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Self-Determination in the People's Republic of China

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Self-Determination in the People's Republic of China Self-Determination in the People’s Republic of China: Elite Responses, 1949-2012 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By HANNA MICHELLE TARBERT Bachelor of Arts, Wright State University, 2012 2015 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL July 30 2015 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Hanna Tarbert ENTITLED Self-determination in the People’s Republic of China: Elite Responses, 1949-2012 BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ December Green, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Judson B. Murray, Ph.D. Department of Religion, Philosophy and Classics ______________________________ Robert E. W. Fyffe, Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Tarbert, Hanna. M.A., Department of Political Science, International and Comparative Politics Program Graduate, Wright State University, 2015. Self-Determination in the People’s Republic of China: Elite Responses, 1949-2012. This work addresses the historical response of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to perceived irredentist threats in its contested territories. This is assessed through a comparative case analysis. The four cases are Taiwan, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. The response of the first four generations of CCP leaders: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, are analyzed through a framework that evaluates domestic and international priorities, domestic self-determination sentiment, strength of domestic self-determination movements, and the status of self-determination. The findings of this framework are used to project the response of current CCP leader and President of the People’s Republic of China, Xi Jinping, to separatist threats. iii Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction ...................................................................................................1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Thesis .................................................................................................................................. 2 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 4 Justification of the Cases .................................................................................................... 5 Sources ................................................................................................................................ 8 Historical Overview ............................................................................................................ 8 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 16 Analytical Framework and Chapter Organization ............................................................ 24 Chapter Two: Taiwan ........................................................................................................28 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 28 Internal Situation ............................................................................................................... 31 Mao Zedong ...................................................................................................................... 36 Deng Xiaoping .................................................................................................................. 38 Jiang Zemin....................................................................................................................... 42 Hu Jintao ........................................................................................................................... 49 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter Three: Inner Mongolia .............................................................................................57 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 57 Internal Situation ............................................................................................................... 58 Mao Zedong ...................................................................................................................... 64 Deng Xiaoping .................................................................................................................. 74 Jiang Zemin....................................................................................................................... 80 Hu Jintao ........................................................................................................................... 85 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter Four: Xinjiang .....................................................................................................95 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 95 Internal Situation ............................................................................................................... 98 Mao Zedong .................................................................................................................... 100 Deng Xiaoping ................................................................................................................ 108 Jiang Zemin..................................................................................................................... 113 Hu Jintao ......................................................................................................................... 121 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter Five: Tibet ..........................................................................................................135 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 135 Internal Situation ............................................................................................................. 137 Mao Zedong .................................................................................................................... 140 Deng Xiaoping ................................................................................................................ 154 Jiang Zemin..................................................................................................................... 161 Hu Jintao ......................................................................................................................... 166 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 175 iv Chapter Six: Conclusions .................................................................................................178 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 178 Leadership Analysis ........................................................................................................ 178 Framework Discussion ................................................................................................... 185 Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................... 189 Xi Jinping ........................................................................................................................ 194 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 199 Comprehensive Works Cited ...................................................................................................... 200 v Figures Figure 1.1 Self-determination Analytical Framework 27 Figure 2.1 Map of Taiwan 30 Figure 2.2 Taiwan Self-determination Framework 54 Figure 3.1 Map of Inner Mongolia 57 Figure 3.2 Inner Mongolia Self-determination Framework 91 Figure 4.1 Map of Xinjiang 96 Figure 4.2 Xinjiang Self-determination Framework 132 Figure 5.1 Map of Central and Eastern Tibet 136 Figure 5.2 Tibet Self-determination Framework 175 Figure 6.1 Mao Zedong Self-determination Framework 178 Figure 6.2 Deng Xiaoping Self-determination Framework 180 Figure 6.3 Jiang Zemin Self-determination Framework 182 Figure 6.4 Hu Jintao Self-determination Framework 184 Figure 6.5 Hypothesis One Assessment 189 Figure 6.6 Hypothesis Two Assessment 190 Figure 6.7 Hypothesis Three Assessment 193 vi List of Acronyms CCP Chinese Communist Party CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference DPP Democratic Progressive Party ETIM East Turkestan Islamic Movement ETR
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