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Home , Basil Zaharoff, First Balkan War, George Horton

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

The (1912-1913) and WWI (1914-1918): Shattering Images of Modern

Spring 2015

Thurs: 4:30 PM - 7:30 PM

Scott Hall 215 (43 College Avenue, New Brunswick)

Instructor: Elektra Kostopoulou Office: 002B Van Dyck Hall Office Hours: Mondays, 4:15-7:15 (and by appointment) Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Outline: Far from being limited only to military confrontations, (1914-1918) constituted a milestone that changed perceptions of and realities in modern Europe on many fronts. Its truly global origins and connotations extended not only beyond the battlefield but also beyond Europe’s territorial limitations. This class invites students to think of WWI within the context of global trajectories and by reference to socioeconomic, environmental, political, and ideological factors that gradually transformed states, communities, and individuals. Identifying new trends in the study of the period and offering an alternative periodization of the Great War, the class will start with a discussion of regional clashes that directly preceded it and, in particular, with the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). Through an examination of the secondary literature, global studies theory, and primary sources, students are expected to think of WWI by refocusing debates from Western Europe to the Eastern Mediterranean, following new directions in terms of both content and geographical scope. They are encouraged to revisit the wars in terms of issues such as minority politics, redistribution of resources, new forms of solidarity and belonging, as well as new forms of violence and atrocities in a global setting.

Students of modern , in particular, are invited to address the Greek case from a comparative perspective. The Balkan Wars provided Greece with an opportunity to almost double its size and influenced profoundly the meaning of identity and nationalism among diaspora . Moreover, they radically changed regional hierarchies, creating new opportunities as well as new constraints. WWI, at the same time, sealed not only the collapse of the but also the end of Greece's expansive dreams, resulting in chaos, massacres, and massive deportations.

Course Requirements:

A) Students are expected to attend all classes prepared for a critical discussion but they do not have to do all of the readings. Each student will have to prepare only three to four weekly readings over the whole course of the semester. The course will be run in a seminar format and students will be organized in teams of three or four students. The teams will take turns in preparing the weekly readings, opening the debate by summarizing and reflecting on a few key-aspects of the weekly topic. Each team is expected to post a few relevant questions on SAKAI a day ahead of class and to prepare the rest of the participants for the debate. B) Students are expected to write a historical essay on one of the course themes by using the suggested sources of their selection. Each essay should be 20-30 pages in length, typed and double-spaced. At the end of the semester students should give short (15 minute-long) presentations of their papers in class.

Grading:

Participation and oral presentations: 50% Final paper: 50%

Week 1 (Jan 22) Methodology: The Great War in the Global Perspective

Readings: Harris, Norman Dwight. “The Effect of the Balkan Wars on European Alliances and the Future of the Ottoman Empire.” The American Political Science Review 8, no. 1 (February 1, 1914): 105–16.

Winter, J. M. Remembering War: The Great War Between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century. Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006, 17-52. Marius, Richard A., and Melvin E. Page. A Short Guide to Writing about History. 8 edition. Boston: Longman, 2011. http://history.rutgers.edu/component/content/article?id=106:writing-historical-essays-a-guide-for-undergraduates

Points of Discussion:

Ø Goal and scope of the course: Global studies theory, traditional historiographies and the movement towards a different periodization/contextualization of the Great War. Ø The Balkan Wars and the “Other” fronts.

Ø How to use the library/ electronic/ archival resources. Ø How to write about history.

Week 2 (Jan 29) Prelude to the Great War: Contested Memories and the Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

Readings: Ginio, Eyal. “Mobilizing the Ottoman Nation during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913): Awakening from the Ottoman Dream.” War in History 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 156–77. Yavuz, M. Hakan. “Warfare and Nationalism: The Balkan Wars as the Catalyst of Homogenization.” In War and Nationalism : The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913, and Their Sociopolitical Effects, edited by M. Hakan Yavuz and Isa Blumi. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2013, 120-130. Deac, Raluca-Simona. “Representations of Identity, Self, and Otherness in the Romanian Memoirs of the Balkan Wars (1912-1913).” In Philobiblon: Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities 18, no. 2 (July 2013): 297–314.

Points of Discussion:

Ø Conditions in the Ottoman Empire right before the outbreak of the wars: economic conditions, attempts to political reform, national aspirations. Ø International Diplomacy and the “.”

Ø Remembering and Observation: Contested images. Ø How to approach memoirs/travelogues. Ø Contextualizing subjective memory.

Suggested Sources:

v Edib, Halide Adivar. Memoirs of Halide Edib. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2005 (original publication 1926). v P.A Bien (trans.), Report to Greco [by] Nikos Kazantzakis. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. v Cary, Joyce. Memoir of the Bobotes. UK: Weidenfeld, 1964. v Robert Elsie (trans.), Traveler, Scholar, Political Adventurer: A Transylvanian Baron at the Birth of Albanian Independence: The memoirs of Franz Nopcsa. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2014. v Cemal Paşa, 1872-1922. Memories of a Turkish Statesman-1913-1919. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1922. http://archive.org/details/memoriesaturkis00pagoog. v Monroe, Will Seymour. Bulgaria and Her People, with an Account of the Balkan Wars, , and the Macedonian Bulgars. Boston: The Page Company, 1914.

Week 3 (Feb 5) Reporting on the Balkan Wars: Old and Emerging Powers

Readings: Cassens, David E. “The First Balkan War and Its Impact on the and Greeks of Southwestern Illinois.” East European Quarterly 19, no. 1 (Spring 1985): 69–74. Todorova, Maria. “War and Memory: Trotsky’s War Correspondence from the Balkan Wars.” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 18, no. 2 (Summer 2013): 5. Çetinkaya, Y. Dogan. “Illustrated Atrocity: The Stigmatization of Non-Muslims through Images in the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars.” Journal of Modern European History 12, no. 4 (November 2014): 460– 78. Topor, Claudiu-Lucian. “The War in Images. The Romanians and the Bulgarians in 1913.” Valahian Journal of Historical Studies 12 (December 2009): 79.

Points of Discussion:

Ø Balkan alliances and antagonisms: goals, strategies, rivalries. Ø “Great” and “small-power” politics.

Ø Newspapers and periodicals as sources: what are the stories they tell us? Ø Comparative/ thematic discussions of the press coverage of the wars: gender, nationhood, class, political affiliations.

Suggested Sources:

v Trotsky, Leon. The Balkan Wars, 1912-13 : The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky / Translated by Brian Pearce. New York: Monad Press, 1980. v Baldwin, Herbert F. A War Photographer in ; an Account of Personal Experiences during the Turco-Balkan War, 1912; with 36 Illustrations from Photographs by the Author. : TFUnwin, 1913. v The New York Times on the Balkan Wars: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/hnpnewyorktimes/advanced?accountid=136 26 v Chicago Defender on the Balkan Wars: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/hnpchicagodefender?accountid=13626 v The Washington Post on the Balkan Wars: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/hnpwashingtonpost?accountid=13626 v Images of the Balkan Wars in American Periodicals: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/americanperiodicals?accountid=13626

Week 4 (Feb 12) Nationalism, Internationalization, Balkanization

Readings: Wolff, Larry. “The Western Representation of Eastern Europe on the Eve of World War I: Mediated Encounters and Intellectual Expertise in Dalmatia, Albania, and Macedonia.” Journal of Modern History 86, no. 2 (June 2014): 381–407. Segesser, Daniel Marc. “The International Debate on the Punishment of War Crimes During the Balkan Wars and the First World War.” Peace & Change 31, no. 4 (October 2006): 533–54. Simic, Predrag. “ and Balkanisation: Western Perceptions of the Balkans in the Carnegie Commission’s Reports on the Balkan Wars from 1914 to 1996.” Perceptions 18, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 113. Akhund, Nadine. “The Two Carnegie Reports: From the Balkan Expedition of 1913 to the Albanian Trip of 1921.” Balkanologie, no. Vol. XIV, n° 1–2 (December 31, 2012).

Points of Discussion:

Ø Treaties and outcomes of the Balkan Wars: demographic and territorial modifications, socieconomic impact, ideological consequences. Ø Developments in international law: Commissions, relief, and punishment.

Ø The diplomacy of philanthropy. Victims, victimizers, international observers. Ø Internationalization of local conflicts: what does the international gaze offers as a historical source? Are international reports/institutions more objective?

Suggested Sources:

v Carnegie Report, Macedonian Muslims during the Balkan Wars, 1912: http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/1455 v Carnegie Report, the Greek Army and Bulgarian Peasants during the , 1913: http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/1454 Carnegie Report, The Serbian Army during the Second Balkan War, 1913 http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/handle/1813/1456 v Destani, Bejtullah D., and Robert Elsie (eds). The Balkan Wars : British Consular Reports from Macedonia in the Final Years of the Ottoman Empire. London: IBTauris, 2014. v Price, Walter Harrington Crawfurd. The Balkan Cockpit, the Political and Military Story of the Balkan Wars in Macedonia, by W. H. Crawfurd Price. With Autographed Photographs and Many Illustrations by H.R.H. Prince Nicholas of Greece and the Author, and Specially Drawn Maps of the Military Operations. London: TWLaurie, 1914.

Week 5 (Feb 17) From the Balkan Wars to the Great War (1914-1918)

Readings: Maiolo, Joseph, and Tony Insall. “Sir Basil Zaharoff and Sir Vincent Caillard as Instruments of British Policy towards Greece and the Ottoman Empire during the Asquith and Lloyd George Administrations, 1915–8.” International History Review 34, no. 4 (December 2012): 819. McDermott, Alice, and Mark Power. “‘It’s a Long Way to Salonika’: Irish Soldiers in the Balkans in World War I.” History Ireland, 2006. Coroban, Costel. “From the Fringe of the North to the Balkans: The Balkans Viewed by Scottish Medical Women During World War I.” Romanian Journal for Baltic & Nordic Studies/Revista Romana de Studii Baltice Si Nordice 4, no. 1 (January 2012): 53.

Points of Discussion:

Ø End of Empire: The Ottoman front. Ø Autonomy, self-determination, violence in the context of WWI.

Ø Female agency: philanthropists, nurses, workers. Ø Recording oral traditions, anecdotes about the War. Is there a difference between written “evidence” and “hearsay”?

Suggested Sources:

v Noel-Buxton, Noel Noel-Buxton, and Charles Roden Buxton. The War and the Balkans. London: G. Allen & Unwin, ltd., 1915. v Mijatović, Čedomilj. The Memoirs of Balkan Diplomatist. London, New York: Cassell and company, ltd., 1917. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008862328. v Miller, Francis Trevelyan. True Stories of the Great War: Tales of Adventure-Heroic Deeds- Exploits Told by the Soldiers, Officers, Nurses, Diplomats, Eye Witnesses, Collected from Official and Authoritative Sources. New York: Review of Reviews Co., 1918. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005874942. v Lugard, Flora Louisa (Shaw) lady. The Work of the War Refugees Committee; an Address given by Lady Lugard to the Royal Society of Arts, March 24th, 1915. London, GBell and sons, ltd, 1915.

Week 6 (Feb 26): Writing week/ seminar using the library Week 7 (March 5): Writing week Week 8 (March 12): Writing week

Week 9 (March 19): Spring Recess

Week 10 (March 26) Genocide on the Ottoman Front

Readings: Werner, Emmy E. Passages to America: Oral Histories of Child Immigrants from Ellis Island and Angel Island. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2009. Bloxham, Donald. The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Üngör, Uğur Ümit. “Lost in Commemoration: The in Memory and Identity.” Patterns of Prejudice 48, no. 2 (May 2014): 147–66. Dabag, Mihran. “The Armenian Genocide: A Challenge for the European Politics of Remembrance.” Theological Review 35, no. 1/2 (April 2014): 75–91.

Points of Discussion:

Ø The Armenian genocide: Sources, interpretations, controversy. Ø Migration to America.

Ø The United Nations Genocide Convention’s definition of genocide and the debate on intentions. Ø Childhood in the midst of war.

Suggested Sources:

v American Armenian Relief Fund, and American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief. The Cry of Armenia. New York City: American Armenian Relief Fund, in cooperation with the American Committee for Armenian and Syrian Relief, 1916. v Shimmon, Paul. Massacres of Syrian Christians in N.W. Persia and Kurdistan. London: Wells Gardner, Darton & Co, 1915. v Main, John Hanson Thomas. America’s Duty in Armenia. New York: sn, 1919. v . Assembly. Fifth Committee. Armenian Loan. Report of the Fifth Committee to the Sixth Assembly. Rapporteur: M. de Brouckère, Belgian Delegate. Geneva, ImpJent: sn, 1925.

Week 11 (April 9) The War after the War: The Greek-Turkish Confrontation

Readings: Stavridis, Stavros T. The Greek-Turkish War: An Australian Press Perspective. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2008. Neyzi, Leyla. “Shared History, Shared Trauma.” History & Memory 20, no. 2 (Fall/Winter2008): 106–27.

Points of Discussion:

Ø of the Ottoman Empire among the victors of the war. Turkish counter-attack. Ø The Greek-Turkish war (1921-1922). The Asia Minor Catastrophe.

Ø Occupation/liberation of Smyrna: Contested memories of war. Ø Trauma. Nostalgia as resistance.

Suggested Sources:

v Greek Occupation of Izmir and Adjoining Territories: Report of the Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry (May-September 1919): http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003484258. v Horton, George. Report on : USA Consular Documents / by George Horton. : Journalists’ Union of the Athens Daily Newspapers, 1985. v Œconomos, Lysimachos. The Martyrdom of Smyrna and Eastern Christendom; a File of Overwhelming Evidence, Denouncing the Misdeeds of the Turks in Asia Minor and Showing Their Responsibility for the Horrors of Smyrna. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1922: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006527876. v The Greek-Turkish war in American Periodicals: http://search.proquest.com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/americanperiodicals?accountid=13626

Week 12 (April 16) Exchange of Populations

Readings: Giannakos, Symeon A. “Unacceptable Solutions to Ethnic Conflict: The 1923 Calamity of Population Expulsions.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 36, no. 1 (Summer 2008): 19–35. Yıldırım, Onur. “The 1923 Population Exchange, Refugees and National Historiographies in Greece and Turkey.” East European Quarterly 40, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 45–70. Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth. Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia : The Rural Settlement of Refugees 1922- 1930: The Rural Settlement of Refugees 1922-1930. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2006, 1-7, 71-90.

Points of Discussion:

Ø International Agreements after the War. Exchange of populations. Ø Refugee resettlement and its impact on economy, culture, politics.

Ø National historiographies and collective memories. Ø The politics of international relief.

Suggested Sources:

v Viscount Grey. The League of Nations. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1918: http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC248/c1155. v League of Nations/Refugee Settlement Commission. Greek Refugee Settlement : (translation). Geneva: The League, 1926. v League of Nations. The Settlement of Greek Refugees; Scheme for an International Loan. Protocol Arranged by the League of Nations and Signed at Geneva on September 29th, 1923. Amended by the Additional Act Signed at Geneva on September 19th, 1924; with the Relevant Documents and Public Statements, Including the Statutes of the Refugee Settlement Commission.Geneva: The League, 1924. v League of Nations. Assembly. Fifth Committee. Work of the High Commission for Refugees. A) Russian Refugees and B) Bulgarian Inhabitants Expelled from . Report Submitted to the Assembly by the Fifth Committee. Rapporteur: M. Simeon Radeff, Delegate of Bulgaria). Geneva: The League, 1923.

Week 13 (April 23): Oral Presentations Week 14 (April 30): Oral Presentations