SociologySociology Literature Literatur Review/ASAe Review/AS CitationA Citati onStyle Style Page numbers should be included on the upper right- hand corner of each page. Green boxes contain information specific to ASA formatting.

Blue bubbles with dashed lines contain information specific to writing a sociology

literature review. Note: This message can only be read by screen readers. This paper contacts numerous comments regarding ASA formatting and literature review specific According to ASA formatting, the Ageisminformation. in the ToWorkplace According to ASA formatting, the not disrupt the title page should only include the title page should only include the flow of the paper, followingfol linformation:owing inform atitletion: of the theseJane comments Doe have been moved essay, name of student, name of Title of the Essay Universityto of the Hawai'i footnotes - West O'ahu school, andNa mworde of Scount.tudent *This on each page. Word Count: 972 informationN ashouldme of S cbehool Word Count double-spaced and centered on the*T hipage. Additionally,s information should be doubl pagee- spaced and centered on the page. numbers should be included on the upper right-hand corner of each page. LiteratureThe Review introduc Comment: Thetion of the literature re introductionview should: of the literature review1. should: 1. Introduce the topi Introducec the 2. Identify overall trends in what has been published on the The title of the essay topic 2. Identify overallt opitrendsc in what has been should also be placed on published3. Include on a tthehes itopic 3.s statement s tIncludeating the aove thesisrall purpos e and the second page of the the factors discussed throughout the literature review essay. The title should be statement stating the overall purpose and the factors centered. discussed throughout the literature review

Ageism in the Workplace Generally, older workers are more likely than workers of other ages to remain unemployed long term (Barrington 2015). Literature Review Barrington (2015) suggests that ageist thinking is very much Comment: ThisThis thesis thesisstat statementement clea rly present in workplaces across America, and more supportive, clearlystates statesthe ma thein t opic that will be main topic that will inclusive workplaces are needed for older employees. Older discussed be discussedthroughout the women may be set a further disadvantage because they tend to throughoutlitera theture literaturereview review..Typica lly, face additional discrimination based on gender (Barrnett 2005). thesis statements This literature review examines the social factors that lead to ageism in Typically,are pla thesisced at the the workplace. Additionally, it illustrates how gender discrimination also statementsvery end are of the placedint atroduc the verytory intersects with ageism and creates more dimensions to discrimination paragraph(s). end of the Literature Review experienced by aging women in the workplace. In the body: introductory THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF AGE Comment: In1. Group theart icles paragraph(s). LiteratureT Reviewhe firs t body: 1.together Group accordi articlesng t o: Comment: Thesentence in firstthis togetherfac accordingtors/vari toabl es, While age is often viewed as a purely biological process, age is socially constructed. sentencepara ingra thisph paragraph is an is factors/variables,conclusi onsconclusions of example of a strong authors, or specific an example of a strong topic of authors, or specific A person's birth date dictates their chronological age, societies differ in their perceptions of what topic sentence. Topic purposes/objectives sentence. Topic sentences purposes/objectives 2. "old" means (Overall 2006). Overall (2006) illustrates the idea that age is socially constructed by sentences introduce 2. Compare and introduce the reader to the Compare and evaluate the the reader to the evaluate the articles drawing on the baby boomers--the cohort of people born in the years following World War II. The content that will follow articles or documents content that will or documents baby boomers support this idea of age as a social construction because as they have aged, throughout the paragraph. follow throughout American society's definitions of "oldness" have changed. Sayings like "60 is the new 50" show Whenthe paformingragra topicph. When that age is more social than it is biological. While views on aging have been improving in sentences,form iti nghelps topi to clook at the entire paragraph and America, aging is primarily seen as being synonymous with decline, whether it be in relation to sentences, it helps to ask, l"Whatook a ist tthishe eparagraphntire bodily function, work, skill, or productivity (Barnett 2000). about?"para Beinggraph able and to a sk, answer“ thisWha questiont is thi ins a singlepa rastatementgraph a willbout help?” youBe formulateing able an to effective answe r this question in a topic sentence. single statement will ASA FormattingLevel 1 he adings help you formulate Comment: 1.introduce The a ne titlew of AGEISM IN THE WORKPLACE an effective topic the essaythought should, alsoide abe, sentence. placedargum on theent second, or topi pagec. Ageism is discrimination based on age, including negative stereotyping and prejudice and is of theLe essay.vel 1 heTheadi titlengs are typically targeted against those who are of older age (Jyrkinen 2014). shouldhel pfulbe centered. 2. because the y Levelallow 1 headings readers introduce to clearl y a newindi thought,cate a ne idea,w section argument,withi orn ttopic.he re Levelview 1. Each Level 1 headings are helpful Subheading should be becauseflushe dthey left allow on treadershe page to aclearlynd form indicateatted a inewn A LL- section withinCA theP Sreview.. Each Level 1 Subheading should be flush left on the page and formatted in ALL-CAPS. A literature review can be challenging to write because it should not be a source-by-source summary, but instead it should synthesize or bring multiple sources together. Each paragraph within a literature review should contain at least two sources that speak to the same sociological factor. Your goal is to essentially highlight the relationship between sources. In other words, the goal is to discover if researchers agree or disagree on a given factor. LiteratureNot Reviewice t he way Reskin (2000) elaborates that in order to evaluate age discrimination, explanations must be grounded in conflict theory. Conflict theory Comment: 1.that this A a literaturend all perspective posits that ageism is due to intergroup competition--where those who benefit from the systems of inequality protect their privileges so reviewot canhe rbe pa challengingragraphs to that they may continue to reap the benefits (Reskin 2000). For instance, in the workplace, younger workers reap benefits due to positive writeinc becauselude t ithe should findi notngs be a/ stereotypes associated with their age, whereas older workers are disadvantaged due to the negative stereotypes associated with old age source-by-source summary, but research from (Malinen and Johnston 2013). Several studies have shown evidence that older workers' productivity do not differ from younger workers' instead it should synthesize or productivity, yet older workers are still thought to be less productive (Barrington 2015). Overall, many studies suggest ageism in the workplace is bringm multipleultipl sourcese sourc together.es/ due to intergroup competition and stereotyping based on age perception. Eachgroups paragraphs of awithinuthors a to literaturesupport review one should poi containnt. at leastAls otwo not sourcesice thattha speakt the to ASA Formatting the disamesc ussociologicalsion of factor. eac h A Level 2 heading is Comment: 1. A Yours goalourc is toe discoveris conc if ise used when one of the researchersand lim agreeited or t disagreeo thei ron Levelm a2i nheading ideas of is t heused a givenre factor. 2.levance of Notice the the paper can be broken when one of the main wayt thatopi thisc s andtat ealld other in the down further into paragraphs include the ideas of the paper can topic sentence. sub-sections. Level 2 findings/research from multiple be hebrokenadings down shoul furtherd be sources/groups of authors to intotype sub-sections.d in Title Ca Levelse, support one point. Also notice that the discussion of each 2 iheadingstalicized, shouldand flus behe d left on the page. source is concise and limited to typed in Title Case, their relevance of the topic stated italicized, and flushed in the topic sentence. 3. Discriminatory Hiring Practices Throughout the paper, take note left on the page. of how the writing is very sterile and objective. Description, The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 was aimed especially narrative description, is not used, and the writing toward ridding workplaces of age discrimination, yet ageism still persists instead focuses on reporting "cold, hard" information. There in hiring practices (Barrington 2015). Job candidates re forty percent should be an absence of Throughout the judgement or argumentative paper, take note of more likely to be contacted for an interview if the high school graduation statements. All references to how the writing is date on his/her resume if more recent (Barrington 2015). Widely held situations of phenomena being very sterile and "bad," "good," or "negative" objective. attitudes contribute to workplace behaviors that are discriminatory should be omitted. Literature reviews are objective reports of Description, (Malinen and Johnston 2013), and furthermore, discriminatory behaviors the material and do not argue a especially narrative point. description, is not are implicit and harder to identify compared to more explicit practices used, and the writing instead focuses on carried out in the past (Jyrkinen 2014). Literature suggests that reporting “cold, hard” information. workplace attitudes are still inclined to favor younger workers as There should be an compared to older workers, regardless of the promotion of absence of judgement INTERSECTIONS OF AGE AND GENDERED DISCRIMINATION or argumentative anti-discriminatory measures. statements. All references to The construction of age, along with age discrimination, affects men and women differently, where situations of women face a "double jeopardy" because of their gender (Barnett 2005). phenomena being “bad,” “good,” “positive,” or “negative” should be omitted. Literature reviews are objective reports of the material and do not argue a point. Both older men and women are viewed as less valuable in the workplace than their younger counterparts, but older ASATake Formatting notice of the use women have a much harder time gaining access to promotions and more Comment: 1.of in-text ci tTakeations throughout the notice of the use of in-text literature review. citations throughout the (Wilks and Neto 2012). When citing several Prestigious occupations than do older men Additionally, while men are literaturesourc review.es aft eWhenr one citing sseveralentenc sourcese/idea ,after seen to advance and grow in skill and wisdom as they age in their professions, one ssentence/idea,eparate authors ’ separate authors' names women do not enjoy the same "premium for experience" (Barnett 2005:26). names with semi- withcol semi-colons.ons. Keep iKeepn mi innd Women who age in traditionally feminine positions, such as teachers and nurses, mindwit hwith AS ASAA form formatting,atting, do not hold the same prestige as men who age in traditinally masculine anyany time tim ae paraphrase,a paraphra se, directdi quotation,rect quot borrowedation, professions (Barnett 2005). Older women are seen as "too old" and must carry the borrowed phrase, or phrase, or quantitative date burden of trying to look younger so that they can earn the respect of their younger quantitative data (financial(fina ncfigures,ial fi gurestatistics,s, colleagues (Jykinen 2014). Researchers ultimately find that aging female workers saless numbers,tatistics ,etc.) sal eiss referenced, the in-text are mroe prone to age discrimination as compared to males. numbers, etc.) is citationrefere mustnced, also the include in-text a pageci numbertation m orus paragrapht also number.inc Exampleslude a page LiteratureAs you Review wri te CONCLUSION ("2014num beAnnualr or paReport"ragra ph Comment: 1.your conclus Developion: 2013:312).number. Examples: a summary1. De veof lpointsop a from An increased focus has been placed on research and polices that summary of points (“2014 Annual the article into a closing from the article surround age in the workplace because of the prevalence of ageist Report” 2013:312). paragraphinto a 2. closi ng Considerpa radevelopinggraph a thinking across workplaces in the U.S. (Barrington 2015). While research single2. sentence Conside at rthe shows that older people in the workplace are just as capable as their enddeve of ltheopi conclusionng a singl thate pointssente readersnce at ttohe a newend younger colleagues, negative stereotyping o older workers are still of the conclusion area for prevalent. Additionally, gender roles inform the differences in attitudes research/scholarsthat points rea deto rs consider 3.to a new are Considera for placed on aging women and aging men. The term "double jeopardy" is there disciplinesearch/s ofchol whichars it to consider often used to describe the way aging women are discriminated against is a part. Provide 3. Consider the implicationsdiscipline of of the w histudiesch based on both gender and age (Barnett 2005). Jyrkinen (2014) suggests orit documentsis a part. discussedProvide that more studies should be conducted to evaluate the way that men's forim thepl iprofessioncations of or t he s disciplinetudi ate large.s or d gender intersects with their age in a workplace environment, since most ocuments d age discrimination studies focus only on women's disadvantages in the iscussed for the p rofession or d workplace. iscipline at large. Types of References: Literature reviews usually Types of References: containLitera peer-reviewedture reviews us articlesually c ontthata ifocusn pee ron- researchreview eandd a rtdataicle scollection. that focus Websites on researc andh a ndother non-peerdata col reviewedlection. W journalebsite sarticles and ot hearer non-penot generallyer reviewed journal articles are not generally used used in literature reviews. in literature reviews. References

Barnett, Rosalind Chait. 2005. "Ageism and Sexism in the Workplace." Ageism in the New Mellenium 25-30.

Barrington, Linda. 2015. "Ageism and Bias in the American Workplace." Journal of the American Society on Aging 39(3):34-37.

Jykinen, Marjut. 2014. "Women Managers, Careers and Gendered Ageism." Scandinavian Journal of Management 30(2):175-85.

Malinen, Sanna and Lucy Johnston. 2013. "Workplace Ageism: Discovering Hidden Bias." Experimental Aging Research 39(4):445-65.

Overall, Christine. 2006. "Old Age Ageism, Impairment and Ableism: Exploring the Conceptual and material Connections." NWSA Journal 18(1):126-37.

Reskin, Barbara. F. 2000. "The Proximate Causes Of Employment Discrimination." Contemporary Sociology 29(2):319.

Wilks, Daniela Carvalho and Felix Neto. 2012. "Workplace Well-being, Gender and Age Examining the 'Double Jeopardy' Effect." Soc Indic Res Social Indicators Research 114(3): 975-90.

All references used should be cited on the References page! According to All references used should be cited on the References page! According to ASA, ASA,citati onscitations of pee rof-re peer-reviewedviewed journal a rtjournalicles shoul articlesd be form shouldatted be as sformatteduch: as such: Last name, First name. Year. "Title of Article in Quotation Marks." Last name, First name. Year. “Title of Article in Quotation Marks.” The Title of the The Title Journa of lthe in i tJournalalics Vol umin eitalics Num beVolumer(Issue NNumber(Issueumber):page num Number):pagebers. numbers. Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a Citations should be formatted in alphabetical order (A-Z) with a hanging indent. For hangingmore inform indent.ation For on cmoreiting s informationources, refer tono a nciting ASA Psources,ublication refer Manua tol .an ASA Publication Manual.