DOCSLIB.ORG

There Is Not a Single Reference to Sir Basil Zaharoff in Lloyd George's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
There Is Not a Single Reference to Sir Basil Zaharoff in Lloyd George's A CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE? llOYD GEORGE AND BAsil ZAHAROFF There is not a single reference to Sir Basil Zaharoff in Lloyd George’s War Memoirs & Ll G’s biographers completely ignore him. Yet the two men were closely associated throughout World War 1 and during the whole period of the 1918–22 Coalition Government. It is curious that objective biographers should have ignored this enigmatic onald McCormick’s Basil Zaharoff was considered THE Mask of Merlin was by many to be a Machiavellian fig- figure who, as much as Dpublished in 1963, some ure – disreputable and notorious for eighteen years after David Lloyd his consistent use of corrupt busi- anyone, was responsible George died and forty-one years ness practices – although newspa- for the events which after he left prime ministerial per tycoon Lord Riddell called him office. Yet, although Zaharoff’s ‘a wonderful man’.3 French Prime caused Lloyd George’s obituary in The Times described Minister Clemenceau once called 4 1 his relations with Lloyd George him ‘the sixth power in Europe’, fall from power. Cecil as being ‘close and cordial during and one historian has written that Bloom traces the story the War’, 2 this book represented Zaharoff had become ‘a figure of the first attempt to cast light on European legend (or demonology) of Zaharoff and Lloyd the nature of Lloyd George’s asso- long before his death’.5 It was once ciation with this very rich arms claimed that through Lloyd George George. dealer. he had the same influence on the 22 Journal of Liberal History 86 Spring 2015 A CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE? llOYD GEORGE AND BAsil ZAHAROFF British government that he had pre- number of fiction writers using his papers released by the Wiltshire and viously had on the French thanks character in their novels. Andrew Swindon Archives Service in 1975, to Clemenceau; and it was said that Undershaft, the unscrupulous arms together with a number from both he knew most of the British Cabi- dealer in George Bernard Shaw’s the National Archives and Parlia- net and was a personal friend of play Major Barbara (1905) has, for mentary Archives, make it clear Bonar Law and of Cabinet minister example, been said to be based on that Lloyd George used Zaharoff Walter Long. The writer Osbert Zaharoff, and many other eminent to conduct secret negotiations with Sitwell met him several times and novelists including Upton Sinclair, the Turks – with the aim of brib- has recorded that when he first saw Gerald Kersh and Eric Ambler have ing their leaders, eventually to the him there was ‘something evil and portrayed his character in their extent of $25 million dollars – to imposing about his figure’ and that books. Nevertheless, he was gen- get them to make peace with the he resembled ‘a vulture’.6 erous and gave large sums to good Allies; and, as a result, Zaharoff did His place of birth is shrouded in causes as well as endowing uni- receive a number of honours. The mystery. He was probably Turk- versity chairs – however it must archives also show the vigorous ish, born in 1849, but he some- be borne in mind that, in all likeli- attempts made by Zaharoff’s sup- times claimed to be Romanian, hood, such generosity was princi- porters in government to gain such Greek, Polish or Russian. He died pally intended to foster a favourable honours for him. He was awarded in Monte Carlo in 1936. He started reputation. first the Grand Cross of the British selling armaments in Greece in 1877 So why were Lloyd George’s Empire, then the Grand Cross of for the Anglo-Swedish company connections with Zaharoff kept the Order of the Bath, and eventu- Nordenfelt, and stayed with the quiet over so many years? The ally a knighthood. company when it was taken over by Times reviewed McCormick’s In 1965 McCormick followed up the British Vickers Corporation in book in September 1963, but it was on his first book by writing a biog- 1897, continuing to work for Vick- a very short review that accused raphy of Zaharoff entitledPedlar ers for thirty years and becoming McCormick of failing to pro- of Death, in which he repeated his a director. There he formed a close vide evidence for the charges laid earlier statement that Lloyd George association with its financial direc- against the former prime minister had sent Zaharoff on various secret tor, Sir Vincent Caillard. and pronounced that a degree of missions during the war. In this Zaharoff was said to have been questionable judgement seriously book Zaharoff is described as ‘a despised by King George V, yet he reduced the value of the biography. super spy in the Lloyd George cir- received a knighthood from him.7 The book did not ignite any inter- cle’.8 However it appears that Zaha- He became obsessed with gain- est in a possible follow-up on the roff’s early connection with Lloyd ing state honours; after receiving story until some years later. How- George was a hostile one: Lloyd a number from the French gov- ever, McCormick seems to have George was attacking the pre-war ernment, one of his key objectives overlooked one crucial aspect of activities of munitions manufac- became the acquisition of British the relationship between the two turers and Zaharoff saw him as a honours, which he termed ‘choco- men: he records simply that during dangerous enemy. Later, though, late’ when referring to the mat- the war Zaharoff was sent on ‘vari- he decided that it was in his inter- ter in confidential documents. His ous secret missions’ by the prime Left: Basil est to befriend the man he believed unsavoury reputation resulted in a minister, but gives no details. Yet Zaharoff in 1928 was going to become a key figure Journal of Liberal History 86 Spring 2015 23 A CONSPIRACY OF silENCE? in British politics. He took steps to to be the UK and France – but he Zaharoff’s nominal suzerainty in some form find out as much as he could about then decided that Zaharoff should over Palestine. Lloyd George – his weaknesses and proceed with his mission. Some principal Nothing came of Zaharoff’s his secrets – and for this he used disclosure of these events did occur Turkish mission in 1917 but, with Arthur Maundy-Gregory, later to before the release of the official involve- Lloyd George’s connivance, he feature on Lloyd George’s behalf archived documents, but what is made a further attempt to bribe the in the so-called honours scandal. less well known is that, as part of ment with Turks in the following year. Before It has been suggested that Zaha- this deal, Lloyd George was pre- this, however, a separate effort was roff had a hold over Lloyd George pared to consider allowing Turkey Lloyd George made to explore the possibility of because of a brief affair with Emily to retain some form of light suze- peace with Turkey, but this did Ann Burrows, Zaharoff’s former rainty over Palestine. One further began when not involve Zaharoff. This effort wife, but it was in 1915 when Lloyd thing that emerges from the papers is described in Lloyd George’s George became Minister of Muni- now available is the very considera- the latter War Memoirs as being ‘not satis- tions in Asquith’s administration ble extent to which the correspond- factory’ and consisted of a meet- that Zaharoff’s relationship with ence regarding Zaharoff’s activities attempted ing in Switzerland in December Lloyd George strengthened.9 was kept secret from most govern- 1917 conducted by Philip Kerr, one Zaharoff’s principal involve- ment ministers and civil servants to bribe the of Lloyd George’s additional pri- ment with Lloyd George began – and for this purpose Zaharoff Turkish lead- vate secretaries. Kerr was empow- when the latter attempted to bribe was given the code name ‘Zedzed’, ered by Lloyd George and General the Turkish leaders headed by with ‘Chairman’ and ‘Treasurer’ ers headed Smuts, a member of the War Cabi- Enver Pasha with large sums of being used on a number of occa- net, to negotiate with Dr Parodi money to give up hostilities against sions to indicate the prime minister by Enver of Geneva, who was acting on the Allies, and it is this aspect of the and the chancellor of the excheq- behalf of opposition elements in relationship between the two men uer respectively. In return for act- Pasha with Turkey, about the possibility of a that forms the principal thrust of ing as an intermediary, Zaharoff peace deal. Parodi had had several this article. But even before this, was to receive some ‘chocolate’, and large sums conversations with members of Zaharoff had been deeply involved his obsession with gaining Brit- the Turkish Red Cross Mission in with the British government ish honours is referred to in the of money Switzerland and he believed that, when Asquith was prime minis- correspondence on a number of while Enver Pasha was a pure mili- ter. Through Caillard, he told the occasions. Lloyd George did not to give up taristic Germanophile who was government in November 1915 that usually deal directly with Zaha- confident of German victory, one £1.5 million would allow him to roff but used Caillard as intermedi- hostilities small part of the Turkish govern- bribe the Greek government into ary because of the latter’s business ment – an Ententophile section – joining the Allies and start fighting links with Zaharoff, and all was against the was interested in seeking peace if the Bulgarians, thus shortening the coordinated in Whitehall by Wal- they could get moderate terms for war.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
    THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Greek Economic and Military Mobilization of the 1909-1923 Period.1
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 20, ISSUE 1 Studies The Economic forces of victory versus those of defeat: An analysis of the Greek Economic and Military Mobilization of the 1 1909-1923 period. Dr. Ioannis-Dionysios Salavrakos (*) Introduction. The intellectual aspiration of the paper is to highlight the economic forces, which played an immense role in the wars in which Greece participated during the 1909-1923 period. These were four major conflicts: The two Balkan wars of 1912-1913 against the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; the First World War (1914-1918) and the Greek-Turkish war of 1919-1922. The tragic period started with Greek victories and ended with the greatest defeat of the modern Greek state. Although these conflicts were different, there is a clear nexus between them. In the Greek as well as the international bibliography, the majority of studies highlight the strategic, tactical, operational, diplomatic, psychological dimensions of the conflicts of the period, as well as, the personal motives of political and military leaders. Under this intellectual framework, the economic forces of the conflict are marginalized by most academics. The final conflict of the period is primarily known as the ‘Campaign of Asia-Minor’ in the Greek bibliography, whereas in the Turkish bibliography it is considered as ‘the Great Patriotic War.’ Thus in this article we aim to demonstrate that the conflicts of the period are connected and also that the Greek defeat 1 This article is dedicated to the memory of my beloved grandmother Stavroula Poulea Koutsikou (1921- 2019) who passed away. She had lived the Second World War and had told me many stories from that era.
    [Show full text]
  • Zaharoff the Armaments King
    ZAHAROFF THE ARMAMENTS KING by Robert Neumann TRANSLATED BY R. T. CLARK READERS' UNION LIMITED GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD "Zaharoff the Armaments King" was first published in England in 1935 and a new impression followed in 1936. Robert Neumann has, for Readers' Union edition (1938), brought his Zaharoff "legend" up to date and revised various parts of the text. To Readers' Union edition has been added a portrait of Zaharoff. ZAHAROFF POINT This edition, for Readers' Union members only, is possible by co-operative reader demand and by the sacrifice of ordinary profit margins by all concerned. Such conditions cannot apply under the normal hazards of book production and distribution. Reader­ commentaries on Zaharoff the Armaments King will be found in July 1938 issue of Readers' News given free with this volume. Membership of Readers' Union can be made at any booksellers' shop. MADE 1938 IN GREAT BRITAIN. PRINTED BY C. TINLING AND CO., LTD., LIVERPOOL, LONDON AND PRESCOT, FOR READERS' UNION LTD. REGISTERED OFFICES: CHANDOS PLACE BY CHARING CROSS, LONDON, ENGLAND. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE THE DIFFICULTIES OF A BIOGRAPHER 9 1. ON THE TRACK OF A YOUNG MAN FROM THE EAST 19 A Piece of Universal History-A Piece of Family History-The Child is Father of the Man-The Case of Haim Sahar of Wilkomir-Sir Basil Casanova-The Detective at Work-The First Conquest of Athens n. DEAD MEN OVERTURE 79 The Duel with Mr. Maxim-A Stay in Russia­ Cherchez la femme-Clouds over South America -In the Prime of Life-a portrait-Maxims for Budding Armament Kings-The Duel with a Gentleman from Le Creusot-The Noise of Battle-In the Paris Press-Spring Interlude, 191 4 Ill.
    [Show full text]
  • Basil Zaharoff Du Même Auteur
    Basil Zaharoff DU MÊME AUTEUR Serge Kampf. Le plus secret des grands patrons français, Tallandier, 2014. La Saga des Rothschild, Tallandier, 2017 ; « Texto », 2019. Tristan Gaston-Breton Basil Zaharoff L’incroyable histoire du plus grand marchand d’armes du monde TALLANDIER © Éditions Tallandier, 2019 48, rue du Faubourg-Montmartre – 75009 Paris www.tallandier.com ISBN : 979-10-210-3675-8 À la mémoire de mes parents. « Les premières années de la vie de M. Zaharoff sont un mystère impénétrable. Il semble qu’il y ait un trou dans la vie de cet homme, mais un trou de vilenie qu’il faut oublier. […] Des indications ont appris que M. Zaharoff aurait été bandit dans sa jeunesse. » Rapport de la Sûreté générale française au ministre de l’Intérieur, octobre 1921. PROLOGUE Un mystérieux incendie… Paris, 17 avril 1930, neuf heures du soir. Une épaisse fumée se dégage d’un élégant hôtel particulier situé à deux pas de l’Arc de Triomphe, au numéro 53 de l’avenue Hoche. Il faut plus d’une heure aux pompiers de la caserne Niel, arrivés très vite sur les lieux, pour maîtriser l’incendie. Les dégâts sont considérables : la chambre à coucher située à l’étage, mais aussi le cabinet de toilette et la salle de bains attenants ont été presque entièrement détruits par le feu. Choqué mais indemne, le propriétaire des lieux, un vieillard de 80 ans, doit être conduit dans un hôtel proche pour y finir sa nuit… Dans les jours qui suivent, tandis que la police enquête discrètement sur les origines du sinistre, la presse s’em- pare de ce fait divers en apparence très banal1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legend and the Loans Behind Ottoman Naval Rearmament, 1908–1914
    The International History Review ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rinh20 ‘Our Dear Reşadiye’: The Legend and the Loans behind Ottoman Naval Rearmament, 1908–1914 Jonathan Conlin To cite this article: Jonathan Conlin (2021): ‘Our Dear Reşadiye’: The Legend and the Loans behind Ottoman Naval Rearmament, 1908–1914, The International History Review, DOI: 10.1080/07075332.2021.1938634 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2021.1938634 © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 22 Jun 2021. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 223 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rinh20 THE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY REVIEW https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2021.1938634 ‘Our Dear Res¸adiye’: The Legend and the Loans behind Ottoman Naval Rearmament, 1908–1914 Jonathan Conlin School of Humanities (History), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The seizure of the newly-built Ottoman dreadnought Res¸adiye by First Ottoman Navy League; Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill on 31 July 1914 is widely held armaments industry; to have spurred the Young Turk regime in Istanbul to contract an alli- Vickers; dreadnoughts ance with Germany and enter the Great War at its side. This owing to widespread belief (still held by historians today) that it and a second seized dreadnought had been fully paid for by donations to the Ottoman Navy League collected from across the Ottoman Empire and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and WWI (1914-1918): Shattering Images of Modern Europe
    RUTGERS UNIVERSITY The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and WWI (1914-1918): Shattering Images of Modern Europe Spring 2015 Thurs: 4:30 PM - 7:30 PM Scott Hall 215 (43 College Avenue, New Brunswick) Instructor: Elektra Kostopoulou! Office: 002B Van Dyck Hall Office Hours: Mondays, 4:15-7:15 (and by appointment) Email: [email protected] [email protected] Outline: Far from being limited only to military confrontations, World War I (1914-1918) constituted a milestone that changed perceptions of and realities in modern Europe on many fronts. Its truly global origins and connotations extended not only beyond the battlefield but also beyond Europe’s territorial limitations. This class invites students to think of WWI within the context of global trajectories and by reference to socioeconomic, environmental, political, and ideological factors that gradually transformed states, communities, and individuals. Identifying new trends in the study of the period and offering an alternative periodization of the Great War, the class will start with a discussion of regional clashes that directly preceded it and, in particular, with the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). Through an examination of the secondary literature, global studies theory, and primary sources, students are expected to think of WWI by refocusing debates from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean, following new directions in terms of both content and geographical scope. They are encouraged to revisit the wars in terms of issues such as minority politics, redistribution of resources, new forms of solidarity and belonging, as well as new forms of violence and atrocities in a global setting. Students of modern Greece, in particular, are invited to address the Greek case from a comparative perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Anglo-Greek Attitudes: an Introduction
    Notes 1 Anglo-Greek Attitudes: an Introduction 1. An even more striking visual image of this troubled relationship is afforded by the triptych of photographs taken by Dimitri Kessel, the Time-Life photographer, of British troops bivouacked in the Acropolis Museum during the December 1944 fighting and pictured resting their weaponry on the archaic statuary, Ellada tou ’44, (Athens, 1994), p. 176. 2. The Permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, Sir Alexander Cadogan, and Churchill’s assistant private secretary, John Colville, both testified to the degree to which during December 1944 Churchill’s atten- tion was focused on the Greek crisis, more or less to the exclusion of all else, despite the critical state of the war elsewhere in Europe, David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, O.M. 1938–1945 (London, 1971), p. 688 and J.W. Wheeler-Bennett, ed., Action this Day, (London, 1968), pp. 51–2. On Churchill’s consuming interest in Greek affairs during the Second World War, see Thanasis D. Sfikas, ‘“The people at the top can do these things which others can’t do”: Winston Churchill and the Greeks, 1940–45’, Journal of Contemporary History, XXVI (1991), pp. 307–31. 3. Public Record Office FO 371/29817, R9591. 4. Churchill had offered membership of the Commonwealth to the French at the time of the fall of France. 5. FO 371/58678 R 3496, quoted in Heinz Richter, British Intervention in Greece: from Varkiza to Civil War: February 1945 to August 1946 (London, 1986), pp. 423–5. 6. The complex history of Greece under German occupation is elucidated in John Hondros, Occupation and Resistance: the Greek Agony 1941–1944 (London, 1983); Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece: the Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944 (London, 1993); Procopis Papastratis, British Policy towards Greece during the Second World War 1941–1944 (Cambridge, 1984) and C.M.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Greek Economic and Military Mobilization of the 1909-1923 Period
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 18, ISSUE 1 Studies The Economic forces of victory versus those of defeat: An analysis of the Greek Economic and Military Mobilization of the 1909-1923 period. Dr. Ioannis-Dionysios Salavrakos Introduction. The intellectual aspiration of the paper is to highlight the economic forces that played an immense role in the wars in which Greece participated during the 1909-1923 period. These were four major conflicts: The two Balkan wars of 1912-1913 against the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; the First World War (1914-1918) and the Greek-Turkish war of 1919-1922. The tragic period started with Greek victories and ended with the greatest defeat of the modern Greek state. Although these conflicts were different there is a clear nexus between them. In the Greek as well as the international bibliography the majority of studies highlight the strategic, tactical, operational, diplomatic, psychological dimensions of the conflicts of the period, as well as, the personal motives of political and military leaders. Within this intellectual framework, the economic forces of the conflict are marginalized by most academics. The final conflict of the period is mainly known as the “Campaign of Asia-Minor» in the Greek bibliography, whereas in the Turkish bibliography it is considered as “the Great Patriotic War”. Thus in this article we aim to demonstrate that the conflicts of the period are connected and also that ©Centre of Military and Strategic Studies, 2017 ISSN : 1488-559X JOURNAL OF MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES the Greek defeat of 1922 was the outcome of a chain of miscalculations which the Greek side has made, but above all it was the nexus of limited economic resources, diplomatic errors and wrong tactical decision making in the front.
    [Show full text]
  • BASİL ZAHAROFF Çağla Derya TAĞMAT
    Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi-Journal of Eurasian Inquires 2018; VII/2: 218-238 ISSN: 2147-0847 / E-ISSN: 2147-7469 Geliş Tarihi/Received: 21.08.2018 Kabul Tarihi/Accepted: 05.11.2018 DOI: 10.26650/jes181204 DÜNYA SİLAH SANAYİSİNİ ŞEKİLLENDİREN BİR OSMANLI RUMU: BASİL ZAHAROFF Çağla Derya TAĞMAT Öz Basil Zaharoff 1849 yılında Muğla’da dünyaya geldi. Kimliği konusunda farklı bilgiler bulunan Zaharoff, gençlik yıllarını İstanbul Kurtuluş’ta (Tatavla) geçirdi. Gençlik döneminde yabancı dil öğrenen ve burs ile İngiliz Okulu’nda okuyan Zaharoff, İstanbul Galata’da dayısının yanında çalıştığı dönemde kendi payı olduğunu düşündüğü parayı çalarak Londra’ya kaçtı ve yeni hayatı burada başladı. Çeşitli silah şirketlerinde çalışarak silah sektörüne atılan Zaharoff, kısa sürede ortaklıklar kurarak zengin oldu. Silah sanayinde elde ettiği ün, onun siyasette de dönemin önemli isimleriyle bağlantılar kurmasını sağladı ve dünyanın militarizme teslim olduğu dönemde, dünya silah sanayisini elinde tutan bir baron haline geldi. Bu esnada anavatanı olan Yunanistan’a yönelik ekonomik ve askeri desteğini esirgemeyen Basil Zaharoff, Yunanistan’ın Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na katılması ve Yunan askerlerinin İzmir’e çıkarak Anadolu’yu işgal planlarında da perde arkasındaki finansör oldu. Kimliğini çok açık etmemesinden ve hatta gizli tutmasından dolayı ‘Gizemli Avrupalı’ olarak da adlandırılan ve siyasilerle yakın ilişkiler kuran Zaharoff, kısa sürede dönemin önemli güçlerinin siyasi danışmanı şeklinde çalışmaya başladı. Silah sanayisine ek olarak, petrol ve kumarhane alanlarında da adını duyurdu ve 1936 yılında Monte Carlo’da hayatını kaybetti. Bu çalışmada dünya siyasi tarihinin çehresini değiştiren savaşlar esnasında militarizmi besleyen, Yunanistan’a önemli maddi destekler sunan Osmanlı Rumu Basil Zaharoff ve onun etkilediği dünya düzeni arşiv belgeleri, The New York Times gazetesi ve araştırma eserleri ışığında ortaya konulmaya çalışılacaktır.
    [Show full text]
  • AM44-Chronique Bibli.Indd
    Chronique bibliographique Revue d’histoire de Monaco | 2020 323 Chronique bibliographique Comptes rendus Michaël BLOCHE, Vincent du mariage en 1715 de la princesse héritière avec MAROTEAUX (dir.), Les un descendant de la riche et ancienne famille princes de Monaco en Nor- d’Estouteville. En effet, le prince Antoine Ier de mandie. Des Estouteville Monaco, n’ayant que des filles, avait recherché aux Grimaldi, seigneurs de un parti digne de la main de sa fille aînée Louise- Valmont. Rouen, Archives Hippolyte, à laquelle la Principauté allait revenir départementales de la en succession légitime. Le choix demandait des Seine-Maritime, 2019, 268 p. précautions politiques ; l’éventuel promis devait avoir assez de mérite, de dignité sociale et de Aux Archives départementales de la fortune, sans toutefois être d’un trop haut rang Seine-Maritime, à Rouen, s’est tenue à l’automne qui aurait pu dans l’avenir servir de prétexte 2019 une exposition consacrée aux possessions à une incorporation dans le royaume. L’élu qu’avaient détenues les princes de Monaco fut Jacques de Goyon-Matignon (1689-1751), dans les provinces normandes au cours du XVIIIe lieutenant du roi en Normandie, gouverneur siècle. Elle était placée sous le haut patronage de Cherbourg et Granville, maître de camp de de S.A.S. le Prince Albert II. Ce volume reproduit cavalerie. Le contrat de mariage, examiné et les documents d’archives et d’images exposés agréé par Louis XIV, obligeait l’époux à prendre le et en présente des commentaires historiques nom de Grimaldi, duc de Valentinois, et à prendre dans de copieuses notices érudites dues à treize rang dans la succession à la dignité de prince.
    [Show full text]
  • David Lloyd George, Memorandum: Suggestions As to the Military Position, 3 1 December 19 L4, in Gilbert, Ed., Pp
    A WAR WITEIN A WAR: THE iMLI.i'ENCE OF BALKAN IRREDENTISM ON B-H STRATEGY IN SOUTE-EASTERN EUROPE, l9l4 - 1918 Sebastian Hubert Lukasik B.A. @Ions.). Simon Fraser University, 1998 THESIS sUBmIN PARTIAL FULmLLMENT OF THE REQUREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History O Sebastian Hubert Lukasik 2000 SMON FRASER UNIVERSiTY Iune 2000 GU rights remed. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, witbout pemlllussionof ihe author uisIm and Acquiaitiins et 7Bi iographic Senrices senrices biùliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Liiof Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distniute or seii reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats, la fome de mimfiche/iiim, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des exûaits substantiels mybe printed or othhse de ceiie-ci ne doivent être imprimb reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ABSTRACT During the First World War, the military and diplomatic efforts of individual Balkan states were directed towacd the fulfillment of national goals that had remained essentially unchanged since their fomiulation in the 19th century. Predating many of the Great Power rivalries that lay at the heart of the First World War, these aims contributed to the Balkan states' perception of the conflict as yet another oppoctunity to attain the elusive goals of irredentism and "national unification," and endowed the war in South- Eastern Europe with the characteristics of a Third Balkan War - the last stage of the Balkan liberation struggles initiated in the early 1800s.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE * I..T M
    Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 9, Nr 4, 1979. http://scientiamilitaria.journals.ac.za THE INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRADE * I..t M. lIJA'-HET Introduction failed to gain the support of the Prussian Everyone is aware of the existence of the arms government, so took to exporting not only steel trade but few have any idea of the nature of its but also guns, in an effort to impress the workings or of its implications, both actual and Prussians. It is interesting to see at so early a potential. Some information as to the methods stage in the arms trade's history that exports were employed in the sale of arms was made available deemed necessary for the development of a via the Lockheed and Northrop scandals, but by domestic industry and thus, in this case and large this was information that could not be incidentally, the foetal arms industry. evaluated in terms of all the elements of the system. It is the aim of this article to provide some Krupp began selling arms around 1851 and by insight into the various facets that go together to 1859 had succeeded in obtaining a large order make up the arms trade, in this way by no means from the Prussians for 300 rifled six-pounders. giving an all-embracing account but merely The interest of state and arms industry, however, providing some interesting facts and figures. were sti II very far apart and Krupp conti nued to rely upon exports to support the growth of his The early days company.
    [Show full text]