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Schroeder-Mastersreport The Report committee for Eric Austin Schroeder Certifies that this is the approved version of the following report: The Jumano in the First Century of Colonial Contact: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Perspectives APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: ________________________________ Maria F. Wade ________________________________ Darrell G. Creel The Jumano in the First Century of Colonial Contact: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Perspectives by Eric Austin Schroeder, B.A.; M.S. Report Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2013 The Jumano in the First Century of Colonial Contact: Ethnohistoric and Archaeological Perspectives by Eric Austin Schroeder, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 SUPERVISOR: Maria F. Wade The Jumano Indians of Texas have long been an enigma in Texas history and archeology. Many researchers from both disciplines have sought to connect the historic accounts with those of archeological assemblages, but have largely been unsuccessful. Part of the problem has been that the records tend to present problematic issues and very little information in the way of material culture. Another problem has been the tendency among archaeologists in the state to continue to lump site assemblages into larger analytical units, which in effect acts to homogenize any variability that would lend a better understanding of behavioral aspects. Recent efforts in the area of identity and social fields have opened new possibilities. Along these lines this report uses the ethnohistoric data on the Jumano to construct a frame of reference to define the Jumano identity and social field. Using the variability embedded in the Cielo Complex as a model, several sites within the Jumano range were identified for further investigation. iii Table of Contents List of Figures..................................................................................................................... v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 The State of Jumano Archaeology...................................................................................... 5 The Jumano as a Historical Project..................................................................................... 9 Identity and Archaeology.................................................................................................. 13 Analysis of the Ethnohistoric Data on the Jumano........................................................... 17 The Espejo-Luxán Expedition (November 1582 to September 1583).......................... 17 The Entrada of Castaño de Sosa (July 1590 to November 1592) ................................. 27 Oñate and the Conquest of New Mexico ...................................................................... 30 The Memorial of Fray Alonzo de Benavides ................................................................ 35 Spanish Visits to the Rio de los Nueces (1632 to 1654)............................................... 38 Jumano Visitations to El Paso del Norte (Fall 1683).................................................... 41 The Mendoza-López Expedition (December 1683 to July 1684)................................. 43 Jumano Sightings (1689 to 1693).................................................................................. 48 Summary and Conclusions of the Ethnohistoric Data .................................................. 50 Ethnohistory to Material Culture ...................................................................................... 58 A Discussion on the Archaeology of the Jumano Range.............................................. 59 The Gediondo Ranchería............................................................................................... 61 The Rio de los Nueces................................................................................................... 66 The Tower Hill Site (41ST91) ...................................................................................... 68 The Davis Hackberry Spring Site (41ST87) ................................................................. 69 Pueblo Visitations ......................................................................................................... 71 Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................... 76 References......................................................................................................................... 79 iv List of Figures Figure 1: The route of the Espejo-Luxán Expedition from Pecos Pueblo to the Jumano Ranchería on Toyah Creek................................................................................................ 19 Figure 2: Castaño de Sosa's route from Nueva Vizcaya to the Tepelguan encounter on Live Oak Creek................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 3: Location of the Salinas Pueblos ........................................................................ 31 Figure 4: Area of the Rio de los Nueces ........................................................................... 39 Figure 5: Mendoza-López Expedition route to the Gediondo ranchería and the San Saba ........................................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 6: The Proposed Jumano range ca. 1583 to 1684.................................................. 60 Figure 7: Mesa landform on the east bank of the Pecos River associated with site 41CX4 ........................................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 8: Circular stacked-stone structural features ......................................................... 62 Figure 9: Circular stone structure with portion of wall incorporated into outcropping bedrock.............................................................................................................................. 63 Figure 10: Depressions pecked in stones incorporated into walls of structure................. 64 Figure 11: Sketch Map of the Tower Hill Site (41ST91) ................................................. 69 Figure 12: Circular stone structure on Jumano Mesa (Site AR03-03-04-872)................. 74 v List of Tables Table 1: Relationships of the Indian groups at La Junta................................................... 25 Table 2: Seasonality of Jumano encounters on the plains ................................................ 52 Table 3: Inferred archaeological assemblage of the Jumano............................................ 57 vi Introduction For over a century historians and archeologists working in the proto-history and historical periods of Texas and adjacent areas of the Southwest have often referred to colonial documents to bring a more nuanced understanding to the material record of the Native Americans. One of the first archeologists to employ this method was J. Charles Kelley in this work on the Patarabueye and the Jumano (Kelley, 1986). Until then, the Jumano were principally a subject of historical inquiry, and it was not until after Kelley’s work at La Junta del los Rios that they entered the paradigm of Texas archaeology. Starting from the ethnohistoric record, Kelley was able to infer the range and material assemblage of the Jumano, and after comparing this to the materials excavated at La Junta and the surrounding Trans-Pecos area, he defined what he called the Toyah focus as the most likely candidate for the Jumano. Later as new sites were excavated in central Texas, it became apparent that the Toyah archaeological manifestation was a much more sudden and geographically dispersed phenomenon. Despite what appears to be an exhaustive collection of work on the topic, much of what Toyah has become was constructed under the methodological underpinnings of the cultural-historical approach (see Black 1986; Collins, 2004; Hester 2004; Prewitt 1981; Ricklis 1994), which pose limitations when trying to investigate something as subjective as cultural identity. 1 The cultural-historical approach is a methodological system that attempts to model ethnic identity by theoretically bridging the gap between material culture and social organization, using the concept of archaeological units. According to Willey and Phillips (1958: 49) a “component” is roughly equivalent to the community, and in social terms the community represents the maximum number of people who reside together conducting face-to-face interaction; in other words, a band, a neighborhood or a village (Murdock, 1949: 79). On the other hand, the “phase”, on the social level, is implied to represent a society, which according to Smith (1955) and Johnson (1986), is a group of people who acknowledge a single political authority, recognized a single system of law and to some degree organize to resist attack from other societies. The problem when using such a scheme is that one can never really be certain that archaeological components one aggregates into a phase actually correspond to their social equivalents at the community and society levels. A case
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