Starch and Glycogen Analyses: Methods and Techniques
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Role of Beta-Glucan in Diabetes Management
International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Review Article Role of Beta-Glucan in Diabetes Management Ambreen Fatima, Reema Verma Lecturer (Home Science), Jhunjhunwala P.G. College & PhD Scholar, SHIATS, Allahabad, India. Corresponding Author: Ambreen Fatima Received: 23/01/2016 Revised: 28/01/2016 Accepted: 01/02/2016 ABSTRACT Diabetes is a universal metabolic disorder prevalent in world and in India it comprises 7.8% of world diabetic population. Beta cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas secrete insulin hormone which regulate the cellular intake of glucose in human body. Due to insufficient insulin secretion or insulin in sensitivity or any injury in pancreas impairs cellular glucose intake leads rise in blood sugar level. This condition is called as diabetes. Beta glucan found in foods like barley oats etc is a pro-glucagon molecule which exerts strong insulinotropic effects in vivo. It is a good alternative of diabetic medicine for diabetes patients. Key words: Diabetes, Beta Glucan. INTRODUCTION involves an absolute or relative insulin The aetiology of diabetes in India is arises when the pancreas fails to produce multi factorial and includes genetic factors insulin due to destruction of the pancreatic coupled with environmental influences such beta cells usually resulting from an as obesity associated with rising living autoimmune disorder or deficiency occurs standards, steady urban migration, and life when insulin requirements are increased style changes. More than 80% of people live results in insulin resistance (Bowman and in low and middle income countries. Pattern Russel, 2001). It is generally accepted that of diabetes incidence are related to the beta-cell failure is caused by insulin geographical distribution of diabetes in resistance. -
Effect of Intake of Food Hydrocolloids of Bacterial Origin on the Glycemic Response in Humans: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
nutrients Review Effect of Intake of Food Hydrocolloids of Bacterial Origin on the Glycemic Response in Humans: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis Norah A. Alshammari 1,2, Moira A. Taylor 3, Rebecca Stevenson 4 , Ourania Gouseti 5, Jaber Alyami 6 , Syahrizal Muttakin 7,8, Serafim Bakalis 5, Alison Lovegrove 9, Guruprasad P. Aithal 2 and Luca Marciani 2,* 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Translational Medical Sciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; [email protected] 3 Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; [email protected] 4 Precision Imaging Beacon, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; [email protected] 5 Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; [email protected] (O.G.); [email protected] (S.B.) 6 Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 7 Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, Jakarta 12540, Indonesia; Citation: Alshammari, N.A.; [email protected] Taylor, M.A.; Stevenson, R.; 8 School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Gouseti, O.; Alyami, J.; Muttakin, S.; 9 Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK; [email protected] Bakalis, S.; Lovegrove, A.; Aithal, G.P.; * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-115-823-1248 Marciani, L. -
Archaeological Starch Preservation and Methodological Parameters: Where Does Qaraqara Fit?
ARCHAEOLOGICAL STARCH PRESERVATION AND METHODOLOGICAL PARAMETERS: WHERE DOES QARAQARA FIT? Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Nicole Marie Hernandez, B.A. Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University 2015 Master’s Committee: Professor Julie S. Field, Advisor Professor Kristen J. Gremillion Professor Robert Cook Copyright by Nicole Marie Hernandez 2015 ABSTRACT Starch granule analysis is a relatively new methodology that can aid in various areas of archaeological research, including the determination of subsistence patterns and transitions, mobility, tool use, and ecology. This study examines undecorated ceramic fragments recovered from Qaraqara, Fiji for the presence of adhered starch. Although the three starch extraction methods used were not successful, the research process provides an opportunity to explain the lack of success by investigating ideal archaeological starch preservation parameters and extraction methodologies. Many factors contribute to the rarity of preserved starch granules in archaeological settings, including its bio-chemical structure, the decomposition of microorganisms in soil, chemical interactions, and environmental conditions. To determine ideal environmental conditions for starch preservation, successful extraction methods, and the effect of archaeological materials on success rates for extraction, a meta-analysis was conducted on a sample of archaeological studies that also sought to extract preserved starch. Key environmental variables that support the preservation of starch were identified, including a specific range of average temperatures, rainfall amounts, and altitudes. Using chi-square statistical tests, this study determined that an average temperature of 19-22° C significantly contributes to the preservation of archaeological starch. -
Glycogen in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes: II
Glycogen in human peripheral blood leukocytes: II. The macromolecular state of leukocyte glycogen Robert B. Scott, W. J. S. Still J Clin Invest. 1968;47(2):353-359. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI105731. Glycogen of normal human blood leukocytes was studied in cell suspensions containing chiefly neutrophiles. In electron micrographs of neutrophiles stained with lead the glycogen particles appear to be relatively uniform with a diameter of 20 mμ. At high magnification the 20 mμ particle appears to be composed of at least eight subunits. Leukocyte glycogen released by lysis or homogenization sediments as a single peak of high molecular weight material. The great majority of the cell glycogen can be accounted for in the large molecular weight material. The large molecular weight material is degraded to small fragments by α-amylase and partially degraded by β-amylase. Purification of cell glycogen by alkali extraction and ethanol precipitation produces a relatively uniform particle smaller than the original native macromolecule. Native glycogen was prepared in pure form by a sucrose density gradient technique and its purity demonstrated by its susceptibility to purified α-amylase and by analytical ultracentrifugation. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/105731/pdf Glycogen in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocvtes II. THE MACROMOLECULAR STATE OF LEUKOCYTE GLYCOGEN ROBERT B. Scorr and W. J. S. STILL with the technical assistance of LAVERNE W. COOPER From the Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia A B S T R A C T Glycogen of normal human blood readily accessible, provide a convenient system in leukocytes was studied in cell suspensions con- which glycogen metabolism can l)e stll(lied. -
Molecular Diagnosis of Glycogen Storage Disease and Disorders with Overlapping Clinical Symptoms by Massive Parallel Sequencing
© American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular diagnosis of glycogen storage disease and disorders with overlapping clinical symptoms by massive parallel sequencing Ana I Vega, PhD1,2,3, Celia Medrano, BSc1,2,3, Rosa Navarrete, BSc1,2,3, Lourdes R Desviat, PhD1,2,3, Begoña Merinero, PhD1,2,3, Pilar Rodríguez-Pombo, PhD1,2,3, Isidro Vitoria, MD, PhD4, Magdalena Ugarte, PhD1,2,3, Celia Pérez-Cerdá, PhD1,2,3 and Belen Pérez, PhD1,2,3 Purpose: Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is an umbrella term for a Results: Pathogenic mutations were detected in 23 patients. group of genetic disorders that involve the abnormal metabolism of Twenty-two mutations were recognized (mostly loss-of-function glycogen; to date, 23 types of GSD have been identified. The nonspe- mutations), including 11 that were novel in GSD-associated genes. In cific clinical presentation of GSD and the lack of specific biomarkers addition, CES detected five patients with mutations in ALDOB, LIPA, mean that Sanger sequencing is now widely relied on for making a NKX2-5, CPT2, or ANO5. Although these genes are not involved in diagnosis. However, this gene-by-gene sequencing technique is both GSD, they are associated with overlapping phenotypic characteristics laborious and costly, which is a consequence of the number of genes such as hepatic, muscular, and cardiac dysfunction. to be sequenced and the large size of some genes. Conclusions: These results show that next-generation sequenc- ing, in combination with the detection of biochemical and clinical Methods: This work reports the use of massive parallel sequencing hallmarks, provides an accurate, high-throughput means of making to diagnose patients at our laboratory in Spain using either a cus- genetic diagnoses of GSD and related diseases. -
Chem 331 Biochemistry Carbohydrates Learning Objectives, Study Guides
Chem 331 Biochemistry Carbohydrates Learning Objectives, Study Guides Key concepts: Monosaccharides are defined as polyhydroxyls, ether as aldehydes or ketones. Sugars that contain 4 or more carbons exist primarily as ring structures known as hemiacetals (aldehydes ) or hemiketals (ketones). Monosaccharides are single sugars examples are glucose, fructose and ribose. Disaccharides are two liked sugars examples are sucrose, lactose, cellobiose and maltose. Oligosaccharides are polymers of simple sugars linked together by O and N linked glycosidic bonds. Examples are cellulose, glycogen and glycosaminoglycans. Learning Objectives • Define carbohydrate and the groups of saccharides in chemical and descriptive terms • DRAW fructose, glucose, galactose, sucrose and lactose • Understand the concepts of enantiomers, diastereomers and epimers of simple sugars. Know the definitions of these terms • Know how the ring structures of aldehyde and ketone sugars are formed • Describe the role that mutarotation plays in intraconversion between the alpha and beta anomers. • Know the glycosidic bonds for the acetal and ketal bonds. Know the different positions for the alpha and beta linkage conformations. • Be able to convert the straight chain structure of any 5 or 6 carbon containing monosaccharide to its corresponding ring structure • Be able to recognize the structures of the modifications of sugars: • glycosides, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, phosphate esters, deoxy sugars and amino sugars. • Understand the role saccharides play in biology • Tell the difference between the major sugar polymers in biochemistry • Know the differences between glycoprotein and proteoglycans. • Know the biochemical functions and differences between the various heteropolysaccharides • Be able to recognize the N and O linked polysaccharides • Know how dietary polysaccharides are digested by humans Study Notes from Dr P: This is a pretty straight forward chapter. -
Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism During Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations
nutrients Review Regulation of Muscle Glycogen Metabolism during Exercise: Implications for Endurance Performance and Training Adaptations Mark A. Hearris, Kelly M. Hammond, J. Marc Fell and James P. Morton * Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; [email protected] (M.A.H.); [email protected] (K.M.H.); [email protected] (J.M.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-151-904-6233 Received: 9 January 2018; Accepted: 27 February 2018; Published: 2 March 2018 Abstract: Since the introduction of the muscle biopsy technique in the late 1960s, our understanding of the regulation of muscle glycogen storage and metabolism has advanced considerably. Muscle glycogenolysis and rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation are affected by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, training status and substrate availability. Such changes to the global exercise stimulus exert regulatory effects on key enzymes and transport proteins via both hormonal control and local allosteric regulation. Given the well-documented effects of high CHO availability on promoting exercise performance, elite endurance athletes are typically advised to ensure high CHO availability before, during and after high-intensity training sessions or competition. Nonetheless, in recognition that the glycogen granule is more than a simple fuel store, it is now also accepted that glycogen is a potent regulator of the molecular cell signaling pathways that regulate the oxidative phenotype. Accordingly, the concept of deliberately training with low CHO availability has now gained increased popularity amongst athletic circles. In this review, we present an overview of the regulatory control of CHO metabolism during exercise (with a specific emphasis on muscle glycogen utilization) in order to discuss the effects of both high and low CHO availability on modulating exercise performance and training adaptations, respectively. -
The Journey of Fructose from Plant to Human
3/13/2017 The Journey of Fructose From Plant to Human The Journey of Fructose From Plant to Human By Rex Mahnensmith | Submitted On July 11, 2016 Fructose is a basic carbohydrate component of virtually all fruits and most vegetables. Fructose appears in plants as a secondary product of photosynthesis. Glucose is the primary product of photosynthesis, but fructose and sucrose appear rapidly as glucose undergoes simple transformations in the plant. Fructose content varies from fruit to fruit and from vegetable to vegetable, but fructose is widely available for consumption and has always been present in our diet. Fructose may be ingested from fruit and vegetables as a simple, resident sugar in the plant. Or, fructose may be ingested in the form of sucrose, which is simply a doublesugar molecule resulting from the union of glucose and fructose in the plant structure. Ingested fructose is absorbed easily across the walls of our small intestine segments. A specific transport protein facilitates fructose absorption, and this transport protein does not require energy consumption or the presence of sodium. Ingested glucose on the other hand is transported across the walls of our small intestine segments by a different transport protein that requires dedicated energy and the presence of sodium, which serves as a cotransport partner. Ingested sucrose is not directly absorbable. Sucrose has no unique transport protein to facilitate its absorption. Ingested sucrose must be cleaved into its component monosaccharide sugars while still in the small intestinal cavity fructose and glucose. Then and only then can sucrose yield its energy. http://ezinearticles.com/?TheJourneyofFructoseFromPlanttoHuman&id=9465161 1/3 3/13/2017 The Journey of Fructose From Plant to Human Glucose travels through the intestinal blood stream to enter the general blood stream to feed all tissues and cells, providing immediate energy release once transported into each tissue cell. -
Chem331 Glycogen Metabolism
Glycogen metabolism Glycogen review - 1,4 and 1,6 α-glycosidic links ~ every 10 sugars are branched - open helix with many non-reducing ends. Effective storage of glucose Glucose storage Liver glycogen 4.0% 72 g Muscle glycogen 0.7% 245 g Blood Glucose 0.1% 10 g Large amount of water associated with glycogen - 0.5% of total weight Glycogen stored in granules in cytosol w/proteins for synthesis, degradation and control There are very different means of control of glycogen metabolism between liver and muscle Glycogen biosynthetic and degradative cycle Two different pathways - which do not share enzymes like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis glucose -> glycogen glycogenesis - biosynthetic glycogen -> glucose 1-P glycogenolysis - breakdown Evidence for two paths - Patients lacking phosphorylase can still synthesize glycogen - hormonal regulation of both directions Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)- Glycogen Phosphorylase glycogen (n) + Pi -> glucose 1-p + glycogen (n-1) • Enzyme binds and cleaves glycogen into monomers at the end of the polymer (reducing ends of glycogen) • Dimmer interacting at the N-terminus. • rate limiting - controlled step in glycogen breakdown • glycogen phosphorylase - cleavage of 1,4 α glycosidic bond by Pi NOT H2O • Energy of phosphorolysis vs. hydrolysis -low standard state free energy change -transfer potential -driven by Pi concentration -Hydrolysis would require additional step s/ cost of ATP - Think of the difference between adding a phosphate group with hydrolysis • phosphorylation locks glucose in cell (imp. for muscle) • Phosphorylase binds glycogen at storage site and the catalytic site is 4 to 5 glucose residues away from the catalytic site. • Phosphorylase removes 1 residue at a time from glycogen until 4 glucose residues away on either side of 1,6 branch point – stericaly hindered by glycogen storage site • Cleaves without releasing at storage site • general acid/base catalysts • Inorganic phosphate attacks the terminal glucose residue passing through an oxonium ion intermediate. -
ESTABLISHMENT of HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNIQUES for STUDYING STARCH FUNCTIONALITIES by Miguel Angel Alvarez Gonzales
ESTABLISHMENT OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING STARCH FUNCTIONALITIES by Miguel Angel Alvarez Gonzales A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Food Science West Lafayette, Indiana August 2019 2 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Yuan Yao, Chair Department of Food Science Dr. Bruce Hamaker Department of Food Science Dr. Clifford Weil Department of Agronomy Approved by: Dr. Arun K. Bhunia Head of the Graduate Program 3 Dedicated to my family 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... 12 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 1. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 16 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Clean label movement ....................................................................................................... 17 -
Quantification of Soluble Starch from Fresh Potatoes Using Photopette
Application Note SOLUBLE STARCH EDUCATIONAL EXPERIMENT QUANTIFICATION OF SOLUBLE STARCH FROM FRESH POTATOES USING PHOTOPETTE P.Y. Yap, A. Jain and D. Trau, Tip Biosystems Pte Ltd, Singapore • Educational experiment using Photopette® to measure soluble starch in potatoes and other plants. • Simple extraction method combined with iodine reagent allows easy starch quantification. • Bench centrifuge OBJECTIVE Reagents: This application note provides an educational experiment to quantify soluble starch in fresh potatoes using the • Iodine Reagent Photopette® hand held photometer at 600 nm wavelength. • Starch reference solution made from soluble starch powder (Sigma, S9765). INTRODUCTION Material: • Fresh Potato Starch is a carbohydrate based energy storage molecule found in plants. There are two types of starch - amylose METHOD (highly soluble in water) and amylopectin (slightly soluble in Before performing experiments please refer to the risk- water) [1]. Both types of starch are made from glucose assessment and refer to the Photopette® User Manual for monomers but with a different linkage. operating and safety precautions [2]. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Preparation Iodine Reagent: The preparation of the Iodine reagent is made following the CLEAPSS Recipe. The reagent is prepared by adding 3 g of KI to 2.54 g I2 and toping up with water to 100 mL. Subsequently, the stock solution is diluted Figure 1a: Amylose Figure 1b: Amylopectin 10 times and stored in the dark. The presence of starch can be measured by its reaction with iodine. Starch and iodine form a dark-blue complex with an Starch Reference Solution: A 0.1% starch reference solution absorbance maximum at 600 nm [1]. is made using soluble starch powder (Sigma, S9765). -
Glycogen Storage Diseases Are Genetic Deficiencies That Result in the Storage of Abnormal Amounts of Glycogen in the Body
UNDERSTANDING GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE What is Glycogen Storage Disease? Glycogen storage diseases are genetic deficiencies that result in the storage of abnormal amounts of glycogen in the body. About 1 out of 100 000 babies are born with glycogen storage diseases each year in Canada. There are 5 different types of these diseases depending on the enzyme missing, however, only type 1a will be described here. All people who are born with GSD have one thing in common. They are unable to properly metabolize or break down glycogen, the storage form of sugar in the body. The food we eat is usually used for growth, tissue repair and energy. The body stores what it does not use. Excess sugar, or glucose, is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissue. Between meals and during sleep (i.e. periods of fasting), or during exercise, the body breaks down glycogen and uses the stored sugar for energy. Due to an enzyme deficiency, people with GSD have the ability to store sugar as glycogen but are unable to use these stores to provide the body with energy during fasting or exercise. Think of a pantry where extra food is stored. In times of need, the pantry door can be opened and food can be accessed. In glycogen storage disease, food can be placed in the pantry for storage, but can’t be accessed in times of need. The pantry door is locked. Food can be pushed through a slot in the door but the door cannot be opened to get the food out.