Seasonal Variations in Food Supply for Wild Claude Marcel Hladik

To cite this version:

Claude Marcel Hladik. Seasonal Variations in Food Supply for Wild Primates. I. de GARINE & G. A. HARRISON. Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp.1-25, 1988. ￿hal-00578690￿

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HLADIK, C. M. (1988) — Seasonal Variations in Food Supply for Wild Primates. In : I. de GARINE et G. A. HARRISON (Eds.), Coping with Uncertainty in Food Supply. Clarendon Press, Oxford : 1-25.

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::: _. :-:: ~ z - ~ ~ '"o o o 10 The t mature pe been 1 . .; .; food to nhscure . .tny ( ol clry qua l w 1111' ".1round ' ' fur du llowcrs, llll'.t I I IIHh v. \ lluwt proportion 1111111'"' trhitra 11 e ''i lhe ""'Pl he ea the ruits, uccess , l'lll, 111 or ltnpk, rms

III o t·d, These r .: The By compare 1 I i\~t son iods. lruit~ per - he difference 1hc C M nt , dlllt·H season "" ' gray I rime does IIIHII'•, boch amount ·Wd • .:: H • intake grouped, . r~o ity and while · of ' 'l' co 11f l\onal on 1ime especially M. I r ~.:cnt i dice leaves; y ialized' rod' purple-faced (June- ve ulo and , , a mainly nt The · food graphs of rtltj'lltllllh lin in~cstcd "11111 of 11 alo l choice 90 ' IILADIK species, angur Ios fle1.hy compa IIl rast, per 11111' of of g (June-July): the w.1~ of during l of rn dm the eaves, k·nves n of per of cycle, p11111.1tt' resulting 1 of g i the intake ll11 0 shoots July) the ods leaves the ol l\ eo diet tltt with fruits i in the ) 1 year, if ' th pm,ihlt· ng, cent illustrate the of he pulp) 1111' of may ri wincer tlu e diet August-Septembe by 1wo gene at of son, we toque especia may I''"'' t bur matu time of the p he quantities yt·ar, one lot and the ( langur. c of a the the the ol in the '>pn total remains 1111111 r appear two and of n compare same graphs r ~.:ent ·.pnw-. with an winter ate d luuh the reach the 111 r axis 75 meaning monsoon. of dw 1 e the year, toque monkey, ' du purple-faced end tender 0 an rt·' :1nd ll d different fruits, 4 1111 \ fresh a dice y sufficient c;tlcula diet ll\ these per r gcs an the · period, Tbis per gray '• ing pt'lll'lll important show of to T 4 1'1 of tl• of indicate high a 5 after ol monsoon ol annua he of monkey cent of of t 1 species ear le,avcs; s cem th weight o per fruits the than the 11 p ( seaso amount defined langur u the lt \', e lip ecific t t 1 Macaca both ' I · g the c h · species, csuhin~ (95 r 111 .d mo n or : 1 h e cen , f IIW for the win of hc sample oo wet l and D purple-faced , does di la ma 1rrorrkt· 1111111 I s different ingested mean } the r n flowers; ecember, per species w . e d i methodological t ffe 11) co n . s during the of milar biochemica t proportion r and gur t h er above l ainy by ure eaves monsoon s for c r n ich range , the sinica, l e tlu h it cent s owly tlw ~raphs gray n o monsoon t new of wl11 size, y. is ( approach a t l i only P seasons. ces eaves, g is n 1'1 seaso food reaches prey, 77 by absolutely resbytis immature rhe sampling cy cls r Tht'> '' than (see ay l for the of i decreases leaves, 1ph langur n ·y h is both per of into ca l (Fil!,. angu dry one langur fact 1111 l the sa t n season of wt·ighl total the ."" as F n and a the 1 a I .dlow' the ~ cent ~ ig.1.7). m - =- n ( n be I Consider, a he February nutricnrs 11)' species, diversified two 111111d chat d se11ex seasonal = season point: a species p the r particularly I l.ll pu and maximum purp , l can , a l periods, fruits; clear ysis proportion ,. es two necessary bur ( tota , of r Presbytis - sma 1.1• and ple-faced of heing o( mo month (Decembe in ·' ) only be l fruits The does e-faced of l gested if l i fruits. species exceeds ttl 1Ith y n during qtnH· ll tlw h.l\t r would mature p e - considered e gests 1. we in variations obse for r n March r fr 9) oportion which replaced 52 tt throughout il proportion amo nor 1!11 101.11 ' during successive the ( u to abundant are entellus including show dw givorous instance, of che at difrt·rrlll r per l a l r ved. sample angur the angur ). exceed during rorally diet ltu 95 fruits. u differ­ leaves l going ) arger h \.lllll' nt , food food cent The ave dry the the per tlu t h: At by of in of of as ) ) . . . • • g ht "" .t • p .t observa l rn I'J hchavioura (or a intensity there balanc of Frc. .t I •· l . •o11p::. l.tnts nd tcy die he ~pct:llvt: 7 h "' Tbese m • r l'hr r 0 · iror h 111 1 inimum carbohydrates. 1.7 ). \ l t e t tra a h ' v.111 ltUII are 11\ i dry such r ey e frl'cl11111 n . i wlwnlht·\l' ger al ti ve clu I wou The diffe ons . of imporranr l 1hl, l 1'\ forest l r y), ive din groups a l fo :ts llh the n pc physiology . l at t d r r ge for oque The g in ences 111td banian \II,IH me o consi annual 10 ltlttt of a living nl ( a 1 w la Sri 0 groups y of food and , \\ rather h • ' r • T I short to variations between d ic ge W hu gray ul L ltt erably and he in h anka. variation 15 nf nu a h reso11rccs llll ( 1h large 1 Hiadik ht resulting of maximum ha}, l'"'"d l limited d vcc m cy l ht a is t be I" n Maca • Protein purple-faced contrast t l terntories r wil gurs SEASONAL put l a n but r in tl I n \ of trees ces l n 1977a can pll c the IIUUI arc lttlf territory travel a also (12 pl variation . · is 1 sinica, r aht be o at (.I dice l \ ( the species Ill\\ oc:ttcd t 111 to ) d h where c feed are , e observed ed 1 l species, according ltuult 1 6 ong 25 rwo of l l imiting 111" VARIATIONS angurs h111 foraging l.111gtrt m per (2 on bengafensis i the ore ndividua fruits near in have dista primate to ~ H u the p11111l cent. gray ' g11l.11 terms especia mob 7 factor for 1. are rhe are i~ n been ha; for ro m ul ces \ thu~ fa Similar ost langu. small il l abundant. territorial other s) species. ICI insects elu llll.tkl e Rudran t of for a s, understood a ll an n no co . IN n hase;;d y t y 1 and d calories d la d ""'" .,. m r (4 Z fi aspects h ( r · FOOD only Drypetes active ge broken .t-.on.dl in gh diffe mo f e ." of to to J

1970) o 1)11 dispersed t t ruit- border 7 he n a 11111 against

~ o r have . individuals}, ences fo lesser tJ . a and tn underg SUPPL of i T ricm. pro y od n line minimum • in h sepiaria, v.111.1hlr terms rhe ey a ( ~ ducin die p R ) ...... extent which groups in wider , other l r ipley a h owth The with field Y t n a ary the ts. v of g . e 11 .... =--< _' t'". .,.~ f.: = f ~ . ~ ~ = !:: - Percentage of dry weight ingested

o o Ul U i Ii i i i i I i i I II' iii i i i I I I iii I I ! TT l I I I ii ii i r , i \ I 1 I \ \ , I \ I I ,\ I I - \ " , \ ' I ~ , ~ \ - ~' \ \ , I Ii- ); ,\ :; 0 1ro " 0a- f , !>(~ ~ I, ~. ,I ~Q 0 I //1 §l. ro I ; ,, w Ll o , ---I I , I I , •I z (,, ; Ii ,, , ~ o:Je--- 1- - I I : i I, I " l~ : i L I j I

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of ~ < • I I dinl-\ f of d, • M. I ) emales ion I pt· Y JM AM !Id ' JF · extreme AF d 1 Sri d i\l1 ''• pl:HHS h 1 of HLADIK , Percentage s c111 /11 11 l o l y ~. • p .lncl age-sex pnrn~raphs "• and Lanka. i certainly ~~ ' 1111d 1 0 difirrvnl habitat ,, ··a. / 11 o o..'o-.~ , (W1 (black Ill field d11 \\ ud .. / . lll:ldik i' N ' lllh : s from 1 : W\ c 111C111 : y I\ • t'Vl'l':-t /'\ 1 omplexity 1 ?.\ From l11l11 Ill\' studies c tl 11 l during ~ l111 ...... asses J ' circles of i/ , occurred ,c l .: tlll ' the r1·L11 A. 1~) . l /" •• rhc: 1 111d of i bottom llldll D p 9H0}. t·ntists ~..J pbnr : ~/ 1 of Foraging ' 111 11)\1'1' ill ) Gabon this conducted I time / ; , innships the l circles 1\ · i . P.. the ,_ ~ t 11111 ye juvenile of ~ l \.tl During \. .. 111 ·~ , as ~ specimens last ll- tO paper. , lll\11 toqu in ~ engaged the ~:~. ' :; . Days I '- fo.l ) determined 6 time rop, m I ... . ' the i<. -... rain \ few (After ~ I 1 • equatorial • e J',lll h 11 d \ b~: 1 •. males \ n ', \. " 11\lljl ., of monkey, per the rhc \ ., in P ·· forest ow For .. 1/ t ~ \( ts oi i millions wccn ..... obse ~)'t'< · fo / I in llll•lllllilllllt• the r- different age and .t>{ ,. 1 Dittus bsr f l r < ' arc 11 est, foraging l instance, IV:Iihhk (open I " f '' '6 r ' ~ ·t ll'' ,. vation dry 111 •\ of '\ •• llor: \~·,t\ ·, te by '(..,' Macaca ll\ ¥\ still forest 11 the ul n years, M 1977. of sex . A . . tropical 4 the h classes triangles); 1 ... \\ 11 :t ',·\li u·n ·.,\ \ ... a years, \ hv kok a.:~ ~ at class Cl to 1233" I nd ( environmental in ) 111d •• ;". I does '4 /' sinica, different ( <~pi l1 be ";'-: f fauna. o the nlllllt' \/r . are: there I 1di '(j I ~ !,, u fi 1 !/! i the forest : f5 I ,i I . /t named . I /Q\ ( / ! ll) not . species \ H·t k " dill)' last north juvenile adult . . , . in evolution . t.. · l )'1!1 19 has id P periods the permit 111 \~ . ...., 7H), : of · and 1 ...,y, 111 hd~ti 1 rt -c:lS males 11 011 . \ been or semi-dec 0 11 ,1' "¥ the has of females N 1 I ! conditions. 1k••ys hu presented I 1111d f I ~ V determined I of · the of ~ IIIIII h~.: successive ( · continued t of I. triangles "' just diff the ,/ ····~ Gabon) ( seve re f> i simple I i u ; 11 duous , (open u co 11111! erent hn been yea l rd r d11' hit al in ) r ' ; s 1' · The Cerco cent technique a discuss d monkeys the were populations fi various 1 I • lllll lood IL' t t pn·.., ~r wc 111\t !11 !111 1 111 1 111 1111 11 l11 l11 11t. t t 1 c l lt hl 111 c ccompanied q 111uunr i t 1 ·,· c ll fferent c l l11d td t .t:o.~>na ation. 1 11 These Th H 1 11 11 I t '" r, i ords l'C hnique, S o I 111 11 l ~h ~ , I 1 . diet H cnted t · k , = IIOrt ll\ h~ 11 ttmn 111111 ' lllldt 111111111 opithecus he 111\'t rowned formalin J• recent 1\ invited · n e intake 1 In , food pith l r t s · ; 1 111 ion hrale pecies 1lw l lcnds c .., ingc results , spot-nosed of l llllltll food (fresh c:1~ona ' ll•l" ( hed : specimens l ll mesh · of about :. d changes q• in 11 ec tl·hratc ( which, , for l : 1 concerning types different llllljil but r , are wrdin~ \11 s y , idae ll~olll : different this 1in 11 work (Hladik red in monkey.

= ro fauna} , categories )' 11 ' ro w~·~~ht with ~ (Fig.l.ll, I. three weight). were size. after nictitans;

- - l s of 111 preserve

~ 80 these .1111111.d forest , l ynchronous compensate by 1 forest were v:-~riations 111 '• production 1.1111 in 1 into per 1'1 Gautier-Hion IVI;II\h by the guenon lo the The biomass. il• were distributed 111 th spite different food ) 1977a), >er Cercopithecus villages Similar )' species. 1 thnn swa cent \), diff~.:renr e th Gautier-Hion t~~dllll' head type, M The three five val'in1io11~, with observations d fraction the e '.hOII top ha , the 11 analysed il ll o ) accuracy categor ( in l owed of f P tl throughout ( successive anJ stomach juicy } • SEASONAL 55 of t gave , is u species and it the . ' for a moustached variations dryer IIIHI cercopithecid traditionally 11 111 food , but, Du binocular higher, 11 me:tsurc 1 l the was to into per 1 11• of difficulty th1 a d d11 (Fig. en parrs i may r sufficient 1 es 90 ing af dudng I rc:1chin~ lower .;1 · each types while supply of tirely. shown yea pogonias. the ( l t content iu of ~ llgh (1980) Fig. er is per 1.11) 1 f\l.1 on different periods. 11 several of be s the r appear Gautier-Hion Fi1• equivalent 11 , , filtering sieving villages VARIATIONS microscope, of especially the according cent 1.11, llll!llht 1 some fruit monkey, the ll of 1111 . exclusively t are eat year, that w it evidence in monkeys: tropical 1. a have was ~1 of . average, observing ) m crowned 11 order Fruits ma d obviously lip monkey years, bottom intake. in and, techniques the fruits Variations in }. • a was there • the around V ximum carried leaf or • been 111' comparison , III 1 : Cercopithecus monkeys ro on tll 1 to ' foresrs, sorted eo dry content to are Il • 1 of · , d can dried, intake d1hli· l containers l than ( are due ) the Il \ 1 l the the 1980} Concerning , confirm a itter IN feeding guenon grouped flesh, l 111111111 the the sc: it j)I Makokou. less lesser of important be out lltd spot-nosed ' litter seems to Od comparative in rOOD 1 to of z out ~pn so cyclic staple fall and but ava (Fig in through omitted in other ll measure important and n the food l111t1 tlu "" with c in o . the seperately the extent, activity lion which ic.: species fall ilability ( eats remain .l.ll,

weighed. o Hlad according chat ~o terms with SUPPLY cephus; va t! food va the llHHI .wai containers, fo rain . the • inrake measures) The a variations v.lil.dl ri riation a rc:tchcs r with sieves · seasonal i est ation guenon, k hunters primate specific fol middle regular \ l 10 for animal for identi­ : forest, clearly of of t thk 1978). direct at in , l local types u ows, into ln and this tl per dry the are l the the the the ll'd of lly in to 15 in n a a ) 1 , 16 ctt . lil lwo 1 l\ I JW.ck 1 111 l11n lll!lll illl 1 W1 thcllal.uu "" 11 ~ u 11 t l 111 1 , ' 111 l' u• C. Ill Jllllj\ll • 11d , ''

c = ii •' m kt-y, 1 d11 .c kry u Vt'NI11',·'tio . ' : c o I M. to 11 . · II 1u th cjor l dli nu f } Y 11111 . lolivor e (p mid : Ccrw 'li' HLADJK the P 111 ~ Ann ~ s pith e I pot • t r • i riod c dH J : s 1 hiquilon l1 s - h11 ciii i u w - Augu 1fll 1 ny cci 11 al fJilh nosed he y dtl m l ~ W 11l 11 po d in variatio 1111 ac st:aso I m ' ec i '" 1 in n go spccit:s. 1111 st) 1 h o :tin • us i.I h guenon, dtl s nias Fi e l conten w Y ' 100 .ll fo

:::F.-n :3 t. th tendency ; l nll d tender = - l ~ = the lor equatoria e food y season, Cercopithecus lll I opportunity on ~

" ~J- ; rhe e~ mo lt how '" = ='" z :; l\l categories d = ! ' u l . ~ ll 5g seco 1 foliage d = stac during n llppl 11 of

' :::>

- ~ < t· from l 1

:::. --r: , l sti y or:. -:::; 1-\111'1 c... ("'; rain the h d1 1 '""'<:: -:::; nd e y

< 11

_ r. _ ll d 1: · Z .;::: . --;:: of C obvio observe during a primates, f C<>r 1 , " ,J, forest) I' l'r hc hav unpublished !1 111 ltu d1r l dc lu J,u, t f, t VI h, h.td n 1 1\ l l !' t·. rom 11111111 " daptations l lun1p illl : ll ' tt• hiv 11 11 h 1 · lid lcva ' t• ' c Correlations i p,jbiliry ' l h . In 1 food 1 '' du1g d I matologists e w ul ln d n , e 1 , • '• 111111111 lilt ' 11~ ill l 'P fo ll t I ;111 ll' . e w 1Jil1C I v 1 most work evo c the year .... ' co llow u Dming rs 111~ ol k as o n hcc.l iour lo, • h.cvi() r I 11 s ,mplc lll est d ropulations ce is successive d opportunity 1 dew tlw nducted ( hl'haviour 1978 1 scarcity and 111 · an 1 11 l clos ll' ' I provided ved 1 du and of Y 1 ro 1.1 a in p 11' for of d ti 7 t well of cl w the n d l ''• c~ tl 1 llo u J. l which observa the year. as follow lc, 111p • ed data ) 2 y • o c field th the r lllltli .11 for in uliar b . r Makokou: him is p 111 'i W ec 1t ), s of As concerned ani A i l td initiated equatorial known ummarize between . s s s simi .1 111111 or \' primate ; likely or 11l11 on and lt I 11 t e ) The ..,On reproductive l A the . pa . observation it ' ' d m ve years ~ !II Zcc t of omplcmcnrcd d l11 not maimain as Accor udy i er 1 t comparative was l ing, n 111d a t to wild h nze Vt r of a 1'· ions, pect s l y the of e a wild "'I' s such r · to major , to only work uf patterns I methods piece J 1 es is more l'a11 'l W1'1 at showed by s lt co 1 model was face lilll primate d chimpanzees follow hown s 9 gorillas if , s with 11 f • tbe i 7 t rain ch ng t un ll1 close detail h of Goodall I' the (: r~ at ) t • SEASO tr a ey lo, ' h lll.ll food on . corresponding of i ting, this . derailed l h mpa ese TI og tph Gombe y, 1 low irregular in the anthropoids li ~ fore for were cyc.les resu in observed wcip, 11 semi of food t tt H' lod the var measure hy I the he distance as ' populations pe and cond ~ ( the n 1 re popul and c observation (.\ I d human 11 s zees (I NAL a l y h J food i'aph i ,u in t, ri so (1963) different 1ddl t hi. extremely - open ations t f s imp's rhree-month tamed char od es, 111 prefa ic k diff Nationa account c in urce of the i of calculating tions himp intervals Pr l of i M a would ca VAR Gombe in " fo outside cy of tion Jl ~· a i mo r pan . Gombe behaviour. and the ppl, r 1 ce, 'i o l t ll cle. are for Thi lil c '" feeding reaching the wir one-year the t'111111 he animals mi o a nt s pr were I nzee w t level 11 .,f · s chimpanzees there ATIONS a . l ) Gombe n h pa u by s same have prima 11 i to s fo The Gabon nd of mate tropical imum. Park, •. seful area Wrangham througho of l! i National the h h o o r period s, w Wrangham the ticular owi fie the d use n in very food •· the arc comparison behaviour I"'"' 1'/ b catego l that mainly period ii> va 100 t d species' Several field for order ee was es weig lll' forest in • 1Ph the Nationa in rain rain r srudies behavioural IN n iations , unsatisfying availability ( l 111IH of Tanzania, per a y were i.e. ~l-. impossi th chosen u Park study ll h i zFOOD concerned rie t m observa lld of to forest e ow were t l . forest, in who ~on the e fruits fro field cent sa s be th . l fruit , face (

l. "'

reintroduced o 1111 i eastern is . 1977 l i th ng Nevertheless, m h n r od which lllll m year d o P on aviour gesred 111 was eating r b e presented according tJ SUPPLY studies ( ark, oug (A an le Hladik , vnri t produc the carried t 1111 o in h jl and ) previo ion where , this , are including r . e w for concerns V st.udying observer d with h but the H : n o ave period f e an 11 out Africa. ocused fo duri tion f r ' by social l mig i 1. t n sma more a 111 d most have as 1 ll also r d ti rain and u li ' out age ow the the 1 the the on i s we o11 h n h to k 17 , i l in i in l n s ll y e g n t I , • 1 Percentage of fresh weight ingested ...... ~, ...... oc : (l N. l> Ma cro misco" ides ~ ;:. . (Ecop hylla ""0 ..., Rou reop sis Oubangui a ro :r: -< ~.~. Musanga C/) Tnchilia. en r'>- 2 On gokea ~ 0 ~ Pterygo ta Dichos temma ~ i'" :::r-::i. Garcin ia ("; vo Newbouldia Mammea "Tl C) (') ...... s-;;, Cissus ~ ~ 2 ...... Gre wia :; ::) ~ .j:>. Pachypodant hium ~. :::--. ~ Ticho scypha -.. :: ~ rv Pseu dospond ias ~ c... fJ! 01 Drype tes

Haumania Mac aranga ?~ (";~ (eggs ) """'_ -. Aframomum Calam us (fledglings) _ Uvaria g ::. en Cryptosepalum -: ~ Erernospath a Dictyoph leba _ -:....! Musa (skin s) !il~~ii~iiii~ii~~~~~ii~iiliill~~18Sherbournia35 bis _ ca lamus Ryt igynia " ::: ...... Nasu titermes :.: ~ Polyrh ach is

r. N.j:>. Op isthaca nthus ...._ Pterygot a

...,. Dalho usiea Xylopia ci ~ Db --. ~ Din oph ora U oscla o ~ Ill r "Tl 6.~ §, 1;" ttm (f) - ~

Z ." o o o

=-.~ :: ::= ~ ~ seasona species observations chimpanzees genera Park 20 sa amo fee concerning are Th othe ch ate Geophagy t' the to year, regu wild predators. being i spec ( for food a in limit vegetation variations tough material reproduction. with bark Verno11i11 s 19 O nd mp l The imp In In Gori il the ooking ding e 77) become 'w n' unrip leaves C nutritional i vertebrate clay, ges l r unt prevent , ed es ar groups the l is Elaeis . llllht co ild progressively es. the anzees primates diet and M. leaves seeds ll Macromiscoides ingestion is ti s eaten l pe behaviours mpo as number mineral m on e. whi since Our , eaten in smalle wild e JILADI for throughout a angoes', were has by Ur,·a are l of Th ed familiar the nd guineensis, particular, of si o 11111 c of living o s are observed in Foss ther h a t hypothesis hould f Rw Another i~ out more g ion, been a ability o they minerals ( fibrous diffe , 1975 when significance accompanie r r by n l is HJ th content th oups ess of 111 K /1<1 collecte of d a th e e binding er certain of nd adik y l accumu r earth in sma the and an ruingiagabonensis r eflect observed wild. folivorous to wer t abu a l be ent ' • "" n p a l/,1 nd 1 of the the of 11' l can vegetable differ in ant a tree the a11d in ll s chimpam ' e \ and l ndant ) seasona of a plant plit Har '" ( d using chimpanzees is p H clay l is vertebrate vast Gabon the nd s Th y Gabon alm tlh '~ Gombe, il the . fished' be l and obse the parts observe ated d that a before of /' e ltolt co G into es l ., k~ Oecophylla) nce socia way link in the geograp \ animals species and rest u stones i nut e tl( than urt mineral ' n chewed r eguen l ' n as l geop many ved s lll '" part . ' ees a th by ed a b l a tud rain , vari:llion to with ( nd ' of l e the the nimal ea < r 1977) d tl e greater which termites traditions s, t chimpanz.e.::s. to • prey only ween prevent I u avoid n il' ear the l h rth • or a to h there a hical fruits t , llltl agy have 1974 but, mammalian re no ~ f tan beginning re ll • in orest. a foo with chew ) th sticks Wl'i'l l diet: . olt yie::ld s in foods: ar II 1 ""' show eaten, longer stick was can n tead ~ Gabon ava incre I samples consuming ) d ii variety i range e in I folivo is a ns .tli i O ripen i s •H ' and ng wer n l I mainl animal so the '' cd 1 a This ilable IJ\ with in in be this at to "" observed of 111 n th\' nl ases at fruit '" tannins e in most chimp d01 had been 1d co the elements of tlu " of the found at break ba rou so · Th and 1 " I m t 11 of 1 area, y bot 1 the ' species h .1 wa n lottl than nh : nan Pa11 1 the 1 the thr ore the e as 11 sidered beginning suppleme s e composed available t case matter. :1h0 )\1 wi 101 nl parrly of species s Gombe li toxic h field per animal to oug popularions, as open l 1111 meal. troglodytes, efficiency controlled l lt no cases to t 11 in bottom d important the ·. in t ' 1tt I . " 11 protect h i "'"~ t likely of od In fruits v ~· including em hout . bind s Gabon. direct the 1 1 1ll l compounds, o '\ rud as fed l , number nuts. w . Gombe These 1 chimpantee l l'111 < ~11 of I We prey. t nt was . when th of .. n a h 111d dil'ft'l'l'lll vegetable 1110IIt.1111 of ics tl111111 11 ary to e c e with th t 1 r wirh staple for Gombc, seeds of dispersa S th oughout al of investigated ttl relationship a (or e hy be t during • himp e The nl . I an h 1 111 foods particu tt especia Fig. like yea n the the digestion man, digestion Na e , s ' deficient of bananas 111 Coo J!,ori ll protein. d Gabo against typ ' (in food. H,f 1h111 ' r. '· t . anzee ot 1111111 small fruits other plant ional more these pl op 1.12. l food on ol ll e and and da For the h but : the the , for 1111 a~, l , ll c er ar of , n ly ,, . 11 l y ~ , 1 1 l a 1 10 • f -; ra was 1 mo \T ll'l' 1 '"p ' h· 11 l11 ound 0 I he '' ht· ub-a . reas, dcu h dical j!.etation I ln rna a be 11" e n " re l g of ~or onal - ac orilla I few biomass lat the the dult I attacked ndez large 11 ing but in leaves important III change ill e Gabon cases stomach other J' varia s a according Ltllllli fruits Goodall I ( of introduced can Gorilla ( body 1983) tllllltllll and of montanc

- tion of - in rain by be durin chimpanzee ~ rain specific weight ste chimpanzee :: z , variations Il the content mor observed gorilla). is l in forest l m to " ol !111 = g forest, I correlated gorillas s fruit tl e into l the areas t in 111 he llttl L abundant, r foods. eac s the 1 , areas d 1 scarce p to~l a pr of My I lt er gorillas il SEASONAL may fru hin

::: lll ::r (see in forested ) l' di oduc

- and iod - the '":. t'~ ~ :: and 111111 . et personal Edible 11111111 i

; g ' the ts =-== ~ with s Fi reach data 200kg) providing 1 a gor ti are

= ~, '":. of to 1111 g. -:. .... n but I on, feeding eq ima ,1\ - 1.14). fln scarci a ill is the fruit obvious 11111 and uat l l on three-month a, 11 and ll the observations l VAR s ll" to in '\ oria minimum l 1111 p shot s y 1 f opu t , 1.5 di on a t are r y. 1 on l .1 erms in om 11 ln part e I l , l ATIONS , Due t Myrianthus y kg · lt l term the d not by at I c2 rain o h 1 more a lO 111 f i i of per of on l lo recent '· 1\1 l the abundant to l s vindo 1111 stu ' ca level dietary population forest ( of d

-:. 'Z :; h 11111 w its H abundant ens l a, c;:: goriiJa d

; [h•ll f

< l11111 = IN iadik hunters biomass y mor I survey and of ity River. on FOOD - and z r ~ ,, tha ..... protein , food e in 1978 a this lt as

~ :- is o'" fo ' ll n Syzygium, s .I these density (w mall o I'C~ far by , in l l According and ikely ivorous in SUPPLY is ~ f ) tl 11•11 production. h

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~ T and dtt as o • 111d the montane

~ :.; group urin nor , claimed lhu ~ e limited we to . diet partly to ~

~6.- open n diet ( ~~ also face and d due can th :: ' Il . of of 21 to llll ~ ;-gl\, e , =- '!' n ~ r:t o> '" o

o z z> o n o Z nr ~c o _ -:; 1. z .. ~ ~ =--:=; = -::: - ~ ::;

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~~ !jt~t z o o" o -:...._ ~:; 5" ~ g !! l~ ~i ~ c -n~on~::i' f==~~~o·"'t~i!ft -=: 3;:);, tr-l n g. . 7"-::' p...::J n http://www.ecoanthropologie.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf_Site-WEB-Hladik-2012.pdf [email protected] 91800 Brunoy(France) 4 avenueduPetitChâteau Muséum nationald’histoirenaturelle Eco-Anthropologie etEthnobiologie Directeur derechercheémériteauCNRS Claude MarcelHLADIK Author’s addressin2012: alimentaires (îlotsurl’Ivindo,Gabon) Groupe dechimpanzéaucoursdusuividesprises

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