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Home , Artaxerxes II, Onesicritus

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Aelian 97, 158, 160–162 167 Ahuramazda/Oromazdes 32, 66n.92, 103, ancestral custom 7, 9–11, 34 106–109, 113, 115, 119, 142, 146, 174 Artabanus (Parthian king) 183 see also Darius I’s inscriptions Artaxerxes (Sasanian king) 183 Alexander ’ throne-name 92 accounts conflated with Darius III Darius III’s son 48 1, 5–6, 158–162, 166, 174–175, Artaxerxes II (Achaemenid king) 25, 115, 177–180 132, 180 historians Artaxerxes III/Ochus (Achaemenid) 14, Aristobulus 2, 23, 24, 94, 110, 113, 36, 37, 40, 43–44, 92, 115 113n.58, 148 Arthurian Romances 40 artistic representations sources of date 2 ­narration 19, 29, 83–84 sources of 2–3, 24 Athenaeus Cleitarchus on Darius I’s inscription 67 date 4 Avesta 66, 126, 173, 175, 178 Curtius date 4 2, 9–10, 42, 57n.34, 147, 150–151, description of Persia 53n.13 158, 160, 181 Diodorus of Sicily Bactra/ 46, 75, 77–79, 81–82, date 2 85n.83, 91, 93, 94, 95, 95n. 27, 98, 108, on Alexander’s forgery 43 111, 117 ’ description 69–70 bandakā 100–101, 103 sacred fire 131 Baryaxes (Median pretender) 95n.27, 111 sources of 4 see also Bessus Eratosthenes 3, 102 Bessus 46, 47, 72, 74–83, 85, 89–99, 101, Justin 108, 111, 117–118, 121 date 3 Artaxerxes his throne-name 92 sources of 3 conflated with Baryaxes 95n.27, 111 3 executed at Ecbatuna as a rebel Onesicritus 94–97, 117–118 on Darius I’s tomb inscription his threat significant 97, 117–118 119, 162 boar 125–126 see also Verethragna and Zoroastrian date 4 influences Pompeius Trogus 37–38, 141n.14 date 3 sources of 3–4 ‘control of anger’ qualification of ­kingship Ptolemy 23, 24, 29, 52, 152, 156, 158, 66n.92, 67, 78, 136n.108 161, 165 183 date 2 2, 32, 39–40, 50, 59, 70, 72, 110–114, in Iranian king list 166, 174, 179, 183 132–133, 183 ‘king of Persians’ 101, 103, 127 40n.181, 63, 126, 180 name 21n.77, 24, 35, 55n.27, 59, 85–86, 112 Dārāe/Dārāy (Darius in Pahlavi & ­Persian) Persian costume 99–104 173, 179 ‘ of Darius’ 101 Darius I 5, 45, 47, 60, 63, 66–68, 91, 94, 5, 124, 180–182 95, 100, 103, 105–109, 111–119, 127, 133, 192 index

139, 140–142, 145–146, 155, 157, 174, 179, King’s chariot 18, 79, 83–85 180–182 see also artistic representations inscriptions 5, 63, 66, 67, 103, 105–109, king’s tent 17, 79, 83–84, 128, 169–171 113–117, 119, 127, 136n.108, 139–142, 145–146, 174, 181 law 103, 107–108, 118–119, 140–142 tomb 132–133, 141, 155, 157 Ahuramazda’s 119, 142 Darius III/Dareius 1, 4, 6–11, 13–23, 25–26, Darius I’s 103, 119, 140–141 30–36, 39, 41–48, 56–58, 60, 65–67, Philip’s 140 70–81, 92, 94, 106–108, 113, 118, 132, 147, Livy 15 149, 156, 167, 174, 179, 183 acclaims Alexander heir 30–35, 71, 73, Magi 2, 17, 19–20, 67, 110, 124, 137, 144, 74, 97 147n.6, 173, 177n.1–2 bravery 14 Mardi 61 eye on future’s verdict 77 Marsyas 4 folkloric accounts 87–89 minstrels 5, 87, 108, 116, 181 humanity 92 supported by king 116, 181 letters to Alexander 42–48, 50 speeches before battles 17, 26, 77, 149 Naqsh-i Rustam 49, 88, 154–157 strategy for last stand 65–66, 71, 75, Nezami 124–125 77, 86, 87 Nizam ul-Mulk 180 182 drinking problem Osthanes 177–179 Alexander 65, 67, 68 Olympias (Alexander’s mother) 28, 158, Cambysis 68 161, 163–168 Philip 66 conflated with Darius III’s mother Dynastic prophecy 88, 156 166–168

Ecbatana/Hagmathana 46, 74, 77, 94, 97, Parthian 65, 72, 77, 178, 183 117–118, 131, 136n.108 histories 183 earth & water 47 Persepolis 49, 51, 56, 58–66, 68, 70, evidence of translations from Iranian 1, 76–77, 113, 117, 144, 155, 163 95, 101–102, 106, 109, 113, 137 Alexander’s object 46 Exathres/Oxathres (Darius III’s brother) capital of Persian empire 61, 64, 66, 36, 74, 97 69–70 defence of 51–56 fortune 19, 26, 32, 45, 48, 52, 57, 61, description 69–70 78–80, 82, 98, 131, 158, 180 sack of 64–68, 77 Thais story propaganda against girdle 99–101, 104 ­Alexander 64–65, 68, 70 goddess 25, 38, 40, 127–130, 132n.82, Persia 55, 58, 60–62, 144, 163 147–149 attempts to capture brings ‘hell’ 55 128–129 see also Zoroastrian influences Ishtar 167 description 53n.13 Persian court’s roster 19 Hephaestion 21–25, 36, 38, 125, 131–135, Persian empire as collection of languages, 136, 136n.108, 147, 159 climates & landscapes 117, 141 Herodotus 12–13, 19n.72, 47, 114–117, 131, see also Darius I’s inscriptions 143, 183 Persian funerary rites 33, 71–72, 121–122, 131–137, 150, 160–161 Iranian/Persian audience 1, 8, 13, 22, 30, Persian histories 182–183 49, 57, 69, 84–85, 99, 106–107, 182 Persian document on the army 18 Philip (Alexander’s father) 11, 43, 66, 101, Josephus 67n.93, 182 121, 125, 140, 145, 156–158, 164