DOCSLIB.ORG

The Bestiary in Canterbury Monastic Culture 1093-1360 Volume 1: Text

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Bestiary in Canterbury Monastic Culture 1093-1360 Volume 1: Text The Bestiary in Canterbury Monastic Culture 1093-1360 Volume 1: Text This thesis is submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of Kent by Diane Elizabeth Heath 31 July, 2015 Word Count: 99,748 ii Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Abbreviations and conventions .................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... xiii List of Appendices ........................................................................................................ xvi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Major debates in bestiary studies ........................................................... 36 Chapter 2: The bestiary in Canterbury: assessing the catalogue evidence. .......... 63 Chapter 3: The bestiary in Canterbury: assessing the manuscript evidence ....... 115 Chapter 4: The bestiary: shaping and affect in Canterbury monastic culture .... 162 Chapter 5: Bestiary visual imagery in Christ Church decorated initials .............. 219 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 244 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 262 Figures ............................................................................................................................. 293 Appendices ..................................................................................................................... 333 iii Abstract This thesis presents a new way of thinking about medieval bestiaries. It adopts a locational lens to examine the context and monastic re-fashionings of the medieval Latin prose bestiary in Canterbury from 1093-1360. It has examined the catalogue and codicological evidence concerning the monks‘ patronage, ownership, reading and interpretation of these books. It has sought to discover how the bestiary articulated the Canterbury monks‘ affective and self-reflective thought modes and interacted with their other beast literature and animal art. This thesis forms a significant contribution to knowledge on the monastic perception and reception of the bestiary by reshaping our understanding through two original approaches. Firstly, it widens the definition of bestiaries to match medieval viewpoints and therefore includes extant copies and catalogue records of extracts and collations as well as whole and fragmentary bestiary books and contemporary Canterbury Cathedral Priory decorative inhabited and zoomorphic initials. Secondly, it pays close attention to the place, space, and context of the bestiary in terms of associated texts, Benedictine spiritual exegesis, and how, where, when, and why it was studied and for what purposes. This attention has led, among other findings, to the redating of the earliest Latin prose bestiary from England to the time of St Anselm‘s archiepiscopate and confirmed M. R. James‘s view that it was a Canterbury production. This new timeframe has allowed an analysis of the bestiary as part of the Anselmian cultural and intellectual revival and permitted the link between the bestiary and Benedictine preaching to the laity to be examined. It finds strong political reasons for the advancement of the bestiary by Canterbury monks in the twelfth century and for their continued study of the bestiary in the thirteenth century and into the fourteenth century. This thesis provides a methodogical approach regarding how Canterbury monks read their bestiaries and associated texts that is applicable to historians studying such materials elsewhere, thereby enhancing our understanding of Benedictine monastic culture. iv Acknowledgements Writing acknowledgements is the sweetest final task – the chance to thank the very many people who have made this PhD such a pleasurable if occasionally arduous journey. I thank first Dr Barbara Bombi and Dr Alixe Bovey for all their consideration and support. Dr Bombi‘s leave and Dr Bovey‘s appointment to the Courtauld necessitated a new supervisory team. However, Dr Bovey very kindly continued to host supervision meetings at Somerset House. Only Dr Bovey knows how much she has supported me. I greatly benefitted from the supervisory team of Professor Bernhard Klein and Professor A. S. G. Edwards and I am particularly grateful to Professor Edwards for reading my many drafts with unfailing courtesy and patience and giving me the benefit of his immense scholarship so swiftly to keep me on schedule. Without his chivalry in taking on a late supervisory role this thesis would have been far weaker. I am also deeply indebted to my examiners, Dr Ryan Perry and Dr Sophie Page, whose thoughtful criticism and helpful suggestions for future publication I hope to put to good use. I also wish to thank my friends and colleagues whose myriad kindnesses have meant a very great deal to me and who I value most dearly for their unfailing support. Dr Patricia Stewart‘s terrific scholarship on the textual transmission of bestiaries saved me from countless errors and her warmth and friendship have always encouraged me. Dr Sheila Sweetinburgh has been my mainstay, and her sensible grounded approach has been of immesurable help. I have learnt so much from her erudition and her friendship. Caroline Allum, my dear friend, kept me company on many long walks to clear my thoughts. Claire Taylor, administrative manager at the Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (MEMS) has been the kindest and most empathic of mentors, always happy to listen and to help. I also recall with great fondness the friendly advice and shared study with Drs Jayne Wackett, Julia Cruse, Tom Lawrence, and Jan Vandeburie in MEMS, Dr Vicky Arnold-Woods and Pip Gregory in History, and Drs Krista Bonello Rutger v Giappone, Vered Weiss, and Guillaume Collett at SECL. It is also a delight to thank my colleagues during my time teaching at Canterbury Christ Church University – Professor Louise Wilkinson, Dr Leonie Hicks, Professor John Bulaitis, Professor Jackie Eales, Professor Kevin Ruane, Dr Michael Goodrum, Dr Martin Watts, and Dr Lorraine Flisher and Mrs Nicki Marshall for their very great help and positive and caring attitudes. My work has been inspired by many terrific scholars besides those mentioned above. It is an honour to have had the chance to discuss my work with Professor Michael Clanchy, Professor Julia Boffey and the many speakers and members of the London Medieval Society. Similarly, the Reinardus academicians and in particular Professor Paul Wackers and Professor Baudouin van den Abeele, gave me the benefit of their advice on several occasions and led to the strengthening of my thesis structure and arguments. It is also a pleasure to thank Karen Brayshaw of the Canterbury Cathedral Library and Cressida Williams of the Cathedral Archives, and Mark Bateson (now in charge of Maidstone Archives) who have all been so courteous, knowledgeable, and helpful during my many visits. I am very grateful to Sandy Denny at the Wren Library at Trinity College, Cambridge for allowing me to examine the manuscripts and for the superb online digitisation project. It was an honour to meet Christopher de Hamel and I am very grateful to him for giving me the benefit of his expertise and for allowing me access to key Canterbury manuscripts in the Parker Library. All the staff at the British Library manuscripts room have always provided professional and expert help, as have the staff at the Bodleian in Oxford, making their institutions such pleasurable places to visit. Finally, I would never have succeeded in finishing my thesis without the loving support of my family who have graciously put up with my inattentive cooking, intermittent cleaning, and poorly-controlled book-buying habits for years. This thesis is for you. vi Abbreviations Arch. Cant. Archaeologia Cantiana (Journal of Kent Archaeological Society) ALCD M. R. James, The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover: the catalogues of the libraries of Christ Church Priory and St Augustine’s Abbey and of St Martin’s Priory at Dover (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903) BAA Trans, 35 Medieval Art, Architecture & Archaeology at Canterbury, ed.by A. Bovey, British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions XXXV (Leeds: Maney Publishing, 2013) Baxter 1998 R. Baxter, Bestiaries and their Users in the Middle Ages (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1998) BCBB St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury Library Catalogue, ed. by B. C. Barker-Benfield, 3 parts, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, vol.13 (London: British Library, 2008) Binski, Zutshi Western Illuminated Manuscripts: A Catalogue of the Collection in Cambridge University Library, ed. by P. Binski and P. Zutshi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Library, 2011) Black Book The Register of St. Augustine’s Abbey Canterbury commonly called The Black Book, ed., by G. J. Turner, H. E. Salter, 2, (London, 1915, 1924) BL London, British Library BnF Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Bodl. Oxford, Bodleian Library Brooks Canterbury N. Brooks, The Early History of the Church of Canterbury
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bl12-2Pgs.Pdf
    Volume 12, Number 2 $8.50 ARTISTS’ BOOKSbBOOKBINDINGbPAPERCRAFTbCALLIGRAPHY Volume 12, Number 2, February 2015. 3 Creating Double-Stroke Letterforms by Martin Jackson 8 Dancing Letters Scholarship Fund 12 Creating a Scroll-Tip Pilot Parallel Pen by Carol DuBosch 14 Between Verse and Vision by Risa Gettler 22 Heraldry for Calligraphy by Helen Scholes 28 Spinning Letters by Judy Black, Susan Gunter, and Marilyn Rice 30 A Passionate Gallery 37 New Tools & Materials 38 Passionate Pen Envelopes 40 Leporello Accordion Book by Carol DuBosch 42 Contributors / credits 47 Subscription information A Few Excerpts from the Now Intergalactic Song Fest and Cosmic Miscelany. 2014. Risa Gettler. Hand- lettered and illustrated manuscript book of nineteen poems by John S. Tumlin. 40 pages, images and text on recto pages only. Leather binding is by Edna Wright. Each page is held in an open-front sleeve that is sewn into the binding. The front of the sleeve serves as a frame for its book page (which can be removed). 22" x 13" x 4". Photo by Risa Gettler. “Between Verse and Vision,” page 14. Bound & Lettered b Spring 2015 1 All calligraphy shown in this article is by the author. CREATING DOUBLE-STROKE LETTERFORMS BY MARTIN JACKSON There are two methods to create double-stroke letterforms. One is to use a scroll (or split) nib or pen. These are made to automatically produce double strokes – the pen/nib does it for you. A variety of writing instruments offer scroll versions: Mitchell makes six differ- ent scroll dip pen nibs, Manuscript offers two different scroll nibs (Scroll 4 and Scroll 6) for some of its fountain pens, and four of the Automatic pens have split nibs (numbers 7, 8, 9, and 10).
    [Show full text]
  • Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period
    Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period This volume is an investigation of how Augustine was received in the Carolingian period, and the elements of his thought which had an impact on Carolingian ideas of ‘state’, rulership and ethics. It focuses on Alcuin of York and Hincmar of Rheims, authors and political advisers to Charlemagne and to Charles the Bald, respectively. It examines how they used Augustinian political thought and ethics, as manifested in the De civitate Dei, to give more weight to their advice. A comparative approach sheds light on the differences between Charlemagne’s reign and that of his grandson. It scrutinizes Alcuin’s and Hincmar’s discussions of empire, rulership and the moral conduct of political agents during which both drew on the De civitate Dei, although each came away with a different understanding. By means of a philological–historical approach, the book offers a deeper reading and treats the Latin texts as political discourses defined by content and language. Sophia Moesch is currently an SNSF-funded postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford, working on a project entitled ‘Developing Principles of Good Govern- ance: Latin and Greek Political Advice during the Carolingian and Macedonian Reforms’. She completed her PhD in History at King’s College London. Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period Political Discourse in Alcuin of York and Hincmar of Rheims Sophia Moesch First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Charters: What Survives?
    Banner 4-final.qxp_Layout 1 01/11/2016 09:29 Page 1 Charters: what survives? Charters are our main source for twelh- and thirteenth-century Scotland. Most surviving charters were written for monasteries, which had many properties and privileges and gained considerable expertise in preserving their charters. However, many collections were lost when monasteries declined aer the Reformation (1560) and their lands passed to lay lords. Only 27% of Scottish charters from 1100–1250 survive as original single sheets of parchment; even fewer still have their seal attached. e remaining 73% exist only as later copies. Survival of charter collectionS (relating to 1100–1250) GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD from inStitutionS founded by 1250 Our picture of documents in this period is geographically distorted. Some regions have no institutions with surviving charter collections, even as copies (like Galloway). Others had few if any monasteries, and so lacked large charter collections in the first place (like Caithness). Others are relatively well represented (like Fife). Survives Lost or unknown number of Surviving charterS CHRONOLOGICAL SPREAD (by earliest possible decade of creation) 400 Despite losses, the surviving documents point to a gradual increase Copies Originals in their use in the twelh century. 300 200 100 0 109 0s 110 0s 111 0s 112 0s 113 0s 114 0s 115 0s 116 0s 1170s 118 0s 119 0s 120 0s 121 0s 122 0s 123 0s 124 0s TYPES OF DONOR typeS of donor – Example of Melrose Abbey’s Charters It was common for monasteries to seek charters from those in Lay Lords Kings positions of authority in the kingdom: lay lords, kings and bishops.
    [Show full text]
  • Life with Augustine
    Life with Augustine ...a course in his spirit and guidance for daily living By Edmond A. Maher ii Life with Augustine © 2002 Augustinian Press Australia Sydney, Australia. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to acknowledge and thank the following people: ► the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel, Australia, for support- ing this project, with special mention of Pat Fahey osa, Kevin Burman osa, Pat Codd osa and Peter Jones osa ► Laurence Mooney osa for assistance in editing ► Michael Morahan osa for formatting this 2nd Edition ► John Coles, Peter Gagan, Dr. Frank McGrath fms (Brisbane CEO), Benet Fonck ofm, Peter Keogh sfo for sharing their vast experience in adult education ► John Rotelle osa, for granting us permission to use his English translation of Tarcisius van Bavel’s work Augustine (full bibliography within) and for his scholarly advice Megan Atkins for her formatting suggestions in the 1st Edition, that have carried over into this the 2nd ► those generous people who have completed the 1st Edition and suggested valuable improvements, especially Kath Neehouse and friends at Villanova College, Brisbane Foreword 1 Dear Participant Saint Augustine of Hippo is a figure in our history who has appealed to the curiosity and imagination of many generations. He is well known for being both sinner and saint, for being a bishop yet also a fellow pilgrim on the journey to God. One of the most popular and attractive persons across many centuries, his influence on the church has continued to our current day. He is also renowned for his influ- ence in philosophy and psychology and even (in an indirect way) art, music and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0250845 A1 Vermeersch Et Al
    US 2005O250845A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0250845 A1 Vermeersch et al. (43) Pub. Date: Nov. 10, 2005 (54) PSEUDOPOLYMORPHIC FORMS OF A HIV (86) PCT No.: PCT/EP03/50176 PROTEASE INHIBITOR (30) Foreign Application Priority Data (75) Inventors: Hans Wim Pieter Vermeersch, Gent (BE); Daniel Joseph Christiaan May 16, 2002 (EP)........................................ O2O76929.5 Thone, Beerse (BE); Luc Donne O O Marie-Louise Janssens, Malle (BE) Publication Classification Correspondence Address: (51) Int. Cl." ............................................ A61K 31/353 PHILIP S. JOHNSON (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 514/456; 549/396 JOHNSON & JOHNSON ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08933-7003 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: Tibotec Parmaceuticeals New pseudopolymorphic forms of (3R,3aS,6aR)-hexahy (21) Appl. No.: 10/514,352 drofuro2,3-blfuran-3-yl (1S,2R)-3-(4-aminophenyl)sul fonyl(isobutyl)amino-1-benzyl-2-hydroxypropylcarbam (22) PCT Fed: May 16, 2003 ate and processes for producing them are disclosed. Patent Application Publication Nov. 10, 2005 Sheet 1 of 18 US 2005/0250845 A1 E. i Patent Application Publication Nov. 10, 2005 Sheet 2 of 18 US 2005/0250845 A1 e Patent Application Publication Nov. 10, 2005 Sheet 3 of 18 US 2005/0250845 A1 Patent Application Publication Nov. 10, 2005 Sheet 4 of 18 US 2005/0250845 A1 92 NO C12S)-No S. C19 Se (Sb so woSC2 AS27 SN22 C23 Figure 4 Patent Application Publication Nov. 10, 2005 Sheet 5 of 18 US 2005/0250845 A1 -- 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 soc wavenumbers (cm) Figure 5 - P1 : - P8'i P19 ..
    [Show full text]
  • Gog and Magog and Ethnic Difference in the Catalan Atlas (1375) Thomas Franke
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-12-2014 Monsters at the End of Time: Gog and Magog and Ethnic Difference in the Catalan Atlas (1375) Thomas Franke Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Recommended Citation Franke, Thomas. "Monsters at the End of Time: Gog and Magog and Ethnic Difference in the Catalan Atlas (1375)." (2014). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/30 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thomas Samuel Franke Candidate History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Michael A. Ryan , Chairperson Timothy C. Graham Sarah Davis-Secord Franke i MONSTERS AT THE END OF TIME: GOG AND MAGOG AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCE IN THE CATALAN ATLAS (1375) by THOMAS FRANKE BACHELOR OF ARTS, UC IRVINE 2012 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS HISTORY The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico JULY 2014 Franke ii Abstract Franke, Thomas. Monsters at the End of Time: Gog and Magog and Ethnic Difference in the Catalan Atlas (1375). University of New Mexico, 2014. Although they are only mentioned briefly in Revelation, the destructive Gog and Magog formed an important component of apocalyptic thought for medieval European Christians, who associated Gog and Magog with a number of non-Christian peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤
    Jewish Persecutions and Weather Shocks: 1100-1800⇤ § Robert Warren Anderson† Noel D. Johnson‡ Mark Koyama University of Michigan, Dearborn George Mason University George Mason University This Version: 30 December, 2013 Abstract What factors caused the persecution of minorities in medieval and early modern Europe? We build amodelthatpredictsthatminoritycommunitiesweremorelikelytobeexpropriatedinthewake of negative income shocks. Using panel data consisting of 1,366 city-level persecutions of Jews from 936 European cities between 1100 and 1800, we test whether persecutions were more likely in colder growing seasons. A one standard deviation decrease in average growing season temperature increased the probability of a persecution between one-half and one percentage points (relative to a baseline probability of two percent). This effect was strongest in regions with poor soil quality or located within weak states. We argue that long-run decline in violence against Jews between 1500 and 1800 is partly attributable to increases in fiscal and legal capacity across many European states. Key words: Political Economy; State Capacity; Expulsions; Jewish History; Climate JEL classification: N33; N43; Z12; J15; N53 ⇤We are grateful to Megan Teague and Michael Szpindor Watson for research assistance. We benefited from comments from Ran Abramitzky, Daron Acemoglu, Dean Phillip Bell, Pete Boettke, Tyler Cowen, Carmel Chiswick, Melissa Dell, Dan Bogart, Markus Eberhart, James Fenske, Joe Ferrie, Raphäel Franck, Avner Greif, Philip Hoffman, Larry Iannaccone, Remi Jedwab, Garett Jones, James Kai-sing Kung, Pete Leeson, Yannay Spitzer, Stelios Michalopoulos, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Naomi Lamoreaux, Jason Long, David Mitch, Joel Mokyr, Johanna Mollerstrom, Robin Mundill, Steven Nafziger, Jared Rubin, Gail Triner, John Wallis, Eugene White, Larry White, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategies of Sanity and Survival Religious Responses to Natural Disasters in the Middle Ages
    jussi hanska Strategies of Sanity and Survival Religious Responses to Natural Disasters in the Middle Ages Studia Fennica Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica. Two additional subseries were formed in 2002, Historica and Litteraria. The subseries Anthropologica was formed in 2007. In addition to its publishing activities, the Finnish Literature Society maintains research activities and infrastructures, an archive containing folklore and literary collections, a research library and promotes Finnish literature abroad. Studia fennica editorial board Anna-Leena Siikala Rauno Endén Teppo Korhonen Pentti Leino Auli Viikari Kristiina Näyhö Editorial Office SKS P.O. Box 259 FI-00171 Helsinki www.finlit.fi Jussi Hanska Strategies of Sanity and Survival Religious Responses to Natural Disasters in the Middle Ages Finnish Literature Society · Helsinki Studia Fennica Historica 2 The publication has undergone a peer review. The open access publication of this volume has received part funding via a Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation grant. © 2002 Jussi Hanska and SKS License CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. International A digital edition of a printed book first published in 2002 by the Finnish Literature Society. Cover Design: Timo Numminen EPUB Conversion: eLibris Media Oy ISBN 978-951-746-357-7 (Print) ISBN 978-952-222-818-5 (PDF) ISBN 978-952-222-819-2 (EPUB) ISSN 0085-6835 (Studia Fennica) ISSN 0355-8924 (Studia Fennica Historica) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sfh.2 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mediaeval Bestiary and Its Textual Tradition
    THE MEDIAEVAL BESTIARY AND ITS TEXTUAL TRADITION Volume 1: Text Patricia Stewart A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2012 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3628 This item is protected by original copyright The Mediaeval Bestiary and its Textual Tradition Patricia Stewart This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 17th August, 2012 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Patricia Stewart, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88 000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September, 2007 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in May, 2008; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2007 and 2012. Date 17th August, 2012 signature of candidate ……… 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date 17th August, 2012 signature of supervisor ……… 3. Permission for electronic publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby.
    [Show full text]
  • Dragon Magazine #248
    DRAGONS Features The Missing Dragons Richard Lloyd A classic article returns with three new dragons for the AD&D® game. Departments 26 56 Wyrms of the North Ed Greenwood The evil woman Morna Auguth is now The Moor Building a Better Dragon Dragon. Paul Fraser Teaching an old dragon new tricks 74Arcane Lore is as easy as perusing this menu. Robert S. Mullin For priestly 34 dragons ... Dragon Dweomers III. Dragon’s Bestiary 80 Gregory W. Detwiler These Crystal Confusion creatures are the distant Dragon-Kin. Holly Ingraham Everythingand we mean everything 88 Dungeon Mastery youll ever need to know about gems. Rob Daviau If youre stumped for an adventure idea, find one In the News. 40 92Contest Winners Thomas S. Roberts The winners are revealed in Ecology of a Spell The Dragon of Vstaive Peak Design Contest. Ed Stark Columns Theres no exagerration when Vore Lekiniskiy THE WYRMS TURN .............. 4 is called a mountain of a dragon. D-MAIL ....................... 6 50 FORUM ........................ 10 SAGE ADVICE ................... 18 OUT OF CHARACTER ............. 24 Fiction BOOKWYRMs ................... 70 The Quest for Steel CONVENTION CALENDAR .......... 98 Ben Bova DRAGONMIRTH ............... 100 Orion must help a young king find both ROLEPLAYING REVIEWS .......... 104 a weapon and his own courage. KNIGHTS OF THE DINNER TABLE ... 114 TSR PREVIEWS ................. 116 62 PROFILES ..................... 120 Staff Publisher Wendy Noritake Executive Editor Pierce Watters Production Manager John Dunn Editor Dave Gross Art Director Larry Smith Associate Editor Chris Perkins Editorial Assistant Jesse Decker Advertising Sales Manager Bob Henning Advertising Traffic Manager Judy Smitha On the Cover Fred Fields blends fantasy with science fiction in this month's anniversary cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Agrarian Metaphors 397
    396 Agrarian Metaphors 397 The Bible provided homilists with a rich store of "agricultural" metaphors and symbols) The loci classici are passages like Isaiah's "Song of the Vineyard" (Is. 5:1-7), Ezekiel's allegories of the Tree (Ez. 15,17,19:10-14,31) and christ's parables of the Sower (Matt. 13: 3-23, Mark 4:3-20, Luke 8:5-15) ,2 the Good Seed (Matt. 13:24-30, Mark 4:26-29) , the Barren Fig-tree (Luke 13:6-9) , the Labourers in the Vineyard (Matt. 21:33-44, Mark 12:1-11, Luke 20:9-18), and the Mustard Seed (Matt. 13:31-32, Mark 4:30-32, Luke 13:18-19). Commonplace in Scripture, however, are comparisons of God to a gardener or farmer,5 6 of man to a plant or tree, of his soul to a garden, 7and of his works to "fruits of the spirit". 8 Man is called the "husbandry" of God (1 Cor. 3:6-9), and the final doom which awaits him is depicted as a harvest in which the wheat of the blessed will be gathered into God's storehouse and the chaff of the damned cast into eternal fire. Medieval scriptural commentaries and spiritual handbooks helped to standardize the interpretation of such figures and to impress them on the memories of preachers (and their congregations). The allegorical exposition of the res rustica presented in Rabanus Maurus' De Universo (XIX, cap.l, "De cultura agrorum") is a distillation of typical readings: Spiritaliter ... in Scripturis sacris agricultura corda credentium intelliguntur, in quibus fructus virtutuxn germinant: unde Apostolus ad credentes ait [1 Cor.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Becket
    Thomas Becket “Thomas a Becket” redirects here. For other uses, see Thomas a Becket (disambiguation). Thomas Becket (/ˈbɛkɪt/; also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London,[1] and later Thomas à Becket;[note 1] 21 December c. 1118 (or 1120) – 29 December 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II of England over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was Stained glass window of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral canonised by Pope Alexander III. small landowner or a petty knight.[1] Matilda was also of 1 Sources Norman ancestry,[2] and her family may have originated near Caen. Gilbert was perhaps related to Theobald of Bec, whose family also was from Thierville. Gilbert be- The main sources for the life of Becket are a number gan his life as a merchant, perhaps as a textile merchant, of biographies that were written by contemporaries. A but by the 1120s he was living in London and was a prop- few of these documents are by unknown writers, al- erty owner, living on the rental income from his prop- though traditional historiography has given them names. erties. He also served as the sheriff of the city at some The known biographers are John of Salisbury, Edward point.[1] They were buried in Old St Paul’s Cathedral.
    [Show full text]