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Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I

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Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Technical Feasibility Assessment Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Government of the Independent State of Samoa A report prepared by the Government of Samoa with the technical support of the United Nations Development Programme Page | 1 Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I i. Support letter by Samoa’s Prime Minister Page | 2 Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Page | 3 Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Executive Summary 1. Tropical storms and cyclones (damaging winds, rainfall, flooding, swells, and storm surges) have caused significant economic and social losses at the national (infrastructure) and household level; although according to climate change predictions the frequency of such events is bound to decrease, the severity of the events is expected to increase. More flooding and higher damage rates are expected. 2. During the occurrence of extreme weather events, the most recent of which was Cyclone Evan, the Apia Urban Area is prone to flooding. Excess water flowing through the Vaisigano River causes both loss of livelihoods, homes as well as other vital assets (hospitals, energy and telephone network, small businesses), as well as disrupts access and evacuation routes for ambulances, firefighters, etc. 3. Bridges, roads and drainage – as well as other infrastructural works - are not able to withstand and/or cope with high volumes of rainfall during extreme weather events as have been forecasted for the longer term. 4. Upstream land degradation and unconducive agricultural land use practices and landscaping in the Greater Apia Catchment area, as well as the high surface of built environment in the Vaisigano sub-catchment in particular, cause low infiltration of rainwater in the catchment areas. 5. Flash-flooding results in damages to roads as well as river streambeds, bringing along debris (torn up houses and uprooted trees) that have a demonstrated high damaging effect on infrastructure downstream that can set back economic development in Samoa significantly. Based on assessments following a series of flooding events, the last of which was Cyclone Evans, Samoa experienced damages of approximately US$200 million 6. Currently, the flood plains in Apia Urban Area are flooded at practically every extreme weather event, causing a significant number of households to experience higher risk of health-related issues such as water- and vector borne diseases, flood-related injuries and traumas when water stagnates for prolonged periods of time during and after floods. 7. An examination of a variety of measures to reduce damages during periods of extreme events has indicated that extension of the current bridges across the Vaisigano River (Vaisigano, Lelata, Leone bridges), as well as fortification of the riverbanks, is needed to allow for increased channel capacity and minimize risk of damage from increased water flows. Assessment of the Lelata bridge has demonstrated that the current designs for reconstruction of the bridge would result in it being 3 meters too low for adequate passage of flash flood water, and thus pose a flood risk to the flood plains in Apia Urban Center. 8. Due to limited experience with integrated spatial planning tools that allow for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management, particularly with regards to flooding, GoS is still grappling with the most effective approach to prevent and control flooding and prepare for remedial measures once such flooding inevitably occurs during extreme weather events. This, despite the leaps made with the Vaisigano River Watershed Plan (1991), the Flood Management Plan and Demonstration project for the Vaisigano Catchment (2007), the City Development Strategy (2015) for the Apia Urban Area and the Integrated Water Management Plan for the Greater Apia Catchment (currently in elaboration). Cross-sectoral approach in the Vaisigano Page | 4 Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Catchment is needed with comprehensive planning and laying of drainage systems that can accommodate higher outflow of increased water flows, improved storage of rainwater, heath surveillance systems, and raising awareness among vulnerable populations on flood resistant building practices, as well as enhanced capacity of government, private sector as well as non- governmental organizations who are instrumental for effective flood management practices. 9. Without strong participation of civil society and private sector, it will be difficult to ensure that while implementing integrated flood management measures, vulnerable groups within the Vaisigano River sub-catchment will not continue to lose livelihoods due to negative effects of climate change. Involving them in catchment protection, while at the same time providing them with alternative income generating activities, is key to the success of any integrated flood management initiative in the densely populated sub-catchment. This feasibility study demonstrates that in light of current and ongoing activities as well as the assessment of vulnerabilities, the protection of vulnerable assets and livelihoods in the Vaisigano River Catchment area is an important starting point. A number of hard and soft infrastructural measures and livelihoods approaches are identified that take into account the long term risks associated with climate change induced flooding. Addressing the key concerns of vulnerable groups, so that interventions not only protects assets and people, but also tries to create resilient livelihoods, is critical for long-term sustainability. The Feasibility report outlines hard measures that are necessary for ensuring that critical infrastructure is able to withstand the likely higher occurrence of heavy extreme weather events that lead to in flash flooding. This includes upgrading the streambed of the Vaisigano River (establishment of river walls and fortified embankments), enhancing the design of the Lelata Bridge as well as improving drainage systems to accommodate higher water flow in the most vulnerable floodplain areas in Apia. Hardware for early warning will also be installed as part of upgrading CLEWS to accommodate flood warnings as well as monitor the incidence of health impacts during periods of excessive rainfall. Moreover, ecosystem based adaptation measures will be promoted in the upland areas including anti-erosive measures to reforestation to promote reduction of flow rates. Soft measures targeting flood management will deal mostly with awareness raising, capacity building, participatory planning, etc. of stakeholders in the Vaisigano River Catchment. For instance, entrepreneurship in agribusiness and flood related technology options can be promoted which will have he added co-benefit of employment creation. Active participation of vulnerable populations in 18 identified flood-prone villages in the Vaisigano River Catchment will promoted. Communities will be involved in participator planning of ecosystem based activities within their territories as well as providing labor for construction and maintenance activities relating to flood management related infrastructure interventions. GCF resources will also be used for the provision of adequate and timely information from the Climate Early Warning System (CLEWS) to field practitioners dealing with flood-related injuries and disease as well as evacuation. There is ample evidence from around the world that a reduction in response times can save lives, particularly among members of vulnerable groups. The approach adopted by the proposed project is in line with the Strategy for Development of Samoa (draft 2017 – 2021), as well as the focus of the new National Environment Sector Plan (2017 – 2021). It builds on the groundwork and results under several of National Adaptation Programmes of Actions (NAPA) follow up projects that Samoa has under implementation with financing from the Least Page | 5 Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Developed Country Fund. The project is also aligned with Samoa’s programmatic approach to flood management in the Greater Apia Catchment which GoS (see Annex II a). Page | 6 Annex II – Feasibility Study GREEN CLIMATE FUND FUNDING PROPOSAL I Table of contents i. Support letter by Samoa’s Prime Minister ................................................................................... 2 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 4 ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................................... 12 1. Climate Risk Profile of Samoa ................................................................................................... 19 1.1. Country Background: Development Context and Challenges ............................................ 19 1.1.1. Incomes and Assets ...................................................................................................... 19 1.1.2. Incomes and Poverty .................................................................................................... 53 1.1.3. Changes in climatic patterns ........................................................................................ 57 1.1.4. Rainfall seasons and climatic patterns ........................................................................
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