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Dyplomacja W Służbie Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939 Diplomacy In

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Dyplomacja W Służbie Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939 Diplomacy In DYPLOMACJA W SŁUŻBIE RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ 1918–1939 DIPLOMACY IN THE SERVICE OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC 1918-1939 DIPLOMACY IN THE SERVICE OF THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC 1918-1939 (articles and studies) PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE DAY CONFERENCE 16 November 2018 DYPLOMACJA W SŁUŻBIE RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ 1918–1939 (artykuły i studia) PUBLIKACJA POKONFERENCYJNA 16 listopada 2018 roku Z OKAZJI DNIA SŁUŻBY ZAGRANICZNEJ tu logotyp MSZ] Copyright © by Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Warszawa 2019 Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone Recenzja naukowa: Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Materski Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk Wydawca: Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych al. J.Ch. Szucha 23, 00-580 Warszawa Projekt graficzny i skład: PanDawer dtp studio 05-080 Truskaw ul. Leśnej Polanki 16a Druk i oprawa: Legra sp. z o.o. ul. Albatrosów 10C 30-716 Kraków Publikacja ma charakter niekomercyjny i nie jest przeznaczona do obrotu handlowego ISBN 978-83-66213-35-7 SPIS TREśCI Jacek Czaputowicz Przedmowa ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Piotr Długołęcki Odrodzenie polskiej służby dyplomatycznej ............................................................................................................ 13 Jan Jacek Bruski W walce o niepodległość i granice. Aktywność polskiej dyplomacji na arenie międzynarodowej w latach 1918–1921 .................................................................................................................................... 23 Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski Liga Narodów i bezpieczeństwo zbiorowe” – polskie koncepcje bezpieczeństwa ” regionalnego w okresie międzywojennym ..................................................................................................................... 37 Małgorzata Gmurczyk-Wrońska Londyn, Paryż i Bukareszt – sojusze II Rzeczypospolitej ........................................................................ 53 Mariusz Wołos Polityka wschodnia. Relacje II Rzeczypospolitej ze Związkiem Sowieckim i krajami wschodnioeuropejskimi .............................................................................................................................................. 63 Jan Lencznarowicz Poza krajem – emigracja oraz polityka emigracyjna i polonijna II Rzeczpospolitej ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 Marek Kornat Między Niemcami a Rosją Sowiecką. Realia geopolityki i dylematy dyplomacji .......... 91 Wykaz skrótów ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 105 TABLE OF CONTENTS Jacek Czaputowicz Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 113 Piotr Długołęcki The Rebirth of the Polish Diplomatic Service ............................................................................................................. 117 Jan Jacek Bruski The Struggle for Independence and Frontiers. The Activity of Polish Diplomacy on the International Scene from 1918 to 1921 ................................................ 127 Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski “The League of Nations and Collective Security”: Polish Concepts of Regional Security in the Interwar Period .................................................................................................................................................. 141 Małgorzata Gmurczyk-Wrońska London, Paris and Bucharest: the alliances of the Second Polish Republic ..................... 157 Mariusz Wołos The Eastern Policy. Relations Between the Second Polish Republic and the Soviet Union and Other Eastern European Countries .............................................................. 167 Jan Lencznarowicz Away from the Homeland: Emigration, Emigration Policy and the Policy towards the Polish Community Abroad during the time of the Second Polish Republic ......................................................................................................................................................... 183 Marek Kornat Between Germany and Soviet Russia. The Realities of Geopolitics and the Dilemmas of Diplomacy .............................................................. 195 PRZEDMOWA Szanowni Państwo, - mam przyjemność złożyć na Państwa ręce publikację, która ukazuje rolę- zowanejpolskiej służbyprzez Ministerstwozagranicznej Spraww odbudowie Zagranicznych Państwa w Polskiego listopadzie po 2018 I woj r. nie światowej. Niniejszy zbiór artykułów i studiów jest owocem zorgani – w setną rocznicę odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości – debaty weksperckiej, swych referatach podczas fundamentalne której wybitni dla historycy zrozumienia podjęli historii się refleksji II Rzeczypo nad- polityką zagraniczną odradzającej się Rzeczypospolitej. Podnieśli oni spolitej kwestie. Parafrazując słowa Józefa Piłsudskiego, pierwsze lata po odzyskaniu niepodległości były czasem, którego znamieniem był przede wszystkim wyścig pracy – w tym dyplomatycznej, a także oręża i krwi, ponieważ odrodzenie naszej państwowości i kształtowanie się granic Rzeczypospolitej odbywało się w niezwykle skomplikowanych realiach międzynarodowych. Najwyższą sztuką dyplomatyczną jest osiąganie maksimum tego, co w danych warunkach jest możliwe. Jestem głęboko przekonany, że w dwudziestoleciu nasza służba zagraniczna, kierując się właśnie tą zasadą, sprostała stawianym jej zadaniom, przywracając silną- Polskę na mapę Europy i świata. - Do skutecznego i pełnego odrodzenia państwa niezbędne było zor ganizowanie sprawnej służby dyplomatycznej, która w trudnych oko licznościach po 123 latach zaborów zadbałaby o jego międzynarodowe- stwouznanie Polskie oraz możliwiemimo braku korzystne formalnych ramy utrzymania stosunków jego dyplomatycznych niepodległości i bezpieczeństwa. W momencie zakończenia działań wojennych Pań- - nej.z innymi Ogrom krajami pracy dysponowałopolskich przedstawicieli już siecią przedstawicielstwpodczas paryskiej zagraniczkonferen- nych. Ich działalność znacząco ułatwiła odbudowę służby dyplomatycz cji pokojowej w pierwszej połowie 1919 r. był fundamentem przyszłej 10 Przedmowa służby dyplomatyczno-konsularnej. Ukazał on również, że mimo braku formalnej ciągłości polskiej państwowości polskie elity – wywodzące się z różnych obozów ideologicznych i mające odmienne wizje odbudowy- państwa – umiały w bardzo krótkim czasie zjednoczyć siły i skutecznie walczyć o interesy Polski i Polaków ponad politycznymi podziałami. Nie mała w tym zasługa polskich dyplomatów, aktywnie wspierających elity- w pertraktacjach międzynarodowych. Jednym z pierwszych, niebagatelnych zadań stojących przed pol ską dyplomacją, było ustalenie wschodniej granicy państwa. Podczas- konferencji pokojowej w Rydze kształtująca się dyplomacja sowiecka i odradzająca się dyplomacja polska uczyły się szukać trudnych kom- promisów. Będący wyrazem tegoż kompromisu układ ryski, podpisany- w marcu 1921 r., był istotnym elementem porządku międzynarodo wego w środkowej i wschodniej Europie. Stanowił też ważne uzupeł- nienie systemu wersalskiego, który nie regulował wielu spraw naszej części kontynentu. Traktat ryski bezpośrednio lub pośrednio zapew niał niepodległość nie tylko Polsce, ale także Litwie, Łotwie, Estonii, Finlandii oraz w pewnej mierze także Rumunii. Dzisiaj polska polityka- zagraniczna opiera się na dobrych stosunkach z sąsiadami i aktywnej- roli we współpracy z naszymi partnerami międzynarodowymi, głów inie wzrostu z obszaru gospodarczego. transatlantyckiego i grona krajów przywiązanych do war tości demokratycznych, w celu zapewnienia pokoju, bezpieczeństwa- Choć dla młodego Państwa Polskiego kluczową kwestią było uregu- lowanie granic z sąsiadami, polska dyplomacja doskonale rozumiała, że równie ważne jest nawiązywanie sojuszy dwustronnych, w tym z pań stwami Ententy. Jak pokazała historia, budowa szerokiego, a przede wszystkim skutecznego i trwałego systemu sojuszy regionalnych okazała się bardzo trudna. Pomna tych historycznych doświadczeń, dyplomacja- nocnoatlantyckim,polska zabiega dzisiaj najbardziej o trwałe zakotwiczenie skutecznym sojuszu Polski w w systemie historii, sojuszów stanowi i programach integracji europejskiej. Nasze członkostwo w Sojuszu Pół- pejskiej nie tylko stwarza perspektywy dalszej modernizacji i wzmacnia- najlepszą gwarancję naszego bezpieczeństwa. Silna pozycja w Unii Euro nia polskiej gospodarki, ale też daje Polsce szanse współkształtowania przyszłości projektu europejskiego, a wraz z nim zabiegania o stabilny 11 Przedmowa rozwój i silną pozycję Europy w złożonym i pełnym globalnych wyzwań- środowisku międzynarodowym. - Polska aktywnie włączała się również w proces budowy powojen nego porządku światowego, w którym istotną rolę, jak się wtedy wyda wało, miała odgrywać Liga Narodów – organizacja międzynarodowa, która stawiała sobie za cel utrzymanie pokoju na świecie. Na jej forum Polska szukała możliwości dialogu i negocjacji, aby wyhamować wyścig zbrojeń w Europie. Z kart historii wiemy, że powołanie Ligi zasadniczo nie zmieniło kierunku relacji międzynarodowych i nie wyeliminowało- konfliktów. Nie
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