APPENDIX F-1 Solid Waste and Recycling Facilities Technical Memorandum
Prepared for:
County of Maui Department of Environmental Management Solid Waste Division and Maui Solid Waste Resource Advisory Committee
Prepared by:
Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. 8550 Arlington Blvd., Suite 203 Fairfax, VA 22031
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Purpose ...... 1 2. Recycling and Redemption Centers ...... 2 2.1 Olowalu Convenience Center ...... 7 3. Landfills ...... 10 4. Recyclable Materials Processing Facilities ...... 16 5. Composting Facilities ...... 19 6. Collection Vehicle Facilities ...... 23 6.1 Wailuku Base Yard ...... 23 6.2 Makawao Base Yard (Upcountry) ...... 24 6.3 Lahaina ...... 25 6.4 Lanai ...... 26 6.5 Molokai ...... 27 6.6 Hana ...... 27
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Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. 8550 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 203 Fairfax, Virginia 22031-4620 (703) 573-5800 or 800-573-5801 Fax: (703) 698-1306 E-Mail: [email protected] www.gbbinc.com
MEMORANDUM
TO: Maui County Solid Waste Division and Maui Solid Waste Resource Advisory Committee
FROM: Frank Bernheisel and Joe Mehaffey
DATE: December 17, 2007
RE: Solid Waste and Recycling Facilities
1. Purpose
This memorandum reviews the existing facilities owned and/or operated by the County of Maui (County) and those available from private industry for the purpose of assisting the County in its solid waste management planning. The review includes, but is not limited to, transfer stations, recycling facilities, large equipment shops, parts operations, roll-call facilities, and supervisor and dispatcher offices. The review of these facilities includes location, ability to perform work, volume capacity, cost efficiency, customer usage, and safety. The GBB Project Team reviewed the public and private facilities on all three inhabited islands that comprise the County: Lanai, Maui and Molokai. Recommendations to address needs are provided.
The following sections comprise the summary review of the existing solid waste facilities in Maui County. The review has grouped the facilities by type, including redemption center, convenience center, processing facility, etc. Some facilities have multiple functions, and these are noted in the text. For example, the Olowalu Convenience Center has a recycling center drop-off, used motor oil recycling, battery recycling, greenwaste collection and solid waste transfer capability. The location of these facilities is shown on the map in Figure 1.
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Figure 1 - Map Showing Solid Waste Facilities
2. Recycling and Redemption Centers
Recycling centers, also called drop-off centers, are one of the two basic industry- wide methods of collecting recyclable materials. These centers are generally used by residential customers; however, small business owners and contractors will use them, too, if functional and convenient. The alternative is curbside collection using equipment designed for this activity. A recycling center is a dedicated area where containers are set up to receive the different recyclable materials, one or more containers for each material. The containers used most often are of two types, roll- off boxes and dumpsters, with openings that are designed for the specific materials, for example, round holes for bottles and cans and narrow rectangles for plastic and glass, and open slit-lids for cardboard. The centers can be on a single level or dual level. Dual-level centers use open-top, roll-off containers making loading easier and quicker. However, dual-level facilities may present a safety hazard; there have been lawsuits resulting from customers falling from a pick-up bed into a roll-off on the lower level. CML and Olowalu are both dual-level facilities. Olowalu is termed a convenience center because it accepts materials other than recyclables.
Maui County has a network of nine recycling centers that are dispersed throughout the County and located in areas convenient to the population. In addition, the Lahaina center is redemption only and temporary until a new site is finalized. Some or many of these facilities have covered roll-off boxes to receive recyclable materials in separate bins and have them transported to Maui Disposal’s MRF for processing and marketing. On Maui Island only, trucks pick up the full roll-off boxes and take them to Maui Disposal Processing Facility for processing and marketing. The materials the County provides recycling containers for are: aluminum, glass
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containers, plastic containers with necks, plastic bags, cardboard, brown paper bags and newspaper. The recycling centers are listed in Table 1, and a number of them also have HI-5 redemption centers on the same site. This is also noted in Table 1. Several of the recycling centers are located at operating landfills, also noted in Table 1. For the first six months of FY2006, the County had a recycling center in Kahului which was closed because the area is also served by the Maui Community College facility. Figure 2 shows the Kihei Recycling Center, which is a temporary facility and is located adjacent to Lokelani Intermediate School.
Table 1 - County Recycling and Redemption Centers
Size Name Location and Description Acre (A)
Central Maui Pulehu Road, 1 mile north of Hansen. 0.46 A Landfill Haiku Hana Highway at Pauwela Road, collocated with the 0.41 A Redemption Center. Kahului Maui Community College, Wahine Pio Road, 0.37 A collocated with the Redemption Center. Kihei Welakahao Road, collocated with the Redemption 2.6 A Center. (under construction) Lahaina Keawe Street, across from Cannery Mall -Redemption 0.13 A Center only. Lanai Lanai City, off Ninth Street - Redemption Center Only Makawao- Behind Kalama Intermediate School, off Makani Road, 0.41 A Upcountry collocated with the Redemption Center. Molokai-Naiwa Recycle Molokai, off Maunaloa Highway, collocated 0.34 A Landfill with the Redemption Center. Olowalu Honoapiilani Highway, 3 miles south of Lahaina 1.1 A Convenience Center Wailuku/Waiehu Kahekili Hwy at Makaala Dr, recycle drop box only 0.23 A (no redemption center)
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Figure 2 – Kihei Recycling Center and HI-5 Redemption Center
The recycling centers accept a variety of materials which are placed in well labeled roll-off containers such as shown in Figure 2. These materials include: glass bottles and jars, aluminum cans, plastic bottles with necks, plastic shopping bags, newspaper and cardboard, boxboard and paper bags.
The County and private operators have established 15 redemption centers plus two mobile sites on Molokai to receive the containers included in the State of Hawaii’s HI- 5 program. Nine of the HI-5 redemption centers are owned and operated by private firms or non-profit groups. The HI-5 beverage container deposit system covers the following (redeemable) beverage containers: most non-alcoholic drinks (i.e., soft drinks, soda, water, juice, tea and coffee drinks), certain alcoholic drinks (i.e., beer, malt beverages, mixed spirits (up to 15% alcohol content), wine coolers (up to 7% alcohol content)), in metals, glass or #1 or #2 plastic, up to 64 fluid ounces. Containers that are recyclable but not included in the HI-5 program include milk, wine, non-HI5 plastic containers with necks, and hard liquor containers. As of December 1, 2007, beverage containers up to 68 fl. oz. will be included in the deposit program – specifically, two-liter containers. The HI-5 program collects a deposit of $0.05 for which containers can be redeemed either on a count or weight basis, and a $0.01 container fee which is retained by the Department of Health. About 49% of the number of containers redeemed are aluminum, about 28% are plastic and 23% are glass.
The County has a contract with Maui Disposal for the design, development, operation, and staffing of the five redemption centers, on the Island of Maui only, that are County-sponsored, most of which are located at the recycling centers as identified in Table 1. The contract runs through December 2009 and is renewable for two additional years after that time.
There are ten privately owned and operated facilities that participate in the HI-5 program. Three of these are recycling and processing facilities that receive and process other recyclable materials and include Aloha Recycling, Maui Disposal, and
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Reynolds Recycling. In addition, Aloha Shell in Kahului and Hasegawa General Store in Hana serve as HI-5 redemption centers and Zitro in Kihei. Molokai Mobile Recycling also provides HI-5 redemption at Mauna Loa General Store and Kilohana Recreation Center two days per month each. Figure 3 shows the HI-5 redemption center at Aloha Shell, which has the most (6) automatic reverse vending machines (RVMs) for accepting containers and dispensing the HI-5 deposit in the County. Hasegawa General Store, Zitro Recycling and Maui Disposal’s office location (at the time of the report it was open but subsequently closed) all offer redemption services using RVMs.
Figure 3 – Aloha Shell HI-5 Redemption Center
The recycling and redemption centers make a significant contribution to solid waste management in the County. Glass containers made-up 75 percent of the quantity of materials by weight redeemed by the HI-5 facilities, and aluminum and plastic containers made up 12 percent each. Table 2 shows the quantity of recyclable materials collected at each facility in Fiscal Year 2006. The quantity of HI-5 redemption containers collected in Fiscal Year 2006 totaled 110.4 tons.
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Table 2 - County Recycling Material Quantities by Center
Name Total Recyclable Material (FY 2006 Tons) Central Maui Landfill 89 Haiku 429 Kahului 108 Kihei 458 Lanai 228 Makawao-Upcountry 506 Molokai-Naiwa Landfill 100 Olowalu Convenience Center 82 Wailuku/Waiehu 2,234 TOTAL QUANTITY 2,234
Conclusions and Recommendations
In its Collection Technical Memorandum, GBB recommended the implementation of universal collection1 which includes curbside recycling collection. Curbside recycling collection will collect paper and containers, including HI-5 containers, from all residences, capturing approximately 20 percent of the waste. Based on this implementation of curbside recycling, GBB has reached the conclusion that the current number of County recycling centers is sufficient, except for the lack of facilities at Hana and on Lanai. Also, the current program of upgrading these facilities - for example, the new facility in Kihei - is worthwhile and should continue. The highest priority should be the replacement of the temporary redemption center facility on Keawe Street in Lahaina, which is small and does not have adequate parking. The key area needing improvement in the amount of recycled materials recovered, including HI-5 materials, is at commercial establishments. GBB observed many separate recycling receptacles, including ones for HI-5 containers, at the many facilities serving the visitors to Maui. However, more are needed so bottles and cans do not end up in the trash.
Additional on-island markets or uses need to be developed for the recovered glass and mulch and compost products made from yard waste. These markets should be as high value as possible and displace imported materials onto the islands. For example, a review of compost and mulch products in stores in Wailuku revealed no Maui-produced products. Therefore, a markets development project is recommended. Once specific markets are identified (a letter of intent to purchase or use a product meeting specifications is a recommended mechanism) and permit
1 Collection Technical Memorandum, Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc., dated December 14, 2007.
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issues are resolved, facilities to produce the products for these markets need to be implemented. In the case of other recovered materials on Lanai and Molokai, direct shipment to Honolulu for processing, as is currently the practice, should continue.
GBB recommends that the following actions be taken with respect to recycling centers and redemption centers:
• Clean up the collection of recyclables (old cars, appliances, batteries, tires, etc) and the recycling areas at the landfills as is being done at the Molokai Landfill;
• Upgrade recycling facilities at all landfills so that the materials flow regularly to markets and do not accumulate. The upgrades should create facilities that are customer friendly with easy-to-use containers with proper signage, and educational material (e.g., brochures) for citizens to take home with them;
• Expand collocation of County recycling centers and County HI-5 redemption centers for “one stop” service; and
• Replace the temporary redemption center in Lahaina as planned.
2.1 Olowalu Convenience Center
The Olowalu Convenience Center (Figure 4) is unique among the facilities operated by the County in the services that it provides. As noted above, Olowalu serves as both a recycling center and a waste convenience center. In addition, the facility at Olowalu serves as a transfer station for refuse, which is delivered by residents, and loaded into open-top, roll-off containers and then transferred to the Central Maui Landfill (CML). The center has one stationary compactor that is used to receive refuse and transfer it to the CML. Green waste and bulk waste are accepted in the 40-yard, open-top, roll-off boxes, as shown, and transferred to the EKO Compost and Central Maui Landfill, respectively. Other materials accepted at Olowalu include tires, lead acid (automobile) batteries, scrap metal, and construction and demolition (C&D) waste from “do it yourself” home projects.2 As shown in Table 3, approximately 5,000 tons of refuse and bulky items were transferred from Olowalu to the Central Maui Landfill for disposal in FY2006. This material was delivered to Olowalu by “self-haul vehicles;” currently, the County and private collection vehicles deliver waste to Central Maui Landfill. The Olowalu facility is operated for the County by Maui Disposal under a contract which ends in 2010.
Maui Disposal transfers the refuse and green waste to the Central Maui Landfill as part of their contract. The contract cost to operate the Olowalu Convenience Center is $342,000 per year. This includes the cost to haul the materials received at the Olowalu Convenience Center to the Central Maui Landfill. In FY2006, approximately 23 tons per day of materials were transferred from the Convenience Center to the Central Maui Landfill six (6) days per week. This included self-haul refuse and self- haul green waste. The recyclable materials were sent to processors not to Central Maui Landfill.
2 Even though C&D waste is officially not accepted at County of Maui facilities, GBB did observe C&D materials being placed in the roll-off containers at Olowalu.
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Figure 4 – Olowalu Convenience Center
Conclusions and Recommendations
GBB recommends that the Olowalu Convenience Center site be expanded. The expanded Olowalu facility would include the following functions:
1. Convenience center (recycling drop-off) as currently operated; 2. Base yard for Collection Section operations in the Lahaina collection area; and 3. Transfer services for MSW and recyclable materials collected by the County Refuse Collection Section; 4. Transfer service for MSW and recyclables material collected by private collectors; and 5. Improved screening between the facility and road to limit off-site litter and visual of the facility from the road.
The transfer facility would be enclosed. It would also house the facilities needed for the Collection Section Lahaina base yard. After the construction of the base yard and transfer station at, or adjacent to, the site of the current Olowalu Convenience Center, the Convenience Center would continue to operate as it currently does. Because of the increased vehicle traffic, turning lanes may be required for entrance and exit. A traffic study should also be conducted as this facility is located adjacent to a very busy highway.
A transfer station would serve as a “remote gate” for the Central Maui Landfill to service the far western part of the Island of Maui. Both County and private industry collection vehicles would be encouraged to use this facility to move their waste to the Central Maui Landfill. This facility would diminish the amount of waste collection equipment traffic on the Honoapiilani and Kuihelani Highways. By providing this
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facility and charging a market tip fee, revenues from the use of the facility by the private sector will help offset the cost of the facility and potentially make it profitable. Table 3 shows the FY 2006 quantities of material at Olowalu and the estimated quantities of materials managed by Olowalu after the construction of the new transfer facility. The projected increase in County collection and green waste results from the County offering universal collection in the Lahaina/Westside region to all qualifying residences. Because waste material will be collected at the curb for residences, it is estimated that the quantity of self-haul waste will drop.
Table 3 – Olowalu Facility Material Quantities
Material FY 2006 Quantity Projected Transfer (tons) Station Quantity (tons) Refuse (County Collection Vehicles) 3,8003 7,600 Refuse (Private Collection Vehicles) None 9,000 Self-Haul Vehicles 4,763 1,200 Green Waste 2,259 4,000 Scrap Metal 35 35 Drop-off Recycling 117 25 TOTAL 10,974 19,860
The one-way trip to Maui Central Landfill from the proposed transfer station is about 25 miles and takes an estimated 45 minutes. At seven tons per load (average load per 40-foot container), the average cost of transport of the waste is estimated at $31 per ton.
As shown in Table 4, the proposed transfer station would move the materials it receives, both waste and recyclables, to the Central Maui Landfill and the single- stream MRF in 53-foot aluminum walking-floor trailers. (The single-stream MRF is discussed in the section on Recyclable Materials Processing Facilities.) Each trailer would be legally capable of carrying 20 to 22 tons of materials per load as opposed to the 5 to 9 tons per load currently hauled. This consolidation would reduce the solid waste traffic on the Honoapiilani Highway to one-third of its current level. Recent proposals by private-sector companies to perform similar work on the mainland have produced proposals with transportation costs of $15.00 to $18.00 per ton for hauls of similar length and time. If a $20 per ton cost is used for the proposed Olowalu transfer operation, the estimated saving is $11 per ton from the current transportation cost. In addition, the transfer operation reduces traffic and will lower emissions.
3 FY2006 refuse taken directly to Central Maui Landfill.
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Table 4 – Comparison of Current and Recommended Facilities
Current Recommended Operation Convenience Center Transfer Station Tons to Central Maui Landfill per Load 5 to 9 Tons 20 to 22 tons Cost per Ton $31.00 $20.00 Revenue No Yes Impact on Traffic Increases Decreases Personnel Facilities No Yes
3. Landfills
Landfills are engineered facilities for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) that reduce the chances of the materials in the MSW escaping and damaging the environment. To accomplish this, landfills have a liner made of layers of dense clay or plastic sheeting, or both, in the bottom which will prevent liquids from passing through into the groundwater. A typical landfill schematic is shown in Figure 5. To relieve pressure on the lower liner, a system of pipes is installed above the liner to capture the liquid, leachate, and remove it to be processed in a wastewater treatment system. MSW is built up in layers above the liner and drainage system and compacted using heavy equipment. Each day’s MSW is covered with a layer of dirt or alternative cover to prevent fires, deter vectors and odors, and eliminate litter. Landfills are divided into small concentrated areas called cells rather than using the entire parcel of land at the same time. This allows the operators to control the process and prevent the undesirable impacts. Piping is also placed over the waste to collect landfill gas that is generated from the decomposition of the organic material in the MSW. When the landfill is completed and closed, it receives final cover consisting of dirt, drainage materials and a final vegetative cover to prevent erosion. The landfill gas generated can be captured and used for its energy content. It is approximately 50 percent methane and can be used as fuel in internal combustion engines to drive a generator for electricity or cleaned to pipeline (natural gas) quality and used in any natural gas application.
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Figure 5 – Typical Landfill Construction Schematic
An approach to landfilling that is different from the traditional Subtitle D “high and dry” approach is the “bioreactor” landfill. A bioreactor landfill is one where the leachate produced is recirculated through a specially designed pumping and piping system back into the filled material. This keeps the organic material in the landfill moist and increases the rate of decomposition. This decomposition increases the gas production in the near term and reduces the volume of the material. Technical papers discuss the feasibility of landfill mining the bioreactor cells and reusing the space. Leachate recirculating bioreactor landfill cells have been constructed by Fauquier County, VA, and the Delaware Solid Waste Authority. Lifecycle data are not yet available. This is regarded as experimental by U.S. EPA4 and as an interim corrective measure by the Hawai’i DOH5.
Note: the Department of Health has approved reintroduction of leachate into Central Maui Landfill Phase IV-B, and it is presently being sprayed at the active face for litter control and aid to compaction.
4 The U.S. EPA website contained the following statement dated, August 3, 2007: “The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently collecting information on the advantages and disadvantages of bioreactor landfills through case studies of existing landfills and additional data so that EPA can identify specific bioreactor standards or recommend operating parameters.”
5 STATE OF HAWAII LANDFILL GROUNDWATER MONITORING GUIDANCE DOCUMENT, Version 1.8 – September 2002, Department of Health, Solid and Hazardous Branch.
GBB-C06041 11 December 17, 2007 APPENDIX F-1 The County of Maui operates a total of eight active and closed landfills, four of which are closed. These landfills are listed in Table 5. In addition, there is one privately owned and operated landfill that accepts only construction and demolition wastes. These five landfills in the County provide disposal for the solid waste, which is not recycled, generated by County residents and commercial activities. At County facilities, the waste is screened upon delivery, weighed and a tipping fee charged by the ton for commercial loads. No tipping fee is charged for residential drop-off or waste delivered by County crews.
The disposal fees are set by the County Council and are used to support the operation of County landfills and other County solid waste management programs. The disposal fee for FY 2008 was $53 per ton plus a $10 per ton recycling surcharge. The revenues generated from the tipping fees were insufficient to cover the cost of landfill operations and was supplemented from the General Fund.
Table 5 – Maui County Landfills
Name Location and Description Status6 Waikapu Landfill Located approximately two miles south of Wailuku, off Waiko Closed Road on the Island of Maui Makani Landfill Located approximately one-third of a mile northeast of the Closed intersection of Makani Road and the new Haleakala Highway, off Makani Road. Olowalu Landfill Honoapiilani Highway, 3 miles south of Lahaina, located Closed behind and mauka (up the hill from) of the Olowalu Convenience & Recycling Center. Central Maui Landfill Pulehu Road, 1 mile north of Hansen, collocated with the Operating, 4 recycling center. The site has 29 permitted acres with 18 years life acres being developed for waste disposal. There are 42 acres remaining of closed cells. The Phase III area was never developed as landfill and is used for co-composting and biodiesel. The landfill disposed of 207,884 tons of refuse in FY2006. Hana Landfill 35 Hana Highway, Hana; located about 3 miles northeast of Operating, 88 Hana. The site is 34.4 acres with waste in approximately six years life acres. The landfill disposed of 1,460 tons of refuse in remaining FY2006. Lanai Landfill The landfill on Kaumalapau Hwy about 4 miles west of Lanai Operating, 17 City and has been in operation since 1969. The site is 36 years life acres with waste in 16 acres. The property is owned by Castle remaining and Cooke and managed by the County. The landfill disposed of 2,553 tons of refuse in FY2006. Kalamaula Landfill Located approximately 1.5 miles west of Kaunakakai on the Closed island of Molokai, off Maunaloa Highway. Molokai-Naiwa Landfill The landfill is off the Maunaloa Highway and is collocated with Operating, 8 the recycling center. The site is 25 acres with waste in 12 years life acres. The landfill disposed of 7,300 tons7 of refuse in remaining FY2006. Maui Construction & The landfill, which accepts only C&D waste, is located on N. Operating, 6 Demolition Landfill Kihei Road just off Honoapiilani Highway near Ma’alaea. It years life (Private landfill) has been in operation since 1996. The site is approximately remaining 15 acres with waste in 8 acres. The landfill disposed of approximately 50,000 tons of C&D waste in FY 2006.
6 Source: Technical Memorandum, Task 4 – Landfill Capacity and Siting, A-Mehr, Inc., Laguna Hills, CA, June 2007.
7 Lanai landfill has no scale, and although the Molokai landfill has a scale, all trucks are not weighed, so these tonnages are estimates using 60 pounds per household of waste generated per week.
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Table 6 shows the FY 2006 waste quantities for the active landfills. The largest of the five operating landfills is the Central Maui Landfill which operates seven days per week and on average disposes of approximately 600 tons of solid waste per day as shown in Table 6. This represents 76 percent of the waste disposed in the County, including the C&D waste. This facility serves for disposal of solid waste for the entire Island of Maui except for Hana which has its own landfill. Adequate cover material is not available at Central Maui and Molokai Landfills and must be purchased.
Central Maui Landfill has three associated facilities that manage materials and keep them from having to be disposed. These are: EKO Compost, Pacific Biodiesel, residential recycling drop-off area and a collection site for used motor oil. EKO Compost and Pacific Biodiesel are private firms that receive specific materials and process them into new products for sale under contractual arrangements with the County. EKO receives and processes both commercial and residential greenwaste and sewage sludge from the COM WWTF Pacific Biodiesel, under a subcontract with EKO Compost Co., receives fats, oils and grease (FOG) from restaurants and other commercial generators and converts them into biodiesel fuel. EKO Compost’s operation is constricted and inefficient due to lack of adequate space.
Table 6 – Solid Waste Quantities Disposed at Maui County Landfills (FY2006 Tons)
Material Central Hana Lanai Molokai Maui Maui C&D (Private)
County 50,133 388 998 928 N/A Delivered Private Hauler 130,412 420 3,265 3,972 N/A Self-haul 19,295 535 864 2,668 N/A Other 8,044 25 0 0 N/A TOTAL 207,884 1,368 5,127 7,568 50,000 Grand Total Per 271,947 Year:
All of the operating County landfills, except the Lanai landfill, accept materials for recycling as well as waste for disposal. Currently, the Hana landfill and Lanai landfill have no recycling centers. The landfills accept a number of recyclable materials that are not accepted at recycling centers, as shown in Table 7. These materials are recycled or stockpiled but not landfilled.
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Table 7 – Recyclable Material Quantities Received at Maui County Landfills1 (FY 2006 Tons)
Material Central Hana Lanai Molokai Maui
Green Waste 29,803 75 2,669 Pallets 1,414 17 Appliances 120 Auto Batteries 4 Tires 13 Used Motor Oil 13.7 1 2 Derelict Autos 300 Other Scrap 144 6 Oils & Fats 6,109 Sludge, etc. 21,705 Other Compostable 1,331 Glass 6.22 30 19 TOTAL 60,382 250 3,150 1The recycled material quantities are taken from the Landfill Annual Operating Reports – July 1, 2005 – June 30, 2006 – for each landfill except for glass at Central Maui Landfill.
2The recycling center at CML opened in January 2006, and the six tons of glass represents a partial year. The quantity for FY 2007 was 49.6 tons.
The landfills owned and operated by Maui County have had a history of violations of their permit conditions with the Hawai’i State Department of Health. The Notices of Violations (NOV) have identified deficiencies including: insufficient cover, presence of vectors, lack of stormwater management, insufficient staff, inoperable equipment and inadequate screening of waste for hazardous waste. In addition, the Department of Health indicated that best management practices (BMP) were not evidenced with regard to the storage of recoverable materials at the landfills. The recoverable materials cited were derelict automobiles, old appliances, lead acid batteries, propane tanks and yard waste. In September 2006, the County entered into a settlement agreement with the Department of Health to correct the deficiencies at the Central Maui and Lanai Landfills.
The Maui Construction and Demolition Landfill is operated in an old cinder pit by a private firm that was formerly known as Decoite Trucking. The land is owned by Alexander and Baldwin and leased to DeCoite. The landfill receives between 200 and 300 tons of C&D and inert wastes per day for a total of almost 50,000 tons in 2006. These materials are banned from the Central Maui Landfill. The C&D landfill is estimated to have approximately six years of capacity remaining, after which time there will be no C&D landfill in Maui County, and C&D disposal would most likely revert to Central Maui Landfill.
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Conclusions and Recommendations
The Central Maui Landfill is critical to the County’s solid waste operations. The current activities for its expansion are the SWD’s highest priority. Additional land will be needed for whatever other activities such as, but not limited to, a fleet maintenance facility, materials recovery facility, a household hazardous waste facility, and, possibly, activities such as a reuse center.
The Hana Landfill receives very little refuse, approximately four tons a day, and can have its MSW transported to the Central Maui Landfill. This would preserve the Hana disposal capacity for future use.
All of the landfills except the Central Maui and Lanai Landfills have accumulated recyclable materials over the years. These materials include automobiles, appliances, tires, lead acid batteries, propane tanks and scrap metals. These materials are not only a safety hazard and eyesore but cause air and water pollution. All of these sites should be cleaned up and kept clean.
The data collection at the landfills to record the quantity of materials from different sources is not up to industry best practices. Examples include: (1) at the CML, the scale data does not link the weights to truck number and route; (2) Lanai and Hana have no scales; and (3) at Molokai, where there is a scale, not all vehicles are weighed, including County trucks.
GBB recommends the following actions with respect to the County’s landfills:
• Central Maui Landfill expansion is a high priority and land for expansion should be secured;
• Additional land should be acquired at the Central Maui Landfill to accommodate the current composting operations, and any additional solid waste facilities to be located there;
• Upgrade scale data collection and storage system, and weighing and recording procedures, to improve quality of data and to improve the efficiency of truck movement;
• Remove the accumulation of recyclables (old cars, appliances, batteries, tires, electronic waste, etc.) at all landfills as is currently being done at the Molokai Landfill;
• Upgrade the recycling facilities located at the landfill sites to be customer friendly, provide literature to promote recycling, clear and readable signage, and room for customers to park and recycle;
• Meet with DOH and establish a compliance plan for correction of NOVs and implement these plans;
• Explore the use of alternative daily cover on the County landfills to reduce purchase of cover soil and potentially use some low-value recyclable materials such as crushed glass or cardboard and/or newspaper hydromulch;
• Investigate the feasibility of the use of shredded and/or screened construction and demolition debris as alternative daily cover;
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• Develop plans for use of low-valued recyclable materials, pulverized glass and shredded green wastes, in landfill construction and management, and obtain DOH approval for such use; and
• Review all equipment assignments at the landfills and upgrade as necessary.
4. Recyclable Materials Processing Facilities
Recyclable materials collected at the curb or in drop-off centers normally require processing to meet the specifications of industrial markets and storage to collect sufficient quantity to ensure economical shipping. These facilities are called by a variety of names, and there is no standard in the solid waste industry. The most commonly used term is materials recovery facility or MRF. MRF refers to an enclosed facility consisting of a receiving area, two processing areas and product storage and loading areas. The design of a MRF is geared to the type(s) of materials collection that will be used. For example, if dual-stream collection is used, the receiving area will have two conveyors that feed the two processing areas: one for mixed paper (newspaper, cardboard, junk mail, magazines, etc.) and one for commingled containers (aluminum, steel cans, plastic and glass). If the recyclables collection is single-stream, there is a single conveyor in the receiving area which feeds a set of screens and other equipment that produce the dual streams for further processing. The processing of commingled containers uses magnets, eddy current separators and screens to separate steel, aluminum and glass, respectively. Plastics can be sorted manually or by using a scanning and air blast separator. Glass can be hand-sorted and/or broken and screened out. The screened fractions will contain contaminants that can be removed by optical sorting or liquid float/sink techniques. The mixed paper fraction is separated using screens and manual sorters. All the products except glass are baled to increase the density for economical shipping. Bales are stored until one or more trucks or containers constitute a shipment. Glass is heavy and crushed glass has low value so local markets are required.
Maui County has two recyclable materials processing facilities all located in or near Wailuku and Kahului during the time of the consultant’s site visits, as shown in Table 8. In addition, Maui has two facilities that process derelict automobiles and appliances, which are scrap metal facilities and one closed facility. None of the current facilities have full MRF capability.8 All of these facilities are privately owned and operated. The Recyclable materials processing facilities are small and have limited capability. These facilities are shown in Table 8 along with the closed scrap metal facility.
8 The term “materials recovery facility (MRF)” is only applied, in the memorandum, to facilities having the capability of separating and processing the full range of curbside or drop-off collected recyclable materials. “Recyclable materials processing facilities” will be the term applied to facilities without full MRF capability.
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Table 8 – Maui County Recyclable Materials Processing Facilities
Name Location and Description Status Aloha Recycling, Located at 75 Amala Place off Processes glass into road base for Inc. Hobron in Kahului. This site is the landfill and backfill. In FY2006, approximately 1.0 acre. processed approx. 5,400 tons, including aluminum and plastic.
Maui Disposal Located in the Central Maui Recycling processing facility, small Co. Inc. Baseyard off Mokulele Hwy, site, just installed new Marathon just south of Puunene. The Badger baler (bales OCC, plastic & site is approximately 1.2 acres. metals), building to be constructed over the baler, small additional building with old baler. Baled materials stored outside. In FY2006, processed approximately 9,500 tons of materials.
Kitagawa’s Located at 355 Alamaha Street Auto processing facility, drains Towing in Kahului. The site is a little fluids, removes batteries, etc., and less than 1 acre. crushes hulks for shipment and processes appliances and other metal.
In FY2006, processed approximately 5,300 tons of materials.
SOS Metals Located at 2000 Mokulele Auto processing facility, drains Island Recycling Highway, in the Central Maui fluids, removes batteries, etc., and Baseyard in Kahului. The site crushes hulks for shipment to is 3.0 acres and adding another Schnitzer Steel in Honolulu. acre in FY08. Has current contract with the County for processing derelict autos and appliances. Processes and grades other scrap metals. In FY2006, processed approximately 7,534 tons (opened June 2006).
Maui Scrap Located at 109 E. Waiko Road Site closed due to permit violations Metal Co. in Wailuku. The site is and has much scrap and waste. approximately 9.0 acres. Schnitzer Steel is supposed to be doing cleanup.
Figure 6 shows the Maui Disposal processing facility from the entrance on the Mokulele Highway. The building in the background contains the old baler which is being replaced by the new Marathon baler, (green) to the right of the building. The new baler has a newly constructed building over it. Bales of recovered cardboard, aluminum cans and plastic bottles can be seen on the right and left of the pictures.
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Figure 6 – Maui Disposal Processing Facility
Figure 7 shows the base yard for SOS Metals where the processing takes place. Visible under the tent is the auto fluids draining operation, and to the right is the grapple that places the auto hulks into the baler to the right of the grapple. In front of the grapple is a blue trailer with crushed auto hulks ready for shipment. To the left is a pile of heavy melting steel awaiting processing, and the box in the foreground contains some copper-based metals that have just been weighed. A large new building is currently used to store bales of aluminum and other valuable metals prior to shipment.
Figure 7 – SOS Metals Base Yard
Conclusions and Recommendations
The County is contemplating providing universal collection, including curbside recycling collection, to all households serviced by streets and roads meeting County standards. This will increase the quantity of recyclable materials requiring processing from the 2,100 tons processed in FY2006 to an estimated 10,000 tons of recyclable material collected by the improved County universal collection system. To process this material and other recyclable material generated in the County, GBB recommends the following:
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• The County plan and implement a new fully enclosed materials recovery facility (MRF) to process the County-collected materials, both curbside and recycling center materials on the Island of Maui;
• Implementation planning for the MRF start immediately - if a design, build, operate approach is recommended; at least two years will be required for planning, procurement, design, permitting, construction and acceptance testing;
• Siting of the MRF be centrally located with other SWD facilities, including a new SWD base yard, SWD maintenance facility and SWD offices; and
• Extension of the current contracts to collect, receive, store and process abandoned autos and discarded appliances.
5. Composting Facilities
Composting is a natural biological process in which organic matter is decomposed by microbes in the presence of air (an aerobic process) to produce a hummus-like product. The compost product has value as a soil conditioner providing a balance between air and water, reducing soil erosion and adding some nutrients. Many communities collect organic matter, green waste, leaves, grass and brush, separately from refuse as does Maui County. The organic materials are arranged into piles in order to facilitate composting. Ideally, selecting the feedstocks to optimize the ratio of carbon to nitrogen enhances the process. Shredding the materials reduces the particle size and the decomposition time. Control of the moisture content and air flow control will also speed the process. Managed composting systems generally use one of three techniques for controlling the process: (1) aerated static pile, where air is forced into the pile and moisture is added if required; (2) turned windrow, where the piles are long and narrow (windrows) and are periodically turned using specially designed equipment; and (3) in-vessel, where an enclosed processing facility uses machinery to shred, mix, and add water and air to the organic feedstock.
A variant of composting is vermiculture. This involves the introduction of worms into the organic feedstock. The worms feed on the organic materials and produce “castings” compost which is a fine, high-grade compost that is higher in nutrients than compost produced without worms. Vermiculture can be practiced on either a small (residence or single business) or industrial scale. The Town restaurant on Oahu processes food waste using vermiculture and uses the product in its garden, and Maui Earth Compost produces some for sale, also.
Maui County has four operational composting facilities located on the Island of Maui, as shown in Table 9. EKO Compost processes material collected by the County, private haulers and residents under a contract with the County of Maui. Maui Earth Compost is a private firm operating two facilities which process materials brought by commercial and private parties. Also, Castle & Cook has purchased equipment to process green waste on Lanai, but this is not yet a composting operation. In addition, the Maui Land and Pineapple Company has operated a pilot composting project and plans a new and larger operation. All of these facilities are privately owned and operated.
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Table 9 – Maui County Operating Composting Facilities
Name Location and Description Status EKO Compost Located at Central Maui Landfill EKO has a contract with the Company on Pulehu Road in Puunene. The County to compost sewage site is approximately 5.5 acres sludge and green waste. Sludge for processing and 2.5 acres for at about 17.5% solids is mixed greenwaste acceptance and with shredded green waste and grinding. composted in piles. In FY2006, approximately 54,000 tons of feed materials were processed.
Maui Earth Located at Hansen Road & Accepts clean green waste and Compost Co. Pulehu Road in Puunene. other materials at competitive prices. Grinds and forms and The site is approximately 9.0 turns windrows with FEL. In acres. FY2006, approximately 3,000 tons were processed.
Maui Earth Located in Kihei just off the Accepts clean green waste and Compost Co. Piilani Highway. The site is other materials at competitive approximately 24 acres leased prices. Brings tubmill from from The Ranch and more land Puunene site to grind. Forms is available from The Ranch. and turns windrows with FEL. In FY2006 approximately 1,000 tons were processed.
Maui Land & Located off the Honoapiilani The original pilot site is now Pineapple Co. Highway near Puukolii. The closed and a new site has been composting site is approximately selected within the greater L&P 3 acres. site. It is planned to be operational in 2008.
EKO Compost, located at the Central Maui Landfill, processed approximately 22,000 tons of sewage sludge and other wastewater products in Fiscal Year 2006 under a contract with the County. This was mixed with approximately 32,000 tons of shredded yard waste and other woody wastes to biodegrade into compost. The resulting compost is screened to remove large particles and sold as soil conditioner. Figure 8 is a photo of the EKO compost screen and product. The contract calls for the County to pay EKO $55 per ton for the sewage sludge. There is no County payment for the yard waste that is processed. In 2006, the County charged the public and commercial firms $11 per ton for green waste deliveries which was increased to $30 in 2007. In late 2007, the receiving and grinding operations functions were moved to the future Phase 5 area of the Central Maui Landfill, and the weighing of feedstock will be done using the Central Maui Landfill scale. Each batch of compost is tested by an independent laboratory as required by the EPA 40 CFR 503 Guidelines, and EKO is a participant in the US Composting Council’s Seal of Testing Assurance Program. EKO markets the finished product in both bulk and bagged form through Pacific Agricultural Sales & Service and Hawai’i Grower Products. A variety of products are produced depending on application and blending,
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including compost, lawn topdressing and mulch. Bagged compost sells for $7.00 for a 1.5 cubic foot bag.
Figure 8 – EKO Compost Screen and Product
Maui Earth Compost has two locations as noted in Table 8, one in Puunene and one in Kihei. Both receive green waste and other organic matter but no sewage sludge as feedstock for composting. Maui Earth forms the shredded feedstock into windrows and turns them periodically and adjusts the moisture to ensure biodegradation. In Puunene, Maui Earth has a specialized item of equipment to turn the windrows (windrow turner), which is a self-propelled device that straddles the windrow and has a rotor to break up and re-form the windrow. Figure 9 shows a sample of product and windrow turner. Like EKO, Maui Earth Compost has a number of products geared to different applications and blends the compost with sand and/or soil. In small batches, Maui Earth prices its compost at $57 per cubic yard. Maui Earth also produces some worm castings, which are prized by some gardeners.
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Figure 9 – Product and Windrow Turner
Conclusions and Recommendations
The space provided to EKO Compost at the Central Maui Landfill is inadequate for the amount of materials collected for composting. As a result, the green waste that is received is being shredded but not all is fully composted. The portion of the product that is not completely composted is of low value and hard to even give away. This is different from many community green waste operations where the products are prized by local gardeners. Market research is needed to tailor the compost and mulch products to on-island markets such as golf courses. A quick survey of the Home Depot in Kahului shows that they offer no soil conditioners, compost or mulch produced on-island but import from Honolulu and the mainland. GBB recommends the following actions:
• Expansion of the Central Maui Landfill site to provide sufficient area to ensure that all green waste materials are composted;
• Contract with Maui Earth Compost to process green waste collected in Kihei area at their facility located on the Piilani Highway. This will reduce the transportation costs and impacts and relieve the congestion at EKO Compost;
• Explore with EKO Compost methods that will decrease the time required to produce compost, which would decrease their site size requirement. These include more active pile turning, moisture control and forced air injection. A contract modification may be required for implementation of increased materials processing; and
• Develop an active marketing program to sell higher value products to local markets. Markets identified may require additional processing, including shredding, screening and bagging.
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6. Collection Vehicle Facilities
The Collection Section of the Solid Waste Division operates its collection vehicles from six locations called base yards. They are:
• Wailuku Base Yard • Makawao Base Yard (Upcountry) • Lahaina • Lanai • Molokai • Hana
Base yards are where the Collection Section personnel report to work each morning, are assigned to routes and perform the pre-trip inspection of their vehicles. The base yards are where the collection vehicles are parked at the end of each collection day. In addition, routine maintenance is performed at each base yard unless noted below. Base yards also provide office space and bathroom facilities for Collection Section personnel. Each base yard is described briefly in the following paragraphs.
There currently are no dedicated maintenance facilities for any of the Solid Waste Division’s collection vehicles or landfill equipment. Vehicles at the Wailuku facility are maintained by the County’s Fleet Maintenance Facility located at the same location. Almost all landfill equipment repairs are contracted out to private vendors, and little to no routine regular preventive maintenance is performed on the landfill equipment. GBB has never witnessed, prior to Maui, any landfill operation where there has been no provision for the routine maintenance of the landfill equipment. The collection facilities in Makawao, Lahaina, Hana, and Molokai are owned and operated by the Highway Division, and the solid waste collection vehicles based at these facilities are maintained by its personnel. On Lanai, the landfill is used as the base yard for collection vehicles.
6.1 Wailuku Base Yard
The Collection Section assigned to the Wailuku base yard provides service for the Wailuku-Kahului, Kihei-Makena and Paia-Haiku Community Plan areas. Of the approximately 31,000 households in these Community Plan areas, 13,506 receive refuse collection service on a twice-per-week basis.
The Wailuku Base Yard is located at 1827 Kaohu Street and is the home base of the Collection Section which is responsible for curbside collection of waste and recyclable materials (appliance pick-up only) for the County. Fourteen collection vehicles are based at this collection base yard including:
• 10 automated side-load vehicles
• 3 manual rear-load trucks
• 1 white goods collection truck
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Fourteen parking spaces are provided for these vehicles and parking places are provided to park the Collection Section employees’ personal vehicles on the north fence line of the facility. The Collection Section has a small office staffed by one employee.
The Wailuku base yard is owned and operated by the Highway Division, and the Collection Section is essentially a tenant. The Wailuku base yard also includes the maintenance facility, which handles all repairs and purchases of sanitation collection vehicles and landfill equipment, and is operated by the Highway Division. Only equipment for the Wailuku facility is repaired by the fleet facility located in Wailuku. Since several other operations other than Solid Waste work out of this site, space is limited.
6.2 Makawao Base Yard (Upcountry)
The Makawao base yard is located at 1295 Makawao Avenue in Makawao. Seven collection vehicles are based at this collection base yard including:
• 6 manual rear-load trucks
• 1 white goods collection truck
Seven parking spaces are provided for these vehicles and parking places are provided to park the Collection Section employees’ personal vehicles. The Collection Section’s 12 employees use the Highway Division’s roll-call area to muster in the morning. The Makawao base yard is owned and operated by the Highway Division and the Collection Section is essentially a tenant. The Highway Division handles all repairs and purchases of sanitation collection vehicles with the Division’s funding.
Solid Waste Collection crews provide service to the “Upcountry” residents including Makawao, Pukalani, and Kula out of the Makawao base yard. Of the approximately 8,500 households in the Makawao-Pukalani-Kula (Upcountry) Community Plan area, 6,696 receive refuse collection service on a once-per-week basis.
Recommendations for Wailuku and Makawao
GBB recommends that a new central facility be established for the Collection Section to replace the Wailuku and Makawao facilities. This should be located at a central location at or near the Central Maui Landfill to serve as the base yard, truck maintenance facility and central office for collection operations in Wailuku and Makawao, and maintenance and support for Lahaina and Hana. Such a facility would support all equipment care and repair for the collections that take place in Wailuku, Makawao, Lahaina, and at the Central Maui Landfill. The advantages of this facility to the successful operation of the collections and landfill operations are:
• Consolidation of facilities in one complex will eliminate potential duplication of facilities;
• A single location will promote communication among staff and efficiency;
• Location of the base yard at the Central Maui Landfill will eliminate the empty return trip to the base yard at the end of every day, saving time and fuel;
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• Collocation of the base yard and maintenance facilities will eliminate dead- head trips;9 and
• Collocation of the base yard and maintenance facilities will support a high standard of maintenance.
A new central Maui SWD base yard should consist of the following:
• Office space for six employees, estimated at 1200 square feet;
• Support facilities (bathrooms, lockers, dispatch area, training room, etc.) for up to 30 employees;
• Maintenance facility, four double-bay drive-thrus - one bay extra wide for landfill equipment;
• Fueling station;
• Parking spaces for 24 collection vehicles; and
• Parking spaces for 35 employee private and visitor vehicles.
6.3 Lahaina
The Lahaina base yard is located at 3310 Honoapiilani Highway in Lahaina. Four manual, rear-load collection vehicles are based at this collection base yard. Parking spaces are provided for these vehicles but not specifically assigned. Parking places are provided to park the Collection Section employees’ personal vehicles. The Collection Section’s six employees have no separate office or area to muster in the morning. This facility is also inadequate for the needs of the Solid Waste Division.
The Lahaina base yard is owned and operated by the Highway Division, and the Collection Section is essentially a tenant. The Highway Division handles all repairs and purchases of sanitation collection vehicles.
Solid Waste Collection crews provide service to households in Lahaina, Kaanapali, Kahana and Napili out of the Lahaina base yard. Of the approximately 7,050 households in the Lahaina Community Plan area, 2,421 receive refuse collection service on a once-per-week basis.
Recommendation
GBB recommends that the Lahaina base yard be moved to a facility to be newly constructed at the Olowalu Convenience Center site. This is discussed earlier in the section on the Olowalu Convenience Center. The expanded Olowalu facility would include the following functions:
9 “Dead-head” trips are nonproductive trips of empty trucks that are just to change the truck’s location. For example, after dumping at Central Maui Landfill, a truck based in Makawao would have to “dead-head” back to be parked.
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1. Base yard for the Lahaina collection area;
2. Convenience center as currently operated; and
3. Transfer station.
The new Lahaina base yard should provide support facilities for all the solid waste functions located at Olowalu. These would consist of the following:
• Office space for 4 employees, estimated at 1,100 square feet;
• Support facilities (bathrooms, dispatch area, lockers, etc.) for 10 employees;
• Parking spaces for 6 collection vehicles; and
• Parking spaces for 10 employee private and visitor vehicles.
After construction of the base yard and transfer station at the site of the current Olowalu Convenience Center, the Convenience Center would continue to operate as it currently does.
Significant savings in the Collection Section operations would result from the elimination of cross-island trips with collection vehicles. As discussed in Section 1.1, the transfer station would reduce the number of trips made to the Central Maui Landfill by two-thirds. Currently, collection vehicles carry five to nine tons per load, as contracted, while a 53-foot aluminum walking-floor trailer .can carry 20 to 22 tons a load. The cost savings are estimated to equal the $11 per ton as discussed in Section 1.1.
6.4 Lanai
The Collection Section has no employees on the Island of Lanai. Curbside collection of waste is performed by a landfill employee. There is one automated side-load with a back-up ASL collection vehicle based at the Lanai Landfill located on the Kaumalapau Highway, approximately four miles southwest of Lanai City. There does not appear to be any routine maintenance performed.
Recommendation
There are no facilities for solid waste collection on the Island of Lanai, and none are needed. Roll-off boxes provided by Lanai Trucking at the landfill serve as a drop-off facility.10 The boxes are placed out in front of the fence on the weekends when the facility is closed to citizens. The Collections Memorandum outlines recommended equipment for collection on Lanai.
10 Lanai Trucking is owned and operated by Manny Amoral and provides commercial collection on Lanai. The Lanai Trucking facility is near the landfill.
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6.5 Molokai
The Collection Section has no employees on the Island of Molokai. Solid waste collection services for Molokai operate out of the Highway Division facility located off the Maunaloa Highway in Kaunakakai. Curbside collection and supervision are performed by Highway Division personnel. There are two rear-load collection vehicles at this facility, and they are maintained at the Highway Division base yard. The Solid Waste Division is responsible for the landfill and recycling center as discussed previously.
Recommendation
Collection is currently performed efficiently, based upon GBB’s observations, and requires only part-time effort for the three-person crew. It appears cost effective to have this staff perform non-solid waste functions when they are not required for collection. If possible, the County should continue to use the Highway Division personnel and facilities for the efficient collection of waste on Molokai. No changes are recommended.
6.6 Hana
As with the operations in Molokai, solid waste collection services for Hana operate out of a Highway Division facility, which is located in Hana at 35 Hana Highway. Curbside collection and supervision are performed by Highway Division personnel.
Recommendation
A facility for parking two rear-load trash compaction vehicles should be established at the existing Hana Landfill. This facility should include a small office, restroom facilities, and small meeting area. With this facility in place and the Hana Landfill “mothballed,” as discussed in Section 2, rear-load containers should be placed at the facility for resident loading and for use when the rear-loader trucks are on collection routes or are shuttling between the Hana Transfer Facility and the Central Maui Landfill. When the collection trucks are parked at the facility, citizens can place trash directly into the rear hopper of the rear-load collection truck, which holds three cubic yards of trash. Citizens would load the hopper, and the collection staff would periodically start the truck and compact the trash into the body. The rear-load containers would be emptied into the truck in addition to the route refuse. When the truck is full, it would be shuttled back to the Central Maui Landfill and dumped. The process would be repeated for recycling on recycling collection days. The servicing and maintenance of the vehicles based in Hana would be at the new facility located near the Central Maui Landfill. When maintenance would require several days, the Hana-based truck would be replaced with a spare based at the new central base yard.
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