Spring 2000 Forum on Austrian Government and EU Draws Overflow Crowd by Daniel Pinkerton

AUSTRIAN CENTERSTUDIES FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIESNEWSLETTER Vol. 12, No. 2 Spring 2000 Forum on Austrian government and EU draws overflow crowd by Daniel Pinkerton

The news that the right of center People’s Party (ÖVP) and the contro- versial conservative Freedom Party (FPÖ) would form a coalition government thrust Austria on to the world’s stage and into America’s newspapers. When, on 31 January, 14 member states of the European Union announced a series of vague bilateral sanctions against Austria, the subject became front page news. Locally, headlines were alarming and stories were brief and occasionally distorted. Clearly there was a need for a serious, informative debate to shed light on Austria’s difficulties; therefore, the Center quickly orga- nized a panel discussion, “Austria and the Haider Phenomenon: Democracy, National Identity, and the European The panelists, left to right: Thomas Wolfe, David Good, Helga Leitner, Eric Weitz, and W. Phillips Shiveley. Union.” Held on 16 February, and drawing from the rich pool of talent on the University of Minnesota’s reacted somewhat, and its well-meaning sanctions were vague and pre- faculty, the forum (cosponsored by the Center for German and European mature. Most Austrians did not vote for the FPÖ and the coalition has not Studies) drew an overflow crowd of about 125 people, forcing an instant proposed any legislation that violates any EU tenets. change of venue from the original room to the Humphrey Institute’s Days later, an appreciative and better-informed community was still Cowles Auditorium. The audience consisted of community members and talking about Austria, and the Center had received numerous congratula- students, staff, and faculty from the University of Minnesota as well as tions for hosting this timely event. v neighboring colleges and universities. The panelists started the event off by briefly analyzing the situation from their own academic perspectives. David Good, historian and former In This Issue CAS director, put Haider’s rise in the context of twentieth-century Aus- Letter from the Director 2 trian politics and society. W. Phillips Shiveley, political scientist, ana- Minnesota Calendar 3 lyzed Austrian political parties and the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition in a comparative framework. Helga Leitner, Viennese-born geographer, explained the Central Europe comes to U Film Festival 3 Proporz system and presented a history of minorities in Austria. Thomas ASN Interview: Thomas Emmert 4 Wolfe, anthropologist and historian, spoke about antiforeigner rhetoric ASN Interview: Diana Kurz 6 and popular culture in Central Europe, while noting that the FPÖ’s pro- In Memorium: Peter Sugar 8 gram had much in common with European neoliberal parties. Eric Weitz, ASN Interview: David Buch 10 historian, spoke about the EU, explaining and to some extent defending the actions of its member states. Publications: News and Reviews 12 Following this, the panelists and audience engaged in a lively hour- Hot off the Presses 16 long question and answer period. Most people seemed to agree that no News from the Field: New Austrian Archives Laws 17 matter how distasteful they found Haider and the FPÖ, the EU had over- SAHH News 18 OUR NEW WEBSITE ADDRESS: Salzburg Festival Preview 19 Streetwise Guide to the Archives: Klatovy 20 www.cas.umn.edu Announcements 22 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Letter from the Director

I am happy to report that the Center for Austrian Studies is very much of the Newsletter attended. We were glad to see you. Our conference, alive and humming with activities. The recent media frenzy focusing on “Aspects of Austrian History and Culture,” combined the lectures “Aus- the political developments in Austria has created an awareness of the tria between the Past and the Future” by Professor Arnold Suppan, “His- country and its people that we had not really anticipated or hoped for, but tory and Memory in Ingeborg Bachmann’s Poetry” by Professor Leslie at least for a short moment we do not have to fear that Austria is being Morris, and the Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture, “The Jewish Middle confused with Australia. To respond to the current interest, the Center, Class in Vienna in the late 19th Century,” offered by Professor Erika in cooperation with the Center for German and European Studies at the Weinzierl, the distinguished chair of the Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for University of Minnesota, sponsored an open forum, which was attended History and Society in Vienna. Looking into the future, we are continu- by more than one hundred students, faculty, and members of the coming discussions initiated by Professors Richard Rudolph and Franz Szabo munity (see story, p. 1). A subsequent session, linked by television with concerning the 2001 Symposium. This will be a collaborative effort with the University of Wisconsin campus in Madison, further contributed to the new Canadian Centre for Austrian and Central European Studies an intelligent and fair discourse on current Austrian events. located at the University of Alberta, in Edmonton. Its focus will be on the Our seminars, ranging from David Buch’s “New Mozart Attributions revised views of national history in Austria and the Habsburg monarchy. in the Singspiel Der Stein der Weisen” to Schumpeter Fellow Gerhard Since this will be the last Newsletter of the current academic year, I Orosel’s “Corporate Vote Trading as an Instrument of Corporate Gover- want to take the opportunity to express the Center’s gratitude to Mag. nance,” were well attended. And, before the year is half over, we will Stefan Riegler, our Austrian assistant, who will be returning home at the have two new additions to the Center’s “Working Papers” series (see end of the spring semester. He has been a wonderful colleague and a back page). Just call the Center for details. most resourceful organizer of our seminars. His artistic skills became evi- As you already know, the Center did not hold its major symposium at dent in his imaginative flyer designs, advertising our upcoming events. the University this year. Rather, we collaborated with Columbia Univer- His selection of refreshments after the talks revealed his sophisticated sity and the Harriman Institute by cosponsoring the conference “Dilem- Austrian taste. Thank you Stefan! We are so glad that they named the mas of East Central Europe,” honoring Professor István Deák, eminent cathedral in Vienna after you! An honor well deserved. historian and good friend of CAS. But not having a “big” conference on Greetings to all the friends of the Center for Austrian Studies. We hope campus did not keep us from hosting a little one, which many readers you will have a wonderful summer and perhaps even have a chance to visit Austria. You can count on being well received, as you also would be if you came to visit the Center for Austrian Studies at the University of Minnesota. As they say in German (or Austrian) “Wir freuen uns auf Ihren Besuch.” EDITOR’S NOTE Gerhard Weiss Interim Director Who is Nicole Slupetzky? Nicole Slupetzky is the newest addition to the Center’s staff. She’s AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Barbara Melton-Boomgaarden’s successor at the Kommission für Volume 12, No. 2 Spring 2000 neuere Geschichte Österreichs and a lecturer at the University of Salz- • burg. She will assist the Center in many ways: as our liaison with the Editor: Daniel Pinkerton Kommission; as the Austrian correspondent for ASN; as an assistant Editorial Assistants: Kenneth Marks, Seulky Shin editor for the Austrian History Yearbook (along with Kenneth Marks), Austrian Correspondent: Nicole Slupetzky coordinating Austrian activity and helping when an Austrian reviewer Secretary: Elizabeth Kelly or author of an article is involved. ASN is published three times annually (January, April, and September) and Nicole, a native of Salzburg, received her Ph.D. in history from the distributed free of charge to interested subscribers as a public service of the Center for Austrian Studies, an independent unit of the College of Liberal University of Salzburg in 1999. The Austrian Academy of Sciences Arts, University of Minnesota. awarded her a scholarship to aid in the completion of her Ph.D. thesis, Interim Director: Gerhard H. Weiss “Europe and the Spanish-American War.” She has studied abroad in Executive Secretary: Barbara Krauß-Christensen England, Spain, and—in a bit of Dickensian foreshadowing—at the Editor: Daniel Pinkerton University of Minnesota (May 1997). Nicole has a small but impres- Subscription requests or contributions for publication should be sent to: sive list of publications, among which are articles coauthored with her Center for Austrian Studies Attn: Austrian Studies Newsletter father, Univ. Prof. Dr. Heinz Slupetzky. Nicole has other interests as 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S. well: a love of languages (she speaks five of them), music, theater, and Minneapolis MN 55455 Alpine skiing. We welcome her to CAS. On page 17, you can read her Phone: (612) 624-9811 Fax: (612) 626-9004 website: http://www.socsci.umn.edu/cas first article for ASN; on page 9, you can see her picture. Editor's e-mail: [email protected] By the way, Barbara Melton-Boomgaarden, who is living (most of Subscriptions: [email protected] the year) in Atlanta, will continue to serve as an associate editor for We also have a subscription form at our website. the AHY; her primary function will be to go over the English-language The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. prose of Austrian authors with a fine-toothed comb. She will also contribute occasionally to the ASN—e.g., reviewing the Salzburg Festival for us. FALL 2000 submission deadline: Daniel Pinkerton 1 july 2 SPRING 2000 News from the Center International Film Fest Minnesota Calendar

back on campus 14-29 April. 18th Annual Rivertown International Film Festival. Recent films from around the world (see article, this page).

17 April. Reading. Anna Mitgutsch, Austrian writer, reading from her latest novel Haus der Kindheit (in German). 3:30 p.m.; Gerhard Weiss Library, 128 Folwell Hall.

27 April. Seminar. Wolff A. Greinert, editor of . . . Der Zeit am Wort den Puls zu fühlen . . ., a book about Piero Rismondo. “Der Zeit am Wort den Puls zu fühlen: Der The- aterkritiker Piero Rismondo als Zeitzeuge des Österreichischen The- aters im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert” (in German).12:00 noon; Gerhard Weiss Library, 128 Folwell Hall.

A scene from the Cezch film Cozy Dens. 3 May. Seminar. Stefan Schmitz, Vienna University of Economics; Aus- trian Academy of Sciences; Rudolf For the 18th year, the University Film Soci- The director, Iranian-born Austrian Hou- Sallinger Fellow at the University of ety will be opening a window on the world chang Allahyari (previous films I Love Vienna, Minnesota, Dept. of Economics. “The for Twin Cities filmgoers. The 18th Annual Fear of Heights have been festival entries) Global Information Society and the Minneapolis/St. Paul International Film Festi- also has a separate career as a psychiatrist in Transformation of Statism: The Case val will bring 100 films from Asia, Africa, the Vienna. Americas, Australia, and Europe to the Bell A second Austrian film, Heroes in Tirol, will of Austria.” 3:30 p.m.; Ford Room, 710 Museum and Oak Street Cinema, as well as be screened 28 April, 7pm, at The Heights. This Social Sciences Building. other area screens. It will run from 14-29 April, film by Niki List (Müller’s Büro) is an Alpine with a week of audience-chosen “Best of Fest” rock musical farce with sprightly polkas and hope for advancement or fulfillment who long showings the following week. heavy metal yodeling. to escape to the cities. Advance word says that U Film Society director Al Milgrom always Other films from East Central Europe will the stellar performances of actresses Karolina includes some Austrian films, and this year two be featured. The Czech Republic will be repre- Dryzner and Ewa Lorska are not to be missed. of them will be screened. sented by three films. The Return of the Idiot is Schedule: In the Rye, 16 April, 2 p.m., Bell; Born in Absurdistan (Geboren in Absurdis- inspired by the famous Dostoyevsky novel. It 26 April, 9 p.m., The Heights. Return of the tan, 1999) is a satiric comedy that will be shown tells the story of a young man recently released Idiot, 16 April, 9:15 p.m., Bell; 17 April, 9 p.m., 23 April, 1:15 pm, at the Oak Street Cinema. into society after many years spent inside an The Heights. Cozy Dens, 19 April, 7:15 p.m., In a Viennese hospital the newborn babies of asylum. In the Rye is a tryptich of haunting, Oak Street Cinema; 22 April, 4:45 p.m., The an Austrian couple and a Turkish family of dreamlike stories of love, mystery, and danger. Heights. Idle Running, 18 April, 9:15 p.m., Bell. immigrant workers are mixed up and go home Cozy Dens is a comedy about two families The Junction, 26 April, 7 p.m., The Heights. with the wrong parents. By the time the mis- whose children are united in their fascination As usual, prices are reasonable and a number take comes to light, the entire Turkish family— with rebellion and capitalism. of different passes are available. A complete including the baby—has been deported. So the In addition, the festival will screen Idle Run- pullout schedule will appear in the April 12 despairing Austrians seek out their village in ning, a Slovenian comedy about college room- issue of City Pages. For more information, call Turkey to get their child back. The film follows mates with distinctly different approaches to the festival hotline at 612-627-4430, or the the comic nightmare necessary to get everyone life and how they begin to affect each other. U Film Society offices at 612-627-4432; fax back into Austria and determine for certain just From Poland will come The Junction, a story of 612-627-4111; or visit their website at http:// whose child is whose. (See picture, p. 18.) young women trapped in the provinces with no www.ufilm.org v 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Thomas Emmert: deconstructing the myth of Kosovo

by Daniel Pinkerton DP: Our readers might like to know more about the Battle of Kosovo. Did THOMAS EMMERT is a professor of his- the Serbs fight the Turks alongside tory at Gustavus Adolphus College, other ethnic groups? a small liberal arts college an hour TE: We don’t know the exact com- away from Minneapolis. During the position of the (largely) Christian last fifteen years, he has become one forces. We know that there were of the country’s leading experts on Serbs, Bosnians (who at that time Balkan history and culture, and even were largely Christian Slavs), and such well-known figures as Dennison some Hungarians. We know that there Rusinow defer to him on questions were peoples from the Adriatic coast. concerning Serbia and Kosovo. On 2 And it is assumed that some of the December 1999 Emmert gave a pre- forces would have been Albanians as sentation,“Broken Dreams: Serbia at well. But the sources are few for the the End of the Century,” for the CAS battle itself, and very few of them list Seminar Series. The timely topic and who was there, even in general terms, Emmert’s reputation made for a well- although one or two sources do indi- attended seminar. Immediately after- cate that there were some Albanians. ward, ASN spoke with him about The battle was fought under the lead- Serbia and Kosovo. ership of Lazar, the last significant Serbian prince. He had moved the DP: Balkan history is a hot topic center of the Serbian state north of now, but for years it was amazingly Kosovo after the dissolution of the obscure. How did you get interested empire under Dušan, who died in in Serbia and the Balkans? 1355, and had established himself TE: I’m a native Minnesotan. As an in the central part of what is today undergraduate at St. Olaf College, I studied Russian and was a history Serbia. There were other Serbian potentates in different parts of the (one- major. At the end of my sophomore year, I got the opportunity to go to time) empire, but Lazar was the strongest of them, and there were even Yugoslavia on the University of Minnesota SPAN program. Theo Stav- attempts before the battle of Kosovo to somehow accept him as a kind rou was its executive director at the time. I had a marvelous time, lived of heir to the Nemanjić dynasty. But he was not a part of the Nemanjić in a Slovak village in northern Serbia in the province of Vojvodina, and dynasty. for my project, I studied the impact of socialism on Slovak culture and society. I was fascinated with Yugoslavia and decided that, when I went DP: Did the Battle of Kosovo become mythical partly because Serbian to graduate school, I’d like to have a primary focus in the Balkans. And political power went downhill from there and the Turks did advance? then in my senior year at St. Olaf, I had another wonderful opportunity— TE: Yes, but it was a gradual process. When you look at the battle itself studying at Oxford for a semester. I worked at Christ Church with Dimitri and study the only extant sources that we have, you could get the impres- Obolensky, a renowned Byzantinist. I looked with him at what sources sion from a couple of them that it was not a Turkish victory at all. There were available and who was working on the late Byzantine and early was a Te Deum sung in Notre Dame celebrating what supposedly was a Ottoman medieval period in the Balkans. Not much had been done on Christian victory. There were celebratory messages sent from the Senate it, so I decided I would. I went to Stanford, where I got my Ph.D., and in Florence to the Bosnian king, who had sent troops to fight in the battle, I worked with Wayne Vucinich. He’s not a medievalist, but with some suggesting that this was a great victory. The sultan, who was in the battle, people from other fields, I managed to put together a program that worked was killed. But Lazar was killed as well, so it wasn’t a great victory—if well for me. When it came time pick a dissertation topic, I began to look anything, it was a pyrrhic victory. The Serbs were devastated, and the at what was most critical to the Serbs in their medieval period, and the Ottomans lost a lot of men as well. The heir to the throne rushed back to end of that period is punctuated by the great Battle of Kosovo. I decided Edirne, which at that point was a temporary capital, to secure the throne, to look critically at what we can know about the battle, because it was and therefore didn’t mop up right away. The successor to Lazar, his son so shrouded in myth, and to investigate how the battle became a central Stefan, and Stefan’s successors, managed to maintain a certain autonomy point of Serbian historical consciousness throughout the ages. People in Serbia well into the fifteenth century, which suggests that the battle usually thought that what I was doing was extremely arcane. Little did I wasn’t that cataclysmic. But Lazar was a great martyr for the faith, and know that the Battle of Kosovo would be on everyone’s lips thirty years some of the eulogists who created liturgical works in honor of the new later. saint gradually wove into their liturgies these mythical elements: “Why 4 SPRING 2000 did this happen to the Serbian people? How could we have lost our great Serb intellectuals and others had prepared the way for a critique of the saint, our great prince?” And they began to weave a story that had some communist system and for a demand that Serbia take back its identity and basis in truth and much basis in myth. For example, according to legend, purpose, so a million Serbs went to Kosovo on June 28, 1989. The only on the eve of the battle Lazar was visited by a bird, who was an angel big speaker at the celebration was Milošević. Everybody wore his picture of God. The bird said that Lazar had to make a choice between the heav- and read his words and chanted his name. It was quite amazing. enly or the earthly kingdom. He could have victory and live here, but the greater victory was in heaven. And Lazar replied, “Of course I’ll die. DP: Do you feel that the press has exaggerated the danger of an In dying, I become a sacrifice for Serbia, but Serbia will live again one unchecked Milošević? day.” It takes a while, but gradually this idea weaves its way into the TE: The press has tended to paint him as an expansionist ready to take epic tradition so that it was a great defeat, and they tended to merge a over the Balkans and to see greater structure, evil, and imperial design hundred years of history into that one event. Even though the Serbian than was present in his plans, which were often improvised. There was empire actually collapsed with the death of Dušan in 1355, everything a brief time when Milošević actually hoped that he could become a Ser- got compressed into this epic and mythical event in 1389. bian Tito and head the Yugoslav Federation. He quickly discovered that nobody was going to support him. When Slovenia insisted on leaving DP: There is always a great need to simplify, to make a beautiful story to the union, he was able to let Slovenia go because of its small, homoge- pass on. neous population, but the army was not ready to let it go. Hence the short TE: Exactly. The myth of Kosovo comes out of the epic tradition, which conflict—it only lasted about 10 days. I don’t think Milošević is a great is an exhortation to Serb generations through time that they must avenge nationalist. He’s out for number one. But obviously he’s not stupid; if the defeat at Kosovo, redeem themselves, and the only way to do this is he’s going to stay in power, he’s going to have to protect all Serbs. Serbia to get Kosovo back. This story was elaborated upon over the centuries demands that. I get a little upset sometimes when Serbs cast themselves and stayed with the Serbs in the Ottoman period when they didn’t have as victims of Milošević, saying that they couldn’t stop his rise to power. their own state. Therefore, a Serbian political consciousness and identity I was there in 1989 and they supported him tremendously, wholeheart- was kept alive. Who knows what that meant to average peasants, but it edly—even intellectual friends showed some support for him. It’s not was not, as some people contend, invented in the nineteenth century. It disingenuous to say “We don’t want him any longer,” but it is disingenu- was manipulated and embellished in new ways in the nineteenth century ous to say “We weren’t responsible for this.” in the service of the new nationalist Serb cause, when it was very easy for the new political goals of Serbian expansion to be tied to the tradi- DP: Serbia has been demonized because Serbians have committed atroc- tion that already existed. “We must win back Kosovo!” was a powerful ities in Bosnia and Kosovo. To what extent are the excesses of Milosević rallying cry; in the First Balkan War in 1912, when they finally liberated and the army supported by Serbs? Kosovo after all those years, the soldiers collapsed, weeping. TE: It is very difficult to paint all the Serbs with the same brush. Cer- tainly some Serbs support those actions, but the media are tightly con- DP: How did Milošević revive the use of Kosovo as a political weapon? trolled. Unless they had a CNN feed or a satellite dish, they weren’t TE: A couple of things are important here. Kosovo, of course, was part of seeing the forced evacuation of hundreds of thousands of Albanians or Yugoslavia, but one of Tito’s ideas was to keep Serbia fairly weak in rela- the sites where Serb paramilitaries had perpetrated their crimes. The eve- tionship to the rest of the republics. He believed—justifiably—that the ning news showed them only the image of an embattled Serb population problem of interwar Yugoslavia was Serbian hegemony. He didn’t want in Kosovo and Bosnia. Having said that, there is still a level of accep- Serbian dominance to characterize socialist Yugoslavia, so Serbia’s two tance of bloody vengeance that we can’t quite understand. No one can more ethnically complex provinces, the Vojvodina in the north, with its dismiss that. It happened on all sides, although Serbs were responsible large number of non-Serbs, and Kosovo in the south, which was largely for more of it. They had the larger army and strategic advantages, at least Albanian, were given increasing autonomy. This arrangement was for- in the beginning. They did a lot of terrible things, and so did people on malized in the 1974 constitution; they were considered autonomous prov- the Croat and Muslim sides. inces with almost the status of Yugoslav republics. After Tito died in 1980, Serbs in Kosovo (especially intellectuals) began to express their DP: Some say that there will be no peace in the region until Serbia under- discontent with this impoverishment of their state. They wanted to be goes the 21st-century equivalent of denazification. united with Serbia and to stop perceived harassment of Serbs by Alba- TE: I would hope that they could look critically at themselves one day, nians. It’s often said that the latter was exaggerated, but harassment actu- but I don’t think that can happen first. Asking them to do that in order to ally began in earnest in 1981, when a Kosovo Albanian rebellion, led get rid of Milošević may be too much, and it is not helpful at this point by students, demanded more autonomy. The movement hoped to have a to demand that they hand over their alleged war criminals to the Hague. republic, and some members even wanted independence. Serb efforts to That makes them too defensive. It would actually be more cleansing if repress dissent led to Kosovo becoming a kind of police state. Because they could deal with their own war criminals. For now, some Serbs rec- of that, Albanians pressured Serbs even more. In 1987, Milošević was ognize that there are some characters who shouldn’t be a part of Serbian sent down there by the president of Serbia to tell Serbs that they hadn’t society, at least until they have paid for their crimes, and we must make been forgotten. He gave a seemingly spontaneous speech in a tense, ner- contact with them and support them in ways that we can. Of course, vous confrontation with angry Serbs in Kosovo, saying “It is wrong for Milošević still holds all of the cards. If the opposition flies off to Wash- Albanians to beat you; you will never be beaten again by anybody!” With ington to meet with Madeline Albright, they can be quickly put on the that, he became a hero. He went back to Belgrade and within a short time evening news as traitors cozying up to the enemy that bombed Serbia. kicked out his mentor and took over the presidency, just in time for the That’s powerful stuff, and the opposition is going to have to shy away 600th anniversary of the battle of Kosovo in 1989. Now, I used to go to from attempts by the West to embrace them. The West is very naive about Serbia regularly in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. When the anniversary of this. the Battle of Kosovo on June 28th would come around, very few people would pay attention to it, especially during the Tito years. But by 1989 continued on page 21 5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER DIANA KURZ DRAWING ON THE HOLOCAUST

by Daniel Pinkerton land. We stayed there until our visa came for Diana Kurz exhibited a the United States. We selection of her Holo- were on the last ship caust-themed paintings that was allowed to at the University of leave Southampton in Minnesota from 9 Feb- the summer of 1940. In ruary to 17 March. the U.S., we settled in When she was on New York City. campus to lecture, teach master classes, ASN: At what point did and attend the open- the first reports of the ing, she also spoke with Holocaust reach your ASN. family? DK: I always knew ASN: You were born about the Holocaust. in Vienna. I knew that we were DK: Yes, in 1936. My always fleeing. I father was a good busi- Diana Kurz with her painting Dorrit Kurz (1994). remember distinctly on nessman who ran the the boat coming over family business very successfully. We had branches in Italy, Holland, that we would have to close the curtains at night, and the whole ship was Yugoslavia, and Egypt, and business connections throughout Europe. We blacked out. We had PT boats going with us because German U-boats left Austria three months after the Anschluß, on June 8, 1938, because my were all around us in the ocean. I was always afraid of Hitler the way father’s life was threatened by the Nazis. This was emotionally very dif- children are afraid of bogeymen. My mother’s family all managed to ficult for my parents because they loved Vienna and felt themselves truly come to America. Some of my father’s family also came here, but my a part of the city. My parents left by separate routes in order to avoid father had two brothers—one who went to Holland with his family, the raising suspicion that we were fleeing the country. Nobody knew we other living in the former Yugoslavia. I always knew that those people were leaving. My father simply walked out of work one day and left his were missing in the war. I don’t know how I knew it, but I always knew office just as it was, without any sign to anyone there that he would not it. And I always knew that I was “lucky.” One of my father’s brothers fled be back. My mother and I went to Trieste, where we had family. At the with his wife and children to Amsterdam, where we had a business. He border, Austrian guards and customs agents boarded the train to inspect, was arrested by the Gestapo and never heard from again. My aunt was for people were not allowed to take anything the officials considered taken to Westerbork, and she left her children with neighbors in Amster- valuable out of the country. Traveling with an Austrian passport, you did dam. She was told all the people in camp were eventually going to Pales- not need a visa to enter Italy, but you were at the mercy of whover was on tine, so she sent for her children and from there they went to two camps, border patrol. The agent that came into our compartment was an elderly including Bergen-Belsen. The two children, my cousins, survived. When guard who looked “like he was from the Franz Josef era,” as my mother they were liberated, they were in sealed railroad cars. You see, when the described him. He was probably not a Nazi sympathizer, since he said war was over, the Germans just wanted to eliminate all the Jews any way “I am sure you have nothing to declare, Gnädige Frau,” and let us go they could. The Jews were simply being sent to the east. My cousins through without even opening the suitcase. spoke very graphically when they came to this country about what happened. They were sealed in without food or water, with people dying all ASN: Did you meet your father in Trieste? around them. The Russians opened the doors and freed them somewhere DK: No. My father took a separate route and went to another border in Germany. I don’t know exactly where this was, but their record is in crossing where the guard was a Nazi and wouldn’t let him through. The the Holocaust museum in Washington, D.C. next day, a different guard did let him through with the provision that he leave Italy within 24 hours. My father then went to Switzerland and ASN: Was their mother still alive? then, after a short time, to London, where he had business connections. DK: Barely. When my cousins were freed, my aunt was in the sealed Legally, my mother and I were only allowed to stay in Italy a month. We car with them, but at this point she was very ill. I remember my cousins then went to Holland and waited for my father to get the necessary papers saying that they had to pull their mother by the shoulders out of the train. from the English authorities for us to join him in England. Fortunately, he After her death, they ended up in Amsterdam again with the people who was fluent in English and this made things much easier. When we were had been their neighbors and who sheltered them until my parents sent reunited in England, my father was offered a business opportunity in Ire- for them. They were Jewish but had lived out the war under an alias—the 6 SPRING 2000 man told us he became the mayor of a small town in Holland. My par- The daughter was supposed to have been a genius, a brilliant child, and ents located them after the war and wanted to bring the children to this as we talked and I looked at these tiny, old fashioned one by two inch country, but my father could not go and get them because we were not photographs, I thought, there’s no trace of them other than a few photos citizens yet and couldn’t leave the United States. An uncle went, but he and the memories of my mother and my aunt. They’re not in any records. couldn’t bring them to the United States, either, because of immigration Their name is nowhere. My parents and my relatives were never able quotas. So these two orphans were sent to some kind of boarding school to find anything more than a rumor of what happened to these children; in Sweden for six months (because it was less difficult to emigrate from after the war, they heard that an attempt was made to hide the children in Sweden to the U.S.) and were then brought over from Sweden to live with a hospital, but they were discovered by Nazis. I decided to make a paint- me as brother and sister. Therefore, when I was ten years old, this nine ing of them that would be a memorial for myself and my family and to year old and ten year old came into my house. Only a year or two before, write their names on it. It would be like a memorial tombstone. And it they had been in the camps, and they still needed medical care. They had became a large painting—the one in the exhibition, Dorit and Michael a terrible skin disease, which we all caught in the family, including me. Kurz, with the writing and the quote from Primo Levi on it. And they talked very graphically about their experiences. It was almost as if it happened to me because their descriptions were so vivid. Obvi- ASN: What made you continue to paint on Holocaust themes? ously, our whole family structure changed. In some ways, it wasn’t an DK: As I was working on that painting, I remembered that I had a photo easy adjustment. But my parents did everything to treat these children as that was given to me by an elderly French painter, Jean Hèlion, who had equals. They had all the same things I had: music and dance lessons, and been my mentor twenty years earlier when I had a Fulbright to Paris a first rate education. She went to Barnard, he went to Columbia. (1965-1966). It was a picture of a one-legged Jewish man and two small children. He was on crutches, a highly decorated war veteran, and the two ASN: When did you get interested in art and in painting? children wore the Jewish stars. They were being deported to Auschwitz; DK: According to my mother, I always drew, even as a very small because he was so highly decorated as a hero, he didn’t have to wear child. And I don’t ever remember not wanting or knowing I would be a the star, but the children did. Hèlion gave it to me because he was going painter—even before I knew what a painter or an artist was. I knew it was blind and could no longer paint, and I had kept it out of sentiment for what I would do. my old mentor. After looking at it again, I began a second painting based on the photo, which turned out to be a nine foot painting—way over life ASN: How long have you painted Holocaust subjects? size. I knew then that this theme was something I didn’t want to paint DK: Ten years—since 1989. In 1988, if somebody had told me I would but needed to be painted. I had read almost anything I could about the be doing paintings about the Holocaust, I would have thought they were Holocaust. I also had certain images that I had collected for no purpose a little bit off-the-wall. I started off as an abstract expressionist. I was not other than they’ve meant something to me, and I’d always been interested an abstract painter for my whole career, but I’m usually concerned with in survivor’s stories. I had a whole backlog of images in my head that I very formal means and always worked with a different subject matter. I wanted to paint, and I ended up painting Holocaust-related imagery for a never painted anything which was so personal or so self-revealing, in a decade. I think I’m finished now—I’ve painted every image that I wanted sense. I never talked about the Holocaust. to paint, and they’ve been exhibited in the United States and Austria. I showed them in Vienna last year and the Historisches Museum der Stadt ASN: What sparked the change? Wien bought two of my very large paintings/installations on the theme of DK: I was visiting an elderly aunt, my father’s last surviving sister, who the Holocaust. One of them is a big multipaneled painting about Vienna. was very old at the time, The other is called and she took out the baby The Last Journey. It’s pictures, including a small based on a photo- photograph of my uncle graph of women and from Yugoslavia and one children in Ausch- of his daughters. As she witz. I was especially started telling me about pleased because they this family, I realized I went into a history knew about them, but I museum rather than hadn’t thought about them an art museum. Five in fifteen or twenty years. I hundred years from remembered that this was now, they will be part the family that was the of the historical most artistic—the rebels. record. v

Left: Self Portrait, Diana Kurz, 1999. Oil on canvas and printed fabric, 52 in. x 66 in. 7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER PETER F. sugar, 1919-1999

by István Deák Peter was obviously able to fulfill most of the requirements. I am tempted to describe Peter Sugar Before the Hungarian right-wing gov- as “the Grand Old Man of East Central- ernments began the persecution of those and Southeast European historiography.” they found unacceptable, his family sent But “man” is no longer a politically accept- Peter to Istanbul. There he learned Turkish, able term when used in such a context, and started the process of turning himself into a whereas “grand” does apply to Peter when Southeast European specialist, and with the it comes to intellectual capacity, he was a spirit of adventure and mystery surround- person of rather small physical stature. His ing so many East Central European lives, former students remember him addressing he served in the United States Army coun- huge classes on the history of Western civi- terintelligence during World War II. It was lization perched on a small ladder. Finally, this service that enabled him to emigrate to he never became old, at least not mentally the United States after the war ended. After or spiritually. a brief business career in New York City, Peter Sugar belonged to what one may Peter entered City College, graduating in call the second generation of East Euro- 1954. He then went to Princeton where in pean specialists; he learned his trade from, an amazingly short five years he earned a among others, C. E. Black, Hans Kohn, Ph.D. in history and Near Eastern studies. and S. Harrison Thomson, who were the In the same year, 1959, he joined the his- first generation. Peter remained profession- tory department at the University of Wash- ally active through several generations and ington in Seattle. He remained there until had no difficulty learning new approaches his retirement in 1989. In that same year, and historical methods. His publications, the mayor of Seattle proclaimed 9 March to extending over a listing of fifteen pages, be “Peter Sugar Day,” honoring his thirty began in 1954 with “Philosophy and Sci- Peter F. Sugar. (Photo courtesy Daniel Waugh.) years of teaching Western civilization. ence in Rome 100 B.C. to 100 A.D.,” which I first encountered Peter’s name in R. appeared in the Journal of Social Studies. The last publications included R. Palmer’s now classic The Age of Democratic Revolution, which exten- in his curriculum vitae date from 1998. They are three essays dealing sively cited Peter’s 1958 article in the now-defunct Journal of Central with the Balkans, East European nationalism, and Hungarian fascism, European Affairs on the influence of the Enlightenment and the French respectively, involuntarily pointing to the three main fields of Peter’s life- Revolution in 18th century Hungary. What must have charmed Palmer time research. In 1999, one more book of Peter’s appeared, East Euro- most was Peter’s finding that not only were French revolutionary pam- pean Nationalism, Politics, and Religion, a collection of his essays. Nor phlets translated into Latin, the language of intellectual and official com- would I be surprised if other works of his eventually see the light of day. munication in Hungary, but that the bloodthirsty revolutionary song “Ca (Volume XXI of the AHY contains an article by Sugar; see p. 10—ed.) ira” itself was sung in its Latin version in that country. I never had the chance to see Peter teach, but I heard him giving Peter’s first book, Industrialization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1878-1918 papers and was impressed by that mixture of wit, decisiveness, and self- (1963), showed the multiplicity of his scholarly preoccupations. It was assurance that summed up his speaking style and his personality. In the quite a jump from earlier studies on the Enlightenment in Hungary. The words of Gregory Morgan, a former student, “His unique lecture style book was praised for its extensive research base and its evenhandedness, and strong personality, combined with his thick Hungarian accent and his recognizing both the drawbacks of Austro-Hungarian colonial policy and powerful command of his subject matter, made him a mesmerizing force its success in developing industries in what was then a terribly backward in the classroom.” place. In 1966 I met Peter Sugar at the historic Indiana University confer- I met Peter Sugar in the United States and have known him for “only” ence on the nationality question in the Habsburg monarchy; there, repre- the last thirty-odd years, so regarding his young years I can do no better sentatives of what was then the Soviet bloc mingled more or less freely than to repeat what is in his official biographies. Peter was born in Janu- with the “bourgeois” historians. Both Peter and I were lucky enough to ary 1919 in Budapest at a time of great social and political upheaval, make the acquaintance of the new, reform-minded historians from Buda- which may have affected his apparently prosperous family. He received pest with whom one could talk freely, whereas historians of some other his baccalaureate degree from the famous Lutheran Gymnasium in Buda- East European countries were still being shepherded around by their pest, where some of the world’s greatest mathematicians and physicists political chaperons. were trained. Characteristically for Hungary, which was simultaneously Peter wrote several other outstanding books. First and foremost was philo-Semitic and anti-Semitic, the scientific geniuses at this Protestant Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804 (1977), which denominational school were all Jews or of Jewish origin. appeared as part of a series entitled “History of East Central Europe.” He was a sportsman, a member of the national hockey team, and when The latter Peter coedited with Donald Treadgold, his long-time col- drafted into the Hungarian Army, he served in the cavalry. The latter was league and friend at the University of Washington. One should mention a very exclusive branch of service, which expected either aristocratic his Nationality and Society in Habsburg and Ottoman Europe (1997) and descent or considerable wealth from its reserve officer candidates, as also a whole series of notable books that he edited or coedited (and, to a well as a relatively small stature and a perfect physical condition. Young continued on page 21

8 SPRING 2000 Faces from CAS winter events

The Center sponsored a number of events in what used to be called winter quarter but is now simply the early part of spring semester. In addition to David Buch’s seminar presentation and Diana Kurz’s exhibition (cosponsored with the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies), doctoral candidate Matthew Lungerhausen (left) gave a seminar presentation, “Photography in the Fin-de-Siècle Austro- Hungarian Empire: The Case of Hungary.” Matt is pictured at Restaurant Alma, where he was wined and dined after his hard work. The Center also cosponsored “Dilemmas of East Central Europe: Nationalism, Totalitarianism, and the Search for Identity,” a conference in honor of István Deák, which was held at Columbia University. Pictured is Nicole Slupetzky (see “Editor’s Note,” p. 2) on the sunny 15th floor of the International Studies tower. Fortunately, the papers were even more extraordinary than the view of New York! VOLUME XXXI 2000 CONTENTS

Fifteenth Annual Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture The “National Question” Revisited: Reflections on the State of the Art by Dennison Rusinow

Articles Frederick II of Prussia, Austria, and the Hungarian Protestants: Bishop Márton Padányi Biró of Veszprém and the Enchiridion de fide by Joachim Bahlcke Competition, Community, and Privilege in Eighteenth-Century Vienna: The Viennese Pastry Bakers Forum: Hungarian Nationalism by Celia J. Goedde The More It Changes, the More Hungarian Nationalism Exhibiting a War in Progress: Entertainment and Propaganda Remains the Same in Vienna, 1914-1918 by Peter F. Sugar by Maureen Healy Comment Imperial Loyalties and Private Concerns: Nation, Class, and by Horst Haselsteiner State in the Correspondence of Austro-Hungarian POWs in Comment Russia,1916-1918 by Dušan Kováč by Alon Rachamimov Comment The Prehistory of the Fourth Party Movement in Austria, by Camil Mureanu 1947-1949 by Lothar Höbelt plus 28 book reviews 9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

find maybe two or three of them in any opera that they wrote that are extremely impressive. What you get in Mozart is a consistency through the whole opera that you never find in other composers. This is why DAVID BUCH Mozart is considered the only great master; of all these talented contem- poraries, only he could maintain a consistent high level throughout an opera. But in Der Stein der Weisen, we have five composers. Each of those composers has to write just two or three really good numbers for the singspiel as a whole to sustain a very high level. And they did; it’s much better than most 18th-century operas—light, fast, and funny. The New York Times reviewer was surprised to see Boston audiences (at the 1998 concert staging) on their feet applauding the music of Henneburg, Schack, and Gerl. To him this made no sense, but it’s wonderful entertainment, a great evening of fun, and clever music in a lot of different styles—wild hunting choruses, beautiful light arias, and a very bizarre and funny little dwarf’s march.

ASN: When did you first begin research on the score? DB: I was on vacation in Hamburg in 1993 and some friends suggested one afternoon that we ride our bikes to the library. I had been coming to Europe for a number of years, working on a review of fairy-tale and supernatural operas leading up to Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte. I didn’t expect to find anything in Hamburg, but when I got to the library, the new librarian there, Jürgen Neubacher, showed me a catalog, and the catalog contained what was the old Stadttheater collection—the city theater collection. He said most of these manuscripts would be coming back or were already back from the Soviet Union, where they had been stored after the advancing Red Army had stolen them in World War II.

ASN: It sounds as if the collection has had an interesting history. DB: Yes. It’s very large and was originally housed in the city theater. It was their own archive. In the first decade of the 20th century, the theater loaned it to the city library and about 15 years later, the city theater said whose music is it, the library could keep it. Therefore, in the 1920s it became part of the city university library and remained there until World War II, when it was anyway? moved. The Germans moved many of their precious things to the dun- geons and the basements of castles for safekeeping. This whole collection by Daniel Pinkerton was moved to Dresden, and it survived the fire bombing without damage, but when the Red Army was advancing toward Berlin, they found this David Buch is Professor of Music History and Literature at the Uni- material. As with all precious material they found, they took it back into versity of Northern Iowa and editor of the performance edition of the Soviet Union, where it was presumed to be lost. In 1988 a new librar- the singspiel Der Stein der Weisen (The Philosopher’s Stone). On 17 ian at the Institute of Theater, Music, and Film in St. Petersburg found February, he gave a seminar talk, “New Attributions in the Fairy Tale the material sitting in water in the basement. St. Petersburg and Ham- Singspiel Der Stein der Weisen (Vienna, 1790).” The next morning, ASN burg had become sister cities in the 1980s, so they started negotiations spoke with him about Mozart and the musical theater of late 18th- for the return of the material. It is my understanding that eventually Gor- century Vienna. bachev got involved and a deal was struck whereby the materials would be returned in exchange for a truckload of computers. The material began ASN: First of all, tell us just a little bit about Der Stein der Weisen. to come back to Hamburg in 1991, and in 1993 all I could see was the DB: It’s clearly the model for Die Zauberflöte. It’s in two acts, and catalog because of the damage to the materials. It took several years to both acts have very large episodic finales. We have overtures, we have restore these manuscripts so that they could be looked at. I made notes the opening big ensemble, very similar arias. But they have differences, on what was of interest to me and at the top of the list was a copy of Der too. When Mozart had the opportunity to write his own opera, he clearly Stein der Weisen. I had to wait until 1996, when I returned to Hamburg, made it more of a work of virtuoso composition. Right from the overture, to look at these materials. And the first manuscript I looked at was act 1 Die Zauberflöte is Augenmusik. It’s music that you want to study. I ask and act 2 of Der Stein der Weisen. students to analyze the fugal aspects of the overture, the counterpoint, the complex ensembles (two quintets, trios). I wouldn’t do that with Der ASN: Previously, the music and the libretto had been separated and the Stein der Weisen. It has a great overture. It is absolutely delightful. It is libretto had been presumed to be lost? perfect stage music. It gets across exactly what it should, but it doesn’t DB: Yes. According to some sources, even the music was lost. It depended have Zauberflöte’s musical complexity—for example, it only has duets. on what you read. If you read some standard dissertations, they said the But this isn’t a dimension that is significant in the theater itself. As you music was lost. A couple of dissertations said, no, the music is available. experience the work, you don’t think about the counterpoint. Also, if you In the Köchel catalog, under K625/592a, the duet “Nun liebes Weib- look at individual arias by Salieri, Schack, Gerl, or Dittersdorf, you can chen,” there is a reference to a score copy in Berlin. But after World War

10 SPRING 2000

II, this was in East Berlin. I had been to East Berlin right after the unifica- of five composers. These attributions carry a great deal of weight because tion in 1990 but it was not available. The library was bombed in World all five composers were active in this theater during this brief period. War II, and nobody knew whether this score survived or not. Therefore, Mozart died in 1791. Schack and Gerold, two of the other composers, left the only really known score of the opera was in Berlin but nobody to my the theater in 1793. Also, the person who I believe made these attribu- knowledge had seen it, and no libretto had ever been known. There had tions, whose handwriting they’re in, is Kaspar Weiss, an important actor, been songbooks printed with vocal text, but that is not the libretto. A sing- singer, dancer, and copyist who worked in the theater and was an inti- spiel features spoken dialogue between musical numbers (like Carmen mate of these composers. We can show this by the archival records. When or a Broadway show); you really can’t get the story from the vocal text. Weiss was married, his witnesses were Schack and Gerold; when his son That is why there was no scholarship existing on the opera at all. When was born, Emanuel Schikaneder was the godfather. Weiss was in a posi- I finally saw the score in the Hamburg collection, I realized it was a very tion to know who wrote what pieces in Der Stein der Weisen. We can’t important score. It was Viennese and for about 6-8 months afterwards, be a 100% sure, but Weiss said Mozart wrote the duet, and if you look at I still presumed that I couldn’t find the libretto, but indeed a libretto did the Paris manuscript, the duet is in Mozart’s handwriting. So it’s reason- exist. In fact, two librettos existed in different German libraries. That able to assume that his other assumptions are correct, too. Constanze, helped me immensely to reconstruct the opera—the full libretto and the Mozart’s widow, mentioned three times that there was a collaborative full score. I did, by the way, get to see the Berlin manuscript and a third relationship between Mozart and Benedikt Schack—that Mozart wrote manuscript in Frankfurt, which is extremely important. All of them are parts of his operas. There are not many Schack operas from this period Viennese manuscripts, probably from the same copy shop or circle of that would qualify, but Der Stein der Weisen is one of them. So the evi- copyists. I also saw the autograph of the “Nun liebes Weibchen” duet, dence is all consistent with one inescapable conclusion: Mozart helped which is mostly in Mozart’s own handwriting. This duet is in the Köchel with this singspiel. The extent to which he helped, however, will remain catalog. open. It could have been more than these mere three attributions. It could have been less. Mozart may only have done a little doctoring with some ASN: Is The Philosopher’s Stone interesting to us today because some of of the score. We are not going to know. This is a blessing and a curse; yes, it was composed by Mozart or because it sheds light on the writing and we have some nagging doubts, but we can listen and think, oh, maybe producing of the Viennese singspiel? Mozart did that orchestration, or even though his name doesn’t appear DB: Both. Originally, most scholars believed that at the very least Mozart there, this part sure sounds like Mozart wrote it. It may be sheer specula- had orchestrated this one duet because of the nature of the manuscript. tion, but it’s fun. The vocal lines and the layout on the first page are in another hand; they are not Mozart’s own handwriting. However, there are other aspects to ASN: Can you tell us more about the collaborative, fluid nature of late this manuscript that cloud the issue. Mozart kept a catalog of his own 18th century opera and singspiel? works from 1784 until he died, and he did not mention the duet in his DB: Schikaneder’s singspiele for the Theater auf der Wieden in many own catalog. Of course, he wrote at least 44 or 45 works that are not in cases were collaborative, as were numerous operas or singspiele from this catalog, particularly small projects, personal things, gifts for other this period. It seems to be something particularly favored by Schikaneder. people, things like the canons and the certain arias. Still, Alfred Einstein, He was putting out a new singspiel almost once a month, which certainly in the 1930s, used this as evidence when he pronounced that “Nun liebes would necessitate a lot of people working quickly. Of course, this is not Weibchen” was merely orchestrated and not written by Mozart. Einstein new for the 18th century. All of the earliest operas in Italy were collab- thought it was probably by the singer/composer Benedikt Schack, the orative. Monteverdi’s Orfeo was an anomaly; the earlier operas all had original Tamino in Zauberflöte and one of the composers of Der Stein multiple authors. In France, very popular mid-18th-century products of der Weisen. But there is no evidence for this. The manuscript itself does the Royal Academy were collaborative. Also, 18th-century scores were not support the thesis. For one thing, the aria is not in Schack’s handwrit- fluid. Even when Mozart wrote an opera score by himself, his normal ing. But Einstein did not look at these factors, and Einstein’s assump- process was to produce an autographed manuscript, have it copied, and tions were passed along and accepted by scholars as fact, which was a have the copy sent to the theater well before any rehearsals. This score mistake. This is one of the reasons that past scholars and musicians didn’t is only his prerehearsal conception; therefore, all the recordings that we want to explore this opera. There is also a deeply held prejudice against have today of Mozart’s operas, which are based on these autographed popular singspiel. You can see this in the reception of Die Zauberflöte. scores, are in a sense incomplete. Most of the time, he conducted his Many feel that this popular fairy-tale-based entertainment is something own operas from the keyboard, played the recitatives, and made impor- to be ashamed of—that Mozart made this very bad popular theater music tant changes during rehearsals. His works were fluid theatrical products sublime by having a very deep, profound subtext filled with Masonic written for a particular theater, for particular singers, and he developed symbols. The latter is pure speculation with no evidence to support it. them during the rehearsal process. I have found performing materials In fact, Der Stein der Weisen is clearly a model for Die Zauberflöte, and in Vienna that appear to be contemporary with the original theater that both are works for the popular theater. Any sort of recondite subtext is produced Die Zauberflöte. These materials show dramatic changes made totally speculative and a very serious anachronism. Yes, 20th-century in the score. There is also some additional music, by the way, that and some 19th-century writers do this, but not 18th-century popular sing- Mozart didn’t compose but is necessary for the libretto. The results of spiels. “Discovering” them is very self-serving academic exercise that this research will appear in Musical Quarterly, volume 84. This will sub- substitutes for an unwillingness to look at the sources and make a study stantiate the concept that the process of producing 18th-century opera of the theatrical tradition that would reveal what Die Zauberflöte really resembled the process of producing 20th-century Broadway musicals. is about. It’s about selling tickets, because this theatre was not endowed by the court. ASN: The end result of your research was a performing edition of Der Stein der Weisen. ASN: What else did you find by studying the Hamburg manuscript? DB: Yes, a score with a complete libretto. A concert performance was DB: It dates from sometime after Mozart’s death—probably between given in Boston in the fall of 1998 by the Boston Baroque, conducted by 1794 and 1796. But I found that almost every piece was attributed to one continued on page 17

11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Publications: News and Reviews austria: out of the shadow of the past

Anton Pelinka. Boulder, CO: 1998, Westview Press. 256 pp., tables, map. the 1970s, they produced regular deficits, yet were kept alive by Chan- Cloth, $75. cellor Bruno Kreisky’s determination to maintain full employment and social tranquility. They were finally privatized in the late 1980s and early It is hard to think of an Austrian political scientist more active and 1990s—really 15 years too late, after billions of taxpayer’s schillings prominent in his field than Anton Pelinka. He holds jobs at both Inns- were wasted to maintain this “red” showcase of “Austro-Keynesianism.” bruck and Vienna, produces a new book almost every year, maintains a If one reads Charles S. Maier’s recently published prizewinning analy- steady scholarly presence outside of the country (especially in the U.S., sis of the East German economic collapse beginning in the 1970s (Dis- with distinguished visiting professorships at Harvard, Stanford, and the solution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany, Cam- University of New Orleans), and maintains a domestic and international bridge: Harvard UP, 1997), one is constantly reminded that the Austrian media presence as Austria’s best known political commentator. The edi- case is not so dissimilar from the East German, were it not for the dyna- tors of Westview’s new “Nations of the Modern World: Europe” series mism of small business and trade that kept the Austrian economy produc- could not have made a better choice to write the volume on Austria. tive. Pelinka does not pursue this particular issue. Pelinka has heeded the series editors’ guidelines well to present an The greatest strength of the book lies in mapping out the subtle changes “analytical country case study of the political, economic, and social in Austrian politics and Austrian political culture since the collapse of the dynamics of a European state facing the challenges of the post-Cold War “two-and-a-half” party state in the mid-1980s as a result of the new social era.” Pelinka’s analysis is strongest where he has been preaching for a movements and the more cynical and fickle electorate. Austria’s most long time—Austria’s remarkably stable post-World War II political cul- traumatic postwar moment came in 1986 with the election of Kurt Wald- ture in general and the country’s successful building of what political heim as president. Waldheim’s personal amnesia (the infamous “Wald- scientists opaquely call “consociational democracy” in particular. Post- heimer’s disease”) about his ambiguous World War II history forced the war democratic Austria has seen two main political parties (the “black” country to face its “darker side” in contributing to World War II war Catholic ÖVP and the “red” Socialist SPÖ) forming grand coalitions for crimes. Ever since the 50th anniversary of the Anschluß in 1988, Chan- the first twenty years of the postwar era, and again from 1986 to 1999, cellor Franz Vranitzky and other politicians have been openly discuss- and controlling all aspects of Austrian politics and society. The formal ing Austrians’ role during the war as perpetrators. In fact, scholars like coalition agreements and informal behind-the-scenes strong-arming and Pelinka and the historian Erika Weinzierl were trailblazers for a long- string-pulling established a vast system of personal patronage and clien- overdue reassessment of Austria’s World War II past. The chapter “Aus- telism, where virtually every mid- to high-level job in the Republic of tria’s Darker Side” alone makes Pelinka’s book a valuable read. Austria was doled out with the merits of party affiliation being consid- With the ascendancy of the outspokenly reformist Green Party in 1986 ered ahead of expertise and independence of thinking. and the Liberal Forum in 1993 on the left-liberal side of the political In the economic arena, the informal extraconstitutional structure of spectrum and the dramatic transformation of the “Freedom Party” (FPÖ) the wage-price agreements of the late 1940s and early 1950s became under the populist leadership of Jörg Haider, the grand coalition reestab- the “social partnership” in 1957. Powerful politicians of the caliber of lished in 1986 has been squeezed in the middle and has been losing voters Chancellor Julius Raab (ÖVP), of whom Pelinka presents a first rate bio- to both sides. Pelinka’s analysis is most insightful when he discusses graphical sketch, and union leader Johann Böhm (SPÖ) set up a unique the new class, age, and gender cleavages in Austrian politics and how system. Representatives of employers and employees/workers met regu- they contribute to the demise of the old political camps (Lager) and their larly in informal committees to fix wages and prices. In stark contrast respective “subsocieties.” His “farewells” to Catholicism and socialism to the First Republic, the social peace was maintained with constant bar- (pp. 97-127) are masterful social science analysis. Pelinka dissects with gaining and compromising, and the economy grew constantly by increas- particular glee the rise of Haiderism—his bulldog attack mode on tradi- ing productivity. Pelinka is correct to stress how much stability was pro- tional grand coalition politics-as-usual “doublespeak,” his “sound bite duced with this informal system of agreements in “smoke-filled back- skills,” his “undisguised xenophobia” (p. 202), and his grandstanding rooms,” as the saying in American politics would go. He is absolutely with old Nazis, which have netted Pelinka an ongoing libel suit from on the mark in his eloquent conclusions on what it did for the vagaries Haider, who delights in suing as much as Americans do. Haider’s media of the Austrian mentalité: “Consociational democracy Austrian-style was overkill has polarized Austrian politics (one might say even “American- not only a set of institutions and procedures designed to reduce the com- ized” it). Austria’s traditional party loyalties have fallen by the wayside. petitiveness of liberal democracy. It was also an opportunity to reduce Pelinka suggests that the grand coalition’s days of amending the con- the illusions of greatness and dreams of power that the ideological camps stitution informally “according to their interests” (p. 41) are numbered. had nurtured for such a long time” [my emphasis] (p. 29). Parliament will have less stable majorities to change the constitution. The Pelinka is more timid when it comes to analyzing the long-term eco- Austrian people will take even more opportunities to exert their rights via nomic costs of Austria’s huge state-owned economy, next to France’s the plebiscitary democracy. The high courts will play a larger role in inter- biggest in Western Europe. With this huge state-owned sector, particu- preting the constitution. Above all, given the new five-party volatile elec- larly in heavy industry, Austria’s economy should be described as a quasi- toral spectrum (with the FPÖ catching up with the SPÖ and the ÖVP fall- socialist “mixed” economy. When world demand was high in the 1950s ing behind), the President is already playing a much more forcible con- and 1960s, these often inefficient state companies still made a profit on stitutional hand in influencing the formation of governments than he did exports. In a more difficult and competitive economic environment in continued on page 21 12 SPRING 2000 Nicholas J. Meyerhofer, ed. Riverside, CA: Ariadne Press, 1999. 286 pp. the fiction Paper, $29.50.

What Nicholas J. Meyerhofer and the other contributors to this anthology dared to attempt appears rather striking at first. It is an examination of the of autobiographical elements in the works of eight contemporary Aus- trian writers—Barbara Frischmuth, Peter Handke, Peter Henisch, Edgar Hilsenrath, Elfriede Jelinek, Peter Rosei, Gerhard Roth, and Fred Wander. Unfortunately, they assume that what these authors do is write about themselves. As literature students in Salzburg/Austria, we were taught early on that equating the narrative “I” with the author was the greatest sin, an unredeemable mistake. Too many authors, particularly female i ones, have been and still are fighting against the “reception of authenticity.” My first approach towards The Fiction of the I was therefore rather skeptical, doubting the academic value of its investigation of these writers and particularly of their work. Although Nicholas Meyerhofer points out that The Fiction of the I deals with the relationship of these authors to autobiographical writing and the ways in which their methods vary, the conclusion upon which his essay is still based is that all of these writers re-create partly, if not com- pletely, their own lives in their works. What remains particularly unclear in his foreword, as well as in his essay, is how these particular eight contemporary austrian writers authors were selected and if there is, between their “autobiographic” writing and their Austrian origin, a discernable connection between them. and autobiography Meyerhofer’s hope, to entice the reader to discover first hand the works of these various authors, will probably be fulfilled as this is what the German literary critics, who, as one of his characters in The Adventures of readers will always be interested in the most: to peek into the lives of Ruben Jablonski states, “are sitting on a high horse, but they exert disas- authors and draw parallels to their literary work. In “Will the Real Bar- trous power” (87). Helga Schreckenberger approaches Gerhard Roth’s bara Frischmuth Please Stand Up?” Gerald Chapple articulates precisely The Investigating Officer, in contrast to the contributors named above, my concern, stressing that his aim “is not to discover a portrait of the with “German” academic distance and in a purely text-intrinsic way, author’s ‘real’ self as a citizen or private person who buys groceries whereby the narrator is never equated with the author. Underlining Roth’s and weeds gardens, but rather to piece together from those works the claim that “language . . . is constructed as a means of self-assertion, not of self-portrait(s) of the author as ‘persona(e)’ which are hidden to varying self-recognition” (186), she confirms her interpretation that Roth’s lan- degrees” (10). He nevertheless fails to present a clear-cut distinction guage can never reveal the truth. Accordingly, Schreckenberger stresses between the private person and what Hugo von Hoffmannsthal calls the that his work “embraces all contradictions of a complex world in which geistiges Gesicht (spiritual face) he wants to investigate. Besides, his life and fiction, subjectivity, and reality coexist” (197). claim might possibly be understood with a writer like Barbara Frisch- The Fiction of the I concludes with an interview with Peter Rosei muth; it is more problematic to approach Elfriede Jelinek’s Die Klavier- held in 1997. Although it confirms a rather great interest in his biogra- spielerin (The Piano Teacher) based on the belief that it is an autobiog- phy, which Meyerhofer stresses as presenting ”important questions for raphy (Nicholas Meyerhofer, 5). Imke Meyer’s approach to “The Trou- American readers” (259), the interview is far too long, lacking sometimes ble with Elfriede: Jelinek and Autobiography” is therefore of value and clear and precise answers (due in part to the sometimes imprecise ques- importance. Meticulously presenting Jelinek’s ambivalence in interviews, tions) regarding the context of this anthology. The 25-page conversation in which she sometimes negates, sometimes accepts, and sometimes even is somewhat interesting to read, particularly for an audience that is not encourages an autobiographical reading of her work, Meyer stresses that very familiar with Austrian literature and its creators. For readers who it is the role of literary critics to ”practice disentangling themselves from specifically want to find out more about varieties of autobiographical the threads that weave these multilayered processes in order to arrive at writing, much of this interview is rather redundant. the most reflected critical evaluations of Jelinek’s literary texts possible” Similar to the very different approaches in this anthology (which due (129). Unfortunately, he concludes without putting her theory into prac- to the space constraints of this article could not all have been mentioned), tice. Nevertheless, he succeeds in making the reader aware of two some- my opinion varies about The Fiction of the I. My doubts from the begin- times conflicting facts: first, that the author (as well as the publisher) ning were lessened by some of the contributors who approached the rela- desires to sell the product (i.e., the book) and to promote it in the best tionship of an author to the question of subjectivity in his/her work with way possible; and second, that Jelinek fears being viewed by academia scholarly precision. They nevertheless also proved right in other cases as merely a writer of “true stories” lacking literary quality. (It is due to due to the rather fluid boundaries of the topic: contemporary Austrian her early experimental texts that Jelinek is not labeled under the term writers and autobiography. Meyerhofer’s goal, that this anthology should Frauenliteratur [women’s literature] which precisely defines the latter.) introduce the English-speaking reader to authors who have already been My skepticism was lessened by the fact that the majority of articles did critically recognized in Austria, has nevertheless been achieved. My only not deal with female, but with male, writers. Bianca Rosenthal’s contri- concern is that the writer should not be the center of attention, but rather bution on Edgar Hilsenrath not only points out the parallels between the his/her work. author’s work and his life, it also confirms that the presentation of real- Kristin Teuchtmann ism and authenticity can also have literary value. This is probably why Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch Rosenthal implies in her essay that Hilsenrath was underestimated by University of Minnesota 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

Strategien eines Nationalsozialismus Film Gerald Trimmel. Vienna: Werner Eichbauer, 1998. 327 pp., illustrations. ÖS 498, DM 69. This book is devoted to the careful political, cinematic, and ideological in terms of the use of close-up, medium, long, and wide shots, as well analysis of the 1941 film Heimkehr, directed by Gustav Ucicky, produced as to the music); a section devoted to the three versions of the screenplay by Wien-Film, and distributed by Ufa at a time when both Ufa and Wien- and to one fragment of another version; an interesting historical chapter Film were controlled by the German state (as was indeed the entire film on the relations between Poland and Germany from the late eighteenth industry, although not yet consolidated into the state film monopoly Ufi, century into the Third Reich, meant primarily as a corrective to the his- created in 1942). The idea for this film originated with Goebbels, who torical distortions that the film portrays; an unfortunately somewhat short decided in December 1939 that a film should be made commemorating summary chapter that attempts to analyze the film’s political and aes- the resettlement of a particular group of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutschen) thetic strategies; and, finally, three sections containing endnotes, catalogs from (newly occupied) Poland into the (newly expanded) “Great German of sources and materials (photos, maps, diagrams, etc.), and an appendix Reich.” The resettlement of this group, the Wolhyniendeutschen, was to that includes important documents, including the program printed for the be celebrated as a Heimkehr ins Reich. premiere of the film on 10 October 1941. Clearly a propaganda film, Heimkehr was not a “documentary” like The book is thus a rich source of materials for those interested in Triumph of the Will or any of the numerous newsreels made during the studying this infamous film, which, besides the narrative and analysis Third Reich. It was a feature film, although one that strove for the re-cre- provided by the text, include movie stills, the original cast and crew list, ation of an “authentic milieu.” What it shows is the mistreatment of ethnic tables breaking down the numbers of closeup, medium, and long shots, Germans in a Polish village at the hands of Polish and Jewish townspeo- tables listing the duration of each scene, and diagrams attempting to dis- ple, as well as the Polish government; the Germans resist bravely but are play in semiotic terms an analysis of the film’s message. What is lacking, imprisoned and about to be executed when they are saved by the invading however, is some kind of an overall narrative or overarching argumenta- German Army. The film was produced in Rosenhügel Studios in Vienna tion that would better synthesize all the elements collected here into a and “on location” in the East Prussian village of Chorzele, a town inhab- coherent analysis. ited mostly by Poles. The cast included the famous Austrian actress Paula The summary chapter attempts to provide this to some degree, but Wessely in the lead role, as well as her husband Attila Hörbiger in a sup- it remains too brief. It explains some apparent contradictions that the porting role. The less prominent roles in the cast are also of interest: for book has exposed—the tension, say, between the importance of Wesse- the sake of “authenticity,” the roles of the demonized Poles in the film ly’s character, Marie Thomas, as the true “Führer”-figure of the film and were played by Polish actors. Wessely would be rather quickly denazi- the traditional gender roles propagated by the Nazis (and indeed preached fied by American authorities in the postwar era; the most public contro- by Marie herself): Triller explains that the film does this to appeal to versy about Wessely’s career in the Third Reich would not come until its the strength and endurance of women on the homefront. This certainly thematization in Elfriede Jelinek’s play Burgtheater in the 1980s. But the makes sense, and it corresponds to what I know about many other fea- Polish actors in Heimkehr had to deal with harsher treatment after 1945, ture films made during the war, but it would seem to deserve a bit more for they were considered in their liberated homeland to be traitors and discussion. In general all the rich materials gathered here remain a bit collaborators. A Jewish actor, Eugen Preiss, played a Jewish character in underanalyzed. this film, although he had little choice in the matter. During the filming, Another problem is the seeming faith that this film, like all Nazi fea- he became ill with typhoid fever and was interned; on Wessely’s behalf it ture films, will be perfect vehicles for the communication of Nazi propa- should be noted that she visited him every day while he was sick. Preiss ganda. Can any film function as a unified text that conveys a clear mes- was subsequently spared deportation to a concentration camp, and he did sage successfully, free of all contradictions? It would seem a bit naïve not have to act in any more films during the Third Reich. to affirm this, given our current understanding of the complexity (and This book about Heimkehr contains seven sections: a foreword by Ger- instability) of the process of meaning production in the cinema (and else- hard Jagschitz of Vienna’s Institut für Zeitgeschichte; the introduction to where), regardless of the filmmakers’ political or commercial intentions. the book by the author, Trimmel; a theoretical discussion of the value of But perhaps for this reason it is better that the book doesn’t tie up all film both as a historical source and as a text to be analyzed in semiotic the loose ends, leaving the ultimate analysis of the film to the reader. and ideological terms, with special emphasis on the aesthetic style and Trimmel has certainly provided a wealth of information to enable the propagandistic mission of Nazi cinema; the main section, opening with reader to undertake that task. a short but very valuable summary of the production history of the film, Richard W. McCormick followed by a much longer, scene-by-scene summary of the film’s narra- Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch tive (with some attention to the visual realization of the scenes, especially University of Minnesota 14 SPRING 2000 A SOCIETY TRANSFORMED: Hungary in Time-Space Perspective

Rudolf Andorka, Tamás Kolosi, Richard Rose, and György Vukovich, ed. elite shifted as well. György Lengyel’s chapter, “The Post-Communist Budapest: CEU Press, 1999. 206 pp. Tables, charts. Paper, $27.95. Economic Elite,” demonstrates that 1989 did not imply a reshuffling of Hungary’s economic powerbrokers but rather a reflection of changes in In their introduction to A Society Transformed, Tamás Kolosi and Rich- motion since the early 1980s—if not earlier (94-95). Predictably, the new ard Rose map out a well-focused goal of charting and determining the economic elites were younger, more educated, and from high status fami- degrees and depths of change in Hungary since the end of World War II, lies, which closely resembled Western and international elite typologies particularly after the transformations created by the events of 1989. They (88-89ff.). As with its economic base, the strong “middling” classes pre- also provide a solid outline of Hungarian history in the twentieth century pared Hungary for the difficult transition to a liberal, democratic polity and set up the problems of interpreting the monumental change Hungary and market economy. Zoltán Fábián’s chapter, “The Middle Strata in has undergone in the post-World War II era. Provocatively, they posit the Transformation,” links together Lengyel’s description of the changing challenge that 1989 was not a revolution but rather one of a series of makeup of the economic elite and Péter Róbert’s analysis of the inequali- transformations over the past century (17-18). ties of a society in transformation. While the rich became richer, accord- This position is quickly brought under scrutiny in the first chapter, ing to Fábián, the lower strata of the middle classes suffered the most by comparing Hungary’s path to “modernity” with other East and West Euro- the shift to a market economy (106). pean countries. According Rudolf Andorka and István Harcsa’s chapter, A Society Transformed provides a wonderful collection of data cover- “Long-Term Modernization of Hungarian Society,” Hungary’s modern- ing various facets of life in Hungary—population data, economic patterns, izing trajectory is similar to other Central and Eastern European histories and political trends. It incorporates numerous surveys conducted since and is marked by a series of modernizing starts, false starts, and misstarts the mid-1970s and the more recent work of TÁRKI (Social Research (22-25). Hungary began the twentieth century under Habsburg control, Informatics Center, Budapest), offering a wide range of interesting and enjoyed a brief period of self-sovereignty between the world wars, fol- surprising information. And yet one major fault is the lack of consistent lowed by forty years of Soviet domination, and ended the century as a interpretation of recently collected information—as suggested by the politically independent nation. The editors conclude that changes, or rup- subtitle “Hungary in Time-Space Perspective”—in comparison with data tures, are the distinguishing features of recent Hungarian history. gathered before 1945 and the voluminous index of statistics compiled The major strength of A Society Transformed is its strong interpre- under socialism. The book’s 66 tables and 24 maps, charts, and figures tation of the fundamental economic shift represented by the post-1989 at times are overwhelming without a uniformly comprehensive narrative period—and its radiation into other spheres of Hungarian life. Five of the accounting of what these numbers mean. There is a shortage of informa- book’s eleven chapters deal with the economic transformation between tion from surveys and other indicators of socialist Hungary between 1949 1989 and the mid-1990s, although the remaining chapters provide a suf- and 1989 in this collection of essays that seeks to examine Hungary over ficient understanding of changing patterns within the population, the time. The majority of contributions, in fact, focus on the relatively recent relationship between religious groups, and the place of Hungary within present of post-1989 Hungary and the changes necessitated by reorient- European history. Still, the primacy of the economic sphere of society ing Hungarian society from an Eastern to a Western perspective. In this within this text raises the question of grasping the significance of change context, all of the chapters harmonize to provide an insightful glance into in Hungarian society from a predominately economic perspective. Cer- the painful and frustrating changes going on in Hungary today. tainly, the underlying material conditions are important, but this empha- Richard Rose’s eloquent concluding chapter, “The Long and Short of sis shortchanges questions examining the role or influence of politics and Transformation in Central Europe” highlights many key points of earlier ideologies taking place in Hungary before and during 1989. chapters but falls short of articulating the significance of the dramatic Andorka’s chapter, “Dissatisfaction and Alienation,” which uses the structural changes over the past century. Yet Rose’s conclusion does pro- concepts of “anomie” and “alienation” (151-53), as measured primarily vide a better comparison between socialist and post-1989 Hungary than through the 1992, 1993, and 1994 Hungarian Household Panel surveys the other chapters. Similar to Andorka and Harcsa’s earlier chapter on (147), suggests a partial corrective to the strictly economic or material modernization, Rose’s conclusion places economic and material condi- effects of change after 1989. Ironically, both the pre- and post-1989 sur- tions in juxtaposition with other social and political factors. veys measured anomie and alienation largely in material terms of well Hungary is usually compared with other Soviet client states. A Soci- being. But Andorka would have been advised to articulate more clearly ety Transformed offers illuminating comparisons between Hungary and his use of these complex and confusing terms. For example, his use of Western nations, including the United States, without suggesting a pat- anomie follows Robert Merton’s classical definition of anomie as the tern of backwardness or a maladapted path toward the present. It is aimed disjunction of means and goals (Social Theory and Social Structure, at a highly specialized audience of sociologists with a Central or Eastern 1957), and his use of alienation bears a strong resemblance to Melvin European focus. As a result, terms are lofted about and seldom explored, Seeman’s definition as the state of powerlessness, meaninglessness, iso- much less defined for nonspecialists, or are not well situated within the lation, normlessness, and self-estrangement (“On the Meaning of Alien- Hungarian context. Firmly grounded in solid, sociological methodolo- ation,” American Sociological Review, 1959). gies, this slender volume contains a wealth of data and strong interpreta- With a large base of “middling” classes already present in 1989, sup- tions describing Hungarian society, but reader beware. It is not for the ported by a significant private sector and “hidden” economy accounting unfamiliar or to be used as an introduction to contemporary Hungary. for upwards of 17 per cent of the national GDP, Hungary was in a posi- Robert D. Levy tion to take advantage of the turn to a market economy in 1989 (73). As Department of History the economy moved toward a market economy after 1989, the economic University of Minnesota 15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER HOT OFF THE PRESSES

Viennese Types (Wiener Typen). Photographs c. 1910 by Dr. Emil Harold W. Lemel, ed. Rural Property and Economy in Post-Commu- Mayer. New York: Blind River Editions/Distributed Art Publishers, nist Albania. New York: Berghahn, 1999. 176 pp., tables, figs. Cloth, 1999. 71 pp., 51 halftones. Cloth, $35. $45.

Matthew Paul Berg, Jill Lewis, and Oliver Rathkolb, eds. The Kreisky Mark Notturno. Science and Open Society: The Future of Karl Pop- Memoirs: Twentieth-Century Reflections on Peace and Social Justice. per’s Philosophy. Budapest: CEU Press, 1999. 300 pp. Cloth, $49.95; Translated by Helen Atkins and Matthew Paul Berg. New York: paper, $23.95. Berghahn, 1999. 500 pp., illus. Cloth, $69.95. Daniela Hammer-Tugendhat, Wolf Tegethoff, eds. Ludwig Mies van Primus-Heinz Kucher, ed. “In die Mulde meiner Stummheit leg der Rohe. The Tugendhat House. Vienna: Springer, 2000. 187 pp., ein Wort.” Interpretationen zur Lyrik Ingeborg Bachmanns. Vienna: illus. Cloth, öS 546, DM 78. Böhlau, 1999. 272 pp. Paper, öS 498, DM 69,80. Pamela Tancsik. Die Prager Oper heißt Zemlinsky. Theatergeschichte Allan Janik, Monika Seekircher, Jörg Markowitsch, eds. Die Praxis des Neuen Deutschen Theaters Prag in der Ära Zemlinsky von der Physik. Lemen und Lehren im Labor. Vienna: Springer, 2000. 199 1911-1927. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 584 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 698, DM pp., illus. Paper, öS 398, DM 56. 99.

Stefan Zweig. Decisive Moments in History: Twelve Historical Minia- Elisabeth Freundlich. The Traveling Years. Translated by Elizabeth tures. Translated and with an afterword by Lowell A. Bangerter. Riv- Pennebaker. Riverside, CA: Ariadne, 1999. 177 pp. Paper, $15.50. erside, CA: Ariadne, 1999. 253 pp. Paper, $21.50. Birgitt Haller and Wolfgang Knopf. Crossing Borders. Vienna: Brau- Mladen Lazić, ed. Protest in Belgrade: Winter of Discontent. Buda- müller, 1999. 120 pp. Paper, öS 298, DM 41. pest: CEU Press, 1999. 200 pp. Cloth, $49.95; paper, $22.95. Bernhard Widder. Herbert Bayer. Architektur/Skulptur/Landschaftsge- Albert Lichtblau, ed. Als hätten wir dazugehört: Österreichisch- staltung. Vienna: Springer, 2000. 138 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 598, DM jüdische Lebensgeschichten aus der Habsburgermonarchie. Vienna: 86. Böhlau 1999. 720 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 980, DM 140. Rupert Pichler. Italiener in Österreich—Österreicher in Italien. Ein- Mary Hunter. The Culture of Opera Buffa in Mozart’s Vienna: A Poet- führung in Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Verfassung. Wien: Eichbauer, ics of Entertainment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ., 1999. 331 pp. 2000. 198 pp. Paper, öS 498, DM 69. Cloth, $45. Horia-Roman Patapievici. Flying Against the Arrow: An Intellectual Andreas Brämer. Rabbiner und Vorstand: Zur Geschichte der jüdischen in Ceaucescu’s Romania. Budapest: CEU Press, 1999. 280 pp. Cloth, Gemeinde in Deutschland und Österreich 1808-1871. Vienna: Böhlau, $49.95; paper, $21.95. 1999. 248 pp. Paper, öS 398, DM 58. Johann Strutz, ed. Dalmatien. Klagenfurt: Wiesner, 1999. 256 pp. Gerhard Schmid. Österreich im Aufbruch. Die österreichische Sozi- Cloth, öS 144, DM 19,80. aldemokratie in der Ära Kreisky (1970-1983). Innsbruck: Studien, 1999. 368 pp. Paper, öS 438, DM 60. Lojze Wieser, ed. Kärnten. Klagenfurt: Wiesner, 1999. 256 pp. Cloth, öS 144, DM 19,80. Friedrich Stadler, ed. Elemente moderner Wissenschaftstheorie. Vienna: Springer, 2000. 250 pp., figs. Paper, öS 448, DM 64. Radan Hain. Staatstheorie und Staatsrecht in T.G. Masaryks Ideenwelt. Zurich: Schultheiss Polygraphischer, 1999. 268 pp. Paper, öS 468, DM Fee Rauert. Das Kosovo. Vienna: Braumüller, 1999. 272 pp. Paper, öS 60. 380, DM 52. Margret Friedrich.“Ein Paradies ist uns verschlossen...” Zur Geschichte Milos Okuka. Eine Sprache—viele Erben: Sprachpolitik als National- der schulischen Mädchenerziehung in Österreich im “langen” 19. isierungsinstrument in Exjugoslawien. Klagenfurt: Wiesner, 2000. 200 Jahrhundert. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 438 pp. Paper, öS 548, DM 78. pp. Cloth, öS 278, DM 38. Ilsebill Barta, ed. Familienporträts der Habsburger: Dynastische Glenn Stanley, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven. New Repräsentation im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. York: Cambridge, 1999. 350 pp., illus., musical ex., table. Cloth, 140 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 498, DM 69,80. $57.95; paper, $21.95. Heidemarie Uhl, ed. Steinernes Bewußtsein II: Die öffentliche Repräsen- Helmut Wohnout. Das Osterreichische Hospiz in Jerusalem. Geschichte tation staatlicher und nationaler Identität Österreichs in seinen Denk- des Pilgerhauses an der Via Dolorosa. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. 256 pp., mälern. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999, 522 pp., illus. Paper, öS 580, DM 82. illus. Paper, öS 498, DM 69,80.

16 SPRING 2000 News from the Field The new Austrian archive laws: how they can affect your research

by Nicole Slupetzky of time could be increased to 50 years if the documents are a potential risk to public safety, national defense, or foreign affairs. On August 17, 1999, the Austrian government passed a new law: • Publishing. While the archive material can be used for publishing, “Bundesgesetz über die Sicherung, Aufbewahrung und Nutzung von there are some important restrictions. Personal data cannot be pub- Archivgut des Bundes,” a law how to handle state records. This new lished until ten years after the person’s death, unless the person has law affects the Austrian state archives, which include the Archive of the agreed to an earlier date. If the year of death is undeterminable, the Republic of Austria, the family, court and state archive, and more. Effec- time of protection ends 110 years after the person’s date of birth. If the tive since January 1, 2000, the new law is intended to better centralize researcher can prove that major public interest surrounds the investi- the Austrian state archives. With this new archive law, a few changes of gated person, the restrictions can be dropped. major interest will occur, as described below. • Claiming Documents. In the future, all government documents must • Locating Records. A new register that includes all Austrian be offered to a state archive. If the state archive declines receipt of archives—state, provincial, local and private archives—must be cre- a document, the provincial archive can then claim the document. If ated by 2002. Every archive must publish a detailed overview of records are not claimed, they are destroyed. According to Dr. Lorenz its existing and accessible materials and documents. In addition, the Mikoletzky, general director of the Austrian state archive, the new law archive must disclose its rules in advance. is currently operating successfully. The documents from the Austrian • Access. Every record, including photo, film, video and sound mate- ministries of the former government had to be offered to the state rial must be accessible to the public 30 years after its production. The archive, and the state archive accepted them. Therefore, the records time period could be reduced to 20 years if the records are used for sci- were not lost and are now stored in the archive. entific or academic research with respect to legal provisions of the Per- On a long-term basis, the new Bundesarchivgesetz concerning the sonal Data Protection Act. Those records which are of pure personal Austrian archives should make it easier to locate useful material and nature and are therefore subject to the data protection provisions are records and ease the accessibility at least for the state archives. The big- excluded. In the case of a reduced time period, there may be special gest potential problem lies with provincial governments. Because of the restrictions on publishable facts, especially specific names. The period way Austria’s federal system operates, provincial governments are not necessarily bound by the new law. That means the provincial archives BUCH from page 11 can choose not to follow the new archive law. But the archives of Vienna and Styria, for example, are already planning a new archive law based Martin Perlman. Subsequent to that there was a studio recording of the on the Bundesarchivgesetz. Because of the possible differences in how opera which was released on CD in fall 1999 by Telarc. In May of 2001 archives are maintained, it is best to contact each separate archive in the Augsburg Theater will produce the first modern staging of Der Stein advance to ask for its access rules. der Weisen. It will probably be moved in the summer to Würzburg to the Mozart Festival and then back in the fall for further performances. This May there will apparently be a performance by the Orchestra of the Age of the Enlightenment in London, and a simultaneous broadcast for the Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarchiv: BBC. It won’t be a staged performance, but a concert performance. I an update have had many inquiries from other theaters around the world, but I don’t know how many of these will materialize. I have signed a contract for Due to renovation during the next three to four years, access to archival Augsburg, so that is definite. material of the family, court and state archive is currently restricted. The family, court and state archive includes: the imperial archives (Reichsar- ASN: Because it is your edition, they have to sign a contract with you? chiv); the diplomatic matters (Foreign Affairs) from the 16th to the 19th DB: Yes. Also, I am serving as the publisher until a time when I have century; archival material of the Habsburg family, the imperial court and a publisher. I have been negotiating for about a year and half with three cabinet; parchment diplomas and treaties; manuscript collections; records publishers, but the terms they’re offering aren’t very good. For example, on domestic affairs (Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Italian-Spanish council); they want royalties from the CD, but this is not appropriate since they and bequests, private papers and family archives. didn’t have anything to do with it. I won’t sign a contract until there is At the end of this year (2000), the archive will be moved to an alterna- a fair proposal from a publisher who is interested in promoting the work tive building. The new address is yet unknown. Therefore it is necessary and really helping to get it out there. I have also created a full piano vocal to contact the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv directly via e-mail or letter score. That is even more important than the orchestral edition, because it before a visit. Current operating hours (subject to change) of the search is what singers need to learn the piece and rehearse it. If some of these room are: Tuesday, Thursday and Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Since performances in Europe are successful, which I have no reason to doubt, the archival material is currently dispersed to various archives, one can this will create a greater demand, and eventually I will have a good pub- expect to wait longer than usual for requested records. Desired records lisher. I can always publish it in a scholarly edition which goes out to a should be ordered at least two days in advance. bunch of libraries, but I am interested in a publication that is accessible For further information, contact: Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Min- to singers and a publisher who will take care of rentals. It’s a pain in the noritenplatz 1, A-1010 Vienna, Austria. Phone: 43-1-53115-2500 or 2516; neck to ship boxes of parts off all over the world. v fax: 43-1-53115-2501; e-mail: [email protected] 17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER SAHH NEWS

The Executive Committee of the Society for Austrian and Habs- History, University of Oklahoma, Norman OK 73019-0535. E-mail: burg History met at the Annual Meeting of the American Historical [email protected]; fax: 405-325-4503. Association in Chicago in January 2000. The Executive Committee During the Chicago meeting of the American Historical Associa- elected Gary B. Cohen (University of Oklahoma) to succeed Mary tion, the Center for Austrian Studies at the University of Minnesota Gluck (Brown University) as executive secretary for a two-year and the Austrian Cultural Institute in New York jointly sponsored a term and Lois Dubin (Smith College) as a new member of the Execu- delightful, well-attended reception for members of SAHH. The SAHH tive Committee for a five-year term through 2005. The other continu- Executive Committee is grateful to the Center for Austrian Studies and ing members of the Executive Committee are: Franz Szabo (Univer- the Austrian Cultural Institute for their continuing generous sponsor- sity of Alberta,1997-2002), James Niessen (Texas Tech University, ship of such gatherings for the membership. 1999-2001), Pieter Judson (Swarthmore College, 1999-2004), and The SAHH continues its efforts to encourage research and teaching ex officio members David Good (executive editor of the Austrian on Austrian and Habsburg history through its affiliations with the History Yearbook, University of Minnesota), Charles Ingrao (editor American Historical Association and the American Association for the of the Austrian History Yearbook, Purdue University), Barbara Advancement of Slavic Studies and relationships with other scholarly Melton-Boomgaarden (University of Salzburg and Kommission für groups. The SAHH assists the editors of the Austrian History Yearbook neuere Geschichte Österreichs). and the Center for Austrian Studies at the University of Minnesota, During the Chicago meeting, the Executive Committee discussed the Canadian Center for Austrian and Central European Studies at the efforts to develop closer working relations between the SAHH and University of Alberta, and the moderators of the HABSBURG discus- other scholarly societies interested in the history of the former territo- sion group on H-Net in their work to advance research and discussion ries of the Habsburg monarchy, particularly organizations in East Cen- on Austrian and Habsburg history. The SAHH also maintains close tral Europe. The Executive Committee will welcome suggestions and ties with the Conference Group for Central European History of the proposals for cooperative activities. The members of the Executive AHA. As an affiliate organization of the AHA and AAASS, the SAHH Committee also believe that the SAHH can perform a greater service may submit panels and roundtables for the programs of the AHA and to the community of scholars in this field by gathering and disseminat- AAASS annual meetings. The Executive Committee has proposed a ing information regarding ongoing research projects and new publica- panel entitled “Popular Loyalties, National Identities, and Historians’ tions in the field. Accordingly, the Executive Committee will welcome Narratives of the Fate of the Habsburg Monarchy” for the January such information from the membership, which we will enter into a 2001 meeting of the American Historical Association in Boston. database and make available on a website in the near future. Member- The Executive Committee welcomes proposals for panels and round- ship in the SAHH is open to anyone interested in Austrian and Habs- tables on Austrian and Habsburg history for future conventions of the burg history who subscribes to the Austrian History Yearbook. Please AHA, the AAASS, and the German Studies Association. Such propos- direct communications to me: Prof. Gary B. Cohen, Department of als should also be sent to me. Gary B. Cohen leo valiani (1909-1999) The eminent Italian historian and politician Leo Valiani died on 18 September 1999. He was born in Fiume as a Hungarian citizen and grew up there in a secularized Jewish family. From his native town he inherited his multilingual and multicultural background and a deep interest in Central European history and politics. Shortly after the Fascist seizure of power in Italy, he joined the underground movement. He was arrested but managed to flee to Paris, where he was a jounalist and completed his first scholarly work, a history of Hungary, which remained unpublished. He took part in the Spanish Civil War, left France in 1940, and found a haven in Mexico. Para- chuted into northern Italy in 1943, he became a leader of the resistance movement. In 1946 he was elected to the constituent assembly but retired in 1948, after the collapse of the party he founded. Valiani never became an academic historian; he held a position in a Milanese bank and regularly contributed to newspapers and magazines. His main interests were the socialist movement and the history of Austria-Hungary. In 1966 he published a book on the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy, which was translated into Eng- lish in 1973. Based on Austrian, Hungarian, Croat, Italian, French, An Austrian couple journeys to Turkey in search of a child that may have been German, and British sources, the book is a tour-de-force. In 1980, switched at birth in the satire Born in Absurdistan, showing at the 18th Annual President Pertini paid tribute to Valiani by appointing him a life Minneapolis-St. Pul Film Festival (see article page 3). senator. Angelo Ara, Universitá degli studi di Pavia 18 SPRING 2000 SALZBURG 2000: will a conservative repertoire provide grist for the usual bold experimentation?

by Daniel Pinkerton Platel and Arne Siemens’s Jedermann ist ein Indianer, a movement-based piece both comic and komisch, will be presented in Flemish. As ASN readers know, President Klestil issued a critique of the The opera productions will, as usual, be liberally sprinkled with star- Salzburg Fetsival last year, calling for a return to its “more pleasant dust. Internationally acclaimed American baritone Thomas Hampson and roots.” While no one seriously thinks that Gerard Mortier has taken this rising American mezzo Susan Graham (recently seen as Jordan Baker in advice, the 2000 Salzburg Festival has a decidedly more conservative the Met’s The Great Gatsby) will star in Gluck’s Iphigénie en Tauride. repertoire than the 1999 festival. Instead of Schlachten!, they’ll pres- Tenor Jerry Hadley, in what many have hailed as a brilliant career move, ent Hamlet and A Streetcar Named Desire. Instead of Berio, Busoni, will sing the challenging title role in Mozart’s Idomeneo for only the and Berg, they’ll stage Gluck and Cherubini. Even the concerts seem second time. Sylvain Cambreling will conduct the Orchestre de Paris and to feature a lot more mainstream composers and works this year. three choirs in Berlioz’s Les Troyens. Jon Villars will sing the role of Of course, this is a blatant generalization; on closer inspection, the Enée and famed Wagnerian soprano Deborah Polaski will be featured as festival is still taking risks (including a world premiere opera) and, both Cassandra and Didon. Stéphane Petitjean will conduct soloists of more to the point, even the standard works will be done with panache. the Orchestre de Paris in a romp through Offenbach’s spirited opera buffa The festival’s stated themes this year are “Troy and Love.” In the La Belle Hélène, proving that one need not always approach the theme of press release, Edward W. Said (!) writes “Troy and Love” seriously. Not only is Troy itself an epic of epics, but in its unfolding as the Speaking of love (and stars), Lorin Maazel will conduct Don Giovanni, most fertile of family tragedies, it is drama without parallel . . . with Ferrucio Furlanetto as the Don and Renée Fleming as Donna Anna. Yet its core is . . . love that is all at once romantic, incestuous, In the other Mozart offering, Claudio Abbado will conduct that most adulterous, vindictive, transgressive, and, centrally, familial. cynical of love stories, Così fan Tutte. Wagnerian soprano Karita Mat- Mortier and the artists clearly see this as fertile, craggy material and tila will be featured along with veteran bass-baritone Ruggero Raimondi. mean to push these works to their limits. Abbado will also conduct Ben Heppner and Waltraud Meier in Tristan But which works? “Troy” leads one to expect, say, Les Troyens, and Isolde, a sure treat for Wagner fans. And the world premiere previ- Idomeneo, Iphigénie en Tauride, La Belle Hélène, and Médée—and ously alluded to will be Finnish composer Kaija Saariho’s L’Amour de indeed, they will be staged. And “love” (if you separate it from Troy Loin. Kent Nagano, an expert with new music, will conduct; soprano for a few moments) is, of course, a wide-open category that encom- Dawn Upshaw, another champion of living composers, will star with passes Don Giovanni, Tristan und Isolde, Berlioz’s Roméo et Juliette, Dwayne Croft (Nick Carraway in The Great Gatsby). and Britten’s Nocturne, all of which will be performed. Concert highlights include famed Russian conductor Valery Gergiev leading performances of Tchaikovsky’s Pique Dame, starring Placido Can the idiomatic, evocative Southern cadences of Tennessee Wil- Domingo. Abbado, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Zubin Mehta, Pierre Boulez, liams be effectively translated into German? With the production of and others will also conduct; soloists include Jessye Norman, Maurizio Endstation Sehnsucht (A Streetcar Named Desire), the Salzburg Festi- Pollini, and Alfred Brendel. A Brahms cycle will indeed please lovers of val and the Volksbühne am Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz Berlin give it their the standard repertory, but the Haydn-Britten series should contrast the best shot (though English with supertitles might be more effective). two composers nicely and resident composer Wolfgang Rihm has pro- The festival will present another translated work, the German-language grammed a series that contrasts his music and the music of other contem- premiere of young Norwegian playwright Jon Fosse’s Der Name, a porary composers with 18th- and 19th-century classics. For more infor- laconic tragicomedy. In addition to Hofmannsthal’s Jedermann, Alain mation, visit the festival website: http://www.salzburgfestival.com v 19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER STREETWISE GUIDE TO THE ARCHIVES KLATOVY: A SMALL GEM OF AN ARCHIVE

ern hotel, though the price per night (ca. $12.00) is a fraction of what would be paid in Austria or Germany. The archives in Klatovy are a branch office of the state archives in Plzeň. The principal treasures housed in Klatovy make the records there typical of what may be found in numerous archives throughout the Czech Republic: family archives that yield material of importance not only for the history of Bohemia or the history of the Czechs and Germans but also for that of the Holy Roman Empire and for European history more generally. In 1945-1948, the archives of the great Bohemian families of magnates fell, usually without significant losses, to the Czech state and have since often been ordered and made available for the researcher. During my two-week stay in Klatovy, I was able to use four such family archives—Schönborn (Bohemian line), Stadion, Boos-Waldeck, and Cou- denhove—that together furnish valuable material on Central European history from the Rhineland and Swabia to Bohemia and Moravia through Galicia. Other family archives available in Klatovy, such as Windisch- Grätz, similarly provide sources of inestimable worth for Habsburg history. My stay in Klatovy, however, would hardly have been so successful had it not been for the hospitable welcome that I received from the direc- by William D. Godsey, Jr. tor of the archives, Magister Ladislava Váňová and her small but friendly staff, all of whom speak German or English. This latter circumstance is In the course of the last three years, I have conducted research for my hardly to be expected in such a small establishment. Magister Váňová current project in more than a dozen archives in 3 countries (Germany, always exhibited a friendly readiness, when my own limited Czech failed Austria, and the Czech Republic) but have not had a more pleasant archi- me, to help with quick translations of the indexes in order to simplify val experience than the one in August 1998 in the small, relatively iso- ordering. Though her archives, like others, serve a variety of purposes, lated town of Klatovy (Klattau) in the western Czech Republic. Situated she especially values professional historical research and makes every in the picturesque hills of the Bohemian forest south of Plzeň (Pilsen) allowance to facilitate it. Knowing that my stay was limited to a mere two and about 30 kilometers from the Bavarian border, Klatovy itself boasts weeks and aware of the mass of material that had to be worked through, a pretty main square and old town and offers a convenient starting point she opened the doors of her archives for me beyond the official opening for weekend excursions into the surrounding countryside, whether to the hours so that I was often able to research from 7:30 in the morning to lovely, well-preserved town of Domažlice (which earlier marked the west- 5:00 or 6:00 in the afternoon. I was also allowed to work a half-day on ernmost permanent settlement of Slavs in Europe) or to Horšovský Týn Friday, when the archives are officially closed—a kindness that I have (Bischofteinitz), a splendid Renaissance castle that until 1945 belonged also encountered in the archives in Brno (Brünn). In order that I could to the princely family of Trauttmansdorff. In Klatovy the researcher on a work uninterruptedly and with the greatest energy throughout the day, budget will find a number of attractive hotels and pensions. I particularly Magister Váňová and her staff ensured that I could always enjoy a piping recommend the Penzion u Hejtmana (kpt. Jaroše 145/I; tel. +420/186/ cup of Turkish coffee directly in the reading room. 279/28), located just off the main square in a recently restored Baroque Státní Oblastní Archiv v Plzni, pobočka Klatovy, Masarykova ul. house. The rooms equal or exceed in quality those found in a good west- 413/III, 339 01 Klatovy, Czech Republic. v Grad students form interdisciplinary Oxford Austrian Studies Association We, a group of graduate students at Oxford University, would like to initiatives such as the upcoming Oxford staging of Felix Mitterer’s In the announce the foundation of a new association to promote Austrian studies Lion’s Den. Our members include the editors of the Masaryk Journal and at Oxford University. The Oxford Austrian Studies Association addresses the on-line journal Central Europe Review. We are currently organizing an interdisciplinary range of academic fields, including German, Slavic, a round-table discussion entitled “Austrian Political Identity: A Reassess- Balkan, Hungarian, and Jewish dimensions of Austria, with Austria con- ment,” scheduled for later this year. In the future, we plan to invite inter- ceived of in its broadest historical and geopolitical terms. ested academics to present papers at Oxford on literary, linguistic, eco- We aim to bring together a community of scholars in this diverse nomic, political, and historical subjects within this field. area of study. Through our contact with students and professors outside For more information, please visit our website at http://users.ox.ac.uk/ Oxford, we hope to create a forum for significant debates on fundamental ~magd0324 or contact Robert Pyrah, co-chair, Language and Literature, questions that define our respective topics. Magdalen College, Oxford, OX1 4AU, [email protected], or We support our immediate membership through regular discussions of Larissa Douglass, co-chair, History and Social Sciences, St. Antony’s our studies. To aid our research trips abroad, we compile archival guide- College, Oxford, OX2 6JF, [email protected] books and run accommodation searches. We are contributing to cultural Larissa Douglass and Robert Pyrah 20 SPRING 2000 sugar from page 8 Emmert from page 5 large part, also wrote). Examples include Nationalism in Eastern Europe, DP: Is the opposition more democratic or further to the right than which first appeared in 1969 and also in a revised second edition in 1994, Milošević? and Native Fascism in the Successor States, 1918-1945 (1971), which TE: The small party of Vojislav Šešlj is to the right of Milošević. It is a has become required reading in many university courses, as has History neofascist movement for all practical purposes. At one time, he wrote an of Hungary (1990). I witnessed the birth of the latter book, especially the open letter to Milošević that said, “You are a big traitor.” But that letter problems Peter faced in trying to bring together historians from the West could have been written by most of the opposition, although for different with those in Hungary. Political differences were easier to reconcile than reasons. It’s a complicated issue. We tend to think, “Here’s Milošević, the individual sensibilities, but Peter was a master of firm but patient recon- dictator, and here’s the opposition that is trying to move toward democ- ciliation. Other important works of his include Ethnic Diversity and Con- racy and pluralism and end the war.” And yet when Milošević gave up on flict in Eastern Europe (1980) and, finally, Eastern European National- the Serbs in Bosnia and pulled them unwillingly to negotiations, it was ism in the Twentieth Century, which Peter edited in 1995. some of the seemingly moderate opposition who said, “You traitor! You Even greater talent and patience lay in Peter Sugar’s cooperative schol- betrayed the cause. You’ve lost our brethren. You should have continued arly enterprises. The single most ambitious collective enterprise was his to fight.” The trouble with the opposition is that it is nationalistic in a and Donald Treadgold’s ten-volume “History of East Central Europe,” of way that Milošević is not, and that makes it difficult for us to work with which seven volumes have appeared so far and one is in press. One of the them. Milošević has one concern: to stay in power. He will play what- many distinctions of this series is that each volume embraces an entire ever card he has to. And even Serb nationalists can be divided over the region, such as Southeastern Europe, the Polish Commonwealth at the issues. Drašković wants to revive the image of the Chetniks. Others don’t time of the Partitions, or the eastern lands of the Habsburg monarchy. want to touch that with a 10-foot pole. It’s very difficult for the opposi- During his long career, Peter accumulated many fellowships and dis- tion to come together in a common union. Their egos are huge, they are tinctions, and he served as chair of an extraordinary number of associa- easily fragmented, and many have strengths in a particular region. I really tions and institutions. This was certainly because of his talent as an orga- believe that Milošević will go. The writing is on the wall. But it is going nizer. What he wrote and did will stand the test of time, perhaps because to take months or years. it represented a consistent liberal point of view without excesses. George Barany, an American-Hungarian (or Hungarian-American) like DP: What about the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)? At first, the press Peter Sugar and myself, taught at the University of Denver and was a portrayed them as the brave Albanians standing up to Serbian paramili- close friend and collaborator of Peter’s in many projects. In January 2000 tary thugs. How much truth is there in this viewpoint? George reminisced in the newsletter of the American Association for the TE: Well, the KLA asserted itself rather rapidly on the scene. In 1997, Study of Hungarian History, of which Peter had been one of the founders. because of the extraordinary crisis in Albania, all kinds of weapons were I can do no better than to repeat George’s conclusion: smuggled across the mountains and put in the hands of a group that was not satisfied with the peaceful, passive resistance of Rugova, the moder- Peter Sugar, quietly and with persistence, opened many doors for us in ate leader of the Albanians. These people swelled the ranks of the KLA. Hungary, the Balkans, and Central Europe. A proud American citizen, Milošević became aware of this and decided he had to get rid of the he also helped colleagues in eastern Europe to gain access to the intel- KLA because they would fight for their independence and had weapons. lectual challenges the United States had traditionally offered to people The Serbian Army moved quickly against them. In the beginning, we willing to see and to learn with an open mind . . . I shall cherish his conflated the KLA with Rugova and the passive resistance of the pre- memory as long as I live. Please do the same. vious decade. It took a while to get some reports on the KLA. Some early reports claimed that these were drug-running mafioso types who Peter died on 5 December 1999, after fighting lung cancer. He will be were pretty shady characters. But that was buried, and they became “free- greatly missed. dom fighters.” It was seen as critical to the NATO campaign that they István Deák is a Professor of History at Columbia University. v were redeemable and could be enlightened. We could understand why the KLA had to resort to terrorism, but NATO thought that once they became involved, they could set the stage for a more democratic reconstruction AUSTRIA from page 12 and development in Kosovo and that the KLA would go along. Instead, in the past. Pelinka provides the tools to understand this rapidly changing they aided and abetted the harrassment, persecution, and even murder of transformation of Austrian politics. Serbs after the Kosovo Albanians came back. In the beginning, this was Pelinka’s book suffers only from the blinkers widespread in Austrian seen as almost inevitable. Now there is real impatience and anger with it. political science—the absence of a serious academic study of interna- It’s an embarrassment to NATO when this continues. v tional relations within the context of changes in the wider world and based on a state-of-the-art international relations theory. He devotes one but Austria always traditionally perceived itself as more than that and has chapter out of ten to Austria’s external affairs and interaction with the practiced a vigorous diplomacy for much of the 20th century. wider world. This gives Austria’s position in the world short shrift, if we Finally, a word on the price of this book. American trade publishing remember that up until the end of the Cold War the Ballhausplatz prided houses specializing in academic fields have developed a perverse pric- itself in acting as a “bridge” between East and West. Pelinka almost ing policy of making books unaffordable for students and increasingly so totally ignores the complex occupation decade (1945-55), when Austria for libraries. When I recently assigned Pelinka’s book in my Twentieth- became a “secret ally” of the West. In the footsteps of so many analysts Century Austria course, I ran the risk that my students would go to the and politicians since 1955, he reduces Austria’s foreign policy to a study nearest xeroxing machine with the reserve copy of the book. With a pur- of neutrality and its changing nature since the end of the Cold War, when chase price of $75, who can blame them? Austria joined the European Union and neutrality became meaningless. Günter Bischof Early in the book he characterizes Austria as a “small, rather ordinary Department of History,Center for Austrian Culture and Commerce country on the eastern fringes of Western Europe” (p. 9). This may be so, University of New Orleans 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Announcements

INTERNATIONAL England. International Conference. “Balkan Secu- Norway. Seventh ISSEI conference, “Approaching rity: Visions of the Future,” 16-17 June, School of a New Millennium: Lessons from the Past - Pros- CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA Slavonic and East European Studies, University Col- pects for the Future,” Bergen, Norway, 14-18 August. lege, London. This conference will focus on two key Details about the conference can be obtained from the United States. Conference. “Satchmo Meets Ama- interrelated questions: “What does security mean in a ISSEI 2000 website at http://www.uib.no/issei2000 deus: New Orleans and Salzburg—Two Cities and Balkan context?” and “How is sustainable security in Their Sounds of Music,” 9-11 May, New Orleans. the region to be achieved?” The organizers are par- Austria. Conference. “Justiz und Gerechtigkeit,” Contact: Günter Bischof, University of New Orleans, ticularly keen in attracting the widest possible par- 8-10 November, Universität Wien. Contact: Andrea CenterAustria. Tel: 504-280-3223, fax: 504-280- ticipation from academics, policy makers, and mem- Griesebner, [email protected]; Martin 7317, e-mail: [email protected], or Reinhold Wagn- bers of the media, as well as people involved in Schütz, [email protected]; Herwig Weigl, leitner, University of Salzburg. Tel: 43-662- security issues on the ground. Contact: Stephanie [email protected]. 8044-4733, fax: 43-662-8044-413, e-mail: reinhold. Schwandner-Sievers and Peter Siani-Davies at [email protected] [email protected] or visit the website Scotland. Symposium. “Blueprints for No-Man’s of the Centre for South-East European Studies at Land: Connections in Contemporary Austrian Cul- Poland. Conference. “Zwischen Kriegen, Nationen, http://www.ssees.ac.uk/seecent.ht ture,” University of Aberdeen, 29 March-1 April Nationalismen, und Geschlechterverhältnissen in Mit- 2001. This interdisciplinary conference will facili- tel- und Osteuropa, 1918-1939,” 11-14 May, War- Wales. Workshop. “Intersecting Times: The Work of tate interaction between theorists and practitioners saw. Cosponsored by Deutsches Historisches Insti- Memory in Southeastern Europe,” 25-28 June, Clyne with an interest in contemporary Austrian culture and tut Warschau and Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Uni- Castle, Swansea, Wales, UK. In the second sympo- explore areas of overlap between various forms of versität Wien. Simultanübersetzungen in/aus dem sium of the Centre for South-East Europe Studies cultural representation in contemporary Austrian cul- Russischen, Polnischen, Englischen und Deutschen at the University of Wales, practitioners of all disci- ture. The conference will be accompanied by literary werden bei der Tagung gewährleistet sein. Contact: plines will consider how social memory is generated, readings, an installation, video performances, and a Dr. Sophia Kemlein, Deutsches Historisches Institut maintained/consumed, and reproduced through texts, concert. Contact: Dr. Janet Stewart, Dept. of German, Warschau. Tel: 48-22-656 7182, fax: 48-22-693 7006, images, film, embodied experience, monuments, or Taylor Building, University of Aberdeen, Old Aber- e-mail: [email protected], or Dr. Johanna Gehm- other forms and the role of material culture in shap- deen AB24 3UB. Tel.: 44-1224272488, e-mail: acher, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Universität Wien. ing past and present-day realities. Contact: Dr. Yannis [email protected], website: http://www.abdn.ac. Tel: 43-1-4277 41210, fax: 43-1-4277 9412; e-mail: Hamilakis, Director, Centre for the Study of South- uk/~ger042/conference. html [email protected] eastern Europe. Fax: 44-01570-423669, e-mail: y. [email protected], website: http://archaeology. United States. Call for Papers. Annual meeting, Cen- Canada. International colloquium.“Comparative lamp.ac.uk/Arch/seeurope.html tral Slavic Conference, 12-14 October, Kansas City, Cultural Studies and Central European Culture Wyndham Garden Plaza Hotel. Faculty, graduate stu- Today,” 24-31 May, Congress 2000 of the Humanities Romania. Sixth International Conference of the dents, and independent scholars are cordially invited and Social Sciences, Canada, University of Alberta. Center for Romanian Studies, “Tradition and to submit one-page proposals for 20-minute papers This conference presents new work about Central Modernity in Romanian Culture and Civilization, on any subject relating to Slavic and East European European culture; the study of culture encompasses 1600-2000,” Įasi, Romania, 3-7 July. For information: studies. Proposals for whole panels (3-4 papers) any discipline in the humanities and the social sci- Center for Romanian Studies, Oficiul Postal I, Casuta are especially encouraged. Proposals for topics in ences. Topics about post-1989 Central European cul- Postala 108 6600, Įasi, Romania. Tel: 40-32-219000, history, economics, and political science should be ture will get special attention. The topic will be fax: 40-32-219010, e-mail: [email protected], sent to Prof. Robert Evanson, Department of Politi- examined contextually and will not focus on a single website: www.romanianstudies.ro cal Science, 213 Haag Hall, University of Missouri, language or culture of the region. Contact: Steven 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City MO 64110. E-mail: Totosy, tel: 780-438-6486, fax: 780-492-9106, e-mail: Finland. Sixth International Council for Central and [email protected]. Deadline: 10 May. Proposals [email protected] East European Studies Congress, 29 July-3 August, for topics in language, literature, the arts, and cul- Tampere, Finland. Contact: VI ICCEES World Con- ture should be sent to Prof. Patricia P. Brodsky, Austria. Fourth Austrian-American Film Associa- gress Secretariat, Finnish Institute for Russian and Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, tion Symposium, 25-27 May, Filmarchiv Austria, East European Studies, Annankatu 44, FIN-00100, 218 Scofield Hall, University of Missouri, 5100 Vienna. “Vom Kriegsende zum Staatsvertrag. Die Helsinki, Finland. Tel: 358-9-2285-4434, fax: 358-9- Rockhill Road, Kansas City MO 64110. E-mail: Besatzungszeit im Film—1945 bis 1955.” Konferenz 2285-4431, e-mail: [email protected], website: http:// [email protected]. Deadline: 1 May. Please note: sprachen: Deutsch und Englisch. Organisatoren: Ger- www.rusin.fi/iccees If you send a proposal by e-mail, please also send traud Steiner Daviau, Donald G. Daviau. Filme aus hard copy. Please contact Robert Brazelton, Pres- und über die Besatzungszeit, aus und über Öster- United States. 20th World Congress of the Czechoslo- ident, Central Slavic Conference, Department of reich, Filmanalysen, Persönlichkeiten (Entnazifizier- vak Society of Arts and Sciences (SVU), 9-13 August, Economics, 211 Haag Hall, University of Missouri, ung), Filmpolitik der Alliierten, Filmangebot in Öster- American University, Washington, D.C. For infor- 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, fax: reich, Produktionsfirmen, Produktionsbedingungen. mation: Center for Russian and East European Stud- 816-235-5263 for information about registration, Contact Prof. Daviau, e-mail: [email protected], oder ies, 106 Lippincott, University of Kansas, Lawrence hotels, and other matters. [email protected] KS 66045, or e-mail [email protected] Germany. Call for Papers. Second Workshop on Hungary. Conference. “Perceptions of ‘Modernities’: England. Conference. “The Role of the Romanies: Contemporary Migration History 27-29 October Emergence of Political Modernity, Social Transfor- Images and Self-Images of Romanies/‘Gypsies’ in 2000, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin. “Assimilation, mation and Ideologies of Modernism in Central and European Cultures,” 15-18 September, University Diasporization, Representation: Historical Perspec- Southeast Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries,” of Liverpool. This conference seeks to address the tives on Immigrants and Host Societies in Postwar 25-28 May, Central European University, Budapest. questions raised by the ambivalent encounter of Europe.” Migration has become one of the key social Contact: Vangelis Kechriotis, University of Athens, the “Gypsies” with European cultures. It aims both phenomena reshaping Europe since 1945. The relo- History Department, [email protected]; Boyan Man- to reexamine Gadjo constructions of Romanies/ cation of populations as a consequence of World War chev, State University of Sofia, bmanchev@slav. uni- “Gypsies” in the Orientalist style over the centuries II was followed by political East-West migration, sofia.bg; Tanja Petrovic, Yugoslavian Academy of Sci- and to appraise and compare the contributions made refugee movements, ethnic migration, migration as a ences, Institute of Linguistics, [email protected]. by Romanies themselves to European cultures. Con- consequence of decolonization, and, not least, labor bg.ac.yu; 1gota Szentannai, ELTE Institute of Soci- tact: Nicholas Saul, Department of German, Univer- migration. This workshop will address questions of ology, [email protected]. sity of Liverpool, Modern Languages Building, Liv- immigration in and to Europe in an historical and erpool L69 3BX, UK. Tel: 44-151-794 2351/2, fax: comparative perspective (1945 to the present) with 44-151-794 2307, e-mail: [email protected] an emphasis on migration history. Publication of the papers in an edited volume is planned. Send abstracts 22 SPRING 2000 for papers (max. of 500 words) and a short biograph- FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES ical note including a list of publications. Advanced Spotlight Ph.D. candidates and postdocs are particularly invited to turn in applications. Accommodation can be pro- The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the vided at the guesthouse of Humboldt University (ca. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum fosters AUSTRIAN 2001-02 FULBRIGHT $30-$35 per night) or at a hotel ($70-$90 per night). research in Holocaust and genocide studies, broadly DISTINGUISHED CHAIRS PROGRAM Financial support for the participants to cover or sub- defined. The fellowship program is designed for sidize travel and accommodation expenses depends scholars at all stages of their academic careers. The In the past two years, the Austrian Fulbright on successful applications for funding. Deadline for museum now offers two new fellowships. Charles Commission has established Fulbright Distin- applications: 15 May. Deadline for papers (to be H. Revson Foundation Fellowships for Archival guished Chairs at six Austrian universities. Lec- circulated in advance): 25 September. For informa- Research. Amount: Up to $15,000 (not to exceed turing is in English, although some knowledge of tion, see website: www.demographie.de/mighist or $3,000 per month). Term: Three to five months in German is desirable. Candidates must be U.S. cit- e-mail: [email protected] residence at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Stud- izens and have a prominent record of scholarly ies. Proposals that utilize new archival acquisitions accomplishment. The benefits for the positions of the museum (e.g., from Ukraine, Croatia, France, listed below are a maintenance grant of 4,360 Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, Spain, and the Nether- Euro per month, travel grant of 800 Euro for the lands) and proposals for research on the fate of Roma grantee only, and monthly allowance of 145 Euro and Sinti (Gypsies), Jehovah’s Witnesses, Poles, and per accompanying dependent (up to 3). Length of BOOK & JOURNAL NEWS other groups specifically targeted by the Nazis and appointment is four months, starting October 2001 their allies and collaborators are of particular inter- or March 2002. est. Candidates from any country may apply. Appli- Fulbright-University of Graz Distinguished United States. Book Prizes. AAASS invites nomina- cants must hold a Ph.D. or be an advanced Ph.D. Chair in Cultural Studies. Grantee will offer tions for the 2000 Book Prizes. To be eligible books candidate (ABD) by the application deadline. Prepa- courses in an area of the scholar’s expertise must have been originally published in English in ratory Research Program. Amount: $2,500. Term: at advanced undergraduate and graduate levels. 1999 in the form of a monograph, preferably by a One month. Up to four fellowships are being offered Course level and content are to be arranged on a single author, or by no more than two authors (the to U.S. citizens who already have funding from other consensual basis with the host institution. Grantee Hewett Prize, however, may be awarded for chapters sources for the purpose of doing research abroad should be a scholar-teacher with interests in fields of books or substantial articles). The AAASS Book on a theme related to the Holocaust, genocide, or centrally associated with cultural studies. There is Prizes carry a cash award and will be presented at the crimes against humanity. The award will provide a a particular interest in scholars involved in theo- Saturday evening reception during the 32nd National unique opportunity to spend one month before depar- retical and methodological issues and interdisci- Convention in Denver, Colorado, 9-12 November ture for research abroad at the Center for Advanced plinary approaches. 2000. General descriptions of the book prizes are Holocaust Studies accessing the museum’s extensive Fulbright-University of Innsbruck Distin- given below. For precise Rules of Eligibility for archival collections and consulting with staff. Please guished Chair in Social and Economic Sci- each prize and the names and mailing addresses consult the museum’s website, www. ushmm.org/ ences—Globalization. Grantee will offer three lec- for committee members, visit the AAASS website, research/fellows.html, prior to applying, to deter- ture courses to undergraduate and graduate stu- www.fas.harvard.edu/~aaass, or contact AAASS at mine whether there is material available in the muse- dents. The grantee should have interdisciplinary [email protected]. Prizes: AAASS/Orbis um’s archives related to the proposed topic. For fur- interests and be able to work with more than one Polish Book Prize, for the best book in any discipline ther information or application forms: Sarah Wein- of the 17 departments at Innsbruck on the ethical, on any aspect of Polish affairs; Ed A. Hewett Prize, stein, Program Assistant, Visiting Fellows. E-mail: social, political, and economic implications of glo- for an outstanding publication on the political econ- [email protected]. Deadline: 15 May. balization. omy of the centrally planned economies of the former Fulbright-University of Klagenfurt Distin- Soviet Union and East Central Europe and their tran- United States. Practicum Grants Award, Woodrow guished Chair in Gender Studies. Grantee will sitional successors; Barbara Jelavich Book Prize, for Wilson National Fellowship Foundation Humanities teach three courses per week in area of expertise a distinguished monograph on any aspect of South- at Work 2000. The Woodrow Wilson Practicum at an advanced undergraduate and graduate level. east European or Habsburg studies since 1600, or Grants award $1,500 to students who find a meaning- Interest in fields centrally associated to gender stud- 19th- and 20th-century Ottoman or Russian diplo- ful internship or other way to utilize their academic ies, with particular focus on theoretical and method- matic history; Marshall Shulman Book Prize, for an discipline in a context outside of college teaching ological issues and interdisciplinary approaches. outstanding monograph on international behavior of and research. Applications are processed on a first- Fulbright-University of Linz Distinguished the countries of the former Communist bloc; and come-first-served basis. Applicants must be currently Chair in International Business. The Faculty Wayne S. Vucinich Book Prize, for a distinguished enrolled Ph.D. students who are making timely prog- of Social Sciences, Economics, and Business are monograph in Russian, Eurasian, and East European ress toward completion of their degree in a number interested in interdisciplinary scholars involved in studies in any discipline of the humanities. Deadline of fields, including American studies, art history, cul- theoretical, methodological, and practical issues to for all nominations: 12 May. tural anthropology, foreign language and literature, work with one or more of the Faculty’s 26 depart- history, philosophy, and others. Applicants must be ments in the field of international business. U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Further details Fulbright-University of Salzburg Distinguished and applications for this program can be found on Chair in Natural Sciences (including geography, our website: http://www.woodrow.org/phd. mathematics, psychology, and computer science): Grantee will offer three lecture courses to under- NEW ON THE NET The Fulbright Student Program is the U.S. gov- graduate and graduate students. The Faculty of ernment’s premier scholarship program. Each year Natural Sciences is interested in scholars involved The Czechoslovak History Conference (CHC) is it enables more than 600 men and women to study in interdisciplinary approaches who will work with pleased to announce the inauguration of its new or conduct research in over 100 nations. Applicants one or more of the faculty’s departments. website devoted to Czech and Slovak history: http:/ must be U.S. citizens and hold a U.S. bachelor’s Fulbright-University of Vienna Distinguished /polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/creeca/chc/ The site includes degree or equivalent professional training. Proposals Chair in the Humanities (including selected dis- links to Czech archives, Czech and Slovak history may include library or field work, university classes, ciplines in the social sciences): Grantee will teach resources, and other web pages of interest to schol- conservatory or other performing arts training, or three courses at an advanced undergraduate and ars of the region. Visitors will also find information special projects in the social or life sciences. Appli- graduate level. Open to any specialization in the about the CHC, the Stanley Pech Prize for articles cants must be able to communicate in the host coun- humanities or area studies at Faculty of Humani- on Czech and Slovak history, and membership in the try’s language, and certification may be required. ties or the humanities and selected disciplines in CHC. Finally, there is a small (but growing) collec- Competition opens 1 May and closes 31 October the social sciences at the Faculty of Integrated tion of documents and syllabi related to Czech and for 2001-2002 awards. Students must contact their Studies, University of Vienna. Slovak history. We encourage you to visit and wel- campus Fulbright advisor; others must write to U.S. Deadline: 1 May. For more detailed descrip- come further contributions of links, documents, and Student Programs, Institute of International Educa- tions and instructions for application, consult syllabi. tion, 809 United Nations Plaza, NY NY 10017-3580, the Austrian Fulbright Commission website: or phone 212-984-5327. www.oead.ac.at/Fulbright v 23 Working Papers in Austrian Studies

The Center for Austrian Studies serves scholars who study the politics, society, economy, and culture of modern Austria and of Habsburg Central Europe. It encourages comparative studies involving Austria or the Habsburg lands and other European states, stimulates discussion in the field, and provides a vehicle for circulating work in progress. It is open to all papers prior to final publication but gives priority to papers by affiliates of the Center and scholars who have given seminars or attended conferences at the Center. If you would like to have a paper considered for inclusion in the series, please contact Gerhard H. Weiss or Daniel Pinkerton at the Center for Austrian Studies.

95-1. Edward Larkey, Das Österreichische im Angebot der heimischen Kulturindustrie 95-2. Franz X. Eder, Sexualized Subjects: Medical Discourses on Sexuality in German-Speaking Countries in the Late Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries 95-3. Christian Fleck, The Restoration of Austrian Universities after World War II 95-4. Alois Kernbauer, The Scientific Community of Chemists and Physicists in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 95-5. Stella Hryniuk, To Pray Again as a Catholic: The Renewal of Catholicism in Western Ukraine 95-6. Josef Berghold, Awakening Affinities between Past Enemies: Reciprocal Perceptions of Italians and Austrians 96-1. Katherine Arens, Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm 96-2. Thomas N. Burg, Forensic Medicine in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 96-3. Charles Ingrao, Ten Untaught Lessons about Central Europe: An Historical Perspective 97-1. Siegfried Beer, Target Central Europe: American Intelligence Efforts Regarding Nazi and Early Postwar Austria, 1941-1947. 98-1. Dina Iordanova, Balkan Wedding Revisited: Multiple Messages of Filmed Nuptuals 98-2. Christopher Long, The Other Modern Dwelling: Josef Frank and Haus & Garten 99-1. Peter Thaler, “Germans” and “Austrians” in World War II: Military History and National Identity 99-2. Adi Wimmer, The “Lesser Traumatized”: Exile Narratives of Austrian Jews 00-1. Lonnie Johnson, On the Inside Looking Out: The ÖVP-FPÖ Government, Jörg Haider, and Europe 00-2. Alan Levy, An American Jew in Vienna (available June 1)

Working Papers 92-1 through 94-4 are still available. See previous issues of the ASN, the CAS website, or contact the Center for authors and titles. The price per paper is $3.00 ($4.00 for foreign addresses). To order, send your name, address, and paper numbers requested along with payment to Center for Austrian Studies, Attention: Working Papers (address on page 2). Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank in U.S. dollars and should be made out to “Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota.” We also accept MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards. To pay by credit card, indicate the card used and include your card number, expiration date, and signature on the order. Most Working Papers are also available on our website and may be downloaded for free. The URL is http://www.cas.umn.edu

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