufacturers, thus persuading them tion demand powerful actions in the H C: organic hydrocarbons. Evaporat­ national and international rules and reg­ to develop products in order to meet the transportation sector, as well on the ed unburnt fuel. ulations. We realize that our own goals new environmental demands. This can roads, tracks, in the air as well as on the Biocides: same as pesticides. are often more far-reaching than the in­ very often be done without increasing sea. The part for shipping is about 20%. Halons: compounds that break down ternational regulations of today. long-term maintenance and spare-part The military part is just a few percent the ozone layer. Used especially in fire Among other documents, the EMS costs, which are the most important fac­ Already from the beginning one can extinguishers. includes a list of ongoing projects with tor for a vessel with a Iife span of 25-30 state that shipping environmentally has long-term goals such as: years. The "Green Values" of a product three main advantages. Firstly ituses wa­ Environmental • Cleaner bilge-water outJet are used as a competitive argument, al­ terways that are very energy efficient Management System • Replacing halon as a fire-fighting gas though this does not always result in a without any wear. Secondly it does not (EMS) according to ISO • Reduce Freon, CFC, with a 50% an­ high er cost or price. make noises in cities or "struggle" with nual reduction Environmental savings can also result commuters in endless queues. The dense 14001 Today the Environmental Manage­ in economic savings. As an example of traffic in Europe is as you all know a ma­ With the objective of h avi ng the environ­ ment System is used as a too! for the this is an installation of new slide-type jor problem and it is growing. Thirdly a mental work organized and documented management of the ongoing environ­ fuel valves on two-stroke engines made ship can transport enormous masses of in an effective way, the Environmental mental projects. It gives clear objectives by MAN B& W. The ma in target is to re­ goods with a relatively small use of ener­ Management System was implemented and measurable goals, which we believe duce the NOx emissions through the gy. Shipping is in this respect more effi­ at Wallenius Lines in the beginning of are the key factors for the successful im­ "smoother" combustion achievable with cient compared to other ways of trans­ 1998. Lloyds Register approved it ac­ plementation of our environmental this type of fuel val ve. However, as a pos­ portation. A smaller coastal ship needs cording to ISO 14001. Wallenius Lines work. In this respect the Swedish Armed itive consequence we also expect re­ about h alf as much of energy to transport was thus the first Swedish shipping com­ Forces has come quite far and the intro­ duced cylinder oil consumption, which a ton of cargo compared to railroad. If pany to have such a system. When you duction of EMS at all units is an ongoing will result in annual savings that were you compare with trucks the same figure introduce such a system you analyze the process. In the forefront you will find the such that the investment calculation of would be a fourth. If you then compare a organization from different angles. In workshop-units, where having quality slide valves was accepted. larger coastal sh i p with trucksit is almost general terms you usually find a Iot of systems is nothing new. Anti-fouling paint is another area impossible as the ships energy efficiency deviations etc. But the most important is where the high investment cost of envi­ is so much higher. So shipping has great that you set measurable goals. Those Environment and Cost ronmental products can result in total environmental actvantages compared to goals are constan t! y followed up. H istorically, the implementation of tech­ economical sa vings. The growth of organ­ other kinds of transportation. And be­ There are an enormous number of nology for reducing environmental im­ isms on the hull is a problem in shipping, sides, if you also install environmentally rules and regulations covering the envi­ pact has been considered as expensive. if nothing is done, it can increase fuel cleaning equipment on a ship the effect ronmental impact from ships regarding To some extent, this is still the case but consumptian by up to 50%. The most ef­ will be even greater. In the following I emissions, water pollutants, use of chemi­ today the question is whether you can af­ fective method today is coating the hull will use some abbreviations etc so before cals on board, etc. All the se rules and reg­ ford not to be careful and conscientious with a paint, which gradually releases l go any further I will explain shortly ulations have to be known to the naval when i tcomes to en viranmental impact. toxic substances into the water. The those mainly used in environmental architect when designing the ship and to By introducing methods and activities problem here, however, is that they also works. They are: the ship superintendent and onboard in a well-organized way and at a moder­ effect non-target organisms. Internation­ NOx: nitrogen oxides. Formed prima­ management when operating th e ship. ate pace, it is also possible to avoid too ally, a total ban on paints containing or­ rily during the combustion process as a The EMS should therefore be a too! for !arge investments. In some cases, envi­ ganotin compounds (TBT) is being seri­ result of high temperatures and a !arge the naval architect, for the fleet and the ronmental profit and financial profit go ously discussed from 2008, and this ban surplus of air (1>1). onboard management in meeting, at a hand in hand, e.g. fu el consumption. could also be applied to other paints that SOx: sulphur oxides. The amount of minimum, current regulations. Lower fuel consumptian results in re­ release biocides. SOx in exhaust gases is directly depend­ With the EMS, the interna! goals of duced exhaust gas emissions and in lower By using the hi gh quality, TBT- and ent on the sulphur content of the fuel. environmental protection are more bal- bunkering costs. Copper-free, silicon-based Intersleek on

276 277 one of our vessels, we expect to extend NOx is generatedat high temperature the normal leve! of four strake engines, project is to carry opt a financial analysis our docking interval from twice during a peaks in the combustion process. Higher without increasing the fuel consumption, of MDO operation of a vessel in deep­ 5-year period to on!y once. The character­ temperature and pressmes result in low­ and without any secondary method such sea service. istics of the paint are also advantageous er fuel consumptian but higher NOx as using urea as a catalyst, must be con­ The higher price of MDO is partly when it comes to fouling compared with emissions. The development of increas­ sidered an extraordinary result! compensated for by the effects of using a Cu- and TBT-based paint and also re­ ingly efficient engines with reduced fuel Tests have primarily been going on high-quality and clean fuel, e.g. lower duced fuel consumptian is expected. [t consumptian thus resulted in higher the vessel M/S DON JUAN, who had fuel consumptian thanks to higher heat should be remembered that a l% reduc­ NOx emissions until the impact from conventional fuel valves with conven­ value, longer service intervals, less main­ tion in fuel consumptian earresponds to emissions became an issue in the mid- tional nozzles before the tests. The test tenance, less cleaning work, less sludge. annual sa vings of about USD 17 000 at to­ 90s. showeda reduction of NOx by 30%. The There are also a number of positive ef­ day's high fuel prices as well as a l% re­ The technigues to reduce NOx are combustion chamber and especially the fects which cannot be price-tagged i. e. a duction in exhaust gas emissions, NOx, primarily today: exhaust valve gas duct were very clean. better workingen vi ronment for the crew SOx and . C02 The pain t is initially expen­ • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Other actvantages are that consumptian and the fact that more environmental sive but we hope that the extended dock­ • Water in Fuel Emulsification of cylinder oil can be lowered without friendly cleaning chemicals can be used. ing interval, lower fuel consumptian shall • Direct Water Injection (DWI) higher wear of cylinder liners and that The study indicates so far that th ere is a make this profitable. Fuel consumptian is, • Slide Valves with low NOx nozzles the period between overhauls of the breakeven point between the higher however, the most obvious area where • Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) valves is doubled campared to the one price and the savings at about USD 30- benefits regarding both cost and environ­ • Humid Air Motor (HAM) for conventional ones. As a result of this 40/ton in price difference. Due to very mental impact can be found. Some methods are better suited to all o ur l O ships built at Daewoo shipyard high prices for fuel the test is now very two strake and others to four strake en­ in Korea will be equipped by these slide expensiv e. Reducing environmental gines. An evaluation of available meth­ valves imp act ods was carried out at Wallenius Lines. Bilge water cleaning with Based on this evaluation, it was decided SOx Reduction Floccular reactors In the following some of ongoing to go for an upstream, primm·y solution; Sulphur oxide, SOx, also has an acidifica­ Today, bilge water, which is oil-water projects that involves techniques for re­ to reduce the generation of NOx instead tion impact on the soil. It is generated by mixture, may be discharged according to ducing environmental impact within the of cleaning exhaust gases from NOx with the chemical reaction of the sulphur in current regulations from a sea-going ves­ shipping industry will be shown. Today a a secondary, downstream solution. Slide the fuel with oxygen in the air. The way sel when the oil content is below 15 ppm. Lot of effort is put into this sector. Valves were the ehosen technique. to reduce emissions is therefore to mini­ By installing floccular reactors, the oil Reducing NOx emissions NOx-reduction, Slide Valves mize the sulphur content in fuel. content can be reduced to below 5 ppm Our target statedin the EMS is to re­ The eguipment, which is a modular The impact from nitrogen oxides on the For our two stroke main engin es MAN duce the sulphur content to 1.5% by the unit, is guite simple and very effective environment takes the form of acid rain B& W has developed a new typ e of fuel year 2003. Today, we are sailing with a and the results are very good with a dis­ and eutrophication. Swedish authorities injection valve, the slide valve, eguipped sulphur content of 2.5%-3% who is mu ch charge of maximum 5 ppm. This equip­ have paid extra attention to NOx emis­ with a nozzle designed to minimize tem­ lower than IMO-stipulated 4.5%. ment will now be installed on all ships sions with reduced fairways and port fees perature peaks and t hus NO x generation. within Wallenius Lines. for vessels calling at Swedish ports. NOx The slide valve is designed to minimize Marin Diesel emissions are also an issue international­ the uncontrolled leakage of the fuel oil Oil (MDO) as ly and the IMO regulation 13 of Annex and that the combustion can be control­ f u el The future VI of MARPOL 73/78 limits the NOx led in such a way that too high tempera­ A study of more clean and efficient fuel The Environmental impact from the emissions for vessels whose keel was laid ture peaks are avoided. is in progress. One of o ur vessels, the M/S shipping seetar can be reduced. The four after l January 2000. Tests have done on several ships with Turandat built by Daewoo shipyard in last years of environmental work within Wallenius Lines goal is to reduce cur­ better results than expected. The fact that 1995, has been running both main and Wallenius Lines is a proof of that. By in­ rent NOx emissions for the whole fleet the engineers at MAN B&W succeeded auxiliary engines on Marine Diesel Oil, troducing changes and improvements in by 25% by 2008. in reducing the NOx emissions down to MDO, since 1998. T11e purpose of the a well-organized way, good results can be

278 279 achieved without significantly i nerease of any negative impact on the environment. Catharina Ringborg cost and work load. The use of an Envi­ Step by step is taken towards lower im­ Ms. Catarina Ringborg is Managing Director ronmental Management System is an im­ pact to the environment. Different tech­ of the Swedish Water D evelopment AB. Before portant and helpful too! in order to be niques, as we have seen some today, is jo ini ng the Swedish Water Development as Ma­ successful in that respect. constantly developed. Green ships - naging Di rector she held a posilion as vice pre­ Conclusion and vision for the future surely you will find them! siden/ at the headquarter ofASEA Brown Bo­ is of course that shipping will not have veri in Ziirich wilh responsibility for business development Central and Eostern Europe. Be­ fore t hat she h eld various positions ofsales and marketing in Swedish export industry outside and in Sweden. She is a gradua/e economist from the Uni­ versity of Uppsala. She holds a Master of Poli­ tical Science from Sarbonne and a MBA, Inter­ national Business, from the University of Upp­ sala.

The water purification project in Kalining rad

The subject of my contribution to this ish and the Danish Governments, the seminar has two components. NIB and the EBRD is a 1' 1 phase project - A brief descriptioo of the Kaliniograd of 56 MUSD. This project, financed by Water and Environment Services Re­ grants and toans, includes habilitation project Improved water intake - Some brief reflexions on water and Rehabilitated pumping stations waste water services in general in or­ New or rehabilitated water works der to maximize security of supply New or rehabilitated networks and quality. New or rehabilitated wastewater works I will start with the first component: Parties involved are The rehabi/iration projecl. • Ministry of Finance in Moscow According to the Helcom list of hot • Kaliniograd Oblast spots Kaliningrad is a major and strategic • City of Kaliniograd issue in the process towards a cleaoer • Vodokanal of Kaliniograd Baltic Sea. • EBRD The Kaliniograd needs have been • NIB identified to be • Nefco • better and safer water supply accord­ • Sida ing to E U-norms • Depa • better and safer waste water treat­ As you can imagine this is a rather ment according to Helcom directives complex project with many actors and The solution proposed by the Swed- financiers requiring a Iot of co-ordina-

280 281 tion efforts and ca-operation. In projects • Institutional development required services and telecommunications have long-term contract, usually over 30-40 of th is kind, where !arge loans are allo­ for the financing incl. lmprovements fuelled this discussion. years, to a private company, which is re­ caled for investments and government for loan-effectiveness The term "Private sector involve­ sponsible for all capita! investments, op­ grants are given, it is a natural thing that • Cm·porate Development Plan (CDP) ment" covers a wide range of measures erations and maintenance. The assets re­ the financiers require an additional ef­ (strategy and planning, management designed to improve the management of main public sector property. However, fort of institutional development within by objectives) publicly owned enterprises. On this slide during the concession period (can some­ the related institution enjoying the grant • Financial restauration it is used only to refer to cases when gov­ times be up until over 50 years) the pri­ and the Joan. The experience of the 90's • Company development (administra­ ernments physically transfer assets in to vate company has exclusive usage rights has shown that this effort is best carried tion routines) private hands or contract the private see­ over the assets. We can therefore see that out as a joint exercise between the party • Training and Know-How exchange tar to provide services. Even with this in terms of the functional responsibilities enjoying the benefits of the grants and So, what will be the outcome of all confined definition the range of options transferred to the private sector there is loans and a partner organization active these efforts? is wide. The degree to which assets, re­ little practical difference between full di­ in the same field and with a solid record The expected result is sponsibilities and functions are trans­ vestiture and a concession. Consequent­ of years of economically sustainable op­ • In 3-4 years improved water services ferred to the private seetar varies and so ly there is very little difference between erations; i.e. complete cost recovery and and do the characteristics of the accompany­ the two options in terms of the regulato­ financial autonomy. • Better waste water treatment for the ing regulatory regime. ry tasks which need to be performed, i.e. In the Kaliningrad water rehabilita­ major part of Ka lliningrad Full divestiture (privatisation) trans­ the cost for the state is the same in the tion project Swedish Water Develop­ What are the next steps? fers the ownership of infrastructure to two options. ment has been awarded the contract and Next steps are private hands as weil as giving the private The conventional wisdom claims that the confidence to carry out this joint ex­ • New investment!improvement projects company responsibility for all opera­ the concession system has two key fea­ ercise of institutional development to­ in other Kali ningrad agglomerations. tions, maintenance, revenue raising and tures, which make it a superior option. gether with Kaliningrad Vodokanal. We • Further improvement of Kaliningrad investments. Only two cases of full di­ Firstly, it introduces competitive incen­ have been there now for a year, it is a Vodokanal's networks and services vestment are known: The water utilities tives for efficiency since campanies are great experience, we have gained many l will now touch upon the seeond in England and Wales and the sale of s upposed to bi d against each other to win new friends, and we have been able to component of my contribution - some Thailands East water bulk supply compa­ the concession contract. Secondly, it re­ observe and respect the commitment reflexions on water and wastewater serv­ ny. duces the regulatory burden on govern­ with which the personal of Kaliningrad ices in general in order to maximize seeu­ Due to the special features of the wa­ ment agencies by using the contract itself Vodokanal carry out their task and their rity of supply and quality. In the Nordie ter sector, full divestment needs to be fol­ as the chief regulatory mechanism. Ac­ high leve! of technical and professional countries we have a Iong tradition of wa­ lowed by the creation of a system of con­ cording to the experience available today knowledge. ter and wastewater services provided by tinued public regulation. This means that both these claimed sources of superiority Swedish Water Development is municipally owned utilities. In an inter­ the more power and responsibility that could be viewed with some caution. owned by Stockholm Water Company, national perspective the performance in­ are transterred to the new company, the Bidding for concession contracts may Gothenburg Water, Malmö W ater and all dicators of these Nordie utilities score more comprehensive are the regulatory result in short term efficiency gains if the other Swedish Water and Waste Wa­ very weil. Operations and investments needs. Consequently, the water uti! i ties in genuine free and fair competition actual­ ter utilities, and it is with personal re­ are financed by tariffs and fees, and tariff England and Wales have major con­ ly occurs. The experience of the last 10- sources from its owners that Swedish W a­ levels are among the lowest worldwide. straints on their activities, which would 15 years, however, would suggest that ter Development carries out its various However we see today that international not apply to normal private companies. competition might be restricted by the contractual commitments. In Kalinin­ interest for privatisation of municipal In a partial divestiture the public dominance of a very small group of ma­ grad the institutional development work water services has increased strongly in body sells a part of the shares in the mu­ jor campanies in the international con­ is managed by Steen Bjerggaard from the last few years. The development in nicipal corporatized enterprise or creates cession market. These often form risk­ the Stockholm Water Company. countries like France and UK has influ­ a new J V company with the private see­ spreading consartia to win major con­ The institutional development work enced the debate but also the structural tar. l will come back to this option in a tracts and in most cases do not take part in Kaliningrad Vodokanal has the follow­ changes that have taken place in neigh­ few minutes. in competitive bidding for smaller con­ ing main components bouring areas like the supply of energy In a concession the public body lets a tracts in smaller cities in developing

282 283 , developmental countries or countries in economic tran­ ca! water skills and indigenous private have difficulties to attract the interest of can see that the social of the sition where the need for innovation and seetar campanies rather than relying investors of this type. l n order to devel­ and environmental importance seetar means that continued public change is really im portant only on th e big foreign conglomerates. op this category of smaller water utilities, water e. On the oth­ In countries with experience of the Also, in the rapidly changing socio-eco­ commercial solutions have to be found regulation will be inevitabl involvement is a concession system, i t has frequently been nomic conditions which typically charac­ that have their mechanism for success in er hand private seetar fast and sound development of suggested that competition is restricted terize our Baltic region today, the inflexi­ the long-term development of the local key to a countries in eco­ when contracts are rebid, because the in­ bility of concession contracts can be a water company. We believe that this de­ the water seetar in the transition. Devising a regulatory cumbent company has so much insider major barrier to responsive innovation velopment process in order to be sustain­ nomic which proteets public interests knowledge and thus a much higher behaviour. able must be based on a partnership phi­ system avoiding unpredictable and de­ chance of retaining the contract. After Until today the private international losophy between the local and the for­ while political interference impeding the 30-40 years close and intimate rela­ investments in the water and wastewater eign investors and on a profit as weil as structive of sound local commer­ tionship, which the concession implicates, seetar have been made by a small risk-sharing basis. In the first place this the development is a very difficult task. to suggest the opposite would be against number of companies. Considering the willhel p the local utility to achi eve tinan­ cial structures , the success of any private see­ all business and human logic. By its na­ high standard of water and waste water cia! autonomy i.e. complete east recovery However in the Baltic region wa­ ture, the concession creates a monopoly services in the Nordie countries, we see is the first goal. Due to the fact that the tar involvement of foreign or of local origin, and proteets the concessionaire from this as a possibility to act in favour of a type of management contraels that are ter sector, depend on how weil the re­ most forms of competition. faster development of the water sector in Iikely to occur in this type of projects will will critically to accom­ Even though contracts determine those parts of our Baltic region where be of relatively short duration, the com­ spective governments are able performance targets, mechanisms for this seetar for a Iong time was neglected. petitive incentive will be maintained. plish this task. price actjustments and standards of serv­ We therefore have gathered Nordie ex­ As a conclusion, on the one hand, we ice requirements, it is a big simplification perience in a group of independent cam­ to assume that the state's roi e in this case panies from Nordie countries with com­ can be confined only to monitor compa­ plementary skills enabling proposals for ny performance against the contJ·act con­ halistic solutions where access to invest­ ditions. l t is impossible to prediet chang­ ments and development of local water ing economic, social and technical condi­ campanies are in focus, rather than the tians over a 30-40-year-period and to in­ darninatian of local water campanies by corporate these within contract terms. foreign interests. These contracts have to be re-negotiated It is our experience from the last dec­ frequently and then without the benefits ade working with our water utility col­ of competition, which imposes a heavy leagues in the countries on the other side regulatory burden. From our horizon, we of the Baltic Sea in institutional develop­ now see a situation, especially in the Bal­ ment programs connected to !arge in­ tic region but also in the other central vestment programs that has guided us to and eastern European countries, where development of this concept. The con­ partial divestiture can have clear actvan­ cept gives a possibility of access to invest­ tages over the concession. ments and relevant up to date manage­ Share sales or creation of a new com­ ment for local water campanies without pany together, between local stakehold­ being locked up in a 30-40 years Iong ers and foreign investors, can hel p to en­ contract. sure that the local water company oper­ As J said earlier, one can see that the ates effectively to meet local needs. big international conglamerates have a The re are a nu m ber of various options on tendency to take an interest only in big this theme that could hel p to develop lo- water utilities. Smaller water utilities

285 284 Björn Ganning Prof PhD. Björn Ganning, barn 1938, is a pro­ fessor of eco/ogy ar the Department of Zoolo­ gy, Stockholm University. H e is a/so Director of the Stockholm Marine Research Centre al the www.koms.se University. The Centre is one of lhree Swedish national centres with the task to co-ordinate Swedish marine research. Björn Ganning has TIDSKRIFT Här redovisas Tidskrift i Sjöväsendets for 40 years conductal bask marine ecological (TiS) historik samt en arkivsida. Arkiv­ research, especial/y in the B{i/tic Sea but a/so in sidan innehåller en förteckning över the USA and the Tropics. J-Je initiared Swedish artiklar införda från och med år 2000. research on ecologica/ effects of oil pollution Varje rubrik kompletteras med en kort on coast al ecosysrems in the ear/y 1970s. sammanfattning av innehållet.

AKTUELLT Här återfinns aktuella nyheter tillsam­ mans med en arkivsida.

BIBLIOTEK Här redovisas målsättning, historik, lo­ kaler och vägvisning till biblioteket. Här finns också anvisningar om hur The maritime environment of the Baltic Sea man frågar efter litteratur m.m. - is it worth protecting?

Här redovisas länkar till övriga kungli­ LÄNKAR The Baltic Sea is in many aspects a very era! fairly deep trenches interrupted by ga akademier samt andra organisatio­ special part of the world oceans. It is very sills, the Gotland deep with a depth of ner som verkar inom Kungl. Örlogs• old and very young at the same time. The 250 m is the largest deep basin and the mannasällskapets verksamhetsområde. sea is a depression in three billion-year Landsort deep is the deepest with 460 m. old bedrock, but it is also the creation of The shallow and narrow inlets in the Alla artiklar, nyheter, projekt m.m. kommer att knytas till respektive ve­ the last glaciation, which ended about south and the !arge supply of freshwater tenskapsgrenar genom s.k. ämnesområden. Dessa är 12 000-14 000 years ago. During these from rivers ending up the Baltic basin • Strategi • Operationer • Taktik • Sjöfart last thousands of years it has changed a govern the water circulation in the Bal tic. number of times from a !arge ice lake to Larger oceanic water masses only enter • Personal • Utbildning • Organisation • Vapen marine conditions, a new freshwater lake the Baltic at irregular, intermittent in ter­ • Sensorer • Fartyg • Luftfarkoster • Fordon and again to marine conditions. The vals. Between 1976 and 1993 there were • Befästningar • Ergonomi • Hälso- & sjukvård • Navalmedicin present situation has Iasted for around no !arge water intrusions to the Baltic at • Logistik 3000 years but the Baltic is slowly but all. This results in a stratified water body, continuously changing also today. a slow water exchange with the open At­ Due to the topographical conditions lantic, theoretically the tumover time is Den kompletta hemsidan finns publicerad sedan l november 2001. the Baltic is more than semi-enclosed, more than 20 years. The stratification, the with narrow and shallow sounds and sills halocline at 30 m in the south and 60 m between Germany, Denmark and Swe­ north of Gotland, is very stable, with a den with a maximum depth of 17-18 m at difference of 4 to 6 ppt and with higher the Darss sill. In the Baltic there are sev- salinities below the halocline than above.

286 287 Thus, there is almost no exchange of wa­ also in domestic use has increased levels to consume for humans today. Thus, it is op in shallow waters due to eutrophica­ ter between the deeper parts of the sea of especially nitrogen and phosphorus in already proven that actions to improve tion. Salmon is threatened by a disease, with the shallow upper water masses. Be­ the seawater. Exhausts from ear traffic poor environmental conditions may give the M-74 syndrom, possibly eaused by sides, the water in the Baltic basin is have also heavily contributed to the in­ positive results. Unfortunately girls and changed feeding bellaviors during the 3-4 brackish, a mixture between salt oceanic crease. As marine phytoplankton rapid ly women before and during fertile ages are years the fishes sta y in the open Baltic. J t water and freshwater from the rivers, exploit the excess levels to increase pri­ recommended, at !east in Sweden, to re­ is possible that sprat not is the correct 2ppt in the inner Bothrrian Bay, 6 ppt at mary productian and when zooplankton frain from eating some fish species often. substituteforcodas salmon feed, bu t due the Åland sill , and 10 ppt between Co­ not rapidly can use the excess food, or­ l t should be kept in mind that accumulat­ to lack of !arge cods salmons have been penhagen and Malmoe, compared to 30- ganic material will sink to the deeper ing substances will reach much higher forced to change their feeding habits. l t is 35 ppt in the open ocean as measured in parts of the sea, below the halocline. concentrations in biota due to the very obvious that the Baltic Sea is in a viscous surface waters. There bacterial activity during decompo­ slow water circulation in the Baltic basin circle. The brackish conditions and the sition of organic material will consume compared to the open North Sea area. Tourism is on e the fastest growing in­ youngnature of the Baltic Sea im p ly that the oxygen to the leve l w hen anoxic con­ With the knowledge that the species dustries in the world. Th e Baltic Sea has the Baltic Sea biota is poorly adapted to ditians start toprevailand the high! y tox­ living in the Baltic Sea only make up a since very Iong offered resort for bathing, the prevailing conditions. Many organ­ ic hydrogen sulfide will substitute oxy­ few percent of what is found in the open boating, sailing, leisure fisbing and SCU­ isms, plants and animals, live on the edge gen. Anoxic conditions, free from all sea it is easy to conclude that the ecosys­ BA-diving. Recent biooms of noxious of their capacity even under clean envi­ more developed organisms, are found tems of the Baltic are both fragile and se­ and possibly toxic cyanobacteria (also ronmental conditions. This can be seen in regularly over 25 - 50% of the bottoms riously threatened. Also knowing that called blue-green algae) are at least part­ smaller body sizes compared to relatives below the halocline today. Legal and the Baltic Sea at its best during the 1980s ly eaused by eutrophication and they are living either in the oceans or in freshwa­ technical actions to decrease the release produced l percent of the total harvest of a direct hinder to all the above men­ ter. All organisms are struggling for sur­ of excess nutrients have been taken in all fish and other human food from the tioned kinds of tourism. vival at a high metabolic rate, slowing Baltic States and the loads of phosphorus world oceans, close to l mill. tonnes, ma y Another reason to keep the Baltic down their growth processes. The conclu­ and nitrogen are not increasing in the be one answer to why the Baltic Sea is Sea alive is also, of coarse, that the Baltic sion is that Baltic Sea organisms are open Baltic since the late 1970s. Still the worth protection against environmental States have accepted and support the more sensitive to environmental changes concentrations will not decrease until and ecological destruction. Baltic Sea Rio de Janeiro declaration of 1992, than those living in the sea or in inland several decades from now due to the gi­ fisheries are threatened in several ways. where all signing states endorse the pro­ waters. Another drawback is that on ly a ant excess loads recirculating in the deep Overexploitation is going on which has tection of the oceans and their living re­ few percent of the organisms present in parts of the Baltic. Increased and im­ resulted in smaller cod stocks, herring is sources. The Baltic Sea is, as one of the the Skagerrak and Kattegatt Seas have proved oxygen conditions in the deep Ilarvested in excess and maybe sprat is semi ene! osed seas, included in this decla­ managed to extend their range to Baltic waters would improve the situation sub­ the only !arge schooling fish species left ration why there can only be one answer Sea conditions. However, it must be rec­ stantially because oxic sediments would to be caught. Poor oxygen conditions in to the introductory question. The Baltic ognized that the very few species living in bind and block this internat circulation. the deeper breeding areas at halocline Sea is not only worth protection of its the Baltic Sea occur in very high num­ Toxic substances accumulating in bio­ depths in the southern Baltic are de­ own right, we have already agreed upon bers, why the living biomass in the Baltic ta have been studied for some 50 years. creasing the survival rate of cod eggs and working for optimal living conditions is as high as in the N ort h Sea, at l east During the 1960s through the 1980s seals, cod fry. Herring eggs, deposited along the both on the shores and in the waters of where the conditions are acceptable. For guillemots and white tailed eagles were Baltic shore, do not develop when !arge the Baltic Sea. given reasons exposure to environmen­ close to extinction in the Baltic Sea re­ increasing filamentous algal mats devel- tally harmful loads of nutrients or toxic gion. Due to a ban on DDT and later re­ substances will threaten the Baltic envi­ strictions in the use of PCBs under the ronment. HELCOM convention the dangerous de­ The eutrophication problems in the velopment was turned and today we Baltic have been visible and studied for have, not completely healthy but at !east more than 50 years. Excess use of nutri­ increasing populations of t hese to p carni­ ents in agriculture, forestry, industry, and vores. Besides most fish species are safe

288 289 Mats Lindemalm Captain (N) Mats Lindemalm grad1,tated f rom the Royal Swedish Academy in 1966. J-fe served during many years in torpeda boats and missile boats including periods as Commonding Offi­ ce!: His final service ar sea was as Squadron Commander for corvelles of the Goth enburg class and for the stealth vessel Smyge during sea !J· i als. His .final ap pointment before retiring in 2000 was Superintendent for the Naval Col­ lege and the Naval Schools in Karlskrona for many years. Mats Lindemalm is a fel lo w of The Royal Soceity for Naval Sciences since 1982 .

.. Från och med 1 maj 2001 har Kungl. Orlogsmannasällskapet ny postadress:

Kungl. Örlogsmannasällskapet Summary of panel debates Box 13025 Panel debate on Day l for those important missions concerning and environment in the Baltic The panel consisted of all seven persons security Dag Hartelius pointed out that 103 01 STOCKHOLM giving leeturesafter the coffee break. Sea. Mr. for solving those prob­ The discussion began with questions the starting-point pragmatic problem, not concerning what kind of resources lems must be the problems. (CoastGuard/Navy) should be used for the organizational questions discussed where surveillance and border control at sea. Adjacent Can the Baltic Sea States af­ Some speakers argued that a combined for example: resources and organiza­ force of naval and coastguard vessels ford doubling A participant from one of the Bal­ would be preferable. With such a high tions? pointed out that small coun­ quality force, all-different means of tic States ot afford doubling. He recom­ transportation at sea, could be super­ tries cann of som e kind of a Joint vised and controlled, even submarines. mended creation Baltic Sea Force. Other speakers argued that naval vessels ent question discussed in many cases were unsuitable for coast­ Another adjac it possible for a nation to hand guard duties. That argument was met by was: Is eir line-resources to a common­ examples from many states were navy over th Dr. Marie Jacobsson, among and coastguard are integrated in one or­ command? considered this being a problem ganization under the same command. others, be solved. She compared it to Many debaters found lots of problems that could conditions when th e Baltic having different systems/organizations the existing

290 291 Sea states took part in Balkan Peace­ seen, and such an organzatian is needed Prof. Björn Ganning and others were ous gases and charges such as mines on keeping Operations. No consensus was to prevent future situations wh ere the of the opinion t hat som e form of ca-oper­ th e sea bed. Many aspects of th e problem found in those matters. coastal states security will be exposed to ation outside EU and NATO was need­ were touched upon and discussed, but no Same questions were raised whether serious tests. Same speakers commented ed. proposals were formulated concerning criminality really is such a serious matter, on that, both during the discussion on Since the leetures of this day were fo­ these problems. that it affects the security of the states Thursday and the summing up on Friday. cused on the environmental aspects thi s Same speakers also commented on bordering the Baltic Sea. One represent­ No consensus was attained whether this was also the main topic of the panel de­ antipollution actions on board ships in ative from the police force in Denmark was the solution or not. Same debaters bate. One main question was about oil­ the merchant and military navies. The answered those questions with a clear argued that networks already exist and spills. Apparent! y t here was a unanimous Swedish and Royal Navies efforts to live statement. "Organised crime is the main co-operating organizations are at work, opinion that new laws are of low priori ty, in accordance with international stand­ threat to all Baltic Sea States. 1t under­ new organizations on an overstate-level but th e e nforcement must be improved. ards when designing new ships were minesin a dangerous way- th e democra­ are not needed. Others were hesitant be­ For example, Captains on sh i ps offend i ng mentioned as good examples for other cy, the State establishment, the economy cause the Baltic Sea States have different against "oil-spill laws" must be brought navies. Another generally believed posi­ etc. - and must be met with strong laws and Rul es of Engagement. They to court, in order to put examples. Same tive evolution of shipping- worthy of im­ means". In connection to that question meant that quick action could only be argued that methods used by the US itation - was the Green Ships id ea pre­ same recommended means to reduce taken in organizations with very clear Coastguard - very strict rules for allow­ sented by the Wallenius Shipping Com­ criminality by actjusting the levels of tax­ rules and well-trained procedures. The ance to US waters- could be used in the pany. es on tobacco and alcohol, to restrain counterargument was, that the threats to Baltic Sea. The pollution- situation in the The discussions concluded in a unani­ smuggling. coastal state security are so big, that we Baltic Sea was also discussed. Examples mous feeling, that many interesting mat­ Other contributions to the debate simply must overcome the difficulties were presented and discussed showing ters had been touched upon, and that the cancerned the laws. One question was and organize us in a more effective man­ very bad situations in same parts of the participants had got many apportunities how laws in different countries can be ner. Finnish Gult and promising situations in to reflect on broad- reaching questions big cities like Riga and Stockholm. The on maritime security and environment in made more equal and harmonised. From 2 the answers, we got the impression that Panel debate on Day panel and audience seemed rather opti­ the Baltic Sea. the new laws are not of highest priority The panel consisted of all persons given mistic at the possibilities to enhance the Bertil Björkman, president of The bu t that morestress should be put on im­ leetures this day except Mr. Anders Wijk­ situation in common in the Baltic Sea, al­ Royal Society for Naval Sciences and plementation of legislatian and enforce­ man who bad to return to Brussels. though the toreeast for fishery seemed also speaking on behalf of the other ar­ ment of la w. I t differs however very mu ch As mentioned in ANNEX A to the bleak. ranger - the Baltic Institute - ciased the between the states due to different pre­ Invitation for the Seminar, this summing One of the speakers argued very seminar by saying "We have not formu­ requisites. Dir. Atis Lejins conveyed an up/panel debate ending the seminar strongly, that the quotas for fish are far to lated a proposal concerning a common optimistic view concerning the Combat should, if possible, formulale a proposal high to make i t possible to create a situa­ future maritime strategy, but the leetures against criminality in the Baltic States. that could be part of a common future tion with durable fisbing of all kinds of and discussions have given us a Iot of in­ Governor Jegorov had also noticed maritime strategy. Since Admiral Torn­ fish. He asked if not th e best action to spiration for the future. We know more positive signs. He informed th at the Ka­ berg was the only speaker and partici­ take would be to put Governments al­ about what have to be done. Now each of liningrad Border Police had a high effec­ pant who bad presented such a proposal, lowing s u ch high quotas to court. Anoth­ us must help implementing actions dis­ tiveness to prevent illegal trafficking on the discussion began with a repeated er pollution question cancerned poison- cussed during Baltic Future 2001 ". the Baltic Sea. As a total for the Kalinin­ presentation. Like the day before, the grad area, the Governor expected - as for following discussion, did not end in a all other developing areas - a transition­ consensus, but made the problems even period of another ten years. In his speech, clearer. For example prof. Helmut Admiral Tornberg, had put forward a Hu bel's view on the problem- "as Iong as proposal, that a special crisis manage­ we have not had the crise, only EU/ ment organization should be formed. He NATO can put demands on a voluntary argued, that many dangers can be fore- basis".

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