Complete List of Contents

Home , Brucellosis vaccine, Pasteurellosis, Plague vaccine, Rhinosporidiosis, Trypanosomiasis vaccine, Typhus vaccine

Volume 1

Contents...... v Arenaviridae...... 73 Publisher’s Note...... ix Arthropod-borne illness and disease ...... 75 Editor’s Introduction to the First Edition . . . . . xiii Ascariasis...... 79 Editor’s Introduction to the Second Edition. . . . . xv Aseptic technique ...... 80 Contributors...... xvii Aspergillosis...... 82 Aspergillus ...... 84 Abscesses...... 1 Asplenia ...... 86 Acanthamoeba and other Athlete’s foot ...... 88 free-living infections...... 3 Atypical pneumonia...... 89 Acariasis ...... 5 Autoimmune disorders...... 91 Acne...... 7 Avian influenza ...... 95 Actinomycosis...... 9 Babesiosis...... 98 Acute cerebellar ataxia ...... 10 Bacteria classifications and types ...... 99 Acute cystitis...... 11 Bacteria: Structure and growth...... 103 Acute interstitial nephritis...... 13 Bacterial endocarditis...... 106 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis...... 14 Bacterial infections ...... 108 Adenoviridae ...... 15 Bacterial meningitis...... 112 Adenovirus infections...... 16 Bacterial vaginosis...... 114 Adenovirus vaccine ...... 17 Bacteriology...... 116 African sleeping sickness...... 19 Balantidiasis...... 118 Agammaglobulinemia...... 20 Bartonella infections...... 119 Aging and infectious disease...... 22 Bats and infectious disease ...... 121 AIDS...... 26 Behçet’s syndrome...... 122 Airborne illness and disease...... 30 Bell’s palsy ...... 124 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis ...... 34 Biochemical tests...... 125 Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. . . . . 35 Biological weapons ...... 127 Alternative therapies for infectious diseases . . . . . 36 Biostatistics...... 131 Amebic dysentery...... 40 Biosurveillance...... 132 Aminoglycoside antibiotics...... 42 Bioterrorism...... 136 Anal abscess...... 44 Birds and infectious disease ...... 139 Anaplasmosis...... 45 BK virus infection ...... 142 Anthrax...... 46 Blastomyces...... 143 Anthrax vaccine...... 48 Blastomycosis...... 145 Antibiotic resistance...... 49 Blood-borne illness and disease...... 146 Antibiotic stewardship...... 52 Bloodstream infections...... 150 Antibiotics: Types...... 53 Body lice...... 152 Antibodies ...... 56 Boils ...... 153 Antifungal drugs: Types...... 58 Bordetella...... 154 Antifungal drugs: Mechanisms of action...... 60 Borrelia ...... 156 Antiparasitic drugs: Types...... 62 Bot Fly...... 158 Antiparasitic drugs: Mechanisms of action . . . . . 64 Botulinum toxin infection...... 159 Antiviral drugs: Types ...... 68 Botulism...... 161 Antiviral drugs: Mechanisms of action...... 70 Breast milk and infectious disease ...... 163 Appendicitis...... 72 Bronchiolitis...... 164

ix Salem Health: Infectious Diseases and Conditions

Bronchitis...... 166 Cold sores...... 267 Brucella...... 168 Colorado tick fever (CTF)...... 269 Brucellosis ...... 169 Common cold ...... 271 Brucellosis vaccine...... 171 Conjunctivitis...... 272 Bubonic plague ...... 172 Contagious diseases...... 274 Bubonic plague vaccine...... 176 Coronaviridae...... 278 Burkholderia...... 177 Coronavirus infections ...... 279 Caliciviridae...... 180 Corynebacterium...... 280 Campylobacter...... 181 Cowpox...... 282 Campylobacteriosis ...... 182 Coxsackie virus infections...... 283 Cancer and infectious disease...... 184 Crab lice...... 284 Cancer vaccines...... 188 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease...... 286 Candida...... 190 Croup...... 288 Candida auris ...... 194 Cryptococcosis...... 290 Candidiasis...... 195 Cryptococcus...... 291 Capillariasis ...... 197 Cryptosporidiosis...... 293 Capnocytophaga infections ...... 198 Cyclospora infection...... 295 Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) . . . 200 Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Infections...... 297 Carriers...... 202 Cysticercosis...... 299 Cat scratch disease (CSD)...... 203 Cytomegalovirus infection...... 301 Cats and infectious disease...... 204 Cytomegalovirus vaccine...... 302 Causes and management of epidemics and Dacryocystitis...... 304 pandemics...... 207 Dandruff...... 305 Cellulitis...... 210 DDT ...... 306 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Decontamination...... 307 (CDC) ...... 211 Dengue fever ...... 308 Cephalosporin antibiotics...... 215 Dermatomycosis...... 310 Cervical cancer...... 217 Dermatophytosis ...... 311 Chagas’ disease...... 221 Developing countries and infectious disease. . . . 313 Chancroid...... 223 Diagnosis of bacterial infections...... 316 Chemical germicides...... 224 Diagnosis of fungal infections...... 319 Chickenpox ...... 226 Diagnosis of parasitic diseases...... 321 Chickenpox vaccine...... 230 Diagnosis of prion diseases...... 322 Chikungunya...... 231 Diagnosis of protozoan diseases...... 324 Childbirth and infectious disease...... 232 Diagnosis of viral infections ...... 326 Children and infectious disease...... 236 Diphtheria ...... 328 Chlamydia ...... 241 Disease eradication campaigns...... 329 Chlamydophila...... 243 Disinfectants and sanitizers...... 331 Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection ...... 245 Disseminated intravascular coagulation ...... 333 Cholecystitis...... 246 Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) . 335 Cholera...... 248 Diverticulitis ...... 337 Cholera vaccine...... 251 Dogs and infectious disease...... 339 Chromoblastomycosis...... 252 Dracunculiasis ...... 342 Chronic fatigue syndrome...... 253 Drug resistance ...... 343 Clonorchiasis...... 257 DTaP vaccine...... 347 Clonorchis sinesis ...... 258 Duodenal ulcer ...... 348 Clostridium...... 259 Eastern equine encephalitis ...... 350 Clostridium difficile infection...... 261 Ebola hemorrhagic fever...... 351 Coccidioides ...... 264 Echinocandin antifungals...... 353 Coccidiosis...... 265 Echinococcus...... 355

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Echovirus infections ...... 356 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) ...... 384 Ehrlichiosis...... 357 Epidemics and pandemics: Causes and Eikenella infections...... 358 management...... 386 Elephantiasis ...... 359 Epidemics and pandemics: History ...... 390 Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases . . . 361 Epidemiology...... 394 Emerging Infections Network (EIN)...... 365 Epidermophyton ...... 398 Empyema...... 366 Epididymitis...... 399 Encephalitis...... 368 Epiglottitis ...... 401 Encephalitis vaccine...... 369 Epstein-Barr virus infection ...... 403 Endemic infections ...... 370 Epstein-Barr virus vaccine...... 405 Endocarditis...... 372 Erysipelas...... 406 Endometritis...... 374 Erysipelothrix infection...... 407 Enteritis ...... 375 Erythema infectiosum...... 408 Enterobacter ...... 377 Erythema nodosum...... 409 Enterobiasis ...... 379 Escherichia...... 411 Enterococcus...... 380 Escherichia coli infection...... 412 Enterovirus infections...... 382 Eye infections...... 415 Volume 2

Contents...... v Globalization and infectious disease ...... 470 Complete List of Contents ...... ix Glycopeptide antibiotics...... 475 Gonorrhea...... 476 Fasciitis...... 419 Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) ...... 479 Fatal familial insomnia ...... 420 Gram staining...... 481 Fecal-oral route of transmission...... 421 Group A streptococcal infection...... 483 Fever...... 423 Group B streptococcal infection...... 484 Fever of unknown origin...... 424 Guillain-Barré syndrome...... 486 Filariasis ...... 426 Haemophilus...... 489 Filoviridae...... 427 Haemophilus influenzae infection...... 490 Fleas and infectious disease...... 429 Hand, foot, and mouth disease...... 492 Flies and infectious disease...... 431 Hantavirus infection ...... 493 Flukes...... 433 Head lice ...... 495 Food-borne illness and disease...... 435 Helicobacter ...... 496 Francisella ...... 439 Helicobacter pylori infection...... 498 Fungi classification and types...... 441 Hemolytic uremic syndrome...... 499 Fungi: Structure and growth...... 446 Hemorrhagic fever viral infections...... 501 Fusarium...... 450 Hepadnaviridiae...... 505 Gangrene...... 453 Hepatitis A...... 507 Gastritis...... 454 Hepatitis B...... 508 Genital herpes...... 455 Hepatitis C...... 510 Genital warts...... 458 Hepatitis D...... 513 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome Hepatitis E...... 514 (GSS)...... 460 Hepatitis vaccines...... 515 Giardia...... 462 Herpes simplex infection ...... 516 Giardiasis ...... 463 Herpes zoster infection...... 517 Gingivitis...... 465 Herpes zoster vaccines...... 519 Glanders...... 467 Herpesviridae...... 520 Global Warming and Infectious Diseases...... 468 Herpesvirus infections...... 522

xi Salem Health: Infectious Diseases and Conditions

Hib vaccine...... 524 Koch’s postulates...... 621 Histoplasma...... 525 Kuru...... 622 Histoplasmosis...... 527 Labyrinthitis...... 624 HIV...... 528 Laryngitis...... 625 HIV vaccine ...... 532 Lassa fever ...... 627 Home remedies for infectious diseases ...... 533 Legionella...... 628 Hookworms ...... 535 Legionnaires’ disease...... 629 Hordeola ...... 536 Leishmaniasis...... 631 Horizontal disease transmission...... 538 Leprosy...... 633 Hospitals and infectious disease...... 539 Leptospira...... 635 Hosts...... 543 Leptospirosis ...... 636 Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections . . . . . 544 Lipopeptide antibiotics...... 638 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine ...... 546 Listeria...... 639 Hygiene ...... 548 Listeriosis...... 640 Hyperbaric oxygen...... 549 Liver cancer...... 642 Iatrogenic infections...... 551 Lyme disease ...... 644 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ...... 553 Lymphadenitis...... 648 Imidazole antifungals ...... 555 Macrolide antibiotics...... 650 Immune response to bacterial infections...... 556 Malaria...... 651 Immune response to fungal infections...... 558 Malaria vaccine...... 653 Immune response to parasitic diseases...... 560 Malassezia...... 654 Immune response to prion diseases...... 562 Marburg hemorrhagic fever...... 656 Immune response to protozoan diseases...... 563 MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry...... 657 Immune response to viral infections ...... 565 Mastitis...... 659 Immunity and infectious disease ...... 567 Mathematical modeling and infectious diseases . 661 Immunization and infectious disease...... 569 Maturation inhibitors ...... 663 Immunoassay...... 574 Measles...... 664 Immunodeficiency...... 577 Mediterranean spotted fever...... 666 Impetigo...... 578 Melioidosis...... 667 Incubation period...... 580 Men and infectious disease...... 669 Infection...... 581 Meningococcal meningitis ...... 671 Infectious disease specialists...... 583 Meningococcal vaccine...... 673 Infectious Diseases Society of America...... 585 Metapneumovirus infection...... 674 Inflammation...... 587 Methicillin-resistant staph infection...... 675 Influenza ...... 590 Microbiology ...... 677 Influenza vaccine...... 593 Microbiome...... 679 Insect-borne illness and disease ...... 595 Microscopy...... 681 Insecticides and topical repellants...... 599 Microsporum...... 683 Integrase inhibitors...... 601 Middle-ear infection ...... 684 Intestinal and stomach infections...... 602 Mites and chiggers and infectious disease. . . . . 687 Intestinal trichomoniasis...... 606 MMR vaccine...... 690 Isosporiasis...... 608 Molecular Microbiology ...... 691 Japanese encephalitis...... 610 Molluscum contagiosum...... 693 Jock itch...... 611 Monkey B virus...... 695 Kaposi’s sarcoma...... 614 Monkeypox...... 696 Kawasaki disease...... 615 Mononucleosis...... 698 Keratitis...... 616 Mosquito-borne viral encephalitis ...... 700 Ketolide antibiotics ...... 618 Mosquitoes and infectious disease...... 701 Kidney infection...... 619 Mouth infections...... 704

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Mucormycosis...... 708 Pathogens...... 791 Multi-Drug Resistance...... 709 Pelvic inflammatory disease ...... 795 Mumps...... 712 Penicillin allergy testing ...... 797 Mutation of pathogens ...... 714 Penicillin antibiotics ...... 799 Mycetoma...... 717 Penicilliosis...... 801 Mycobacterial infections...... 718 Peptic ulcer ...... 802 Mycobacterium ...... 720 Pericarditis...... 806 Mycoplasma...... 722 Peritonitis...... 807 Mycoplasma pneumonia...... 723 Pharyngitis and tonsillopharyngitis...... 808 Mycoses...... 725 Picornaviridae ...... 810 Mycotic aneurysm ...... 726 Picornavirus infections ...... 811 Myocarditis...... 727 Piedraia...... 813 Myositis...... 729 Pigs and infectious disease ...... 814 Nasopharyngeal infections...... 731 Pilonidal cyst ...... 816 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Pinta...... 817 Diseases ...... 733 Pinworms...... 818 National Institutes of Health...... 734 Pityriasis rosea ...... 820 Necrotizing fasciitis...... 736 Plague...... 821 Neisseria...... 738 Plantar warts...... 823 Neisserial infections...... 740 Pleurisy...... 824 Neonatal sepsis...... 741 Pneumococcal infections ...... 826 Neutropenia...... 743 Pneumococcal vaccine...... 827 Nocardiosis...... 744 Pneumocystis...... 830 Norovirus infection...... 745 Pneumocystis pneumonia...... 831 Onchocerciasis...... 748 Pneumonia...... 833 Onychomycosis ...... 750 Polio vaccine ...... 835 Ophthalmia neonatorum...... 751 Poliomyelitis...... 836 Opportunistic infections...... 753 Polyene antifungals...... 838 Oral transmission...... 755 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method . . . . . 839 Ornithosis...... 757 Pontiac fever...... 841 Osteomyelitis...... 758 Postherpetic neuralgia...... 843 Outbreaks of infectious disease...... 759 Powassan virus...... 844 Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and infectious Poxviridae ...... 845 disease ...... 761 Poxvirus infections...... 847 Oxazolidinone antibiotics...... 764 Pregnancy and infectious disease...... 848 Pacemaker infections...... 766 Prevention of bacterial infections...... 853 Pancreatitis...... 768 Prevention of fungal infections...... 854 Paracoccidiodes...... 769 Prevention of parasitic diseases...... 856 Paracoccidioidomycosis...... 771 Prevention of protozoan diseases...... 858 Paramyxoviridae...... 772 Prevention of viral infections ...... 859 Parasite classification and types ...... 774 Primary infection...... 861 Parasitic diseases ...... 777 Primates and infectious disease ...... 863 Parasitology ...... 779 Prion diseases...... 864 Parechovirus...... 782 Prions...... 868 Parotitis...... 783 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. . . 870 Parvoviridae...... 785 Prostatitis ...... 871 Parvovirus infections...... 786 Prosthetic joint infections...... 873 Pasteurellosis ...... 788 Protease inhibitors...... 875 Pathogenicity...... 790 Protozoa classification and types...... 877

xiii Salem Health: Infectious Diseases and Conditions

Protozoan diseases...... 878 Psychological effects of infectious disease. . . . . 885 Pseudomonas ...... 881 Public health ...... 887 Pseudomonas infections...... 883 Puerperal infection...... 892 Psittacosis...... 884 Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) . . . . . 893 Volume 3

Contents...... v Schools and infectious disease ...... 961 Complete List of Contents ...... vii Secondary infection...... 965 Sepsis ...... 966 Q fever ...... 897 Septic arthritis...... 968 Quarantine...... 898 Septic shock...... 969 Quinolone antibiotics...... 899 Seroconversion...... 971 Rabies...... 901 Serology ...... 972 Rabies vaccine ...... 903 Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)...... 974 Rat-bite fever ...... 904 Shigella...... 978 Reinfection...... 906 Shigellosis...... 980 Reiter’s syndrome ...... 907 Shingles ...... 982 Reoviridae...... 909 Sinusitis...... 984 Reptiles and infectious disease...... 911 Skin infections...... 987 Respiratory route of transmission...... 913 Sleeping nets ...... 989 Respiratory syncytial virus infections...... 914 Sleeping sickness...... 990 Retroviral infections...... 916 Smallpox...... 991 Retroviridae...... 918 Smallpox vaccine...... 993 Reverse transcriptase inhibitors ...... 920 Social effects of infectious disease ...... 994 Rheumatic fever...... 922 Soilborne illness and disease...... 998 Rhinosporidiosis ...... 923 Sporotrichosis...... 1003 Rhinovirus infections...... 924 Stachybotrys ...... 1004 Rhizopus...... 925 Staphylococcal infections ...... 1006 Rickettsia ...... 927 Staphylococcus...... 1008 Rickettsia parkeri infection...... 929 Stenotrophomonas infections...... 1010 Rickettsial diseases...... 931 Strep throat ...... 1011 Rift Valley fever ...... 933 Streptococcal infections ...... 1012 Ringworm...... 934 Streptococcus...... 1014 Rocky Mountain Spotted fever...... 935 Stress and infectious disease...... 1016 Rodents and infectious disease...... 937 Strongyloidiasis ...... 1018 Roseola...... 938 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis...... 1019 Rotavirus infection...... 939 Syphilis...... 1020 Rotavirus vaccine...... 941 T lymphocytes ...... 1023 Rubella...... 942 Taeniasis...... 1024 Saliva and infectious disease...... 945 Tapeworms...... 1025 Salmonella...... 946 Tetanus...... 1027 Salmonellosis...... 949 Tetracycline antibiotics...... 1029 Sarcoidosis...... 951 Thiazole antifungals ...... 1030 Sarcosporidiosis...... 952 Thrush (infection)...... 1032 SARS...... 953 Tick paralysis ...... 1033 Scabies ...... 955 Ticks and infectious disease ...... 1034 Scarlet fever...... 957 Tinea capitis...... 1037 Schistosomiasis...... 958 Tinea corporis ...... 1038

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Tinea versicolor...... 1040 Viral pharyngitis...... 1129 Tooth abscess...... 1041 Viral upper respiratory infections...... 1130 Toxocariasis ...... 1042 Virology ...... 1133 Toxoplasmosis ...... 1043 Virulence ...... 1134 Trachoma...... 1045 Virus types ...... 1136 Transmission routes...... 1046 Viruses: Structure and life cycle...... 1140 Transplant infections...... 1050 Warts...... 1146 Travel medicine...... 1052 Water treatment and infectious diseases . . . . . 1147 Travel medicine specialists ...... 1054 Waterborne illness and disease...... 1149 Travelers’ diarrhea...... 1055 West Nile virus...... 1153 Treatment of bacterial infections...... 1057 Whipple’s disease...... 1155 Treatment of fungal infections...... 1058 Whipworm infection...... 1156 Treatment of parasitic diseases...... 1060 Whooping cough...... 1158 Treatment of prion diseases...... 1062 Women and infectious disease ...... 1159 Treatment of protozoan diseases ...... 1064 World Health Organization (WHO) ...... 1163 Treatment of viral infections...... 1066 Worm infections...... 1167 Treponema...... 1067 Triazole antifungals...... 1069 Wound infections...... 1171 Trichinosis ...... 1070 Yaws...... 1174 Trichomonas ...... 1072 Yellow fever...... 1175 Trichophyton...... 1074 Yellow fever vaccine...... 1177 Tropical medicine...... 1076 Yersinia ...... 1178 Trypanosoma (genus)...... 1079 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ...... 1180 Trypanosomiasis...... 1081 Yersiniosis...... 1181 Trypanosomiasis vaccine...... 1082 Zoonotic diseases...... 1183 Tuberculosis (TB)...... 1083 Zygomycosis...... 1187 Tuberculosis (TB) vaccine...... 1086 Tularemia...... 1087 Typhoid fever...... 1089 Appendixes Typhoid vaccine...... 1090 Reference Tools Typhus ...... 1092 Glossary ...... 1191 Typhus vaccine...... 1094 Bibliography ...... 1201 U .S . Army Medical Research Institute Resources ...... 1210 of Infectious Diseases ...... 1096 Web Sites ...... 1218 Urethritis ...... 1098 Medical Journals ...... 1224 Urinary tract infections...... 1099 Pharmaceutical List ...... 1230 Vaccine types ...... 1102 Vaccines: Experimental...... 1106 Historical Resources Vaccines: History...... 1108 Time Line of Major Developments Vaginal yeast infection...... 1112 in Infectious Disease ...... 1250 Vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection. . . . 1113 Biographical Dictionary of Scientists Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease...... 1114 in Infectious Disease ...... 1256 Vectors and vector control...... 1116 Vertical disease transmission...... 1118 Nobel Prizes for Discoveries Vibrio...... 1119 in Infectious Diseases ...... 1265 Vincent’s angina...... 1121 Viral gastroenteritis...... 1122 Indexes Viral hepatitis...... 1123 Entries by Anatomy or System Affected . . . . . 1271 Viral infections...... 1125 Category ...... 1283 Viral meningitis...... 1127 Subject ...... 1295