<<

ɸ^Ɨά؍P׫ ʨƉǭ̗ɥ Artificial for the Virtual Environment of Driving – Rendering Engine  άԡЂ 6,'&!! ". ) "# +ȥ-.'%Ƿ'ƞ Ɯ3')Ƿ&ƞ" Ɯ  ά45Ɖ6789:;<=>?@AСCDAɹ

Ƌ FGњI this rendering engine project, we render the objects in a virtual environment realistically. ݘ̗^ÒRenderingÓͲ Besides, we will focus on the of̎ ο̗ə natural light in atmosphere, and the lightǮפϲP׫̗  ܹ"#$̗б&!(Ȅ͒ illumination at night. We will perform a deep +̗ӿ-./ǡ^Ɨ23ά#5Ͳ study on these topics and design the .9ȥб&̗^ corresponding simulation software̗̎؍P׫67 .;ǒ= 67ɥ?AǃCեд̗ In the first year, we will consider the FHԣJ˞L׫ƮNOP֕HJ˞ physics of light in atmosphere and the+ L׫R9ȥ)Ƌ̗UVʔXYZL participating media. And then we use the ray 9ȥL׫. tracing and radiosity in global^ /SǷ̗ά#^_a+b illumination to simulate the direct sun light, Hԣ̗̎cdeȗghb̗iՖ0 the light in raining and windy day…etc. We lHԣmJ˞Ò0oF?>otooLvwx>KwFxÓ will establish the optical model, design the ̗Hԣz{˼Ò5>~7I>@wxDӃ„ † simulation algorithms and develop program ˼Ò5>AwFJwK~Ó ‰Š‹ŒH̚ŽJ† modules. 67‘˄‰υ+‘”ϖ̗Hԣ– RR+F̗HԣJ˞9ȥL׫XYʩ Keywords  Rendering Ɗ Global H˜̎cLǸšάHԣL׫̗›ҥ˼ IlluminationƊRay TracingƊRadiosityƊNatural !ǸL^. PhenomenaƊVirtual Environment ˼}mJ˞Hԣz^\ں ȔƋ άԢDZLM̗ ؍FݘP׫˼† „

Abstract /ƮžŸ ̗Hԣz{ÒRay TracingÓ „ †ÒRadiosityӛҥ˼+¡% The Rendering of objects and 3D scenes šHԣAȥ9̗hP£c+̗&hȘ is one of the most important steps in the ʗ§/+bȄ+¨̗b©3ª«¬ applications of and virtual ­XRiՖȘ¯hb°ʔ±²³´˞ reality. It affects the realism of display. In µʘX3·¸¹˄º†Ƌ†H»¼Hԣ

1 ̗‰(·Ȅ½¾ÒAttenuationӃº +bHԣJ˞̗£+b̗­ ÒScatteringÓ̗deȘ»¼mϕhP ÐX3ÒParticleÓ Hԣ̗º†ÒScatteringÓ Á.Blinn[4]ͲǾÃƸHԣ/hP̗º ¸¹ÒAbsorptionÓdeȘжǂ̗Ýɸ LǸÒVolume Scattering ModelÓƲ%šh Aȗg̗+¡Ͳ* º†ÒSingle PͲȄ̦(̗Ǚ$Џ$©ȹƇÌÍ ScatteringÓ^_ö= ÙâãX3 Î̗̏ÐX3ÒParticleÓɚϕX3·Ò† ȗgÍοº†ÒMultiple ScatteringÓ̗L .Hԣ/ݘÓÔAʀʱHԣ̗Á(£_֨ Ǹ ÙX3̗҆Hԣ‰(.͗ÛÜȄʩƲ̗ +bº†̗de·£Ƌ†H̗˺ ÝɸßàáNishita[24]9əXYÍο ƒº†X3̗+ÐâãȘȄâã̗º†ȥ º†ÒMulti-ScatteringÓ̗HԣºLǸ £.X3 Ƌ†˺ÜÐҜ!"# ȗghPâã+Ðâãäˀ̗X3 º†ÒRayleigh ScatteringÓͲDZ Rayleigh ©ʘè / 1871 ǷAÃƸ̗ǃƮǮʞάҥhbFHԣ9ȥL׫æMax[20]çǮ+ éʬëÒAnalytic FunctionÓʞ^íî̗ï 3ÒmoleculeÓ̗º†æ;Ҝ£%# X3۽ȽǮñòʬëÒFractalÓʞóϨX3/ º†ÒMie ScatteringÓͲǮʞè$ hP̗õ(æ;ǒKajiya ƒ Vo n Ƌ†˺Ü+˄Ͳ ß'R̗ϖ Herzen[15]öȽǮÍο̗X3 †ºʞ áîѴªb)ԬÒaerosolÓ.+,^_Ǯ" ˺H̗ٶ ȡDZٶh̗”۽ âã #º†ʞè íʨȄø albedo ̗X3.ȰͲ^ Ü/a"#º†0ʩƲH̗˺  ϖ̏́+bHԣ̗L׫ʱûüý” ЬÍAƮ”h2ʞ H·º†̗ٶ” µϕƛ þȄÝɸ9ȥUVǡά#׫= ȡæȘ5ˠŒHǞ8ƮÐʁٶƦbFHԣ9ȥ)Ƌ̗UVX Ͳ+  0 +<ږ>YƮ̎cH˜c£M٣̗LǸL׫â (Ƌ†+b:HAʈ̗ ȡܲAƇâB˚Dºڛã”ϖ̗̏́FHԣƮ>ǭɥ?67 ”AӅ̗”h #%AӅ̗Fݘ. †̗̗Ίȡ.F 0ȡ̗î:öǃǮ؍P׫ º†GX3+£۽º†ʞè ˺AƮÙں˺ȘƒƋ†ںƋ ɸƛ˼LPˤ ÐȄ ̗H¡·DãRº†Ƹǂɋd0 .ȡ˄Ίȡٶ± ȡȘ ǡÝɸά#̗^Ɨ2ǃ©£/ + ©ͲMǡ̗^ƼCml Ƈ躆ȥ£͗^_ǃƮKLƸ ̗ǃʀ(ü cÒVisibility /‹Œø(= M˺Șʂ/ Pv ˺ÓАÔ PÒápreprocessingÓªHԣz{ÒRay TracingÓª ÔݘO”hM £ȡÓڛÒRadiosityÓR›ҥ˼\IȬL ̗‰(ÒQ† „ Ɨ2A>ǭ̗ݘ̎^Ƹʞæ̴ I (λ) = K ⋅ I ⋅ P(Θ) ⋅e −(τ 1+τ 2) (1) Ͳ+bHԣ̗L׫XY+b̗ p λ;

HԣJ˞LǸʔȗghPõ(Hԣz{› IšͲ‹ŒHR˺š̗‰(K £º† ҥ˼ÒVolume Density Ray TracingӃhP ƛ!Ǹ̗ʩƲ,ëT1 ƒT2 ©Ȼ£ Pa iՖ„ †˼ÒRadiosity with P(Θ)£'Vʬږ>!ʱ P  Pv ʱ P ̗H Participating MediaÓ. Ǹ. /+b̗HԣJ˞LǸ ·ӿ-

2 ë^ʞ^íâã”ϖ̏́+b©3â ã̗õ(ƮNâã̗H˜̎cäˀ. ^_ȗ bHԣJ˞LǸ+ ں gʱ"#º†ª%#º†ƮNX3̗Íο º†LǸ9ȘK›Ƹ±&h̏i]hP „ †›ҥ˼ʔ¯Cj8J+bLǸ AÃk̗8ë^ƮN‹Œ/”hʝP ʞ^í67ß/P׫ Șm̗ܲâãV .(HԣJ˞(áƈFo̗؍ ܲ ̗ ΄ԣ  Ǹ Aɛ¼̗XͲ+bMϕX3̗ ɀƋ 8ȗ۞ (1) ڛƛ2жǂ̗ȡ£ɛ¼Y”hMڛ

ȡ  Ǟ8\Ǹ (1) ZG\ԣ ƛÒ View 2/!P.Beckmann, A.Spizzochino, “The directionÓ֨©ʔ¯ȗgʱ֨©ԣ§ɚϕ X3Ȅâã̗bõ(ƮNãάҥ Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves º†ȥ£Ò"#º†%#º†Ó.͗ from Rough Surfaces,” New York, Pergamon, 1963. Ǹ3á]

P I (λ ) = a I ⋅{}K ρ (s)P (Θ ) + K ρ (s)P (Θ ) ⋅ e −(τ 1( s ) +τ 2( s )) (2) v ∫ λ r r r m m m Pv

KrªKm ©Ȼ£άҥ"#º†Q%#º†̗ 3/!M.Berger, T.Troutand, N.Levit, “Ray ,ëρr(s)Ͳ+b©3/АÔ s ̗õ( Tracing Mirages,” IEEE CGA, ρm(s)öͲА̗b)Ԭ̗õ(PrªPm Ͳ 10(3):36-41, 1990. "#%#º†̗'VʬǸT1(s)Ͳ+b 4/!P.Blasi, B.L.Saec, C.Schlics, “A ʱ s ̗H!ȘT2(s)Ͳ s ʱݘOß Rendering Algorithm for Discrete Volume: I` Pv P̗H!. Density Objects,” EUROGRAPHICS’93, ;ǒDZ +bº†¡ͲaH̗˺ 12(3):201-210, 1993. ʞάҥȘ± ϲ˜§̚Ž»Ǯ 5/!J.F.Blinn, “Light Reflection Functions for RGB ̗ϐʞάҥAƮ͗^_Ǟ8\Ù Simulation of Clouds and Dusty ˺̗HbcAܹ"d§̗ RGB ϐe Surfaces,” Computer Graphics, C/ ϲfg§^ƸʞAçǮ̗bc 16(3):21-29, 1982. ÒCIE 6/!C.F.Boheren, “Multiple Scattering ofפ ȡڛ ƛ Ǹ£ CIE Color-matchingÓ. Light and Some of its Observable  Consequences,” Am.J.Phys. ɜƋ 0ՋՋ 55(6):524-533, 1987.  7/!Born, Wolf, ”Principles of Optics,” th .ϕL׫âã”ϖ̗̏́+ Pergamon Press,5 edition, 1975ÃƸ_^ bÒAtmosphereÓLǸ.Mǡ§µͲϕ 8/!S.Chandrasekhar, “Radiative Transfer,” ­X3LǸÒParticle SystemÓDZâã̗8 Oxford University Press, 1950.

3 9/!W.M.Cornette, J.G.Shanks, “Physical Atmosphere on Light,” ACM Transaction Reasonable Analytic Expression for the on Graphics, 6(3):215-237, 1987. Single-Scattering Phase Function,” 29/!N.Max, “Light Diffusion through Clouds Applied Optics, 31(16):3152-3160, 1992. and Haze,” Graphics and Image :/!R.L.Cook, K.E.Torrance, “A Reflectance Proceeding, 33(3):280-292, 1986. Model for Computer Graphics,” ACM 2:/!N.Max, “Efficient Light Propagation for Computer Graphics, 15(3):307-316, Multiple Anisotropic Volume Scattering,” th 1981. Proc. Of the 5 EUROGRAPHICS 21/!Y.Dobashi, T.Nishita, K.Kaneda, Workshop on Rendering, pp.87-104, H.Yamashita, “A Fast Display Method of 1994. Sky Color Using Basis Functions,” Proc. 31/!N.Max, “Atmospheric Illumination and Of Pacific Graphics’94, pp.194-208, Shadows,” Computer Graphics, 1994. 20(4):117-122, 1986. 22/!D.S.Ebert, R.E.Parent, “Rendering and 32/!T.Nishita, and E.Nakamae, “Continuous Animation of Gaseous Phenomena by Tone Representation of Combining Fast Volume and Scanline Three-Dimensional Objects Illuminated A-buffer Technique,” Computer Graphics, by Sky Light,” Computer Graphics, 24(4):357-366, 1990. 20(4):125-132, 1986. 23/!X.D.He, K.E.Torrance, F.X.Sillion, 33/!T.Nishita, Y.Miyawaki, E.Nakamae, “A D.P.Greenberg, “A Comprehensive Shading Model for Atmospheric Physical Model for Light Reflection,” Scattering Consideration Distribution of Computer Graphics, 25(4):165-173, Light Sources,” Computer Graphics, 1991. 21(4):303-310, 1987. 24/!P.Hanrahsn, W.Krueger, “Reflection from 34/!T.Nishita, T.Shirai, K.Tadamura, Layered Surfaces due to Subsurface E.Nakamae, “Display of The Earth Scattering,” SIGGRAPH’93, pp.165-174, Taking into Account Atmospheric 1994. Scattering,” SIGGRAPH’93, pp.175-182, 25/!M.Inakage, “Volume Tracing of 1993. Atmospheric Environments,” The Visual 35/!T.Nishita, Y.Dobashi, E.Nakamae, Computer, pp.25-30, 1991. “Display of Clouds Taking into Account 26/!J.T.Kajiya, B.V.Herzen, “Ray Tracing Multiple Anisotropic Scattering and Sky Volume Densities,” Computer Graphics, Light,” SIGGRAPH’96, pp.379-386, 18(3):165-174, 1984. 1996. 27/!K.Kaneda, T.Okamoto, E.Nakamae, 36/!T.Nishita, Y.Dobashi, K.Kaneda, T.Nishita, “Photorealistic Image H.Yamashita, “Display Method of the Synthesis for Outdoor Scenery Under Sky Color Taking into Account Multiple th Various Atmospheric Conditions,” The Scattering,” Proc. Of the 4 Pacific Visual Computer, 7:247-258, 1991. Conference on Graphics and Applications, 28/!R.V.Klassen, “Modeling the Effect of the pp.66-79, 1996.

4 37/!H.E.Rushmeier, K.E.Torrance, “The Zonal Method for Calculating Light Intensities in The Presence of a Participating Medium,” Computer Graphics, 21(4):293-302, 1987. 38/!G.Sakas, M.Gerth, “Sampling and Anti-Aliasing of Discrete 3D Volume Density Textures,” EUROGRAPHICS’91, pp.87-102, 1991. ƈʁ 20 39/!S.Sekine, “Corrected Color Temperature of Daylight(2): Characteristics on Clear Sky and Overcast Sky,” J.Illumination Engineering Inst. Japan, 79(11):621-627, 1995. 3:/!K.Tadamura, E.Nakamae, K.Kaneda, M.Baba, H.Yamashita, T.Nishita, “Modeling of Skying and Rendering of Outdoor Scenes,” Computer Graphics forum, 12(2):189-200, 1993. ʁ 40 41/!P.J.Wills, “Visual Simulation of Atmospheric Haze,” Computer Graphics forum, 6(6):35-42, 1987. 42/!D.Jackel, B.Walter, “Modeling and Rendering of the Atmosphere Using Mie-Scattering,” Computer Graphics forum, 16(4):201-210, 1997. 43/!E.Nakamae, K.Kaneda, T.Okamoto, T.Nishita, “A Lighting Model Aiming at Drive Simulators,” Computer Graphics, ǐǾˠ̗3 24(4):395-404, 1990.

  ̗3

5