MES 2004 VScience in Service to Animals SM

28th Annual Report Veterinary Medical Experiment Station College of Veterinary Medicine Th e University of Georgia Vaccinology Athens, Georgia 30602 Veterinary Medical Experiment Station College of Veterinary Medicine Th e University of Georgia MES 2004 V Science in Service to Animals

28th Annual Report Veterinary Medical Experiment Station College of Veterinary Medicine Th e University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004

Enhancing animal production, profi tability, and well-being by improving animal health.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Table of Contents

VMES Objectives 3

Report of the Director 4

Animal Health Research Center 5

VMES Financial Table 5

Vaccinology 6

Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases 8

Immunology 12

Virology 14

Food and Animal Health 17

Diagnostics 21

Biomedical Sciences 23

Research Contracts and Grants 26

Administrators and Advisors 29

Researchers 30

Selected Publications 32

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ VMES Objectives

Th e Veterinary Medical Experiment Station (VMES) Our objectives are as follows: supports a wide range of research that impacts on many aspects of our lives; the food we eat and the • To improve the health and productivity of do- clothes we wear, our physical, emotional, and eco- mestic livestock, poultry, fi sh, and other income- nomic health, and the quality of our environment. producing animals and wildlife through research; VMES research includes eff orts to improve the pro- ductivity and health of poultry and livestock, to bet- • To assist in preventing disease epidemics by pro- ter the quality of life for companion animals, and to viding laboratory resources and highly skilled scien- improve public health through disease surveillance. tifi c personnel; Th is year’s research is profi led in our 2003 - 2004 VMES annual report. • To assist in protecting human health through the control of animal diseases transmissable to man; VMES funds help support short-term applied re- search that directly benefi ts the health of animals • To improve the health of companion animals, and livestock in Georgia and are used to develop which serve to enrich the lives of humankind; extramurally funded research programs at the Col- lege of Veterinary Medicine. Projects supported by • To train new scientists in animal health research VMES funds are evaluated for scientifi c merit, im- in order to provide continuity and growth in this portance to animal health, consideration for experi- vital area of veterinary medicine. mental animal welfare, and their roles in meeting the research objectives of the VMES.

All programs and activities of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station are conducted without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex, or handicap.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Report of the Director

In this, the 28th Annual Report of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station (VMES), we present a summary of the research activities of the College of Veterinary Medicine. Our research is an integral component of the veterinary profession, explicitly stated in the Veterinarian’s Oath as an obligation to advance medical knowl- edge that benefi ts both veterinary and human medicine, which we consider “one medicine”.

Veterinary medicine is an indispensable component of our State’s public health system. Veterinary researchers protect animal and human health by preventing and controlling infectious diseases, and their work ensures the safety and security of our food supply. Although veterinary research has the potential for great impact in many biomedical fi elds, support for animal-related research is limited. Th us, the continued commitment at the State level to support research on animal health is a critically important investment. Th e food animal industries of the State of Georgia are valued at well over $3 billion and sales of livestock, poultry and their products account for more than half of Georgia’s annual farm income. Protection of these resources is paramount to our State’s economy. A summary of the College’s research funding is provided in the accompanying table on the next page. Over the past year approximately 3.3 research dollars were leveraged for each VMES dollar invested.

Th e cover of this year’s VMES Annual Report depicts images evoking the history and scientifi c elements of vac- cinology, an applied discipline of immunology. Dr. Ralph Tripp, a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Animal Health Vaccine Research who recently joined the faculty of the College of Veterinary Medicine, is building a research team and program of excellence in this area. His accompanying article provides an over- view of the fi eld and its importance to human and veterinary biomedicine.

Th e 28th VMES Annual Report provides an overview of peer-reviewed, competitive VMES-funded projects conducted during fi scal year 2004 (July 1, 2003 – June 30, 2004). In past reports we grouped project abstracts together based on the animal species on which the research was focused. In the 2004 VMES Annual Report we have changed this format and placed research project descriptions into groupings based on research disci- plines. Th ese various sections include: bacteriology and parasitology, virology, immunology, diagnostics, and biomedical sciences. A section describing projects and activities associated with the VMES-supported Food Animal Health Management Program is also included. Each section is succinctly and cogently introduced by a veterinary researcher with a specifi c expertise in the discipline. Additional information on any of these projects can be requested by contacting the VMES offi ce by phone, email or website, or directly from the investiga- tors themselves. A list of publications is provided as well. Th ese peer-reviewed papers represent a selection of VMES supported work and other scholarly research originating at the College of Veterinary Medicine.

Harry W. Dickerson

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Animal Health Research Center

Th e Animal Health Research Center (AHRC) is a 72,945 square foot biosafety Level 3 (BSL3)/biosafety level 3 agriculture (BSL3Ag) facility. Upon completion it will provide the University and the State of Georgia with state-of-the-art biocontainment laboratories that will enhance our response capabilities against bioterrorism and other emergencies involving infectious microbial pathogens. Th e AHRC will boost our capability to create vaccines against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and SARS, and enable us to become national leaders in research on pathogens that require biocontainment.

Containment will be ensured by a series of engineering designs including HEPA-fi ltered supply air and dou- ble-HEPA-fi ltered exhaust air; diff erential pressures within containment zones; shower-out facilities for each animal room; decontamination and sterilization procedures for equipment and solid/liquid waste streams; and high security monitoring.

Completion of the AHRC is critical for UGA to attract federal and other external funding for biocontainment research. Funding levels are expected to reach over $10 million per year by 2010, contributing signifi cantly to Georgia’s economic development initiatives.

VMES Research Funding

Funding Source FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY2006 (Budgeted) (Requested)

VMES/VMAR Expenditures $3,569,225 $3,927,297 $3,672,210 $3,380,261 $3,094,649 $3,001,810

Federal Grants and Contracts $3,452,426 $6,962,300 $4,768,808 $5,624,962 State Grants and Contracts $4,054,420 $4,563,272 $4,434,171 $3,872,763 Private Grants and Contracts $2,283,536 $1,446,110 $715,974 $1,677,282

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Vaccinology

Vaccinology is the science or method of vaccine development. Over 200 years ago, English physician Edward Jenner observed that milk- maids who contracted a mild viral disease called cowpox were rarely victims of a similar but deadly disease called smallpox. Th is observa- tion led Jenner to infect a healthy young boy with cowpox, and six weeks later challenge the boy with fl uid from a smallpox pustule. Th e boy remained free of smallpox, and the era of vaccinology began. Th e foundation that Jenner laid began a course of vaccine develop- ment that would lead to the eradication of smallpox and polio, and vaccines for a spectrum of human pathogens that include infl uenza, bacterial pneumonia, whooping cough, rubella, rabies, meningitis, and hepatitis B.

Th e term “vaccine” is derived from the Latin word “vaccinus” which means “pertaining to cows” – a refl ection on Jenner’s pioneering stud- ies using cowpox vaccinia virus to prevent human smallpox (variola). Vaccines take advantage of using relatively harmless foreign agents Dr. Ralph A. Tripp to evoke protective immunity that resists infection and/or disease pathogenesis. Th ere are many diff erent types of vaccines including In collaboration with investigators at the attenuated microbes, inactivated microbes, inactivated toxins, and UGA nanoSEC facility, we are investigat- ing the advantages of using an electro- purifi ed proteins or polysaccharides derived from human patho- chemical fl ow cell with a quartz crystal gens. Some examples include attenuated measles, mumps, and ru- microbalance (QCM) to measure mass bella (MMR) vaccine routinely administered to infants, inactivated changes associated with virus binding to infl uenza vaccine, inactivated tetanus toxoid vaccine, and purifi ed antibodies conjugated to gold surfaces. hepatitis B virus protein antigen vaccine. Vaccines provide acquired Recent preliminary data suggests we can immunity to pathogens and are generally used to prevent disease detect near fentogram quantities of virus rather than cure it. Th ere are a variety of vaccine strategies that may in solution. be commonly used in the future including DNA vaccines, skin patch vaccines, and edible vaccines. We are investigating if increasing the nanoparticles surface area enhances Despite the ability to vaccinate people and animals for protection quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) detec- against several important pathogens, the majority of people and food tion of virus particles in aqueous media. or companion animals worldwide are still plagued by known and ([email protected]) emerging infectious diseases. Emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases continually threaten human health and impact global se- curity by aff ecting food for an increasing world population, access to international trade and economic growth, and raise concerns for potential use as pathogens in bioterrorism. Th e majority of emerging Cu infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin, i.e. transmissible between humans and animals causing infection in both species. For example, in the past 10 years the world has had to respond to SARS-associated Si coronavirus identifi ed in some domestic and wildlife species, Nipah virus from bats via pigs, infl uenza viruses from birds, and the West Nile virus from birds via mosquitoes. In addition, naturally occur- ring zoonotic diseases such as anthrax and antimicrobial-resistant or- ganisms have emerged in part as a result of the agricultural practices View of a Cu/Si two-layer nanostruc- that include use of antimicrobials for disease prevention and growth ture fabricated by multi-layer GLAD. promotion of several domesticated species. Finally, the U.S. and 6

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ other countries remain vulnerable to agroterrorism by agents such as foot and mouth disease.

Th ere are a number of factors that aff ect emerging infectious dis- ease including (1) introduction of infection into new host popula- tions, e.g. bovine spongiform encephalitis; (2) establishment and further dissemination within new host population, e.g. ecological factors favoring vectors or reservoir hosts; (3) agricultural or eco- nomical development, e.g. dams (shistosomiasis) or deforestation (malaria); (4) human demographics and behavior, e.g. population Dr. Zhen Fu growth, international travel, drug use; and (5) microbial adaptation, e.g. antibiotic resistance (tuberculosis). Unfortunately, the capacity Dr. Zhen Fu’s lab is involved in development to address emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases is limited of rabies virus vaccines using reverse genet- in part by (1) lack of effi cacious vaccines or therapeutic treatment ics technology. They are attenuating rabies modalities; (2) limited support for and deterioration of surveillance viruses by producing mutations in viral of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases; (3) erosion in the number of genes. Their goal is to construct and select scientists, public health investigators, and particularly veterinarians completely avirulent rabies virus which is who are educated in relevant fi elds that include medical entomology, still capable of stimulating a protective im- vector ecology, epidemiology, tropical medicine, and microbiology of mune response in animals. Such mutant zoonotic pathogens; (4) limited tools to address emergence of drug viruses will be safer and more effi cacious resistant pathogens and arthropod vectors; and (5) limited biosafety than currently used vaccines and thus can facilities, e.g. BSL3 and BSL4, that can contain the pathogens and be developed as live attenuated vaccines animal models need for study. for both wild and domesticated animals. ([email protected]) To eff ectively prevent and control known and emerging infectious diseases, the scientifi c and health communities need to develop a dis- covery-to-control continuum. It is imperative that those in human, animal, agricultural and environmental sciences work together to ad- dress threats associated with infectious diseases. Basic research and a greater understanding of disease epidemiology can lead to improved diagnostics and vaccine strategies to control infectious diseases; how- ever, veterinary medicine must bridge the gap between recognizing zoonotic diseases and preventing transmission among animal and human populations. To achieve these goals, the veterinary medical mission must be closely aligned with training students and profes- sionals in relevant fi elds, and in advanced technologies to combat zoonotic and animal infectious diseases.

Th e development of eff ective vaccines represents one of the most promising approaches for providing cost-eff ective interventions against zoonotic and animal infectious diseases. Animal models have contributed to the considerable progress in our understanding of the Electron micrograph of a neuron mechanisms of immunity and disease pathogenesis associated with infected with rabies viruses (Viruses infectious agents by providing identifi cation of vaccine candidate are seen here inside and outside of antigens, and in demonstrating proof-of-principle vaccine strategies. the cell as shown by arrows) It is clear that vaccines can be an eff ective strategy to control infec- tious diseases, and clearer that veterinary medicine is at the interface between animal and human health. Dr. Ralph A. Tripp ([email protected]) 7

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases

It is estimated that >75% of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) in humans are of zoonotic origin, i.e. transmissible from animals to humans sometimes causing infection in both species. Th ese pathogens are bacterial, viral and prozoan in na- ture; some are vector borne, while others are aerosol, food or water-borne. EIDs impact public health, animal health, access to international trade and economic growth, the food chain for an increasing world population, and global security when used as pathogens in bio- and agro-terrorism (select agents). Th ere is an acute need for comprehensive approaches to iden- tify, prevent, and control all EIDs from all sources and select agents. To achieve these goals, it is imperative that those in human, animal, agricultural and environmental sciences work together to develop a discovery-to-control continuum. Toward this goal we propose to leverage the talent that presently exists Dr. Fred Quinn in numerous disciplines in the College of Veterinary Medicine A primary research area for Dr. Fred Quinn, Department as well as recruit and train a new cadre of veterinarians and Head of Infectious Diseases, is the newly discovered research scientists that will focus on the surveillance, research, organism, Mycobacterium shottsii. Dr. Quinn came to the College of Veterinary Medicine from the Centers for Dis- control and prevention of BSL2-, BSL3- and BSL3(ag) - level ease Control and Prevention (CDC) and provides a strong infectious disease agents. New and planned research facilities infectious disease research presence. including the new state-of-the-art BSL3+Ag Animal Health Striped bass represent an important commercial and Research Center will complement the recruiting and training recreational fi sh particularly for the U.S. east coast. Re- eff orts. cently it was observed that 30-50% of striped bass in the Chesapeake Bay had observable skin ulcers. Subsequent studies identifi ed a single new bacterial species, Myco- Th e U.S. government and other organizations are acutely bacterium shottsii, as the agent responsible for >70% of aware of the limitations associated with the response to EIDs the cases. Very little is known about this pathogen except that it has an optimum growth temperature of 22° C and and have recently made available considerable resources for is one of a number of disease-causing Mycobacterium addressing these agents in areas of biosensing, vaccine devel- species that have been found to be very closely related to M. tuberculosis, the organism which caused tuberculosis opment, and prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment inter- in humans. These species infect fi sh, amphibians, reptiles vention strategies. Th us, it is a critical time to develop a plat- and mammals and all affect the respiratory organs of form for adapting and developing laboratory capabilities to the various animal hosts. This group presents some very interesting evolutionary questions that need to be ad- detect and study EIDs and select agents. For such an integrat- dressed. ed agenda to be eff ective, the CVM must address both short- and long-term needs, involve basic and applied public health Additional anecdotal evidence suggests that M. shotsii may be infecting and producing ulcers in striped bass research, be multidisciplinary in nature, and utilize modern and other fi sh in coastal waters from Maryland to Geor- and robust molecular and quantitative tools and facilities. gia. Precisely why this pathogen has recently become so prevalent is not known. There are likely environmental factors at work that are enhancing the virulence of this Zebrafi sh: A model for the study of mycobacterial fi sh infec- pathogen and/or decreasing the resistance of the hosts. tions This pathogen also may be responsible for an increasing number of cases of “fi sh handlers granuloma” detected in the human population surrounding the Chesapeake Bay. Traditional animal models for studying mycobacterial infec- For all of these reasons we are attempting to understand tions include the guinea pig, rabbit and mouse. Th ese models, how this organism causes disease in the fi sh and how this infection can be stopped or prevented. This information however, are inappropriate for use with species that infect fi sh could potentially prevent the development of more seri- due to lower bacterial incubation temperatures, typically 22- ous economic and public health issues on the Chesa- peake Bay and elsewhere on the eastern U.S. coast. 28° C. Xenopus was recently developed as a model for exam- ([email protected]) ining late stage granuloma formation by the fi sh pathogen M. marinum. Th is frog model, however, is not amenable to 8

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ forward genetic analysis or direct in vivo examination not by apoptosis as does M. marinum and M. tubercu- of the earliest events in the immune response leading losis. Th is dichotomy is unique and may indicate that to granuloma formation. A popular new model is Ze- M. shottsii is a “fork in the road” for these two groups of brafi sh (Danio rerio). Th is model has several advantages pathogenic mycobacteria. In collaboration with other over the other animal models for the study of myco- laboratories, we are planning a future eff ort that will bacterial fi sh pathogens, including ease of care, short examine 12 additional new species of Mycobacterium growth rate, readily available quantities, transparent that are 95 - 99% related genetically to M. shottsii, M. embryos for convenient in vivo microscopic analyses, a ulcerans and M. marinum (the ulcer group). Th ese new sequenced and annotated genome, available DNA mi- species have been isolated from the skin lesions of fi sh, croarrays, a small but rapidly growing mutant library, amphibians and reptiles and all possess similar growth and an adaptive and innate cellular immune response requirements to the three named species. In addition to that appears to be similar to mammalian systems. Using identifying a common toxin, and therefore a common Zebrafi sh, we identifi ed and collected infected macro- vaccine, we want to examine the evolution of this fasci- phages for further in vitro analysis (and perhaps eventual nating group of mycobacteria. transformation into a cell line) and demonstrated that PI: Dr. Fred Quinn ([email protected]) the Zebrafi sh immune system is capable of responding to infections by M. shottsii and M. marinum by form- Microbial population dynamics and Salmonella colo- ing mammalian-like granulomas. We will next use this nization of the chicken’s gastrointestinal tract model to identify bacterial and host genes diff erentially expressed at diff erent stages of the infectious process and document each stage using real-time video microscopy. Consumption of poultry and poultry products is a rec- Th is model possesses the traits and we possess the tools ognized risk factor for foodborne outbreaks of salmonel- to precisely defi ne the infectious process used by the losis and campylobacteriosis. Since the implementation pathogenic mycobacteria. of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HAC- PI: Dr. Fred Quinn ([email protected]) CP) Program in 1996, Salmonella contamination of broiler chicken carcasses in the US has been signifi cantly Identifying virulence mechanisms of Mycobacterium reduced to 10%. However, some consumer groups call shottsii: An emerging disease of fi sh for additional measures to further reduce the level of Salmonella entering processing plants. Several on-farm Striped bass represent an important commercial and rec- intervention strategies have been proposed to reduce or reational fi sh particularly for the U.S. east coast. An eliminate Salmonella contamination of broiler chickens. epizootic of mycobacteriosis was recently reported in One such intervention involves competitive exclusion the Chesapeake Bay that was characterized by ulcerative of Salmonella by components of the animal’s resident lesions on 30-50% of the examined fi sh. Subsequent microfl ora. Unfortunately, it is not well understand studies identifi ed a single new species, Mycobacterium how the microfl ora aff ects Salmonella colonization of shottsii, as the agent responsible for greater than 70% food animal species. We propose the development of of the cases. Very little information is known about this green fl uorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Salmonella for newly discovered pathogen except that it has an opti- studying colonization, persistence, and interaction be- mum growth temperature of 22o C and is a close relative tween this microbe and bacteria that normally inhabit of human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans the chicken’s gastrointestinal tract. Ribosomal RNA and human/fi sh pathogen M. marinum. In this pre- promoter whose expression is directly proportional to liminary study, we determined that M. shottsii infects growth rate will be used to drive expression of the GFP and replicates within fi sh macrophages using a mecha- in Salmonella. Th erefore, the intensity of the fl uores- nism similar to that observed for M. tuberculosis and cent signal is related to the organism’s growth rate in M. marinum and not like the extracellular growth of M. vitro as well as in vivo. Combined with fl uorescent in ulcerans. Interestingly, M. shottsii kills macrophages situ hybridization (FISH) using family and genera spe- using cytotoxic mechanisms as does M. ulcerans, and cifi c probes, we will be able to identify resident bacterial 99

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

population that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and their Avian Mycoplasmosis (AV-060) association with Salmonella that also occupy this niche. We can also determine the impact of gastrointestinal mi- During the past year we have made signifi cant progress crofl ora on Salmonella’s colonization and persistence in in the development of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain poultry. Th is information will be useful in refi nement of K5054 as a live vaccine for chickens and turkeys. Effi cacy competitive exclusion products to reduce carriage of Sal- and safety studies have been completed in chickens and monella by broiler chickens in Georgia. turkeys, and a safety trial in house fi nches was completed. UGA has sold the rights to the product to Intervet Amer- ica, who are developing the vaccine, and it has been pat- ented.

Signifi cant progress has been made in fi ngerprinting of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae strains. Amplifi ed fragment lengthy polymorphism (AFLP) analysis has been shown to be of value in identifying specifi c mycoplasma species, and it is highly discriminatory in identifying and diff erentiat- ing among strains within a species. A signifi cant database of AFLP patterns has already been established.

During the past year we have completed myco plasma cul- tures from 227 accessions. Th ere were a total of 2521 cul- tures, from which 1023 mycoplasmas were isolated; 250 were MG, and 106 were MS. Construction of rrn-promoter-GFP fusion for “tagging” PI: Dr. S. H. Kleven ([email protected]) Salmonella with a fl uorescent marker. Th e above illustra- Co-PIs: W. D. Hall and V. Leiting tion shows the plasmid construct used to mark Salmonella by allelic replacement. Th e Salmonella rRNA (rrn) pro- Clinical Investigation of Poultry Diseases (AV-040) moter was amplifi ed by PCR and cloned into pGFPuv. In order to introduce this rrn-GFP promoter fusion construct Th e impact of this research provides timely answers and into the Salmonella chromosome, we added the selectable solutions to poultry health and management conditions marker, aph (kanamycin resistance) 3’ to GFP. Th e region impacting bird health. Th e poultry industry is the ma- fl anking the phage P22 integration site in S. typhimurium jor agribusiness in Georgia and the research performed by was also amplifi ed by PCR, cloned into the pGP704 sui- the Poultry Disease Research Center (PDRC) clinicians cide vector. Our rrn-GFP-aph cassette was fi nally intro- and Master of Avian Medicine (MAM) students helped duced into the P22 phage integration site, creating plas- in preventing economic losses due to mortality and con- mid, pAPO26. E. coli harboring pAPO26, will fl uoresce demnations in processing plants. Th e PDRC clinicians under UV (C) light. During construction of pAPO26 vec- and MAM students helped two integrated poultry com- tor, we have partially constructed several others for intro- panies with 4 problem broiler farms that were performing ducing other fl uorescently-colored jellyfi sh proteins, with poorly and improved their performance; there were 4 re- diff erent antibiotic resistance markers, into Salmonella and search studies performed by the MAM students from this E. coli. Th ese tools will allow us to directly examine the grant. Th e fi rst study involved comparison of two diff er- eff ects of diet or antibiotics on bacterial populations and ent Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) tests microbial interactions within the animal’s gastrointesti- for Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium with envi- nal tract that infl uence growth and survival of Salmonella ronmental culture for salmonella. Th e second salmonella within its animal host. study looked at the eff ect of maternal antibody in broilers PI: Dr. John Maurer ([email protected]) from vaccinated breeders to salmonella on protection from challenge by homologous serotypes. It was found that the broilers from vaccinated hens colonized from 10-30% less S. hadar, S. kentucy or S. heidelberg than chicks from non- vaccinated hens

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Th e third study involved the in ovo vaccination of an In- tive of all dewormers tested. Moxidectin (MOX), a closely fectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)-Pox vector vaccine. It was related drug was highly eff ective on all farms, but it is ex- found that the vaccine did not have any negative impact pected that IVM-resistant (IVM-R) worms rapidly will on hatchability or fi rst week mortality. However, there become resistant to MOX because these drugs share the was no protection aff orded to the broilers by the vaccine same mechanisms of action and resistance. Unfortunately, when challenged with a virulent ILT. It was believed the currently available laboratory tests cannot detect MOX re- reason for a lack of immune response to the vaccine was sistance, so the only way to test for resistance to this drug because the breeders had been vaccinated for fowl pox and is by measuring the eff ect of treatment on animals. Th e the maternal antibodies to the pox virus inactivated the purpose of this study was to measure the extent to which pox vector. moxidectin resistance is developing on goat farms and to validate a laboratory test (DrenchRite® larval development Th e fi nal research study involved determining the eff ec- assay, LDA) to detect MOX-resistant worms. tiveness of the FTA fi lter paper as a method for fi eld sam- ple collection for Mycoplasma synoviae. for Polymerase Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) and DrenchRite Chain Reaction (PCR) testing. Broiler breeders from an LDA were performed on 9 goat farms in Georgia during M. synoviae. positive breeder fl ock were housed at PDRC. the summer of 2003. Two farms served as controls; one One half were treated with oxytetracycline and one half of these farms had worms known to be IVM-sensitive, and non-treated. It was determined that the oxytetracycline the other had worms known to be IVM-R, but neither treatment resulted in a rapid inability to detect the M. sy- farm had ever used MOX (and were MOX-sensitive). All noviae organism by both standard PCR from culture fl uid other farms (N=7) had IVM-R worms and a history of and also by tracheal swabs touched to the FTA fi lter cards. using MOX as the primary dewormer over the past 2-3 One week after treatment was discontinued, the hens be- years. On each farm, goats were allocated randomly into came PCR positive again by both collection methods. 5 treatment groups: 4 groups received MOX at 4 diff erent PI: Dr. Charles Hofacre ([email protected]) dose levels and 1 group was left untreated as a control. Fe- Co-PIs: Dr. Guillermo Zavala and Dr. Stephen Collett cal egg count reductions (FECR) were determined at each dose level and dose response in the DrenchRite LDA was Moxidectin Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of calculated. RESULTS: At a dose that was 100% eff ective Goats on the control farms (100 µg/kg), 7/7 farms with a history of MOX use, had resistant H. contortus and 6/7 had resis- Production of goats for meat is an attractive alternative tant Trichostrongylus colubriformis. At the recommended agricultural enterprise for farmers in the southern United therapeutic dose (400 µg/kg), 3/7 farms had resistant H. States, particularly those with small land holdings. Over contortus and 3/7 had resistant T. colubriformis. Results the past 10 years there has been tremendous growth in of DrenchRite LDA clearly correlated with the FECR re- the size and scope of the United States goat industry, with sults, but full statistical analysis is not yet completed. most of this growth occurring in the southern-tier states where 70% of all meat goats are raised. Among the many Within a period of 2 years, multiple species of GIN have challenges faced by goat producers, control of gastrointes- developed resistance to MOX on goat farms in Georgia. tinal nematode (GIN) parasites is the most diffi cult and Th is is the fi rst report of such resistance in the US. If important. Th e nematode species of primary concern is MOX is to remain eff ective on goat farms that do not yet Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm), a blood-suck- have resistance, it must be used sparingly, preferably in a ing parasite that thrives in warm climates and causes severe selective treatment program based on the FAMACHA® anemia and death in infected animals. Th is historical prob- method. Th e study also validated the DrenchRite LDA lem of GIN parasitism has recently been magnifi ed by the as a useful laboratory test for detecting MOX resistance in emerging problem of anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance, GIN of goats. which is recognized globally as the single greatest threat PI: Dr. Ray M. Kaplan ([email protected]) to small ruminant production. Studies performed by this Co-PIs: L.H. Williamson, and T.H. Terrill lab (Dr. Kaplan) in 2001 demonstrated an alarmingly high prevalence of multiple-drug resistance in GIN of goats in the southern US, and ivermectin (IVM) was the least eff ec-

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Immunology

In the past 20 years, immunology has become a melting pot re- fl ecting contributions of many scientifi c approaches. Th e original focus of immunology was to discover the mechanisms the body used to protect itself from infectious organisms. In recent years, immunology has developed into THE core health science. Th e impact of immunology is clearly seen as it provides models for the studies of the signals that control the diff erentiation and function of cells, defi nes the processes that remodel and repair the tissues of the body, stands at the forefront of gene therapy, provides the Dr. David Hurley backbone of Vaccinology, stands as a pillar in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis, and provides the foundation of mod- Our laboratory is applying basic fi ndings in ern diagnostic tests and environmental monitoring tools. immunology to the problems of food animal veterinarians and producers in the fi eld. We Immunology is practiced as both a basic and applied science in are working to better understand how, why, the context of veterinary medicine. Th e health and wellbeing of and under which conditions vaccines work animals from the womb to old age are impacted by the develop- and fail, then using that knowledge to make ment and function of their immune systems. Within the context better components for vaccine construction, of veterinary medicine, we study immunology in a broad com- to understand how immunity develops in the fi rst weeks after birth and to modify vaccines parative fashion. For animals primarily used to produce food and for use in mothers and newborns to improve fi ber, we use our knowledge of immunology of each species to immune development. We are also addressing attempt to control the ecology of disease within the production the consequences of management problems setting. We attempt to produce effi cient vaccines that protect in the control and spread of disease in herds. herds against the spread of disease among animals, and strive to develop tools to protect individuals from infection. For compan- Our group applies a wide variety of methods, ion animals, we attempt to provide vaccines that develop a zone from the most classical serology to modern of protection around their relationship with their human com- gene based studies, to attack these problems. panions and other animals they encounter. We also attempt to We represent a meeting of the minds. Our use the specifi city of the immune response to safeguard our food composite training provides us expertise in microbiology, virology, immunology, nutrition, supply and trace potential contaminants in the environment. molecular biology - genomics, biochemistry, animal science, and veterinary medicine. Our Within our College, we have a Georgia Research Alliance eminent collaborative structure facilitates movement scholar in animal Vaccinology, Dr. Ralph Tripp. His laboratory of problems to the laboratory and applica- and collaborators study the basic aspects of immunology and the tions to the fi eld. It is a wonderful marriage. vaccine process. Th ey provide leadership for the application of ([email protected]) technology to new and better vaccines. We also have scientists in the Food Animal Health and Management Program working on applied immunological problems facing the production of cattle and swine. Similar studies in poultry are being conducted at the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center. Both groups are work- ing on vaccines and the conditions in animals that enhance or inhibit their function to provide a stronger economic base for ag- riculture. We also have people working in applied immunology to help safeguard the health of the animals we chose to share our homes and lives with. Th is includes the immunological aspects of diseases of horses, dogs and cats. Others work on monitoring Fluorescence polarization spectrometer disease and management of the threat of diseases like rabies to humans in wildlife populations. 12

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Identifi cation of a novel granzyme from Tilapia. to induce target cell death. It can be hypothesized that, like their mammalian counterparts, exothermic animals Th e Economic Research Service of the USDA lists aqua- also acquired multiple granzyme molecules by muta- culture production as the fastest growing segment in U. tional changes to an ancestral protease with trypsin-like S. agriculture. While catfi sh production still accounts activity. Th e research outlined will shed light into the for the largest sector in the aquaculture industry of the mechanisms of defense of aquatic animal species against United States, tilapia has surpassed trout to become sec- foreign invaders. ond. Pressures to increase fi sh production have given rise PI: Dr. Liliana Jaso-Friedmann ([email protected]) to problems in sustainability and the greatest monetary loss in the industry is due to infections. Whereas immu- Evidence for a role of maternal vaccination with killed nological intervention in the form of vaccination could viral vaccines in the development of neonatal protec- prevent many of these diseases, the development of ef- tive immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory fective vaccines necessitates a detailed knowledge of the viruses immune system. Elucidation of the immune pathways necessary to maintain healthy stocks would undoubt- Based upon the literature, we feel that maternal vaccina- edly assist the industry in raising their profi tability and tion with a killed vaccine can “prime” the development relative competitiveness. Th e economic impact that such of neonatal protective immunity to gastrointestinal and knowledge would have in the aquaculture industry pro- respiratory viruses and therefore be used as a production vides, in and of itself, very strong support for the study management tool. of teleost immunology. Th e long-range goal of the re- search in my laboratory is to understand the functional We will test this hypothesis by attempting to demon- components of nonspecifi c cytotoxic cells (NCC) as strate the transfer of specifi c antibodies and cellular re- sentinels of innate immunity in fi sh. Cytotoxic cells of sponses in calves against Rotavirus, Coronavirus, and the innate immune system (NCC) are the fi rst barrier of Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) virus due to maternal defense against viral infections, tumor growth and pro- vaccination induced immunity. Th is immunity is found tozoan parasites. One of the major pathways of target in maternal circulation and transferred in colostrum of cell killing by NCC requires granule exocytosis with the vaccinated cows. Further, we want to demonstrate that release of apoptosis-inducing enzymes called granzymes. the transfer of antibody and cellular recall activity to In this pathway of killing, the lack of requirement for calves enhances calf response to subsequent vaccination death receptors on target cells suggests that it may have a with killed vaccines early (day 2-4 rota and corona and predominant role in target cell lysis. We hypothesize that day 10 for BVDV) in life. teleost granzymes are a major component in the killing Cows will be selected and vaccinated using the follow- of virus infected cells by CTL and NCC in tilapia. Th e ing protocol: following specifi c aims were proposed to test this hy- * cows will be pregnant and within 45-60 days of calv- pothesis: First, the granzyme identifi ed in tilapia NCC ing as determined by palpation and divided into two will be cloned and sequenced. Second, the recombinant groups, vaccinated and unvaccinated tilapia granzyme will be expressed and its specifi c activ- * cows will be vaccinated twice prior to calving to follow ity detected. Th e goal of this research is to gain more accepted practice in the fi eld with a vaccine containing information about this important eff ector of innate and Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Eschericia coli, Clostridium per- adaptive immunity in tilapia. Th e results obtained with fringens Type C, and killed BVD. the tilapia granzyme from non-specifi c cytotoxic cells has revealed the fi rst evidence for a parallel evolution of Th ese cows will be bled prior to vaccination to get a pre- cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Th e recombinant tilapia gran- vaccination serum neutralization (SN), enzyme-linked zyme had a chymase-like activity, similar to granzyme H immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cell response titers. in humans. Comparison of tilapia granzyme with other Th is data will be utilized in grouping as to treatment fi sh granzymes suggests that fi sh cytotoxic cells do have and control groups. granzyme A/K as well as granzyme B/H like molecules PI: Dr. Douglas Ensley ([email protected]) 13

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Virology

Viruses are extremely small particles, about one-millionth of an inch in diameter, that can only be seen with high power micro- scopes (electron microscopes). Th ey vary widely in shape and makeup but essentially are composed of an outer protein shell, sometimes encapsulated in a membrane, surrounding a nucleic acid center of either RNA or DNA. Viruses cannot survive by themselves, they need a ‘host cell’ (bacteria, plant, or animal) to reproduce. When viruses attach to and enter a host cell, they Dr. Mark Jackwood hijack the cell machinery and, using the information contained The American Association of Avian Pathologists, in the nucleic acid, the cell is forced to reproduce the virus. a national scientifi c organization interested in Eventually the cell dies but not before producing many new vi- poultry health, continues to list avian infectious rus particles that go on to infect other cells or other organisms. bronchitis as the number one research priority for commercial poultry because that disease costs the U.S. poultry industry millions of dollars Viruses are an important concern in veterinary medicine be- annually. Avian infectious bronchitis, an upper- cause they are highly infectious and can cause many diff erent respiratory disease in chickens, is world-wide in diseases depending on the animal and type of host cell aff ected. distribution because it is highly contagious. It is Some viruses infect cells in the respiratory tract and cause dis- extremely diffi cult to control because different eases like the common cold or infl uenza. Other viruses infect types of the virus causing the disease, do not cross-protect. Different types of infectious bron- cells in the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea. Still other chitis virus (IBV) include multiple serotypes and viruses infect cells in the liver causing hepatitis and so on. Some variants of the virus, which arise due to muta- viruses have even been linked to cancer. tions and recombination events during replica- tion. Compounding this situation is the ability of IBV, which is a coronavirus, to rapidly change and Th e economic impact of viral diseases in livestock and poultry adapt to the host. Currently, the best strategy for is enormous, and Veterinarians are constantly looking for new control of this disease is the use of modifi ed live and better prevention and control methods. Developing new IBV vaccines. and improved vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostic tests are essential because viruses, by nature, readily adapt and change There are two main areas of IBV research being conduced at the Poultry Diagnostic and Research to cause disease in the host. In the College of Veterinary Medi- Center. First, research leading to less expensive cine at the University of Georgia, scientists are conducting re- and more rapid diagnostic tests that detect the search on all aspects of economically important viral diseases in specifi c type of IBV as well as serotype specifi c animals. At the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center in the antibodies in convalescent sera is being con- ducted. Second, research on the mechanisms of College of Veterinary Medicine, scientists focus on economi- pathogenicity and factors governing virulence cally important diseases that aff ect commercial poultry. For the that lead to safe and effi cacious vaccines for IBV last 20 years, Georgia has led the Nation in poultry production, is being pursued. and although there are many reasons for this success, one of the most critical is the successful diagnosis, prevention, and control The rapid emergence of severe acute respira- tory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has of viral diseases. stimulated new interest in IBV. Sequence analysis of SARS-CoV has shown parallel gene order Advancements in the Isolation, Characterization, and Control and protein sequence similarities to IBV. And, of Avian Viruses although the origin of SARS-CoV has yet to be determined, the similarities to IBV cannot be ignored. The potential of IBV to serve as a genetic Several avian viruses have been tested as vectors to deliver dif- reservoir for human coronaviruses makes basic ferent genes to immunize chickens against several diseases. Th e research on the genetic makeup of IBV extremely avian adeno-associated viruses (AAAV) can be safely used for important and urgently needed. in-ovo inoculation, and is a widely used procedure in the US (mjackwoo@vet,uga,edu) poultry industry. A plasmid-based system to generate recombi- nant AAAV coding for immunogenic proteins derived from 14

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Newcastle disease, avian infl uenza and infectious bursal disease viruses, is being developed and tested for protection studies in- vivo. Several strains of infectious bronchitis virus (mV) have been adapted to grow in diff erent systems in an attempt to de- crease their pathogenicity for the respiratory tract. One Arkan- sas serotype strain has been tested in chickens and found that it does still replicates in the upper respiratory tract of chickens, but induces signifi cantly less reaction than a commercial vaccine. PI: Dr. Pedro Villegas ([email protected]) Co-PI: John El-Attrache

Detection, Isolation, and Characterization of Avian Viruses (AV-280)

Th e mission of the diagnostic virology laboratory is to provide accurate and timely diagnostic virology services for the domestic and international poultry industry, improve detection and isola- Photo by Gwin Kerce tion methods for monitoring avian viruses and conduct applied Dr. Susan Williams research on current avian disease isolates from the fi eld. Th is past year, several rapid diagnostic tests based on molecular tech- Dr. Susan Williams research focus is on tumor causing viruses in poultry, primarily nology were developed and implemented. Turkey Coronavirus avian leukosis virus and reticuloendothe- (TCV) and Turkey Astrovirus (TAstV) are important turkey liosis virus. These are both retroviruses that enteric pathogens that are responsible for devastating fi nancial cause lymphosarcoma in older chickens loss in the turkey industry. Diagnostic tests for TCV was lim- often affecting production and feed conver- ited to indirect FA (indirect fl uorescent antibody) to detect se- sion. She also collaborates with research- roconversion and virus isolation in turkey embryos. For TAstV ers at the Poultry Diagnostic and Research identifi cation, virus isolation followed by electron microscopy Center (PDRC) and the Poultry Science was the only test available. Th e above mentioned tests are time Department on the main campus on various consuming and have limited detection ability. We developed an projects that affect the poultry industry in RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction) Georgia and in the United States. Dr. Wil- liams also provides diagnostic services in test in a multiplex format, to detect both of these important histopathology at PDRC and teaches avian turkey pathogens. Th e test is rapid, sensitive and specifi c and histopathology and environmental toxicol- can be used to directly test intestines/feces from turkeys. Cur- ogy to graduate students. rent Infectious Laryngotrachial Virus (ILTV) detection meth- ([email protected]) ods rely on the presence of diagnostic histopathologic lesions. In recent years, milder forms of ILTV have been identifi ed where few diagnostic lesions are observed, if any. We developed a PCR generated digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe to the gC and ICP4 genes of ILTV. Using ISH (in-situ hybridization) testing, we are able to detect low virus loads in tissues infected with labora- tory strains of ILTV. We are currently evaluating fi eld tissues. Reoviruses play a role in numerous diseases of chickens and tur- keys. Th ey are a diverse group of viruses. Th e primers we use can amplify the S3 gene from both chicken and turkey isolates. We developed this test to look at genotypic diff erences between chicken and turkey reoviruses. PI: Dr. Holly Sellers ([email protected]) Co-PI: E. Linneman 15

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Interactions between ALV subgroup J and IBDV in white It is important to monitor the genetic heterogeneity and leghorn chickens. mutation rates of IBV to prevent future outbreaks of the disease. In addition, sequence similarities with the newly Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a retrovirus of chickens that emerged SARS-CoV make it extremely important to study results in decreased production and can produce neopla- host reservoir, evolutionary origin and mutation rates for sia, mainly B-cell lymphoma. Subgroup J ALV infection coronaviruses. Submissions to the laboratory resulted in has been documented to cause myeloid leukosis in broiler viruses having the same serotype as vaccines that have been chickens, a diff erent disease than lymphoid leukosis typical- previously characterized. We are continuing to monitor ly produced by other subgroup ALV infections. Infectious the genetic heterogeneity of the IBV isolates circulating in bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression the fi eld. We are also examining several isolates of turkey by destroying the bursa of Fabricius where B-lymphocytes coronavirus (TCoV), which are very similar to IBV but reside, reducing humoral antibody response to any other cause enteric disease in turkeys. Sequence data of the spike disease. Previous research has shown that dual infections glycoprotein shows a hypervariable region that suggests of ALV subgroup A and IBDV infection resulted in higher diff erent serotypes of the virus may exist. We are currently viral shedding and longer seroconversion times. However, examining several diff erent isolates serologically. there was decreased tumor formation. Th is research was conducted to determine if ALV-J would react in the same Virus like particles (VLPs) lack genetic information and manner as ALV-A when a dual infection with IBDV was thus cannot replicate making them ideal vaccine candi- present. dates. We have demonstrated expression of the spike and envelope proteins in cell culture, but have not been able to Field reports of egg-laying chickens diagnosed with my- visualize IBV VLPs by electron microscopy. Unfortunately eloid leukosis have been published; however, previously more sensitive detection methods and ways to increase published experimental infection results indicate lymphoid expression of spike and envelope in cell culture were not leukosis can be the main tumor manifestation. Day-old within the budget of the project. experimental SPF white leghorn chickens were inoculated with either avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), infec- Viral infectious clones allow the synthesis of tailor made tious bursal disease virus (IDBV), both ALV-J and IBDV, viruses in the laboratory for use as vaccines. We cloned or uninoculated controls. At various time points, bio- the entire Mass 41 genome into 5 overlapping segments, logical samples were collected including whole blood and for development of an IBV infectious clone. We generated cloacal swabs, to determine viremia, antibody status and sequence data for each of the 5 cloned segments which ALV-J cloacal shedding. At 30 weeks of age birds were represents the entire Mass 41 viral genome (approximately euthanized by CO2 and examined for gross evidence of 28,000 bases). Appropriate restriction enzymes were iden- neoplasia. Tissue samples were collected from birds with tifi ed and one unsuccessful attempt was made to piece the gross evidence of tumors for histopathological examina- clones together. We are currently working to acquire fi nan- tion. Sample analysis is completed for 4 and 10 weeks of cial resources to continue this project. age and ongoing for 18 and 30 weeks of age. Histopatho- PI: Dr. Mark W. Jackwood ([email protected]) logical analysis is ongoing. Co-PIs: Deborah Hilt, Scott Callison, and Tye Boynton PI: Dr. Susan M. Williams ([email protected]) Co-PI: Dr. Holly S. Sellers

Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Characterization and Control

Th e long-range goal of this proposal is to control infectious bronchitis (IB) in commercial chickens. We propose to do this by monitoring IBV isolates circulating in the fi eld and by developing and testing recombinant vaccines against in- fectious bronchitis virus (IBV).

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Food and Animal Health

A summary of Food Animal Health and Management In addition, we have two additional projects targeting Program (FAHMP) related research activities. control of Johne’s disease just beginning. One project, involving Drs. Vandenplas, Okinaga, Hines, and Hurley, Since the FAHMP was initiated in 1999, a signifi cant will attempt to identify the form of specifi c genes related cluster of researchers has been established to attack prob- to resistance to Map infection. Th e project is based on lems facing livestock producers in Georgia. Th is group is observed cellular responses that occur in susceptible hu- made up of clinical veterinarians, outreach veterinarians, mans and have parallels in cattle. Cattle will be stimu- diagnosticians and laboratory researchers jointly seeking lated with Map, and then evaluated for their physiological to defi ne, validate and introduce new tools for enhancing response. Th e cattle should be sorted into two groups the health and productivity of livestock. In this sum- representing responders and non-responders. Th en, mary, the projects described have two common proper- specifi c genes controlling bacterial responses will be se- ties. First, they all involve an integrated approach based quenced from cattle from each group. Diff erences in the on collaboration among researchers with diff erent talents, gene sequences will allow us to make “probes” to identify and second, they have application in the fi eld as a central animals that are genetically resistant to Johne’s disease and goal. reduce or eliminate the impact of the disease on cattle production. Our second project, involving Drs. Hurley, Th e research program has focused on tools for cattle Donovan, Reber and Pence, will examine the eff ects of production as the core of many of the projects. Th ese maternal cellular immunity against Map transferred to include methods to reduce the impact of Johne’s disease, new born calves, and the impact of using fresh maternal respiratory viral and mycoplasmal disease, ways to assess or frozen colostrum on priming calves to be immune to the effi cacy of vaccines, and tools for monitoring the im- Map during their most susceptible period, the fi rst six pact of management practices on the health of cattle. months of life. Each of these projects is funded by the VMES, and each has just begun. We have three major thrusts in the area of Johne’s dis- ease. Th ese eff orts are a collaboration among Drs. Hines, Th is research cluster is also addressing methods to im- Hurley, Pence, Reber, Vandenplas, Okinaga and Donovan prove the effi cacy of vaccination. Currently, both the within the College of Veterinary Medicine. We are exam- consumer and regulatory agencies are pushing for removal ining a new approach to vaccination against Mycobacte- of antibiotics and chemical treatments as growth promot- rium avium ssp paratuberculosis (Map) based on the fun- ing agents. Th is means that the ecology of livestock and damental studies by Dr. Hines in developing a method their microbial environment must be controlled by other to produce membrane and cytoplasmic antigens for a means. A primary tool that enhances the environmen- vaccine without the highly cross-reactive cell wall compo- tal balance in favor of the food animal is vaccination. nents. Th is is important because cattle that test positive However, vaccination has many potential costs. First, an for TB skin tests are an economic problem to producers. investment in the vaccine itself must be justifi ed as part One objective of this research is to provide protection of the cost of production. Second, the duration of vac- against Map without triggering the TB skin test response cine immunity is often limited relative to the production in cattle. Drs. Hines and Pence are collaborating with cycle, adding cost in the form of booster doses. Finally, Drs. Hurley, Reber and Donovan to collect information there are costs associated with vaccine side eff ects, for that links protection against clinical disease with the example systemic infl ammation that causes animals to immune response induced by the vaccine. Th is data will go off feed or become susceptible to other environmental provide a basis for effi cient and economical methods to pathogens. Th erefore, we are attempting to improve assess larger numbers of animals in application trials if the vaccination for livestock in three ways. First, we are work- vaccine achieves its goals. We are currently starting the ing to fi nd less expensive and more accurate methods to second year of a two-year vaccine trial. demonstrate vaccine effi cacy. Second, we are working on tools to enhance and target the protection aff orded by vaccines. Finally, we are trying to develop “vaccine com-

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

ponents that do not have production robbing side eff ects often leads to metabolic diseases, one of the most com- such as a large systemic infl ammatory response. mon being rumenal acidosis. Our group, lead by Drs. Donovan and Hurley, in conjunction with Dr. Ely from Th e assessment of vaccine induced immunity and its the Department of Animal and Dairy Science and Drs. role in protection are being addressed by Drs. Hurley, Chase and Hippen of South Dakota State University, has Woolums, Reber, Donovan, Okinaga and Ensley in our addressed the impact of extracellular pH on infl ammatory group in conjunction with the vaccine industry. We are and immune function of bovine white blood cells under currently evaluating an integrated set of immunological funding from VMES. Th ese studies indicate that cur- methods for the assessment of vaccines. We are trying rent practices of feeding a diet high in grains often induce to understand the value of each test and the relation- acidosis that can reduce the eff ectiveness of the infl amma- ship of the immune responses measured by set of tests in tory and immune responses of cattle. Th is reduced im- the process of immune protection. Th ese studies were mune cell effi ciency, combined with the increased density supported by the Georgia Research Alliance and Me- and diversity of microbes in the internal environment of rial, Limited to assess bovine viral diarrhea virus immu- cattle, which are no longer fed antimicrobials, may well nity. We found that the relationships between diff erent be a recipe for a variety of health problems. Th is group is methods to measure vaccine immunity were complex and using the data from these initial trials to develop tools for that many assays that were assumed to measure the same assessment of management models to prevent the eff ects immunological pathway did not fully agree. Th is research of metabolic problems. indicates that when vaccine effi cacy is assessed, it is im- portant to run more than one assay of immune function Th e fi nal cluster of projects that we are addressing focuses whenever possible. on characterizing production problems facing Georgia producers. Th ese include: 1) assessment of Mycoplasma We are also working on ways to improve the function of as a problem of Georgia cattle going to Western feedlots, vaccines. A component of many vaccines is the adju- 2) characterization of an immune defect observed in a vant. Adjuvants are mixtures of components designed herd of Hereford cattle in Georgia, 3) assessment of the to enhance the immune responses and to direct what mechanisms of acute interstitial pneumonia, 4) eff ect compartment of the body the immunity will target. Our of components of colostrum on the development of the goals are: 1) to enhance systemic immunity that circulates capacity to mount an infl ammatory response in the new in the body, 2) to improve the protection of body surfaces born 5) an assessment of patterns of antibiotic resistance, where most pathogens enter the body, 3) to provide bal- 6) characterization of antiviral proteins for use in semen anced antibody and cellular immune responses to give the extenders, 7) analysis of the potential benefi t of intrama- broadest and longest lasting protection, and 4) to elimi- mmary therapy during the close up dry period on milk nate vaccine related side eff ects that add cost to produc- quality, and 8) the development of better facilities to be tion. We are working on several new adjuvants for food used for studies to assess improved methods to address animals. Th ese problems are being addressed by Drs. cattle production problems. Hurley, Reber, Donovan, Moore, and Woolums from our group and Drs. Albersheim and Carlson from the Com- Georgia cattle sent to Western feedlots have been anec- plex Carbohydrate Research Center on the UGA campus. dotally reported to have an increased rates of disease due Data acquired over the next year should yield the basis for to Mycoplasma bovis, as compared to cattle from other better vaccines for food animals. regions in the U.S. Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic pneumonia and joint infections, among other problems, Th e members of our group are also working to provide in feedlot cattle. Th e true prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis a scientifi c basis for the application of new management infection in Georgia cattle has never been systematically practices to supplant the use of feed grade antibiotics in evaluated. A group, headed by Drs.Woolums and Hurley production. Currently, cattle are fed extra grain, that of the Food Animal Health and Management Program provides a concentrated energy source to promote growth and Dr. Sanchez of the Athens Diagnostic laboratory, is in animals when they are eating a relatively small volume conducting a fi eld survey of Mycoplasma bovis in back- of feed. However, a combination of increased amounts grounding and stocker herds in Georgia. Additionally, of grain in the diet with physiological and social stress the impact of Mycoplasma bovis on bovine white blood

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ cell function will be assessed. Finally, management row. Finally, it appears that lactoferrin and CD14 may practices associated with the prevalence of Mycoplasma enhance the function of the cells already circulating in the bovis will be characterized on operations sampled. Th is neonate. Th e results of these studies should help us better research will provide the fi rst available description of defi ne “quality colostrum”. the distribution of Mycoplasma bovis in Georgia back- grounded and stocker cattle. Th ese studies have been Dr. Reeves in conjunction with Dr. Paula Fedorka-Cary supported by applied research funds from the FAHMP and Scott Ladely at USDA-ARS have examined the and the Terry Family Respiratory Disease Research Fund. epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance on farms with diff erent antimicrobial use strategies. One of the farms A herd of Hereford cattle in Georgia that would not used no antimicrobials (NAU), one used limited antimi- maintain appropriate antibody levels following vaccina- croibials (LU), and one used antimicrobials continuously tion was identifi ed in 2001. A group headed by Drs. (CU). At the time of sampling, the NAU farm had not Pence and Hurley has characterized an immunological used antimicrobials for 28 years. Resistence persisted defect in antibody production within this herd that helps on the NAU farm, particularly in Campylobacter and E. explain the observation. Th is abnormality may be com- coli. Salmonella was not isolated from the NAU farm. mon to many Hereford cattle. Th e group is currently Th is suggests that the removal of antimicrobics may attempting to demonstrate a common physiological basis have little impact on resistance persistence within given for this defect and to identify a genetic marker that could ecological environments. Th e two farms using antimicro- aid in identifi cation and removal of animals carrying this bics demonstrated very diff erent resistance characteristics, trait. Th ese studies have been funded by fi eld investiga- particularly in the Salmonella isolates. On the CU farm, tion funds from FAHMP. Salmonella derby was the most common isolate. It was resistant to more than one antimicrobial. Ribotyping and Dr. Woolums and collaborators from Colorado State PFGE suggested that this isolate was a clone. Further, University and West Texas A&M University have been this clone was the most common Salmonella isolate from studying the pathogenesis of acute interstitial pneumonia the farm. Th ese fi ndings suggest that selective pressures (AIP) in feedlot cattle under funding from the USDA. exist on the farm that select for this particular clone’s Acute interstitial pneumonia is a form of severe and usu- survival i.e., give it preference for persistence within the ally fatal pneumonia that aff ects cattle in feedlots, but the farm. From the LU farm, untypable Salmonella was the cause is unknown. Th e research carried out to date by the most common isolate. Ribotyping and PFGE suggest group indicates that bacterial respiratory pathogens are that this isolate was a clone as well. In contrast to the present in some of the cattle with AIP. Th e data indicates CU farm isolate, the LU farm isolate was sensitive to all that AIP may be caused by undetected bacterial infection antimicrobics tested. Th is suggests that, while diff erent in a subset of aff ected animals. However, it is likely that clones were present on the LU and CU farms, there were other factors cause the disease in cattle where no bacterial selective pressures present on both farms which gave pref- pathogens are identifi ed. erence to farm specifi c clones. Campylobacter isolates across the farms did not demonstrate this clonal relation- Many components that are important in the management ship suggesting that if resistant Campylobacter are to be of infl ammatory response and resistance to infection are eliminated from farms, very diff erent strategies may be found in high concentration in colostrum. A group, led needed when compared to Salmonella. Many questions by Drs. Barton, Donovan and Hurley, are investigat- remain about the eff ects of antimicrobial use on resistance ing the role of lactoferrin, CD14 and antibody on the prevalence on farms. However, if reduction in resistance function of white blood cells from the blood of newborn prevalence on farms is the ultimate goal, management calves and foals, prior to feeding colostrum. Th e fi nd- that selects for non-resistant microbe clones needs to be ings have been quite unexpected in some ways. First, defi ned. the function of many white blood cells is “damped” in newborns compared with adults. Second, it appears Transmission of viral disease in semen is a problem asoci- that interaction of these restricted white blood cells with ated with artifi cial insemination (AI) used in herd im- antibody leads to their removal by apoptosis to make provement. However, semen naturally contains proteins room for fully functional cells recruited from bone mar- that can inhibit viral proliferation. A team lead by Drs.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Okinaga, Reeves and Hurley have been studying these Establishment of a research herd for assessment of vac- proteins and characterizing their ability to suppress the cine and management programs in Georgia. binding and proliferation of viruses. Th ey plan to clone eff ective proteins and to develop a process for their addi- Proper facilities and systems for the evaluation of new tion to semen extenders as an added measure of protec- vaccine and management tools for use by Georgia pro- tion against undetectable levels of virus in the semen used ducers is of paramount importance to providing a transi- in AI. tion from chemical/antibiotic based production of cattle to newer methods that are more acceptable to consumers Milk quality is one of the top economic concerns of the of meat and milk. We have set in motion a program dairy industry. Maintaining low somatic cell counts is to modernize and better equip the Rose Creek Farm in particularly diffi cult in the Southeast where frequent Watkinsville, GA to allow us to conduct controlled trials rainfall and heat stress contribute to higher pathogen that support these ends. Th e facilities improvements exposures and lower immunity. Dr. Cole is working with include the construction of a working facility under roof, a team lead by Dr. Graves in Animal and Dairy Science which will allow the collection of samples in the event of to evaluate the eff ectiveness of prepartum intramammary inclement weather. Th e fence housing research animals therapy to prevent intramammary infection and reduce was upgraded to reduce the risk of injury to researchers somatic cell counts. Th is work is a fi eld project sponsored and animals. Th ese upgrades will allow for better animal by Fort Dodge Animal Health. fl ow and provide a consistent research environment for future projects. To address the current and future needs of Georgia Further, we have also place new practices in place to im- producers, the CVM must be equipped and prepared to prove our movement toward GCP/GLP practices on the do well-designed and productive applied research stud- farm. Th ey include: ies. Under the leadership of Drs. Ensley, Reeves and Improved record keeping Hurley the VMES is optimizing the infrastructure of the Consistent preventive health practices Rose Creek Farm to maximize our fl exibility to conduct Beef Quality Assurance applied research and testing. Th e addition of a more fl exible fence line backbone and modifi cations to improve Without proper research facilities the producers of utilization of the buildings on the site have improved the Georgia are at a signifi cant disadvantage to those of ability of researchers in the FAHMP group to conduct other states. Our long-term goal is to develop a facility important food animal trials at the site. and program that will allow us to work with the feed, pharmaceutical, biologicals and probiotic industries to establish best practices for the producers in Georgia with respect to sustainable biological control of disease and predictable input costs of production without the use of antibiotics or chemical undesirable to the consumer. Th e goals of our current program include: 1) providing environmental control for animals studies, 2) establishing a set of SOP guidelines for animal studies, sampling and treatment at the facility, and 3) assuring full biosecurity relative to the studies conducted on the farm. PI: Dr. Douglas Ensley ([email protected]) Co-PIs: David J. Hurley, Douglas C. Donovan, Adrian J. Reber, Amelia R. Woolums

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Diagnostics

Th e College of Veterinary Medicine off ers diagnostic services to veterinarians and animal owners throughout Georgia, through the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory the Tifton Diag- nostic and Investigational Laboratory and the Poultry Diag- nostic and Research Center. Complete diagnostic capabilities including necropsy examination histopathology, toxicology, iso- lation and identifi cation of bacteria, viruses and fungi, serology, and parasite identifi cation are available to aid in disease diagno- sis. Th ese laboratories also are utilized by Georgia to provide surveillance support for control programs on specifi c diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), pseudora- bies, West Nile virus infection, equine infectious anemia (EIA), Newcastle disease, and Avian Infl uenza. All segments of the livestock industry utilize the laboratories to help improve the health and safety of their animals.

Investigation of Natural Disease Outbreaks - AV-030

Th e Diagnostic Services/Teaching Laboratory of the Poultry Dr. Susan Sanchez Diagnostic and Research Center received 5851 clinical case ac- Dr. Sanchez serves as the director of the mi- cessions during this reporting period. Th e major activity of this crobiology section for the Athens Veterinary project is to provide clinical diagnostic support for the commer- Diagnostic Laboratory. In this role she is actively cial poultry industry of Georgia. Th is is accomplished through engaged in supporting the State’s veterinary the application of fi eld investigation acquisition of fl ock and practitioners and livestock and poultry pro- ducers. Alongside traditional bacteriology farm histories, application of analytical, microbiological, histo- techniques, her laboratory has implemented pathological testing using classical and molecular methods. Ac- the widespread use of molecular tools for tivity is summarized in a typical case approach and a numerical diagnosing bacterial infections. Additionally, summary of lab activity. An example of clinical investigations Dr. Sanchez has a productive research program which signifi cantly complements her diagnostic includes investigation of vaccine reactions causing increased activities. She involves undergraduate, profes- condemnations at processing using serology, histopathology and sional and graduate students as collaborators molecular detection of disease agents. Another scenario might in these activities. Dr. Sanchez’s role as student include investigation of early chick mortality which might in- mentor has been recognized with the Center clude bacteriological and mycological cultures. And another for Undergraduate Research Opportunities Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Re- might included ‘investigation of condemnations at processing search Mentoring. Her research focuses on the through histopathological and molecular agent detection pro- resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and how this tocols for assessment of the presence of infectious agents. Th e resistance is selected for by the use of antibiot- professional staff and students often investigate more chronic ics. Her research also looks at how this resis- tance to antibiotics spreads between bacteria, problems on farms within the region. Th ese are typically multi- how the bacteria move in the environment and faceted problems that take a more long term approach. Many how these bacteria are shared by animals and times these are assigned as a student project under direct su- humans. This research is currently funded by a pervision of an experienced clinician. Th ese investigations bring grant from NIH. Another area of work that her recommendations and changes in vaccination programs and laboratory is known for is the investigation of veterinary hospital-acquired infections and their management practices which frequently allow that grower to be- control. Dr. Sanchez is also currently involved come competitive again. Th e polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in studying the role of Staphylococcus aureus technique has permitted generation of more useful and timely super-antigens in animal disease. This work has information often in hours rather than days or weeks than clas- led to the description of toxic shock syndrome in horses caused by S. aureus. sical diagnostic techniques for infectious bronchitis and Myco- ([email protected]) plasmas. REV, Newcastle disease, Avian leukosis A, Salmonella 21

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

serotyping, Avian adenovirus, and Avian pneumovirus (through a cooperating lab) PCRs have been added to those for Avian leukosis virus-J, Infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and infec- tious bursal disease viruses have been placed on-line and pro- vide useful and very timely diagnostic information. Research continues and new PCR tests will be applied to diagnostics as applications are developed. Time continues to be spent help- ing poultry companies implement and maintain HACCP plans, standards and compliance. Th ese plans help poultry companies maintain compliance with government standards for control of food-borne microbes hazardous to consumers of processed poultry. More time will be spent in the future and more research eff ort continues to be made in the area of food safety. Th e Di- agnostic Services/Teaching Laboratory has implemented direct email and fax of lab reports without the need for hard copy. Weare investigating the use of the world-wide web for deliver- Dr. Stephan Thayer ing lab data especially to clinical veterinarians that spend a lot of time on the road. Laboratory activity is represented by 5,851 Dr. Steven Thayer is Senior Public Service Associate accessions, 34,445 bacterial procedures, 170 antimicrobial sus- in charge of the Diagnostic Services and Teaching ceptibilities, 75,408 ELISA tests, 31,099 IBV-HI tests, 1,343 Laboratory which provides diagnostic support to the commercial poultry industry of Georgia as well as diagnostic PCR tests, and 2,606 necropsies. to clients of the United States, Canada, Central and South America, South Africa, Europe and Asia. The FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY2004 lab maintains complete identifi cation and suscep- Accessions 6,361 6,294 5,355 5,851 tibility testing for bacteria and fungi. We perform Bacteriology 31,340 36,200 28,694 34,445 serological tests for the presence of antibodies to Serology 105,062 194,521 48,486 106,507 disease agents which are detected in the form of PCR 2,063 3,033 2,038 1,343 antibodies which can be produced in advance of Histopathology cases 1197 1480 1,946 2,323 overt disease. Histopathological services which offer Clinical Income $339,678 $487,354 $419,904 $376,604 the ability to see the effects of disease in tissues are important in the diagnosis of disease in commercial poultry. The diagnostic virology lab offers numerous PI: Dr. Stephan G. Th ayer ([email protected]) conventional virus isolation capabilities in addition Co-PIs: Kleven, S., Brown, T., Collett, S., Garcia, M., to molecular techniques which can detect the pres- Glisson, J., Hofacre, C., Jackwood, M., Maurer, J., Sellers, H., ence of viruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This is an amplifi cation procedure that makes many Vezey, S., Villegas, P., Williams, S., Zavala, G. copies of DNA or RNA which can then be visualized. Most PCR’s can be performed in a matter of hours instead of days required by isolation methods. There is a newer PCR called the real-time PCR which elimi- nates one of the steps in a standard PCR permitting results in less than 1 hour. Molecular techniques are revolutionizing diagnostics often yielding highly specifi c results in far less time than conventional methods. PCR techniques are also applied to Myco- plasma, fungi and bacteria allowing the investiga- tor to identify organisms, toxins, and even genetic sequences within that are responsible for the minute to major difference between pathogenic organisms. ([email protected])

22

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Biomedical Sciences

Biomedical research represents an important area of health care in which veterinarians are uniquely positioned to make signifi - cant contributions to improving the well-being of both human beings and animals. By studying naturally-occurring animal models of human diseases, biomedical researchers (including veterinarians) have gained insights that have been valuable for understanding the corresponding human conditions. Animal models have been used to investigate cancerous, degenerative, and infectious processes and this work has provided valuable information regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of hu- man diseases. For example, the most common treatment for men with prostate cancer, androgen-deprivation therapy, was instituted in the 1940’s by Charles Huggins, MD, after observ- ing the marked decrease in size of the canine prostate gland that occurred following castration of adult male dogs.

In addition to naturally-occurring animal models, the past Dr. Bruce LeRoy decade has seen an explosion in the number and usefulness of genetically-modifi ed rodents. By using molecular techniques, Despite the advances made in early detection and treatment, prostate cancer remains a signifi cant cause of these animals allow us to evaluate the eff ects of single-gene de- cancer-related death and illness. Prostate cancer is the letion or overexpression and greatly enhance our understanding most common non-skin cancer in men. The American of the complex molecular signaling pathways that are deranged Cancer Society projects over 230,000 new cases in 2004, with almost 30,000 men dying of prostate cancer in 2004. in diseases ranging from cancer to abnormal bone formation. To learn more about this important disease, research- ers have used the dog as a model system for studying As veterinarians, we are the ultimate animal biologists. Our diseases of the prostate gland for many years. Dogs are an excellent animal model for studying the prostate understanding of the normal anatomy, physiology, and bio- because dogs closely share our environment, and the chemistry of a variety of species allows us to maximize the anatomy and embryology of the dog prostate are very similar to those of the human gland. A signifi cant benefi ts of investigations concerning these model systems, advantage of the dog model over rodent prostate cancer whether naturally-occurring or as a result of genetic manipula- models is that the rodent prostate is composed of several tion. Th ese studies may hasten the development of translational fi nger-like lobes and is very different from the canine and human glands. research eventually leading to improved treatments for both hu- mans and animals. Recently, the National Cancer Institute has Dogs develop many prostatic diseases in common with announced an exciting initiative aimed at including naturally men, including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatic cancer. In fact, dogs are the only occurring cancers in pet animals into studies of cancer biology large mammals other than men to develop spontane- and drug development. Th e goal of this initiative will be to use ously-occurring prostate cancer with any regularity. An important similarity is that advanced or highly aggres- the data from clinical trials of pet animals with cancer to accel- sive prostate cancer in both men and dogs commonly erate the development of therapeutic agents for human cancer targets the bones of the pelvis and spine, resulting in patients. Based on collaborations such as this one, the part- painful, debilitating bone metastases. The prostate can- cer cells induce large amounts of new bone formation nership between veterinarians, physicians, and basic scientists at these metastases, the reasons for which are not clear. involved in biomedical research has a bright future! Our laboratory is using the dog model to investigate the role of molecules such as parathyroid hormone-related protein and endothelins in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer metastases-stimulated new bone formation. Investigations using the canine model of prostate cancer may help guide the development of new treatments to prevent or reduce the occurrence of this devastating complication. ([email protected])

23

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Functional and Histochemical/Immunohistochemical relative distributions of NADH oxidase, NO synthase, Analyses of Bovine Laminar Arteries NADPH diaphorase and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) in vascular and neuronal tissue. For example, NADH Lameness is a debilitating condition in cattle and has a oxidase was present in certain nerves as well as smooth great economic impact on the dairy and beef industries. muscle and endothelium of arteries and veins, whereas Laminitis, NO synthase was present in the vascular endothelium but the major cause of bovine lameness, is a multi-factorial not muscle of arteries and veins. Little immunostaining disease involving dysfunction of the laminar microcircula- for nitrotyrosine or tumor necrosis-a was present in arter- tion. A major barrier to understanding the mechanisms ies, veins or nerves. Which is consistent with there being underlying bovine laminitis is the lack of functional stud- little infl ammation and oxidative stress in these tissues ies on the laminar microcirculation. Aci from “normal” cows”. dosis is a major precipitating factor of bovine laminitis and is associated with increased blood concentrations of We recently submitted a proposal to the USDA, which L-lactate. was entitled (Functional, Histochemical and Immu- nohistochemical Analyses of Bovine Laminar Arteries, Th e hypotheses driving this VMES project are that (1) $257,730). Th is proposal set forward our hypotheses high levels of L-lactate generate reactive oxygen species that high levels of L-lactate in bovines generate reactive via the activation of lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxygen species via the activation of lactate dehydrogenase oxidase, and (2) dietary pyruvate or administration of and NADH oxidase, and (2) dietary pyruvate or selective selective NADH oxidase inhibitors may be eff ective strat- NADH oxidase inhibitors may prevent and/or ameliorate egies to prevent and/or ameliorate bovine laminitis. Th e bovine laminitis. Th e project was well received, however, objective of this project is to provide preliminary data to preliminary studies on the eff ects of lactate on bovine support the above hypotheses. laminar artery function were suggested to solidify these compelling and novel ideas. We believe that the studies Aim 1: Th e studies under Aim 1 examined the roles funded by the VMES project have provided us with all of the above enzymes in mediating L-lactate-induced of the background necessary to obtain funding from the changes in vascular function in bovine laminar arter- USDA. ies. Th e key fi ndings were that lactate had pronounced PI: Dr. Stephen J. Lewis ([email protected]) pH-dependent and pH-independent eff ects on function/ Co-PIs: Jonathan E. Graves, Ph.D., Wendy E. Harrison, activity of G protein-coupled receptors (and their intra- B.vet.Med., Ph.D. cellular signaling cascades) that mediate vasoconstriction in endothelium-intact small laminar arteries including, Th e role of acidosis in the pathogenesis of infectious and a1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors. Moreover, lactate vascular diseases of cattle. had pronounced pH-dependent and pH-independent eff ects on the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels. Acidic pH has an eff ect on both humoral and cellular Taken together, the results support the concept that lac- immunity. Th e objective of this experiment was to tate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase may play a vital determine the eff ects of extracellular pH on phagocytosis, role in altering the vasoactivity of small bovine laminar and on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reac- arteries. tive oxygen species (ROS) by bovine leukocytes. Sixty milliliters of blood was obtained by jugular venipuncture Aim2: Little is known about the distribution of key en- from cows at least 250 days in milk with an average body zymes such as NADH oxidase and nitric oxide (NO) syn- condition score of 3.2 for use in ROS (n = 10), phagocy- thase and markers of oxidative stress such as nitrotyrosine, tosis (n= 12), and NO (n = 4) assays. One medium used in bovine microvessels. Th e studies under aim 2 obtained in these studies was composed of Phosphate Buff er Saline, morphological, histochemical/immunohistochemical with the addition of 0.5% Bovine Serum Albumin and 5 information on the presence and distribution of these mM Glucose (PBG). PBG was aliquoted, and individual proteins in bovine laminar arteries and veins. Our studies samples adjusted to pH 6.0, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0 with determined the basic architecture of the laminar microcir- HCl or NaOH. PBG medium containing 3x106 total culation and neural networks and have demonstrated the leukocytes per ml was used for measurement of ROS and

24

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ phagocytosis. ROS was assessed in quadruplicate (100ml pathogenesis of bacterial and viral disease, and impact of cells in 96 well plates) after stimulation with 10-6, 10- the partitioning of nutrients in cattle. Th e long-term 7, 10-8, and 10-9 M phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for goal is to use this data to design better vaccine methods 1 hr by measuring the conversion of dihydrorhodamine and practices, better feeding practices and monitoring 123 to its fl uorescent form by comparison with PBG con- systems, and to allow for design of better utilization of trols. Phagocytosis was assessed by incubation of 200ml “probiotic” organisms to establish and maintain a desired of cells with commercial bodipy labeled S. aureus or E. ecological balance within cattle during production. coli particles for 1 hr. Th e number of bacteria associated PI: Dr. David J. Hurely, ([email protected]) with the leukocytes was evaluated by fl ow cytometry. Co-PIs: Douglas Donovan, Robert Parks, Tats Okinaga, Minimal Essential Medium with addition of 10% Fetal Chandler Collar, Jon Graves, Wendy Harrison and Adrian Bovine Serum, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 2 mM sodium Reber. Collaborators – Christopher Chase and Arnold Hip- pyruvate and 50 µg/ml of Gentamycin sulfate (MEMG) pen (South Dakota State University) was aliquoted and individual samples adjusted to pH 6.0, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0 with HCl or NaOH for use in the experiments. One hundred microliters of MEMG, after Canine prostate tissue: Bone induction in vivo and in adjustment to the desired pH, was added to quadrupli- vitro diagnosis. cate wells with 6 x 105 mononuclear cells. To induce nitric oxide, 10 µl of 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml, Prostate cancer is a common cause of cancer-related death or 0.1 µg/ml E. coli 055 LPS was added to each well. in western populations. Dogs are a commonly used mod- Supernatants were removed after sixty hours of incuba- el for studying prostatic diseases and are a good model tion and nitric oxide production was evaluated using the for studying prostate cancer. Th is is because, among other Greiss reaction. Data were analyzed by mixed procedures factors, they share a similar environment with humans of SAS 8.2 (2002). It was determined that pH (P < 0.01) and are the only large mammals that develop spontane- greatly eff ected the production of ROS, and acidic pH ous prostatic carcinoma with any regularity. Also similar decreased (P = 0.031) the production of ROS relative to humans, dogs with late-stage prostate cancer com- to alkaline conditions. When phagocytosis of multiple monly develop bone metastases, especially in the lumbar E. coli or S. aureus particles showed a tendency toward vertebrae and pelvis. Th e bone metastases of prostate increased phagocytosis under acidic medium pH relative cancer are unique in that they induce marked new bone to basic pH conditions. Alkaline conditions appeared to formation, so-called ‘osteoblastic’ metastases. Th e factors favor nitric oxide production over acidic conditions (P < responsible for the new bone formation of prostate cancer 0.05). Acidosis appears to hinder the functions of innate metastases are not known. We have shown that normal immunity, which could result in a delayed response to dog prostate can stimulate new bone formation in mouse bacterial infections. In other studies, lymphocyte recall calvaria. We will now investigate the eff ects on bone mor- response to antigen and circulating virus neutralizing phology by normal dog prostate tissue implanted into the antibody titers were diminished in acidotic animals. tibias of rats. Microscopic characterization of the eff ects of the prostate tissue on trabecular bone formation will Th is project is expected to provide data necessary for the provide useful information regarding the mechanisms of development of predictive models allowing the evaluation epithelial cell-stimulated bone formation and lysis. Ad- of novel and innovative management methods to be used ditionally, to identify the importance of specifi c factors in to remove antibiotics and hormone implants from the prostate-stimulated bone formation and/or destruction, production of cattle for food and milk. Th ese studies will in vivo models of bone formation (osteoblast cultures allow for assessment of the infl ammatory and immune and calvarial explant tissue cultures) will be established. consequences of management tools used to work with the We will then measure the eff ects that antagonism of ecology of cattle and their environment, and to provide a three candidate molecules (parathyroid hormone-related way to assess the economic impact of changes in feeding protein [PTHrP], platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF], practices, stress and biological control of microbial stimu- and endothelin-1) has on prostate-stimulated osteoblast lus in the internal environment of the cow. Th e immedi- activation (as determined by alkaline phosphatase activity ate outcome of these studies is a better understanding of and histology). the impact of changes in extracellular pH that alter the PI: Dr. Bruce LeRoy ([email protected])

25

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Research Contracts & Grants

Baldwin, Charles. Diagnostic services relative to the control, diagnosis, treat Cole, Dana. Estimating the risk of human exposure and resultant spread of ment prevention, and eradication of livestock diseases 2004. Tifton highly pathogenic avian infl uenza. SECEBT - Southeastern Center Diagnostic Lab. Ga. Dept. of Agriculture. $1,962,928 for Emerging Biological Th reats. $24,952

Barton, Michelle. Culture of a species of Helicobacer from equine gastric Corn, Joseph. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free-ranging mucosa. Merial Limited. $0 birds and mammals on livestock premesis. USDA-APHIS. $119,665 Brown, Corrie. Veterinary curriculum and the future: Public health, food security and agroterror. FIPSE - U.S. Dept. Education. $78,360 Corn, Joseph. Exotic tick surveillance in the southeastern United States and Puerto Rico. USDA-APHIS. $200,000 Brown, Corrie. Emergency management of agricultural bio-terrorism training curriculum. GA Tech Research Institute. $58,880 Corn, Joseph. Distribution of pseudorabies virus and Brucella suis in feral swine. USDA-APHIS. $50,000 Brown, Corrie. Molecular pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus in cattle. USDA-ARS. $10,000 Dickerson, Harry. A research training experience for veterinary medical students. Merck Company Foundation. $20,000 Brown, Corrie. Research support 2004. USDA-Task Order. $33,600 Dickerson, Harry. Surveillance of Newcastle Disease virus in Georgia. Matched Brown, Corrie. Pathogenesis of Nipah virus in guinea pigs. NIH-National with GA Poultry Imp. Assoc. Funds. For PCR machine at GA Institutes of Health. $92,448 Poultry Lab. Georgia Research Alliance. $13,950

Brown, Corrie. Preparing veterinarians to deal with global issues in animal Ferguson, Duncan. Recombinant feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Immunoassay health, trade and food security. FIPSE - U.S. Dept. Education. validation and thyroid radiosensitizing agent. Morris Animal $58,530 Foundation. $43,975

Brown, Scott. Evaluation of antihypertensive agents in feline hypertensive renal Ferguson, Duncan. Development of a biologically based model for chemical failure. Urotensin-II antagonist study. Glaxo Smith Kline, Inc. mixture induced perturbations of the pituitary. Centers for Disease $141,701 Control. $33,148

Brown, Th omas. Septicemia/toxemia disposition of broilers: Increasing accuracy Ferguson, Duncan. Recombinant thyrotropin (TSH): Standard for the next within current regulations. U.S. Poultry and Egg Assoc. $32,346 generation of canine TSH immunoassays with improved sensitivity. AKC-American Kennel Club Foundation. $47,785 Budsberg, Steven. Evaluation of the COX-2 inhibitory eff ects of a novel COX inhibitor using an exploratory novel blood assay procedure. Novartis Fischer, John. USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services Disease Training. USDA- Animal Health. $29,705 APHIS. $125,000

Budsberg, Steven. In vivo protocol for testing eff ects of tepoxalin on whole Fischer, John. Cooperative Agreement for development and evaluation of data blood, gastric mucosal and osteoarthritic synovial fl uid prostaglandin relative to disease relationships that may simultaneously involve and leukotriene … Schering-Plough Animal Health. $95,033 wildlife, domestic livestock, & poultry. USDA-APHIS. $350,000

Carmichael, Paige. Training in clinical ophthalmology and pathology. Graduate Fischer, John. Investigation of and assistance with wildlife disease problems in Assistantship support for Dr. Shannon Boveland. Tuskegee Univ. the SE region of the U.S. U.S. Dept. of Interior. $231,500 $26,425 Fu, Zhen. Human antibodies for postexposure prophylaxis of rabies. Molecular Carmichael, Paige. Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID xenogenic CNS stem cell Targeting Tech., Inc. $231,104 therapy. Sanfi lippo Children’s Research Foundation. $56,923 Fu, Zhen. Developing avirulent rabies virus vaccines. NIH-National Institutes Coffi eld, Julie. Neuromuscular targets of botulinum toxin. NIH-National of Health. $88,320 Institutes of Health. $342,756 Fu, Zhen. Developing avirulent rabies virus vaccines. NIH-National Institutes Coffi eld, Julie. Identifi cation of botulinum toxin membrane targets. NIH/NI of Health. $253,400 AID. $291,804 Glisson, John. Surveillance for West Nile Virus Encephalitis (WNVE) and Cole, Dana. Using climate variability and weather to model human outbreaks other arboviral pathogens. GA Dept. of Human Resources. of Salmonella and Campylobacter and their environmental prevalence $32,000 in Georgia watershed . NOAA - Sea Grant. $126,424

26

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Glisson, John. UGA Foundation SA/Wildlife Treatment Fund. UGA Lewis, Stephen. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in equine laminar arteries. Gray Foundation. $1,985 son-Jockey Club Research Foundation. $27,000

Hernandez-Divers, Stephen. Single-dose intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics Lewis, Stephen. Vesicular stores of S-nitrosothiols in vascular endothelial cells. of meloxicam in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). American Heart Assoc. - National Center. $214,500 Boehringer Ingleheim. $5,845 Little, Susan. Infection dynamics of Ehrlichia chaff eensis. NIH-National Hines, Murray E. Effi cacy of spheroplastic whole cell vaccine for the prevention Institutes of Health. $101,098 of Johne’s disease. USDA-APHIS. $99,102 Mahaff ey, Edward. UGA Foundation - GA Cancer Research for Pets Fund. Hoenig, Margarethe. Eff ect of diet on fat and glucose metabolism in lean and UGA Foundation. $11,878 obese cats. Nestle Purina. $198,275 Mahaff ey, Edward. UGA Foundation - Emerging Diseases Res. Group. Hoenig, Margarethe. Pharmacokinetics and Eff ect of compound X in cats. UGARF - Univ. of GA Research Found. $6,458 Adenosine Th erapeutics. $9,989 Mahaff ey, Edward. UGA Foundation - Small Animal Medicine Fund. Hofacre, Charles. Research support. USDA. $19,258 UGARF- Univ. of GA Research Found. $11,000

Howerth, Elizabeth. Development of assays to detect IL-6 in white-tailed deer McCall, John. Furnish Brugia malayi adult worms and/or Brugia malayi infective infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Morris Animal larvae. NIH-National Institutes of Health. $130,365 Foundation. $11,826 Miller, Doris. Diagnostic services relative to the control, diagnosis, treatment Hurley, David. Alterations in leukocyte function during the onset of acute prevention, and eradication of livestock diseases 2004. Athens equine laminitis. American Quarter Horse Association. $42,885 Diagnostic Laboratory. GA Dept. of Agriculture. $1,226,750

Jackwood, Mark. Turkey poult enteritis vaccine development. U.S. Poultry and Moore, James. Improving the educational impact of 3-D animations of signal Egg Assoc. $54,050 transduction mechanisms with basic scientifi c modules (equine). USDA - Higher Ed. Challenge Grants. $99,996 Kaplan, Ray. Maintenance of gastrointestinal nematodes for in vitro drug effi cacy testing. Divergence, Inc. $21,728 Moore, James. Evaluation of phospholipid emulsion in horses (equine) administered endotoxin. Septicure, LLC. $71,335 Kaplan, Ray. Combination therapy to overcome anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomes of horses. Pfi zer Inc. $37,500 Moore, Julie. Microarray analysis of gene expression changes in placental trophoblast cells exposed to malarial parasites. UGA - Faculty Karls, Russell. Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor C and Research Grants. $4,500 identifi cation of Sig-C transcribed genes. American Lung Associa tion. $17,500 Moore, Julie. T-cell memory and protection against placental malaria. NIH- National Institutes of Health. $340,856 Kleven, Stanley. Development and validation of a rapid diagnostic test for Mycoplasmosis infectious bronchitis and Infectious Laryngotrache Murray, Th omas. Inhibition of endotoxin with adenosine receptor agonists. itis. USDA-ARS. $34,000 Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation. $36,670

Kleven, Stanley. Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine technology. Intervet, Inc. Murray, Th omas. Neurotoxins from marine algae and cyanobacteria. Oregon $95,572 State University. $129,936

Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $5,889 Murray, Th omas. Characterization of the A2A adenosine receptors as modulators of endotoxin-induced cytokine synthesis in horses. Adenosine Kleven, Stanley. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Newplex in ovo vaccine. Th erapeutics. $24,997 Embrex, Inc. $13,182 Murray, Th omas. Affi nity labels for opioid receptors. University of Kansas. Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $5,848 $67,588

Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $4,940 Murray, Th omas. Cellular activation induced by multivalent ligands. NIH- National Institutes of Health. $71,981 Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $587

27

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Research Contracts & Grants

Oliver, John E. Various Income funds. UGARF - Univ. of GA Research Ritchie, Branson. Preliminary evaluation of a novel adjuvant for the oral Found. $11,451 immunization of Koi using inactivated virus. JPD America LLC. $19,880 Oliver, John E. Various Income funds. UGARF - Univ. of GA Research Found. $321 Robertson, Th omas. Novel insights into Ca++ homeostasis in equine laminar arteries. USDA-NRI. $125,000 Palmarini, Massimo. Oncogenesis in retrovirus-induced lung cancer. NIH- National Institutes of Health. $331,840 Robertson, Th omas. Atypical regulation of vascular tone by protein kinase C. NIH-National Institutes of Health. $234,000 Palmarini, Massimo. Application of molecular biology and serology to understand the pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Sanchez, Susan. Ceftiofur use in cattle: a public health concern? NIH-Na Istituto Zooprofi latico Sprimentale A&M. $19,878 tional Institutes of Health. $147,200

Palmarini, Massimo. Application of molecular biology and serology to Sanderson, Sherry. Comparison of two dietary approaches to managing canine understand the pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary adenocarcinoma. chronic renal failure. Iams Company. $24,151 Istituto Zooprofi latico Sprimentale A&M. $858 Stallknecht, David. West Nile Virus surveillance in wild birds. GA Dept. Palmarini, Massimo. Distinguished Cancer Clinicians and Scientists Program. Natural Resources. $178,340 Georgia Cancer Coalition. $75,000 Stallknecht, David. Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and Palmarini, Massimo. Oncogenesis in retrovirus-induced lung cancer. NIH- sentinels of WN and SLE viruses in Georgia. Centers for Disease National Institutes of Health. $109,202 Control. $188,903

Pence, Melvin. Georgia Johne’s Disease demonstration herd project 2003. Stallknecht, David. Replication of west nile virus in avian macrophages: A USDA-APHIS. $55,402 predictor of species susceptibility? Morris Animal Foundation. $21,045 Peroni, John. Regional variation in endothelial control of equine pulmonary microvasculature. USDA-CSREES. $117,000 Varela, Andrea. Infection dynamics of Ehrlichia chaff eensis. NIH-National Institutes of Health. $101,098 Peroni, John. Role of oxidant stress in microvascular dysfunction in equine laminitis. Morris Animal Foundation. $54,316 Wagner, John J. Cocaine-induced metaplasticity in the hippocampus. NIDA- National Inst. Drug Abuse. $147,200 Prasse, Keith. Section 1433, Animal Health and Disease Research Funds. USDA-CSREES. $100,699 Wilson, Heather. Etiology, pathology,and control of an enterocolitis epornitic in a large commercial hamster population. Petsmart Charities Quinn, Fred. Mycobacterium shottsii: An emerging pathogen of fi sh and Foundation. $6,076 humans. Southeastern Center for Emerging Biologic Th reats. $42,350 Wilson, Heather. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Meloxicam in ring- necked parakeets. Boehringer Ingleheim. $7,041 Radlinsky, Mary. Evaluation of pharyngeal function in dogs with laryngeal paralysis prior to and after unilateral arytenoid lateralization. Wilson, Heather. Chemical castration of domestic pigeons via endoscopic in American Kennel Club. $11,950 tratesticular injection of zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine. UGA - Faculty Research Grants. $7,960 Reeves, David. Manage the Rogers State Prison Dairy Farm. GA Dept. of Corrections. $314,303 Zavalla, Guillermo. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of avian leukosis virus (ALV) contaminating poultry vaccines and development of a molecu- Reeves, David. Manage the Rogers State Prison Swine Unit. GA Dept. of lar-based assay for detection of ALV. U.S. Poultry and Egg Corrections. $73,660 Assoc. $46,402

Ritchie, Branson. Experimental induction of persistent KHV infection. Associated Koi Clubs. $10,000

Ritchie, Branson. Research associate in exotic/zoo infectious disease and pathol- ogy. Postgraduate program. Zoo Atlanta/Riverbanks Zoo. $13,000

28

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Administrators & Advisors

Th e University System of Georgia Board of Regents Offi cers and Staff Harry W. Dickerson Director Hugh A. Carter, Atlanta Joel O. Wooten, Jr. Veterinary Medical Experiment Station State-at-Large (2009) Chairman

Connie Carter, Macon J. Timothy Shelnut Veterinary Advisory Board Eighth District (2006) Vice Chairman John Callaway, President William H. Cleveland, Atlanta Th omas C. Meredith Georgia Cattlemen’s Association State-at-Large (2009) Chancellor Lee Myers, State Veterinarian Michael J. Coles, Kennesaw Margaret Taylor Georgia Department of Agriculture Sixth District (2008) Deputy to the Senior Vice Chancellors Bil Taff , Chairman Joe Frank Harris, Cartersville Daniel S. Papp Equine Advisory Board Eleventh District (2006) Senior Vice Chancellor Offi ce of Academics and Fiscal Aff airs Tom Th ompson, President Julie Ewing Hunt, Tifton Georgia Milk Producers Second District (2011) Frank A. Butler Vice Chancellor Steve Healy, President W. Mansfi eld Jennings, Jr., Hawkinsville Academics, Faculty and Student Aff airs Georgia Pork Producers Association First District (2010) Randall Th ursby John Bruno, President James R. Jolly, Dalton Vice Chancellor Georgia Poultry Federation Tenth District (2008) Information & Instructional Technology/CIO D. West Hamryka, President Donald M. Leebern, Jr., McDonough William Bowes Georgia Veterinary Medical Association State-at-Large (2005) Vice Chancellor Offi ce of Fiscal Aff airs Lee Izen, Past President Elridge W. McMillan, Atlanta Georgia Veterinary Medical Association Fifth District (2010) Th omas E. Daniel Senior Vice Chancellor Martin W. NeSmith, Claxton Offi ce of External Aff airs & Facilities Council to the Advisory Board Th ird District (2006) Linda M. Daniels Jim Collins Patrick S. Pittard, Atlanta Vice Chancellor Executive Vice President Ninth District (2008) Facilities Georgia Cattlemen’s Association

Doreen Stiles Poitevint, Bainbridge Corlis Cummings Melinda Dennis State-at-Large (2011) Senior Vice Chancellor Director, Equine Division Offi ce of Support Services Georgia Equine Advisory Board Wanda Yancey Rodwell, Stone Mountain Fourth District (2005) Wayne Dollar Th e University of Georgia University & College President J. Timothy Shelnut, Augusta Administrators Georgia Farm Bureau Twelfth District (2007) Michael F. Adams Charles Griffi n Allan Vigil, Morrow President Executive Secretary Th irteenth District (2010) Th e University of Georgia Georgia Pork Producers Association

Glenn S. White, Lawrenceville Arnett C. Mace, Jr. Abit Massey Seventh District (2005) Senior Vice President for Academic Aff airs and Executive Director Provost Georgia Poultry Association Joel O. Wooten, Jr., Columbus Th e University of Georgia State-at-Large (2006) James Scroggs Gordhan L. Patel Executive Director Vice President for Research and Associate Provost Georgia Poultry Lab Improvement Association, Inc. Th e University of Georgia M. Randy Clayton Keith W. Prasse Director Dean Georgia Sheep and Wool College of Veterinary Medicine

29

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Researchers

Adams, Jennifer, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Ferguson, Duncan C., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-6472 (706) 542-5864 Allen, Douglas, Jr., DVM, MS, Professor and Hospital Director, Large Animal Fischer, John R., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor and Director, Wildlife Disease Medicine, (706) 542-5558 Study, (706) 542-1741 Allen, Sheila W., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, and Flatland, Bente, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Associate Dean for Academic Aff airs, (706) 542-5728 (706) 542-2376 Aragon, Carlos, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Frank, Paul M., DVM, Dipl ACVR, Clinical Assistant Professor, Anatomy and (706) 542-6346 Radiology, (706) 542-8321 Aron, Dennis N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Fu, Zhen, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology (706) 542-7021 (706) 542-6387 Garcia, Maricarmen, PhD, Associate Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-565 Austel, Michaela, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Gieger, Tracy, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-6432 (706) 583-8189 Baldwin, Charles A., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor and Director, Tifton Glisson, John R., DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor and Head, Avian Medicine, Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340 (706) 542-1904 Barsanti, Jeanne A., DVM, MS, Professor and Head, Small Animal Medicine and Graves, Jonathan E., PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Physiology and Surgery, (706) 542-6385 Pharmacology, (706) 542-8315 Barton, Michelle H., DVM, PhD, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Greene, Craig E., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-8319 (706) 542-5602 Brown, Cathy A., VMD, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Associate Professor, Athens Diagnostic Gregory, Christopher, DVM, Associate Research Scientist, Small Animal Medicine Laboratory, (706) 542-5917 and Surgery, (706) 542-1267 Brown, Corrie C., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5842 Halper, Jaroslava, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5830 Brown, Scott A., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, Harmon, Barry G., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Pathology, (706) 542-5831 (706) 542-5857 Hernandez-Divers, Stephen, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Budsberg, Steven C., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-6378 (706) 542-6314 Hensel, Patrick, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Calvert, Clay A., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-9566 (706) 542-6375 Hines, Murray E., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, Carmichael, Karen P., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5834 (229) 386-3340 Chambers, Jonathan N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hoenig, Margarethe E., Dr.med.vet., PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-6313 (706) 542-5869 Chandler, Matthew, DVM, Clinical Resident, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Hofacre, Charles, L., MS, DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-9566 (706) 542-5653 Coffi eld, Julie A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, Hofmeister, Erik, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-0026 (706) 542-5979 Hollett, R. Bruce, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Cole, Dana, DVM, Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-0177 (706) 542-5508 Collett, Stephen, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine, (706)542-5084 Hondalus, Mary, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases (706)542-5793 Corn, Joseph, L., DVM, PhD, Public Service Assistant, Wildlife Disease Study, Howerth, Elizabeth W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5833 (706) 542-5707 Hurley, David, PhD, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6371 Cornell, Karen K., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Jackwood, Mark W., MS, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5475 Surgery, (706) 542-6379 Jain, Anant V., BS, MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate, Athens Diagnostic Cornelius, Larry M., DVM, PhD, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory, (706) 542-5919 (706) 542-3221 Jarrett, Carla L., DVM, MS, Lecturer, Anatomy and Radiology, (706) 542-5551 Crowell-Davis, Sharon L., DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVB, Professor, Anatomy and Jaso-Friedmann, Liliana, MS, PhD, Assosicate Professor, Infectious Diseases, Radiology, (706) 542-8343 (706) 542-2875 Davidson, William R., MS, PhD, Professor, Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-1741 Kaplan, Ray M., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases, Dickerson, Harry W., Jr., BVSC, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, and Director, (706) 542-5670 Veterinary Medicine Experiment Station, (706) 542-5734 Kemp, Douglas T., D. Pharm., Clinical Pharmacy Associate, Teaching Hospital, Dietrich, Ursula, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-5510 (706) 542-6380 Kent, Marc, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Dzimianski, Michael T., DVM, Research Associate, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-2752 (706) 542-8449 Kero, Kathy, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-6346 Edwards, Gaylen L., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, King, Christopher, DVM, DACLAM, Assistant Vice President for Research, (706) 542-5854 University Director of Animal Care & Use, Pathology, (706)542-5933 Eggleston, Randall, DVM, Clinical Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Kleven, Stanley H., DVM, PhD, Distinguished Research Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-6589 (706) 542-5644 Ensley, Doug, DVM, Asst. Prof., Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6320 Koenig, Amie, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Evans, Donald L., MS, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5796 (706) 542-6350 Fayrer-Hosken, Richard, BVSC, PhD, MRCVS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Krunkosky, Th omas M., DVM, MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomy and (706) 542-6451 Radiology, (706) 583-0543

30

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Latimer, Kenneth S., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5844 Roberts, Royce E., DVM, MS, Dipl ACVR, Professor and Head, Anatomy and Lee, Margie D., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5778 Radiology, (706) 542-8309 LeRoy, Bruce, PhD, Pathology, Assistant Professor, (706) 542-5847 Roberts, A. Wayne, BS, MS, Public Service Associate, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, Lewis, Stephen J., PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5906 (706) 542-5862 Robertson, Th omas P., PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Physiology and Li, Wan-I Oliver, DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-8315 Pharmacology, (706) 542-5853 Sanchez, Susan, BSC, MSc, PhD, MIBiol, Cbiol, Associate Professor, Athens Liggett, Alan D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 583-0518 (229) 386-3340 Sanderson, Sherry, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, Little, Susan E., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5870 (706) 542-8447 Selcer, Barbara A., DVM, Dipl ACVR, Professor, Anatomy and Radiology, Lowder, Michael Q., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-8305 (706) 542-6431 Sellers, Holly S., MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5647 Maurer, John J., PhD, Associate Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5071 Sharma, Raghubir P., DVM, PhD, Davison Chair Professor, Physiology and McCall, John W., PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-8449 Pharmacology, (706) 542-2788 McGraw, Royal A., MS, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, Smodlaka, Hrvoje, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomy and Radiology, (706) 542-0661 (706)542-8302 Mead, Danny, DVM, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Infectious Diseases, Stallknecht, David E., MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-8790 (706) 542-1741 Medleau, Linda, DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Stedman, Nancy L., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-6386 (706) 542-5921 Miller, Debra L., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, Styer, Eloise L., PhD, Public Service Associate, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340 (229) 386-3340 Miller, Doris M., BS, MS, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Professor and Director, Athens Supakorndej, Prasit, MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Infectious Diseases, Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5915 (706) 542-8449 Moore, James N., DVM, PhD, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-3325 Th ayer, Stephan G., MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate, Avian Medicine, Moore, Julie M., PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5789 (706) 542-5057 Moore, Phillip A., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Th ompson, Larry J., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-2377 (229) 386-3340 Mueller, P. O. Eric, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Trim, Cynthia M., BVSC, MRCVS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-7367 (706) 542-6318 Murray, Th omas F., PhD, Professor and Head, Physiology and Pharmacology, Tripp, Ralph, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-1557 (706) 542-3014 Uhl, Elizabeth, PhD, Pathology, Assistant Professor, (706) 583-0475 Mysore, Jagannatha, PhD, Pathology, Assistant Professor, (706) 542-5850 Vandenplas, Michel L., BSc, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Northrup, Nicole, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6389 (706) 542-7415 Villegas, Pedro, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5085 Okinaga, Tatsuyuki, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Large Animal Medicine, Wagner, John, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-6340 (706) 542-5855 Palmarini, Massimo, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases, White, Susan L., DVM, MS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6319 (706) 542-4784 Williams, Susan, PhD, Instructor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-1904 Parks, Andrew H., MA, Vet MB, MS, MRCVS, Professor and Head, Large Animal Williamson, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Medicine, (706) 542-6372 (706) 542-9323 Pence, Melvin E., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Wilson, Heather, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (912) 386-3340 (706) 542-6574 Peroni, John F., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine, Wooley, Richard E., DVM, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5825 (706) 542-9321 Woolums, Amelia R., DVM, MVSC, PhD, Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medi- Peterson, David S., PhD, Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5242 cine, (706) 542-9329 Prasse, Keith W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, and Dean, (706) 542-3461 Yoon, Jung Hae, BSc, MSc, Mphil, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Pathology, Quinn, Frederick, Professor and Head, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5790 (706) 542-5832 Radlinsky, MaryAnn, DVM, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Asst. Prof., Zavala, Guillermo, DVM, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-6369 (706) 542-1904 Rakich, Pauline M., DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Associate Professor, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5903 Rawlings, Clarence A., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-6317 Reeves, David, DVM, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9330 Ritchie, Branson W., DVM, MS, PhD, Research Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-6316 Roberts, Cherlyn, DVM, Lecturer, Anatomy and Radiology, (706) 542-8303

31

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Selected Publications

Aguilar, R.F., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Atlas de Me Barton, M.H, Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Body weight, hematologic dicina, Terapéutica y Patología de Animales Exóticos (Atlas of Medicine, fi ndings, and serum and plasma biochemical fi ndings of horses competing Th erapy and Pathology of Exotic Animals). Editorial Inter-Médica, in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and Buenos Aires, Argentina., (in press). weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 746-753, 2003.

Alanazi, F., Fu, Z.F., and D.R. Lu. Eff ective transfection of rabies DNA vaccine in Barton, M.H., Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Eff ects on plasma endotoxin cell culture using an artifi cial lipoprotein carrier system. Pharm. Res., (in and eicosanoid concentrations and serum cytokine activities in horses press). competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 754-761, 2003. Aldrich, J.V., Choi, H., and T.F. Murray. An affi nity label for delta-opioid receptors derived from [D-Ala2] deltorphin I. J. Pept. Res., 63(2):108-15, 2004. Barton, M.H., Parviainen, A., and N. Norton. Polymixin B protects horses against experimentally-induced endotoxemia in vivo. Eq.Vet. J., (accepted for Alvarado, I.R., Villegas, P., El Attrache, J., and T.P. Brown. Evaluation of the protec- publication). tion conferred by commercial vaccines against the California 99 (Nebraska 95) isolate of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis., 47:1298- Barton, M.H., Sharma, P., LeRoy, B.E., and E.W. Howerth. Hypercalcemia and in 1304, 2003. creased serum parathyroid hormone related protein in a horse with multiple myeloma. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., (accepted for publication). Alvarez, R., Jones, L.P., Seal, B., Kapczynski, D., and R.A.Tripp. Serological cross- reactivity among members of the Metapneumovirinae genus. Virus Res., Birrenkott, A.H., Wilde, S.B., Hains, J.J., Fischer, J.R., Murphy,T.M., Hope, C.P., 105:67-73, 2004. Parnell, P.G., and W.W. Bowerman. Establishing a food-chain linkage between aquatic plant material and avian vacuolar myelinopathy in mallard Arther, R.G., Bowman, D.D., McCall, J.W., Hansen, O., and D.R. Young. Feline ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). J. Wild. Dis., (in press). Advantage Heart™ (imidacloprid and moxidectin) topical solution as monthly treatment for prevention of heartworm infection (Dirofi laria Lupiani, B., Williams S.M., Silva, R.F., Hunt H.D., and A.M. Fadly. Pathogenicity immitis) and control of fl eas (Ctenocephalides felis) on cats. Parasitol. of Two Recombinant Avian Leukosis Viruses (ALV). Avian Dis., 47:425- Res., 90: S137-S139, 2003. 432, 2003.

Banda, A., Villegas, P., and J. El-Attrache. Molecular characterization of Infectious Bolin, C., Brown, C.C., and J. Rose. Emerging zoonotic diseases and water, in Bursal Disease Virus from commercial poultry in the United States Emerging Pathogens: Zoonosis and Waterborne Disease, World Health and Latin America. Avian Dis., 47:87-95, 2003. Organization., 2004. (in press).

Banda, A., and P. Villegas. Genetic Characterization of Very Virulent Infectious Brennan, C.L., Hoenig, M. and D.C. Ferguson. GLUT4 but not GLUT1 expression Bursal Disease Viruses (vvIBDV) from Latin America. Avian Dis., 3, decreases early in the development of feline obesity. Domest. Anim. 2004. Endocrinol., 26(4):291-301, 2004.

Barker, C.W., Zhang, W., Sanchez, S., Budsberg, S.C., Boudinot, F.D., and M.A. Brewer, L., Brown, C.C., Murtaugh, M.P., and M.K. Njenga. Transmission of Stevenson. Pharmacokinetics of imipenem in dogs. Amer. J. Vet. Res., encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to immunodefi cient mice by trans- 64:694-699, 2003. planting tissues from EMCV-infected pigs. Xenotransplantation, (in press). Barton, M.H., Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Body weight, hematologic fi ndings, and serum and plasma biochemical fi ndings of horses competing Brewer, L., LaRue, R., Hering, B., Brown, C., and M.K. Njenga. Transplanting en- in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and cephalomyocarditis virus-infected porcine islet cells reverses diabetes in weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 746-753, 2003 recipient mice, but also transmits the virus. Xenotransplantation 11:160- 170, 2004. Barton, M.H., Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Eff ects on plasma endotoxin and eicosanoid concentrations and serum cytokine activities in horses Brown, C.C. Vulnerabilities in agriculture. J. Vet. Med. Educat., 30:227-229, 2003. competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 754-761, 2003. Brown, C.C. Virchow revisited: Emerging zoonoses, ASM News, 69:493-497, 2003

Barton, M.H., Sharma, P., LeRoy, B.E., and E. Howerth. Hypercalcemia and Brown C.C. Emerging zoonotic bacterial and parasitic diseases. In: Wildlife Diseases, increased serum parathyroid hormone-related protein in a horse with Majumdar, S.K., Huff man, J., Brenner, F.J., and A.I. Panah (eds.). multiple myeloma. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (in press). Pennsylvania Acad. Sci., (in press).

Barton, M.H. Diseases of the liver. In: Equine Internal Medicine, second edition. Brown, T.P., Pantin, M., and M. Hamoud. Reoviral tenosynovitis in broiler chickens: Reed S. and W. Bayly (eds.). WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., pp. Real Time RT-PCR detection and sequencing of viral genomic RNA ex- 951-994, 2004. tracted from formalin fi xed paraffi n embedded tissues. Vet. Pathol., 40(5) 613, 2003.

32

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Research Publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.

Brown, T.P., and R.J. Julian. Poisons and Toxins. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Corn, J.L., Méndez, J.R., and E.E. Catalán. Evaluation of baits for delivery of oral ra- Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. bies vaccine to dogs in Guatemala. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 69(2):155- Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 1133-1159, 158, 2003. 2003. Corn, J.L., Stallknecht, D.E., Mechlin, N.M., Luttrell, M.P., and J.R. Fischer. Persis- Burns, K.E., Otalora, R., Glisson, J.R., and C.L. Hofacre. Case Report: B Cellulitis tence of pseudorabies virus in feral swine populations. J. Wild. Dis., in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Avian Dis., 47:211-214, 40(2):307-310, 2004. 2003. Cornell, K.K., and J.R. Fischer. Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas. In: Textbook of Caldwell, F.J., Mueller, P.O.E., Lynn, R.C., and S.C. Budsberg. Eff ect of topical ap- Small Animal Surgery, 3rd edition. D. Slatter (ed.). W.B. Saunders, plication of diclofenac liposomal suspension on experimentally induced Philadelphia, PA, pp., 752-762, 2003. subcutaneous infl ammation in horses. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65(3):1-6, 2004. Cousens, C., Bishop, J.V., Philbey, A.W., Gill, C.A., Palmarini, M., Carlson, J.O., DeMartini, J.C., and J.M. Sharp. Analysis of integration sites of Jaagsiekte Caldwell, F.J., Mueller, P.O.E., Lynn, R.C., and S.C. Budsberg. Eff ects of topical sheep retrovirus in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J. Virol., diclofenac on an experimental subcutaneous model of infl ammation in 78(16):8506-12, 2004. horses. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65:271-276, 2004. Davidson, W.R., Manning, E.J.B, and V.F. Nettles. Culture and serologic survey for Calvert, C.A., and T.M. Wall. Cardiovascular Infections. In: Infectious Diseases of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among south the Dog and Cat. Greene C.E. (ed.). Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders, eastern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Wildlife Dis., 2004. 40(2):301-306. 2004.

Calvert, C.A., and C.A. Rawlings. Heartworm disease in dogs. In: Th e 5-minute Davidson, W.R. Histomoniasis. In: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. Veterinary Consult. Tilley, L.P. and F.W. Smith, (eds.). Lippincott, Wil Th omas, N.J., Forrester, D.J., and D.B. Hunter (eds.). Iowa State Univer- liams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 538-539, 2004. sity Press., Ames, IA, (in press).

Calvert, C.A., and M. Wall. Th e Infective Endocarditis. In: Th e 5-minute Veteriary Dawson, J.E., Ewing, S.A., Davidson, W.R., Childs, J.E., Little, S.E., and S.M. Consult. Tilley, L.P. and F.W. Smith, (eds.). Lippincott, Williams and Standaert. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. In: Tick-borne Diseases Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 402-403, 2004. of Humans. Goodman, J., Dennis, D., and D. Sonenshine (eds.). Amer. Soc. Microbiol., (in press). Calvert, C.A., and M. Wall. Heartworm infections in dogs. In: Th e Merck Manual, C.M. Fraser (ed.). Merck and Co., Inc., Whithouse Station, N.J., 2003. Demchenko, A.V., Wolfert, M.A., Santhanam, B., Moore, J.N., and G-J Boons. Synthesis and biological evaluation of Rhizobium sin-1 lipid A derivatives. Calvert, C.A., Wall, M., and L.G. Ridge. Infective Endocarditis. In: Secrets of J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 125(20): 6103-12, 2003. Canine Internal Medicine. S. Rubin (ed.). Elsevier Science, St. Louis, MO, (in press). Dewey, C.W., Guiliano, R., Boothe, D.M., Berg, J.M., Kortz, G.D., Joseph, R.J., and S.C. Budsberg. Zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy Calvert, C.A., and L.G. Ridge. Canine Heartworm Disease. In: Secrets of Canine in dogs. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 40:285-291, 2004. Internal Medicine, S. Rubin (ed.). Elsevier Science, St. Louis, MO, (in press). Dietrich, U.M., Arnold, P., Guscetti, F., Pfyff er, G.E., and B.Spiess. Ocular manifesta- tion of disseminated Mycobacterium simiae infection in a cat. J. Carr, E.A., Caron, JP, and J. Peroni. Endoscopic diagnosis of choledocholithiasis of Small Anim. Pract., 44:121-125, 2003. the common bile duct in a horse. Equine Vet. J., 6(2): 90-93, 2004. Donovan, D.C., Hippen, A.R., Hurley, D.J., and C.C.L. Chase. Th e role of acido Chandler, M.J., Moore, P.A., Dietrich, U.M., Martin, C.L., Vidyashankar, A., and G. genic diets and β-hydroxybutyrate on lymphocyte proliferation and serum Chen. Eff ects of transcorneal iridal photocoagulation on the canine antibody response against bovine respiratory viruses in Holstein corneal endothelium using a diode laser. Vet. Ophthal., 6(3):197-203, steers. J. Anim. Sci., 81:3088-3094, 2003. 2003. Donovan, D.C., Reber, A.J., Parks, R.J., Collier, C., Ely, L.O., and D.J. Hurley. Clabaugh, K., Haag, K.M., Hanley, C.S., Latimer, K.S., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Extracellular pH alters the innate immune response by enhancing phago- Undiff erentiated sarcoma resolved by amputation and prosthesis in a cytosis and decreases reactive oxygen species production. Amer. Dairy radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata). J. Zoo & Wildl. Med., (accepted Sci. Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO. J. Dairy Sci., 87:179 (Suppl. 1), for publication). 2004.

Coffi eld, J.A. Botulinum neurotoxin: the neuromuscular junction revisited. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol., 15(3):175-96, 2003.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Selected Publications

Donovan, D.C., Collier, C., Reber, A.J., Parks, R.J, and D.J. Hurley. Extracellular Frank, P., Mahaff ey, M., Egger, C., and K.K. Cornell. Helical computed tomographic pH alters immunity by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen and portography in ten normal dogs and ten dogs with portosystemic shunts. nitrogen species, but enhancing phagocytosis in bovine neutrophils and Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound, 44(4): 392-400, 2003. monocytes. Intl. Conf. of Product. Dis. Farm Anim., Michigan State University. July 18-22: Abstract: A-14, 2004. García, M., El-Attrache, J., Riblet, S.M., Lunge, V.R., Fonseca, A.S.K., Villegas, P., and N. Ikuta. Development and application of reverse transcriptase nested Donovan, D.C., Reber, A.J., Parks, R.J., and D.J. Hurley. Acidic extracellular pH polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of exogenous avian leukosis enhances phagocytosis and decreases reactive oxygen species production in virus. Avian Dis., 47:41-53, 2003. polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes. 2004; 7th Intl.Vet. Im- munol. Symp. Quebec City, Qc. July 25-29, WK 13.6.10 p. 415, 2004. Gaydos, J.K., Stallknecht, D.E., Crum, J.M., Davidson, W.R., Cross, S.S., and S.F. Owen. Epizootiology of an epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in Dravid, S., and T.F. Murray. Spontaneous synchronized calcium oscillations in neo- West Virginia. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press). cortical neurons in the presence of physiological [Mg++]: involvement of AMPA/Kainate and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Brain Res., Gerhold, R.W., Howerth, E.W., and D.S. Lindsay. Meningoencephalitis associated 1006:8-17, 2004. with Sarcocystis neurona in a fi sher (Martes pennanti). J. Wild. Dis., (in press). Dugan, V.G., Varela, A.S., Stallknecht, D.E., Hurd, C.C., and S.E. Little. Attempt- ed experimental infection of domestic goats with Ehrlichia chaff eensis. Gibbs, P.S., Maurer, J.J., Nolan, L.K., and R.E. Wooley. Prediction of chicken embryo J. Vector-Borne Zoon. Dis., 4(2):131-6, 2004. lethality with the avian Escherichia coli traits complement resistance, coli- cin V production, and presence of the increased serum survival gene cluster Eggleston, R., Mueller, P.O.E., Parviainen, A., and E. Groover. Eff ect of carboxy- (iss). Avian Dis., 47:370-379, 2003. methylcellulose and hyaluronate solutions on jejunal healing in horses. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 2004. (in press) Gieger, T.L., Feldman, E.C., Wallack, S., et al. Lymphoma as a model for chron- ic illness: eff ects on adrenocortical function tests. J. Vet. Intern. Med., Eggleston, R.B., and P.O.E. Mueller. Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Ad- 17(2):154-7, 2003. hesions. In: Th erapeutics for Gastrointestinal Diseases. Vet. Clin. North Amer. Equine Pract. S.L. Jones, (ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., Gieger, T.L., and N.C., Northrup. Clinical approach to the patient with epistaxis. Philadelphia, PA, 19(3):741-764, 2003. Comp. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 26 (1):30-44, 2004.

Eggleston, R., Mueller, P.O.E., Parviainen, A., and E. Groover. Eff ect of carboxymeth- Gieger, T.L., Th eon, A.P., Werner, J.L., et al. Biologic behavior and prognostic factors ylcellulose and hyaluronate solutions on jejunal healing in horses. Amer. of canine muzzle mast cell tumors: 24 cases (1990-2001). J. Vet. Int. Med., J. Vet. Res., (in press). 17(5):687-92, 2003.

Enwiller, T.M., Radlinsky, M.G., Mason, D.E., and J.K. Roush. Popliteal and mes- Glisson, J.R., Hofacre, C.L., and J.P. Christensen. Pasteurellosis and Other Related enteric lymph node injection with methylene blue for coloration of the Bacterial Infections. “Fowl Cholera” In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, thoracic duct in dogs. Vet. Surg., 32(4): 359-364, 2003. Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 657-676, Estevez, C., Villegas, P., and J. El-Attrache. A recombination event, induced in ovo, 2003. between a low passage Infectious Bronchitis Virus fi eld isolate and a highly embryo-adapted vaccine strain. Avian Dis., 47:1282-1290, 2003. Glisson, J.R., Hofacre, C.L., and G.F. Mathis. Research Note–Comparative Effi cacy of Enrofl oxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimetehoxine for the control Ferguson, N.M., and D. Hermes. Th e characterization of a naturally occurring infec- of mobidity and mortality caused by Escherichia coli in broiler chickens. tion of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum house fi nch-like strain in turkey breed- Avian Dis., (accepted for publication). ers. Avian Dis., 47:523-530, 2003. Gopee, N.V., Johnson, V.J., and R.P. Sharma. Sodium selenite-induced apoptosis in Ferguson, N.M., Leiting, V.A., and S.H. Kleven. Safety and effi cacy of the avirulent murine B-lymphoma cells is associated with inhibition of protein kinase Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain K5054 as a live vaccine in poultry. Avian C-δ, nuclear factor-κB and inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Toxicol. Sci., Dis. 48:91-99, 2004. 78:204-214, 2004.

Flacke, G.L., Yabsley, M.J., Hanson, B.A., and D.E. Stallknecht. Hemorrhagic dis- Gopee, N.V., and R.P. Sharma. Th e mycotoxin fumonisin B1 transiently activates nu- ease in Kansas: Enzootic stability meets epizootic disease. J. Wild. Dis., clear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor α and caspase 3 via protein kinase 40(2):288-293, 2004. Cα-dependent pathway in porcine renal epithelial cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol., (in press). Flatland, B. Botanicals, vitamins, minerals, and the liver: A review of therapeutic applications and potential toxicities. Compend. Contin. Educat. Pract. Gottdenker N.L., Howerth, E.W., and D.G. Mead. Natural infection of a great egret Veterinar., 25(7):514-524, 2003. (Casmerodius albus) with eastern equine encephalitis virus. J. Wild. Dis., 39(3):702-706, 2003.

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Research Publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.

Gutierrez, T., Nackley, A.G., Neely, M.H., Freeman, K.G., Edwards, G.L. and A.G. He, Q., Johnson, V.J., Osuchowski, M.F., and R.P. Sharma. Inhibition of serine pal- Hohmann. Eff ects of neurotoxic destruction of descending noradrenergic mitoyltransferase by myriocin, a natural mycotoxin, causes induction of pathways on cannabinoid antinociception in models of acute and tonic c-myc in mouse liver. Mycopathologia, 157:339-347, 2004. nociception. Brain Res., 987: 176-85, 2003. He, Q., Kim, J-Y., and R.P. Sharma. Silymarin protects against liver damage in Gyimesi, Z.S. and E.W. Howerth. Severe melanomacrophage hyperplasia in a croco- BALB/c mice exposed to fumonisin b1 despite increasing accumulation of dile lizard, Shinisaurus crocodilurus: A review of melanomacrophages in free sphingoid bases, Toxicol. Sci., 80:335-342, 2004. ectotherms. J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., (in press). Hensel, P., Greene, C.E., Medleau, L., Latimer, K.S., and L. Mendoza. Immunothera- Haag, K.M., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Latimer, K., Garner, M.M., Reavill, D.R., py for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosis in a dog. J. Amer. Vet. Schmidt, R.E. and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Infi ltrative lipoma in a black Med. Assoc., 223:215-218, 2003. rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta. J Herpetol. Med. Surg., (accepted for publica- tion). Hensel, P., Austel, M., Vidyashankar, A., Zhao, Y., and L. Medleau. Determination of threshold concentrations of allergens in intradermal testing (IDT) in dogs. Halper, J., Leshin, L.S., Lewis, S.J., and W.I. Li. Wound healing and angiogenic prop- Vet Dermatol., (accepted for publication). erties of supernatants from Lactobacillus cultures. Exper. Biol. Med., 226: 1329-1337, 2003. Hensel, P., Austel, L., Medleau, M., Zhao, Y., and A. Vidyashankar. Determination of threshold concentrations of allergens and evaluation of two diff erent Hanley, C.S., Wilson, G.H. and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Secondary nutritional hyper- histamine concentrations in canine intradermal testing. Vet. Dermatol., parathyroidism associated with hypovitaminosis D in two domestic skunks (in press). (Mephitis mephitis). Vet. Rec., (accepted for publication). Hensel, P., Greene, C.E., Medleau, L., Latimer, K.S., and L. Mendoza. Immunotherapy Hanley, C.S., Gieger, T., and P. Frank. What’s your diagnosis? Multilobular osteosar- for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosisin a dog. J. Amer. Vet. coma in a ferret. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (in press). Med. Assoc., 223:215-217, 2003.

Hanley, C., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Practical gross pathology of reptiles. Sem. Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and V.K. Lester. Rabbits. In: Th e Exotic Animal Formulary, Avian Exot. Pet Med., 12:71-80, 2003. Second edition. Quesenberry, K. and J.W. Carpenter (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., (in press). Hanley, C.S., Wilson, G.H., Latimer, K.S., Frank, P., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. In- terclavicular hemangiosarcoma in a double yellow-headed Amazon parrot Hernandez-Divers, S.M. and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Reptiles. In: Th e Wildlife Center (Amazona ochrocephala oratrix). J. Avian Med. Surg., (in press). of Virginia’s Field Manual for the Care of Confi scated Neotropical Wild- life. Sleeman, J., and E. Clark (eds.). National Fish and Wildlife Founda- Hanley, C.S., Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Bush, S. and K.S. Latimer. Comparison of di- tion, International Fund for Animal Welfare, (in press). potassium EDTA and lithium heparin on hematologic values in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). J. Zoo Wildlife Med., (accepted for publica- Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Diagnostic Techniques. In: Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Sec- tion). ond edition. Mader, D.R. (ed.). WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, PA., (in press). Hanson, B.A., Stallknecht, D.E., Swayne, D.E., Lewis, L.A., and D.A. Senne. Avi- an infl uenza viruses in Minnesota ducks during 1998-2000. Avian Dis., Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and J.E. Cooper. Hepatic lipidosis. In: Reptile Medicine and 47:867-871. Surgery, Second edition. Mader, D.R. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadel- phia, PA., (in press). Hanson, B.A., Swayne, D.E., Senne, D.A., Lobpries, D.S., Hurst, J., and D.E. Stallknecht. Avian infl uenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in wintering and Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and D.R. Mader. Laser Surgery. In: Reptile Medicine and resident ducks in Texas. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press). Surgery, Second edition. Mader, D.R. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadel- phia, PA., (in press). Harcourt, J.L., Anderson, L.J., Sullender, W., and R.A. Tripp. Pulmonary delivery of respiratory syncytial virus DNA vaccines using macroaggregated albumin Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Surgery: principles and techniques. In: Manual of Reptiles, particles. Vaccine, 22:2248-60, 2004. Second edition. Raiti, P. and S. Girling (eds.). Brit. Small Anim. Vet. As- soc., Cheltenham, England., pp. 147-167, 2004. Harcourt, J.L., Brown, M.P., Anderson, L.J., and R.A. Tripp. CD40 ligand (CD154) improves the durability of respiratory syncytial virus DNA vaccination in Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Diagnostic and surgical endoscopy. In: Manual of Reptiles, BALB/c mice, Vaccine, 21:2964-70, 2003. Second edition. Raiti, P. and S. Girling (eds.). Brit. Small Anim. Vet. As- soc., Cheltenham, England., pp. 103-114, 2004. Haynes, L.M., Jones, L.P., Barskey, A., Anderson, L.J., and R.A. Tripp. Enhanced disease and pulmonary eosinophilia associated with formalin-inactivated Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and M. Murray. Small Mammal Endoscopy. In: Ferrets, respiratory syncytial virus vaccination are linked to G glycoprotein CX3C- Rabbits and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Second edition. CX3CR1 interaction and expression of substance P. J. Virol., 77(18):9831- Quesenberry, K., and J. Carpenter (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadel- 44, 2003. phia, PA., pp 392-394 (color plates 1-8), 2004.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Selected Publications

Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and S.M. Hernandez-Divers. Avian diagnostic endoscopy. Hnilica, K., and L. Medleau. Dermatomyositis. In: Th e 5 minute Veterinary Consult Compend. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet., (accepted for publication). 3rd. Tillery, L.P. and S.W.K. Smith (eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Balti- more, MD, 2003. Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and C. Rawlings. Rigid endoscopy in small and exotic ani- mals. Vet. Med., 98:640-643, 2003. Hnilica K, and L. Medleau. Sarcoptic mange. Th e 5 minute Veterinary Consult 3rd. Tillery, L.P. and S.W.K. Smith (eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Minimally-invasive endoscopic surgery of birds. J. Avian Med. MD , 2003. Surg., (accepted for publication). Hoenig, M., and D.C. Ferguson. Eff ect of darglitazone on glucose clearance and lipid Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Cooper, J.E., and S.W. Cooke. Diagnostic techniques and metabolism in obese cats. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64(11):1409-13, 2003. sample collection in reptiles. Compend. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet,, 26: 470- 483, 2004. Hofacre, C.L. Necrotic Enteritis. In: Th e Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th edition. Keyes, K., Lee, M.D., and J.J. Maurer. 2003. Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Schumacher, J., Stahl, S., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Com- parison of isofl urane and sevofl urane following premedication with butor- Hofacre, C.L. Antibiotics: mode of action, mechanism of resistance and transfer. In: phanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). J. Zoo & Wild. Med., (ac- Current Topics in Food Safety in Animal Agriculture. Torrence, M., and R. cepted for publication). Isaacson (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 45-56, 2003.

Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Stahl, S.J., Stedman, N.L., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Hong, Y., Berrang, M., Liu, T., Hofacre, C.L., Sanchez, S., Wang, L., and J.J. Maurer. Schumacher, J., Hanley, C.S., Wilson, G.H., Vidyashankar, A.N., Zhao, Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni and Salmonella enterica Y., and W.K. Rumbeiha. Renal Evaluation in the green iguana (Iguana on poultry carcasses using PCR-enyzme-linked-immunosorbent assay. iguana): Assessment of plasma biochemistry, glomerular fi ltration rate, and Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(6):3492-3499, 2003. endoscopic biopsy. J. Zoo Wildlife Med., (accepted for publication). Hong, Y., Liu, T., Hofacre, C., Maier, M., Ayers, S., White, D.G., Wang, L., and Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Bakal, R.S., Hickson, B.H., Rawlings, C.A., Wilson, G.H., J.J. Maurer. Development of a PCR-based O and H antigen scheme for Radlinsky, M., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., and S.R. Dover. Endoscopic identying Salmonella serotypes commonly associated with poultry. Appl. sex determination and gonadal manipulation in Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Environ. Microbiol., 69(6), 2003. (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi). J. Zoo Wildlife Med., (accepted for pub- lication). Hong, Y., Liu, T., Hofacre, C., Maier, M., White, D.G., Ayers, S., Wang, L., and J.J. Maurer. A restriction fragment length polymorphism-based polymerase Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Stahl, S.J., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Read, M.R., Hanley, C., chain reaction as an alternative to serotyping for identifying Salmonella Martinez, F., and T.L. Cooper. Coelomic endoscopy of the green iguana serotypes. Avian Dis. 47:387-395, 2003. (Iguana iguana). J Herpetol. Med. Surg., 14:10-18, 2004. Hurley, D.J. Contributor to Immunology (Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18) and Host-Parasite Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and S.M. Hernandez-Divers. Xenogeneic skin grafts using Interaction (chapter 19). In: Microbiology: A Human Perspective. Fourth porcine small intestinal submucosa in two barn owls (Tyto alba), an um- Edition. Nester, Anderson, Roberts, Pearsall and Nester (eds.), 2004. brella cockatoo (Cacatua alba), and a common crow (Corvus brachyhyn- chos). J. Avian Med. Surg., 17:224-234, 2004. Jackwood, M.W., and Y.M. Saif. Bordetellosis (Turkey Coryza). In: Diseases of Poul- try, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDou- Hernandez-Divers SJ. Endoscopic evaluation and renal biopsy in 69 chelonians. Vet. gald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, Rec., 154:73-80, 2004. pp. 705-719, 2003.

Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Lafortune, M., Silvetre, A.M., and J. Pether. Assessment and Jackwood, M.W., Hilt, D.A., and T.P. Brown. Attenuation, safety, and effi cacy of the conservation of the giant Gomeran lizard (Gallotia bravoana). Vet. Rec., GA98 serotype of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis., 47(3), 627- 152:395-399, 2003. 632, 2003.

Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and C.A. Rawlings. Rigid endoscopy in small and exotic ani- Jackwood, M.W., Hilt, D.A., and S.A. Callison. Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Vi- mals. Vet. Med., 98: 640-643, 2003. rus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and identi- fi cation of a quasispecies in the Beaudette Strain. Avian Dis., 47:718-724, Hines II, M.E. Granulomatous infections and infl ammations: cellular and molecular 2003. mechanisms. Vet. Pathol., (in press). Jacobson, R., McCall, J., Hunter III, J., Alva, R., Irwin, J., Eschner, A., Jeannin, P., Hines II, M.E. and E.L. Styer. Preliminary characterization of chemically generated and A. Boeckh. Th e ability of fi pronil to prevent transmission of Borrelia M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis Cell Wall Defi cient Forms (Sphero- burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease to dogs. J. Appl. Res. Vet. plasts). Vet. Microbiol., 95:247-258, 2003. Med., (JARVM), 2(1), 39-45, 2004.

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Research Publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.

Jaso-Friedmann, L., Praveen, K., Leary III, J.H., and D.L. Evans. Th e gene sequence Kleven, S.H. Mycoplasmosis. “Mycoplasma synoviae Infections” In: Diseases of and promoter structure of nonspecifi c cytotoxic cell receptor protein (NC- Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., CRP-1) in channel catfi sh (Ictalurus punctatus). Fish and Shellfi sh Im- McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, munol., 16:553-560, 2004. Ames, IA, pp. 756-766, 2003. Jehn, C.T., Perzak, D.E., Cook, J.L., Johnston, S.A., Todhunter, R.J., and S.C. Budsberg. Th e usefulness, completeness, and accuracy of internet Kleven, S.H., and J.M. Bradbury. Mycoplasmosis. “Mycoplasma iowae Infections” In: websites addressing canine osteoarthritis. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, 223:1272-1275, 2003. J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. pp. 766-772, 2003. Johnson, V.J., He, Q., Osuchowski, M.F., and R.P. Sharma. Disruption of sphingo- lipid homeostasis by myriocin, a mycotoxin, reduces thymic and splenic Kleven, S.H. Mycoplasmosis. “Other Mycoplasmal Infections”. In: Diseases of T-lymphocyte populations. Toxicology, (in press). Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Kapczynski, D.R., Hilt, D.A., Shapiro, D., Sellers, H.S., and M.W. Jackwood. Protec- Ames, IA. pp. 772-775, 2003. tion of chickens from Infectious Bronchitis by in ovo and intramuscular vaccination with a DNA vaccine expressing the S1 glycoprotein. Avian Kleven, S.H. Emerging Diseases and Diseases of Complex or Unknown Etiology. Dis., 47:272-285, 2003. “Multicausal Respiratory Diseases” In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Kapczynski, D.R. and H.S. Sellers. Immunization of turkeys with a DNA vaccine Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. pp. 1163-1164, expressing either the F or N gene of avian metapneumovirus. Avian Dis., 2003. 47:1376-1383, 2003. Kommers, G.D, King, D.J., Seal, B.S., and C.C. Brown. Pathogenesis of chicken-pas- Kaplan, R.M., Burke, J.M., Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Getz, W.R., Mobini, S., Valencia, saged Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens, wild, and exotic E., Williams, M.J., Williamson, L.H., Larsen, M., and A.F. Vatta. Valida- birds. Avian Dis., 47:319-329, 2003. tion of the FAMACHA(c) eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia in sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States. Vet. Parasitol., Kommers, G.D., King, D.J., Seal, B.S., and C.C. Brown. Virulence of six hetero- 123(1-2):105-20, 2004. geneous-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates before and after sequential passages in domestic chickens. Avian Pathol., 32:81-93, 2003. Kaur, H., Jaso-Friedmann, L., and D.L. Evans. Identifi cation of a scavenger receptor homologue on nospecifi c cytotoxic cells and evidence for binding to oligo- Kurkjian, K.M., Little, S.E., Nath, S.D., Brown, C.C., and Kurkjian. Routes of trans- deoxyguanosine. Fish Shellfi sh Immunol., 15:169-181, 2003. mission and the introduction of foreign animal diseases. In: Emerging and Exotic Diseases of Animals, Spickler, A.R., and J.A. Roth, (eds.). Iowa Kaur, H., Jaso-Friedmann, L., and D.L. Evans. Single base oligodeoxyguanosine bind- State University Press, Ames, IA., pp. 13-28, 2003. ing proteins on nospecifi c cytotoxic cells: identifi cation of a new class of pattern recognition receptors. Scandinavian J. Immunol., 60:238-248, Latimer, K.S. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. In: Th e 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Ca- 2004. nine and Feline, 3rd ed. Tilley, L.P., and F.W.K. Smith (eds.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, p. 21, 2003. Kaur, H., Jaso-Friedmann, L., and D.L. Evans. Single base oligodeoxyguanosine up- regulates Fas ligand release by nonspecifi c cytotoxic cells. Develop. Comp. Latimer K.S, Neutropenia. In: Th e 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, Immunol., 28:571-579, 2004. 3rd ed. In: Th e 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 3rd ed. Tilley, L.P. and F.W.K. Smith (eds.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Kim, S-H., and R.P. Sharma. Mercury-induced apoptosis and necrosis in murine Philadelphia, PA, pp. 916-917, 2003. macrophages: Role of calcium-induced reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., Latimer K.S. Pelger-Huët anomaly. In: Th e 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine 196:47-57, 2004. and Feline, 3rd ed. In: Th e 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 3rd ed. Tilley, L.P.and F.W.K. Smith (eds.). Lippincott, Williams Kim, Y-B., and T.P. Brown. Development of quantitative competitive reverse transcrip- & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, p. 989, 2003. tase polymerase chain reaction (QC-RT-PCR) for detection and quantifi - cation of avian leukosis virus subgroup J. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 16:191-196, Lauer, S.K., Aron, D.N., and M.D. Evans. Destabilization in external skeletal fi xa- 2004. tion: fi nite element method evaluation. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol., 16: 164-9, 2003. Kim, Y.B., T. P. Brown, and M. Pantin-Jackwood. Eff ects of cyclosporin A treatment on the pathogenesis of avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection in broiler Lee, C.W., Senne, D.A., Linares, J.A., Woolcock, P.R., Stallknecht, D.E., Spackman, chickens with Marek’s disease virus exposure. J. Vet. Sci., 4(3): 245-255, E., Swayne, D.E., and D.L. Suarez. Characterization of recent H5 subtype 2003. avian infl uenza viruses from U.S. poultry. Avian Pathol., 33(3):288-97, 2004.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Selected Publications

Lee, C.W., Hilt, D.A., and M.W. Jackwood. Typing of fi eld isolates of infectious bron- Maki, J. L., and H.W. Dickerson. Systemic and cutaneous mucus antibody responses of chitis virus based on the sequence of the hypervariable region in the S1 channel catfi sh immunized against the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius gene. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 15:344-348, 2003. multifi liis. Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol., 10(5):876-81, 2003.

Lee, C.W., C. Brown, C., Hilt, D.A., and M.W. Jackwood. Nephropathogenesis of Maré, C.J., and D.G. Mead. Vesicular stomatitis and other vesiculovirus infections. chickens experimentally infected with various strains of infectious bronchi- In: Infectious Diseases of Livestock with Special Reference to Southern tis virus. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2003. Africa. Coetzer, J.A.W., Th omson, G.R., and R.C. Tustin (eds.). Oxford University Press, Cape Town, SA, (in press). Lehmann, T., Graham, D.H., Dahl, E., Sreekumar, C., Launer, F., Corn, J.L., Gamble, H.R., and J.P. Dubey. Transmission dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii on a Martin, C.L., and U. Dietrich. Krankheiten des Auges. Diseases of the feline eye. pig farm. Infect. Genet. Evol., 3:135-141, 2003. In: Katzenkrankheiten. Kraft, W., and U. Duerr (eds.). 5th edition, Schaper-Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 361-451, 2003. LeRoy, B.E., and T.J. Rosol. Canine prostate carcinomas express markers of prostatic and urothelial diff erentiation. Vet. Pathol., (in press). Mathur, S., Brown, C.A., Dietrich, U., Monday, J.S., Newell, M.A., Sheldon, S.E., Cartier, L.M., and S.A. Brown. A new model of hypertensive renal insuf- LeRoy, B.E., Sellers, R.S., and T.J. Rosol. Canine prostate stimulates osteoblast func- fi ciency in cats. Amer. J. Vet. Res., (in press). tion using the endothelin receptors. Th e Prostate., (in press). Mathur, S., Brown, C.A., Dietrich, U.M., Munday, J.S., Newell, M.A., Sheldon, S.E., Lewis-Weis, L.A., Gerhold, R.W., and J.R. Fischer. Attempts to reproduce vacuolar Cartier, L.M., and S.A. Brown. Evaluation of a technique of inducing myelinopathy in domestic swine and chickens. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press). hypertensive renal insuffi ciency in cats. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65(7):1006- 1013, 2004. Li, W.I., Marquez, B.L., Okino, T., Yokokawa, F., Shioiri, T., Gerwick, W.H., and T. F. Murray. Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the McCall, J.W., Alva, R., Irwin, J.P., Carithers, D., and A. Boeckh. Comparative ef- neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin. J. Nat. Prod., 67:569-568, fi cacy of a combination of fi pronil/(S)-methoprene, a combination of 2004. imidacloprid/permethrin, and imidacloprid against fl eas and ticks when administered topically to dogs. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., (JARVM), 2(1): Lohmann, K., and M.H. Barton. Endotoxemia. In: Equine Internal Medicine, second 74-77, 2004. edition. Reed, S. and W. Bayly, (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 821-845, 2004. McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., Meyer, J., Innis, C., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Medi- cine and Surgery Of Tortoises And Turtles. Blackwell Scientifi c Publica- Lohmann, K.L., McNeil, B., Vandenplas, Barton, M.H., and J.N. Moore. Lipopoly- tions, London. pp. 1-579, 2004. saccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an agonist in equine mono- nuclear phagocytes. J. Endotoxin Res., 9 (1): 33-37, 2003. McBride, M., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Nursing care of lizards for hospital staff . Vet. Clinics N. Amer. - Exotic Animal Practice, 7:375-396, 2004. Lu, J., Sanchez, S., Hofacre, C., Maurer, J.J., Harmon, B.G., and M.D. Lee. Evalua- tion of broiler litter with reference to the microbial composition as assessed McDonnell, J., Carmichael, K.P., and D. Bienzle, . Clinical and clinicopathological using 16S rDNA and functional gene markers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., fi ndings in feline leukemia virus-associated myelopathy: 13 Cases. J. Small 69(2):901-908, 2003. Ani. Pract., 44:550-558, 2003.

Lu, Jiangrang, Idris, U., Harmon, B., Hofacre, C., Maurer, J.J., and M.D. Lee. Diver- McGlone, J.J, von Borell, E.H., Deen, J., Johnson, A.K., Levis, D.G., sity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing Meunier-Salaun, M., Morrow, J., Reeves, D.E., and P.L. Sundberg. Com- broiler chicken. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(11):6816-6824, 2003. pilation of the scientifi c literature comparing housing systems for gestating sows and gilts using measures of physiology, behavior, performance, and Lulich, J.P., Osborn, C.A., and S.L. Sanderson. Eff ects of sodium chloride supple- health. Th e Professional Animal Scientist 20, 2004. mentation of calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy beagles. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (in press). Mead, D.G., Gray, E.W., Noblet, R., Murphy, M.D., Howerth, E.W. and D.E. Stallknecht. Biological transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus Luttrell, M.P., and J.R. Fischer. Mycoplasmosis. In: Infectious and Parasitic Dis- (New Jersey serotype) by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) to do- eases of Wild Birds. Th omas, N.J., Forrester, D.J., and D.B. Hunter (eds.). mestic swine (Sus scrofa). J. Med. Entomol., 41(1):78-82, 2004. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, (in press). Mecham, J.O., Stallknecht, D.E., and W.C. Wilson. Th e S7 gene and VP7 protein are Luttrell, M.P., and D.G. Mead. Infectious and toxic diseases of songbirds. In: Wildlife highly conserved among temporally and geographically distinct American Diseases: Landscape Epidemiology, Spatial Distribution and Utilization of isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Virus Res., 942003:129- Remote Sensing Technology. Majumdar, S.K., Huff man, J., Brenner, F.J., 133, 2003. and A.I. Panah, (eds.). (in press). Miller, C.C., Murray, T.F., Freeman, K.G., and G.L. Edwards. Cannabinoid agonist, Madewell, B.R., Gieger, T., and M.S. Kent. Vaccine-site sarcomas and malignant lym- CP 55,940, facilitates intake of palatable foods when injected into the phoma in cats - a report of 6 cases. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 40:47-50, hindbrain. Physiol. Behav., 80:611-6, 2004. 2004.

38

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Research Publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.

Miller, D.L., Radi, Z.A., Stiver, S.L., and T.D. Th ornhill. Cutaneous and pulmonary Nath, S.D., Brown, C.C., Kurkjian, K.M., and S.E. Little. Foreign animal diseases and mycosis in Green Anacondas (Euncectes murinus). J. Zoo Wildlife Med., the consequences of their introduction. In: Emerging and Exotic Diseases (accepted for publication). of Animals, Spickler, A.R., and J.A. Roth, (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 1-12, 2003. Miller, N., van Lue, S., and C.A. Rawlings. Laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchid castra- tion of dogs and cats. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., (accepted for publica- Nath, S.D., and C.C. Brown. Th e role of state, national and international agencies in tion). controlling exotic animal diseases. In: Emerging and Exotic Diseases of Animals, Spickler, A.R. and J.A. Roth, (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Minning, T.A., Bua, J., Garcia, G.A., McGraw, R.A. and R.L. Tarleton. Microarray Ames, IA, pp. 13-28, 2003. profi ling of gene expression during trypomastigote to amastigote transition in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 131(1):55-64, 2003. Northrup, N.C., Roberts, R.E., Harrel, T.W., Allen, K., Howerth, E.W., and T.L. Gieger. Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy for canine cutaneous Mitchell, B., Richardon, J., Wilson, J., and C. Hofacre. Application of an electrostatic mast cell tumors. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., (in press). space charge system for dust, ammonia and pathogen reduction in a broiler breeder house. J. Appl. Eng. Agric., (accepted for publication). Northrup, N.C., Roberts, R.E., Harrel, T.W., Allen, K., Howerth, E.W., and T.L. Gieger. Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy as adjuvant treatment Monroe, A.D., Latimer, K.S., Pesti, G.M., and R.I. Bakalli. Pathology and histology for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., (in of dietary tryptophan defi ciency in broiler chicks. Avian Dis., 47:1393- press). 1398, 2003. Radlinsky, M.G. Prostatic diseases in Small Animal Surgery Secrets. 2nd ed. Harari, J. Moore, J.N., and M.H. Barton. Treatment of endotoxemia. Vet. Clinics N. Amer., (ed.). Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 223-227, 2003. Equine Practice, 19:681-695, 2003. Osuchowski, M.F., Johnson, V.J., He, Q., and R.P. Sharma. Alterations in regional Moore, J.N. Colic in horses. In: Th e Merck Manual, 9th edition. Merck and brain neurotransmitters by silymarin, a natural antioxidant fl avonoid mix- Company, 2003. ture, in BALB/c mice. Pharm. Botany., (in press).

Moore, M.L., Brown, C.C., and K.R. Spindler. T-cells cause acute immunopathology Paes-de-Almeida, E.C., Ferreira, A. M. R., Labarthe, N.V., Caldas, M.L.R., and and are required for long-term survival in mouse adenovirus type 1-in- J. W. McCall. Kidney ultrastructural lesions in dogs experimentally in- duced encephalomyelitis. J. Virol., 77:10060-10070, 2003. fected with Dirofi laria immitis (Leidy, 1856). Vet. Parasitol., 113: 157- 168, 2003. Mortensen, L., Williamson, L.H., Terrill, T., Kircher, R., Larsen, M., and R. Kaplan. Evaluation of prevalence and clinical implications of anthelmintic resis- Palmarini, M., Mura, M., and T.E. Spencer. Endogenous betaretroviruses of tance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., sheep: teaching new lessons in retroviral interference and adaptation. 223: 495-500, 2003. J. Gen. Virol., 85(Pt 1): 1-13, 2004.

Mosunic, C.B., Moore, P.A., Carmicheal, K.P., Chandler, M.J., Vidyashanker, A., Pantin-Jackwood, M.J, Brown, T.P., and G.R. Huff . Proventriculitis in broiler chick- Zhoa, Y, and U.M. Dietrich. Eff ects of treatments with radiation thera- ens: characterization of the lymphocytic Infi ltration in the proventricular pies versus treatments without radiation therapies on recurrence of ocular glands. Vet. Pathol., (accepted for publication). and adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: 157 cases (1985-2002). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (accepted for publication). Pantin-Jackwood, M.J, Brown, T.P., Kim, Y., and G.R. Huff . Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: eff ects of immunosuppression. Avian Dis., 48(2): 300-316, Mueller, P.O.E., and J.N. Moore. Gastrointestinal Emergencies and Other Causes of 2004. Colic. In: Orsini, J.A., and T.J. Divers (eds.). Th e Equine Emergency Manual, 2nd edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 2003, (in Pantin, M., and T.P. Brown. Comparison of bursal histologic lesions caused by diff er- press). ent Infectious Bursal Disease virus strains. Vet. Pathol., 40(5): 622, 2003

Munderloh U.G., Tate, C.M., Lynch, M.J., Howerth, E.W., Kurtti, T.J., and Pantin, M., and T.P. Brown. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and proventriculitis in W.R. Davidson. Isolation of an Anaplasma sp. organism from white-tailed broiler chickens. Avian Dis., 47(3): 681-690, 2003. deer by tick cell culture. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41(9):4328-4335, 2003. Parks, A.H. Foot Balance, Conformation and Lameness. In: Diagnosis and Manage- Mura, M., Murcia, P., Caporale, M., Spencer, T.E., Nagashima, K., Rein, A., and ment of Lameness in the Horse. Ross and Dyson (eds.). W.B. Saunders M. Palmarini. Late viral interference induced by transdominant Gag of an Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 250-261, 2003. endogenous retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U S A. 101(30):11117-22. Epub 2004 Jul 19, 2004. Parks, A.H. Shoes and Shoeing, In: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. Ross and Dyson (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. Murphy, M.D., Hanson, B.A., Howerth, E.W., and D.E. Stallknecht. Molecular char- 262-271, 2003. acterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 associated with a 1999 epizootic in white-tailed deer in the eastern United States. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press).

39

Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Selected Publications

Parks, A.H. Chronic Laminitis, In: Current Th erapy in Equine Medicine. 5th edi- Radlinsky, M.G., Mason, D.E., and D. Hodgson. Transnasal laryngoscopy for the tion. Robinson, N.E., (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 520-528, 2003. 2004, (in press).

Pence, M.E., Baldwin, C.A., and C.C. Black III. Th e sero-prevalence of Johne’s disease Raskin, R.M., Latimer, K.S., and H. Tvedten. Chapter 4. Leukocyte disorders. in Georgia beef and dairy cull cattle. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 15:475-477, In: Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, 4th ed. 2003. Willard, M.D., and H. Tvedten (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 63-91, 2004. Perkins, D.J., Moore, J.M., Otieno, J., Shi, Y.P., Nahlen, B.L., Udhayakumar, V., and A.A. Lal. In vivo acquisition of hemozoin by placental blood mononuclear Rawlings, C.A., Barsanti, J.A., Mahaff ey, M.B., and C. Canalis. Use of laparoscopic- cells suppresses PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. Biochem. Biophys. Res. assisted cystoscopy for removal of calculi in dogs. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Commun., 311(4): 839-46, 2003. Assoc., 222: 759-761, 2003.

Platt, S.R., Chambers, J.N., and A.R. Cross. A combined screw, bone cement and tran- Rawlings, C.A., Diamond, H., Howerth, E.W., Neuwirth, L., and C. Canalis. Di- sarticular pin technique for fi xation of atlanto-axial luxation. Vet. Surg., agnostic quality of percutaneous kidney biopsy specimens obtained with (accepted for publication). laparoscopy versus ultrasound guidance in dogs. JAVMA 223:317-321, 2003. Praveen, K., Evans, D. L., and L. Jaso-Friedmann. Evidence for the existence of granzyme-like serine proteases in teleost cytotoxic cells. J. Molec. Evol., Rawlings, C.A., Bjorling, D.E., and B.A. Cristie. Principles of urinary tract sur- 58:449-459, 2004. gery. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd edition, Slatter (ed.), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1594-1606, 2003. Radi, Z.A., Miller, D.L., and M.E. Hines II. Rete testis mucinous adenocarcinoma in a dog. Vet. Pathol., 41:75-78, 2004. Rawlings C.A., Bjorling, D.E., and B.A. Cristie. Kidneys, In: Textbook of Small Ani- mal Surgery, 3rd edition, Slatter (ed.), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Radi, Z.A., and L.J. Th ompson. Renal subcapsular hematoma associated with Brodi- PA, 1606-1619, 2003. facoum Toxicosis in a dog. Vet. Human Toxicol., 46:83-84, 2004. Rawlings, C.A. Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. In: Textbook of Small Animal Radi, Z.A. Outbreak of sarcoptic mange and malasseziasis infection in rabbits. (Oryc- Surgery, 3rd edition, Slatter (ed.), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, tolagus cuniculus). Comp. Med., 54:300-303, 2004. 641-643, 2003.

Radi, Z.A., Styer, E.L., and K. Frazier. Electron microscopic study on canine Babesia Raymond, J.T., Lamm, M., Nordhausen, R., Latimer, K., and M.M. Garner. Degen- gibsoni infection. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 16:229-233, 2004. erative encephalopathy in a coastal mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis zonata multifasciata) due to adenoviral-like infection. J. Wildlife Dis., Radi, Z.A., and M.R. Ackermann. Growth of diff erentiated ovine tracheal epithelial 39:431-436, 2003. cells in vitro. J. Vet. Med., Series A 51:1-4, 2004. Richardson, L.J., Mitchell, B.W., Wilson, J.L., and C.L. Hofacre. Eff ect of an elec- Radi, Z.A. An epizootic of combined Clostridium perfringens, Eimeria spp and Cap- trostatic space charge system on airborne dust and subsequent potential illaria spp. Enteritis and Histomonas spp. hepatitis with Escherichia coli transmission of microorganisms to broiler breeder pullets by airborne septicemia in Bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus). Inter. J. Poultry Sci., dust. Avian Dis., 47:128-133, 2003. 3:438-441, 2004. Richardson, L.J., Hofacre, C.L., Mitchell, B.W., and J.L. Wilson. Eff ect of electro- Radi, Z.A., Miller, D.L., and M.E. Hines, II. B-Cell conjunctival lymphoma in a cat. static space charge on reduction of airborne transmission of Salmonella Vet. Ophthalmol., (in press). and other bacteria in broiler breeders in production and their progeny. Avian Dis., 47:1352-1361, 2003. Radi, Z.A., Miller, D.L., and A.L. Liggett. Cutaneous melanocytoma in a llama (Lama glama). Vet. Res. Commun., (in press). Ritchie, B.W., Wooley, R.E., and D.T. Kemp. Use of potentiated antibiotics in wound management. In: Wound Healing and Management, Wilson, Radi, Z.A., Styer, E., and L.J. Th ompson. Prunus spp. intoxication in ruminants: A H.G. (ed.). Vet Clinics N. Amer. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, (in case in a goat and diagnosis by identifi cation of leaf fragments in rumen press). contents. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., (accepted for publication). Ritchie, B.W. Virology. In: Clinical Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Mader (ed.). Radi, Z.A. Vulvar lipoleiomyoma in a dog. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., (accepted for pub- W.B. Saunders Co., (in press). lication). Rosol, T.J., Tannehill-Gregg, S.H., LeRoy, B.E., Mandl, S., and C.H. Contag. Ani- Radke, H., Aron, D., Applewhite, E., and G. Zhang. Biomechanical analysis of uni- mal Models of Bone Metastasis. Cancer, 97(3 Suppl.): 748-757, 2003. lateral external skeletal fi xators combined with IM-Pin and without IM- Pin using fi nite element analysis. Vet. Surg., (provisionally accepted for publication).

40

www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Research Publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.

Seibert, L.M., Wilson, G.H., Crowell-Davis, S.L., and B.W. Ritchie. Placebo-con- Sullivan, S.A., Harmon, B.G., Purinton, P.T., Greene, C.E., and L.E. Glerum. Lobar trolled clomipramine trial for the treatment of feather picking disorder in holoprosencephaly in a miniature schnauzer with hypodipsic hypernatre- cockatoo (Cacatua) species. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., (Accepted for mia. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., 15: (223) 1783-1787, 2003. publication). Tandon, R., and R.M. Kaplan. Evaluation of a larval development assay (DrenchRite) Sellers, R.S., LeRoy, B.E., Blomme, E.A.G., and T.J. Rosol. Transforming Growth Fac- for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin nematodes of tor-ß increases parathyroid hormone-related protein but not Endothelin-1 horses. Vet. Parasitol., 121(1-2):125-42, 2004. in canine prostate epithelial and carcinoma cells. Th e Prostate, (in press). Terrill, T.H., Larsen, M., Samples, O., Husted, S., Miller, J.E., Kaplan, R.M., and Sellers, H.S., Garcia, M., Glisson, J.R., Brown, T.P., Sander, J.S., and J.S. Guy. Mild in- S. Gelaye. Capability of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia fl a- fectious laryngotracheitis in Georgia. Avian Dis., 48(2): 430-437, 2004. grans to reduce infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes in goat feces in the southeastern United States: dose titration and dose time interval Sellers, H.S., Koci, M.D., Kelley, L.A., and S. Schultz-Cherry. Development of a mul- studies. Vet. Parasitol., 120(4):285-96, 2004. tiplex RT-PCR diagnostic test specifi c for turkey astrovirus and coronavi- rus. Avian Dis., 3, 2004. Th ompson, A.M., Swant, J., Gosnell, B.A., and J.J. Wagner. Modulation of long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampus following cocaine self-administration. Sellers, H.S., Pereira, L., Linnemann, E., and D.R. Kapczynski. Phylogenetic analysis Neuroscience 127:177-185, 2004. of the sigma 2 protein gene of turkey reoviruses. Avian Dis., 3, 2004. Th rone-Steinlage, S. J., Ferguson, N., Sander, J.E., García, M., Subramanian, S., Silverstein Dombrowski, D.C., Carmichael, K.P., Wang, P., O’Malley, T.M., Haskins, Leiting, V.A., and S.H. Kleven. Isolation and characterization of a 6/85- M.E., and U. Giger. Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII in a German Shep- like Mycoplasma gallisepticum from commercial laying hens. Avian Dis., herd Dog. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 224: 553-7, 532-3, 2004. 47:499-505. 2003.

Slatter, D.and U. Dietrich. Cornea and Sclera. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. Tkalcic, S., Zhao, T., Harmon, B.G., Doyle, M.P., Brown, C.A., and P. Zhao. Fecal 3rd edition, Slatter D. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following 1368-1396, 2003. treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J. Food Prot., 66: 1184-1189, 2003. Solberg, O.D., Jackson, K.A., Millon, L.V., Stott, J.L., Vandenplas, M.L, Moore, J.N., and J.L. Watson. Genomic characterization of equine Interleukin-4 recep- Tripp, R.A. Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Viral Immunol., tor a-chain (IL4R) Vet. Immunol. Imunopathol., 97, 187-94, 2004. 17(2):165-81, 2004.

Stallknecht, D.E., J. Greer, J., Murphy, M., Mead, D.G., and E.W. Howerth. Vesicular Tripp, R.A. Th e brume surrounding respiratory syncytial virus persistence. stomatitis virus New Jersey in pigs: eff ect of strain and serotype on contact Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 169(7):778-9, 2004. transmission. Amer. J. Vet. Res., (in press). Tripp, R.A. Role of cytokines in the development and maintenance of memory T cells Stanley, W.A., Hofacre, C.L., Ferguson, N.M., Smith, J.A., and M. Ruano. Evaluating during respiratory viral infection. Curr. Pharm. Des., 9:51-58, 2003. the use of ultraviolet light as a method for improving hatching egg selec- tion. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12:237-241. 2003. Tripp, R.A., Dakhama, A., Gelfand, E., and L.J. Anderson. Th e G glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus depresses respiratory rates through the CX3C Stanton, J.B., Brown, C.C., Poet, S., Lipscomb, T.P., Saliki, J., and S. Frasca Jr. Ret- motif and substance P. J. Virol., 77:6580-85, 2003. rospective diff erentiation of canine distemper virus and phocine distemper virus in phocids. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press). Tripathi, N.K,, Latimer, K.S., Gregory, C.R., et al. Development and evaluation of an experimental model of cutaneous columnaris disease in koi (Cyprinus Stanton, J.B., Givens, L., Evermann, J.F., and C.C. Brown. Immunohistochemical carpio). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., (accepted for publication). analysis of two strains of lion (Panthera leo)-adapted canine distemper vi- rus in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), Vet. Pathol., 40:464-467, 2003. Tripathi, N.K., Latimer, K.S., Lewis, T.L., and V.V. Burnley. Biochemical reference intervals for koi (Cyprinus carpio). Comp. Clin. Pathol., 12:160-165, Stiffl er, K.S., Stevenson, M.A.M., Cornell, K.K., Glerum, L.E., Smith, J.D., Miller, 2003. N.A., and C.A. Rawlings. Clinical use of low-profi le cystostomy tubes in four dogs and a cat. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 223 (3):325-329, 2003. Tripathi, N.K., Latimer, K.S., and P.M. Rakich. A review of columnaris disease in freshwater fi shes. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 25:528-535, Stiver, S.L., Frazier, K.S., Manuel, M.J., and E.L. Styer. Septicemic salmonellosis in 2003. two cats fed a raw-meat diet. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 39:538-542, 2003. Van Ells, T., Stanton, J., Strieby, A., Daszak, P., Hyatt, A.D., and C.C. Brown. Th e use of immunohistochemistry to diagnose chytridiomycosis in Dyeing poison Stunk, A., and G.H. Wilson. Avian Cardiology. In: Vet Clinics of North America, dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius). J. Wildlife Dis., 39:742-745, 2003. Hernandez-Divers, S.J (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., Vet Clinics of North America, 6(1), 2003.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

Selected Publications

Varela, A.S., Luttrell, M.P., Howerth, E.W., Moore, V.A., Davidson, W.R., Stallknecht, Wise, M.G., Sellers, H.S., Alvarez, R., and B.S. Seal. RNA-dependent RNA poly- D.E., and S.E. Little. First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, puta- merase gene analysis of worldwide Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates repre- tive agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J. Clin. Microbiol., senting diff erent virulence types and their phylogenetic relationship with 42(3):1163-1169, 2004. other members of the Paramyxoviridae. Virus Res., 104:71-80, 2004.

Varela, A.S., Stallknecht, D.E., Yabsley, M.J., Moore, V.A., Davidson, W.R., and Woods, L.W., and K.S. Latimer. Circovirus infections of pigeons and other avian S.E. Little. Experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus species. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., virginianus) with Ehrlichia chafeensis by diff erent inoculation routes. Glisson, J.R., Fadly, A.M., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). J. Wildlife Dis., 39(4):881-886, 2003. Iowa State Press, Ames, IA, pp. 202-211, 2003.

Varela, A.S, Moore, V.A., and S.E. Little. Disease agents in Amblyomma americanum Woolums, A.R., Brown, C., Brown Jr, J.C., Cole, D., Scott, M., Williams, S., and from northeastern Georgia. J. Med. Entomol., 41(4):753-9, 2004. C. Miao. Eff ects of a single intranasal dose of modifi ed-live bovine respi- ratory syncytial virus vaccine on resistance to subsequent viral challenge Wall, T.M., and C.A. Calvert. Canine Viral Papillomatosis. In: Infectious Diseases of in calves. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65:363-372, 2004. the Dog and Cat, Greene, C.E. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 2004. Woolums, A.R., Gunther, R.A., McArthur-Vaughan, K., Anderson, M.L., Omlor, A., Boyle, G.A., Friebertshauser, K.E., McInturff , P.S., and Wall, M., Calvert, C.A., Sanderson, S., Leonardt, A., Barker, C., and T. Fallaw. L.J. Gershwin. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and cytokine expression Evaluation of extended release riltiazam (Dilacor XR) as once daily treat- in calves vaccinated with formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncy- ment for cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. tial virus prior to challenge. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis., Assoc., (in press). 27:57-74, 2004.

Wang, K.Y., Panciera, D.L., Al-Rukibat, R.K., and Z.A. Radi. Accuracy of ultrasound- Yabsley, M.J., Dugan, V.G., Stallknecht, D.E., Little, S.E., Lockhart, J.M., Dawson, guided fi ne-needle aspiration of the liver and cytologic fi ndings in dogs and J.E., and W.R. Davidson. Evaluation of a protype Ehrlichia chaff eensis cats: 97 cases (1990-2000). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 224:75-78, 2004. surveillance system using white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as natural sentinels. Vector Borne and Zoonot. Dis., 3:195-207, 2003. Wang, T., Edwards, G.L., Lange, G.D., Parlow, A.F., and T.B. Usdin. Brain administration of tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues inhibits growth Yabsley, M.J., Little, S.E., Sims, E.J., Dugan, V.G., Stallknecht, D.E., and hormone secretion. Rec. Res. Develop. Endocrinol., 3:317-321, 2002. W.R. Davidson. Molecular variation in the variable-length PCR target and 120-kilodalton antigen genes of Ehrlichia chaff eensis from white- Whelchel, D.D., Brehmer, T.M., Brooks, P.M., Darragh, N., and J.A. Coffi eld. Mo- tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Clin. Microbiol., 41(11):5202- lecular targets of botulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction. Move- 5206, 2003. ment Disorders, 19(S8):7-16, 2004. Yabsley, M.J. Chagas’ Disease. In: Field Guide to Wildlife Zoonoses. Friend, M., White, D.G., Ayers, S., Maurer, J.J., Th ayer, S.G., and C. Hofacre. Research and C. Brand (eds.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publica- Note–Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus iso- tion, (in press). lated from commercial broilers in northeastern Georgia. Avian Dis., 47:203-210, 2003. Yabsley, M.J., C. Dresden-Osborne, C., Pirkle, E.E., Kirven, J.K., and G.P. Noblet. Filarial worm infections in shelter dogs and cats from northwestern South Williams, S.M., Reed, W.M., Bacon, L.D., and A.M. Fadly. Response of White Leg- Carolina, U.S.A. Comp. Parasitol., (in press). horn chickens of various genetic lines to infection with Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J. Avian Dis., 48:61-67, 2004. Yabsley, M.J., and S.E.J. Gibbs. Parasitic and infectious diseases of small mam- mals. In: Wildlife Diseases: Landscape Epidemiology, Spatial Distribu- Williams, S.M., and K.P. Carmichael. Not all old cats die of lymphoma. Proceedings tion and Utilization of Remote Sensing Technology. Majumdar, S.K., of the 31st Annual Southeastern Veterinary Pathology Conference. Rural Huff man, J., Brenner, F.J., and A.I. Panah, (eds.)., (in press). Development Center, Tifton, GA. Case 35, no page number available. May 17-18, 2003. Yabsley, M.J., Norton, T.N., Powell, M.R., and W.R. Davidson. Molecular and Wilson, H., Rawlings, C.A., and K. Latimer. Lipoma resection in birds: A serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from comparison of the CUSA (Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator) and St. Catherine’s Island, Chatham County, Georgia, USA. J. Zoo Wildlife CO2 Laser. J Avian Med. Surg., (accepted for publication). Med., (in press).

Wilson, G.H. Behavior of Captive Psittacines in the Aviary. In: Psittacine Behavior, Yabsley, M.J. and A.S. Varela. Swimmer’s Itch. In: Field Guide to Wildlife Leuscher, A. (ed.). Iowa State Press, Ames, IA, (accepted for publication). Zoonoses. Friend, M., and C. Brand (eds.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication, (in press). Wilson, G.H. Wound Healing and Management. Vet Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice, Philadelphia, PA, (accepted for publication).

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ Research Publications from independent and collaborative research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medi- cine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.

Yoon, J.H., Brooks, R., Ahrar, K., Pan, H., Bryan, J., Budsberg, S.C., Mueller, P.O.E., and J. Halper. Th e eff ect of enrofl oxacin on cell proliferation and proteoglycans in horse tendon cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 20:41-54, 2004.

Young, A.A., and G.L. Edwards. Eff ects of Diabetes Mellitus on gastrointestinal function in animal models. In: Gastrointestinal Function in Diabetes Mellitus. Horowitz, M., and M. Samsom, (eds.). Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2004.

Yuan, X., Jun, H.W., and J.W. McCall. Determination of carbamazepine in uncoated and fi lm-coated tablets by HPLC with UV detection. Analytical Letters, 36(6):1197-1210, 2003.

Zaki, M.M., Ferguson, N., Leiting, V., and S.H. Kleven. Safety of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strain 6/85 after backpassage in turkeys. Avian Dis., (submitted for publication).

Zavala, G., Pretto, C., Chow, Y.H., Jones, L., Alberti, A., Grego, E., De las Heras, M., and M. Palmarini. Relevance of Akt phosphorylation in cell transformation induced by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Virology, 312(1):95-105, 2003.

Zimmer, M., Barnhart, H., Idris, U., and M.D. Lee. Detection of Campylobacter jejuni strains in the waterlines of a commercial broiler house and their relationship to the strains that colonized the chickens. Avian Dis., 47:101-7, 2003.

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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.

VMES - Working for Georgia Cover Illustrations and Lead Articles 2000-2003

Genomics West Nile Virus 2000 2001

Food Animal Health and Agroterrorism Management Program 200 2002 3

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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/ MES 2004 VScience in Service to Animals SM

28th Annual Report Veterinary Medical Experiment Station College of Veterinary Medicine Th e University of Georgia Vaccinology Athens, Georgia 30602 Veterinary Medical Experiment Station College of Veterinary Medicine Th e University of Georgia