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Pseudoalteromonas Sp. NC201, Un Probiotique Isolé En Nouvelle

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Pseudoalteromonas Sp. NC201, Un Probiotique Isolé En Nouvelle Pseudoalteromonas sp. NC201, un probiotique isolé en Nouvelle-Calédonie pour l’élevage de la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris : Caractérisation et impact sur l’état physiologique de la crevette Louis Sorieul To cite this version: Louis Sorieul. Pseudoalteromonas sp. NC201, un probiotique isolé en Nouvelle-Calédonie pour l’élevage de la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris : Caractérisation et impact sur l’état physiologique de la crevette. Interactions entre organismes. Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017NCAL0009. tel-02934098 HAL Id: tel-02934098 https://hal-unc.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02934098 Submitted on 9 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de L’école doctorale du Pacifique (ED469) Spécialité : Microbiologie Biologie Marine Louis SORIEUL Le 28 novembre 2017 Pseudoalteromonas sp. NC201, un probiotique isolé en Nouvelle-Calédonie pour l'élevage de la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris : Caractérisation et impact sur l’état physiologique de la crevette Travail réalisé au LEAD/NC, IFREMER et au LIVE, UNC Devant le jury composé de : Christine PAILLARD Directeur de recherche, CNRS Brest Rapporteur Pascal FAVREL Professeur, Université de Caen Rapporteur Claude PAYRI Directeur de recherche, IRD Nouméa Examinateur Mariko MATSUI Cadre de recherche, IPNC Examinateur Linda GUENTAS Maître de conférence, UNC Examinateur Jörn KALINOWSKI Professeur, Université de Bielefeld Examinateur Viviane BOULO Cadre de recherche, Ifremer Directrice Hamid AMIR Professeur, UNC Co-directeur 1 Remerciements Je tiens à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont été impliquées de près ou de loin dans l’aboutissement de cette thèse. Je remercie Madame Christine Paillard et Monsieur Pascal Favrel pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’être rapporteurs de cette thèse. Je remercie également Mesdames Claude Payri, Mariko Matsui et Linda Guentas ainsi que Monsieur Jörn Kalinowski pour avoir accepté d’être membres du jury de thèse. Je remercie également le professeur Hamid Amir ainsi que Monsieur André Carpentier pour m’avoir simultanément accueilli au sein du Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE) de l’Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de l’unité de recherche Lagons, Écosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable (LEAD) de la délégation IFREMER en Nouvelle- Calédonie. Je tiens particulièrement à remercier ma directrice de thèse, Viviane Boulo, pour sa disponibilité et sa rigueur scientifique ainsi que mes co-encadrants de thèse, Nelly Wabete et Dominique Pham. Merci pour vos conseils et le partage de vos connaissances dans vos domaines respectifs, sans vous ce travail transversal de thèse n’aurait pas été possible. Merci également à mon co-directeur de thèse, Hamid Amir, pour sa disponibilité et son soutien. Merci aux membres des équipes qui m’ont soutenu. Coté Ifremer, je remercie l’équipe PIE, Viviane, Domi et Cécile pour l’aide fournie lors des infections expérimentales et des analyses biomoléculaires. Merci à l’équipe EcoPhy, Nelly, Marie-Mad et Marie, pour l’aide fournie lors des dissections et des analyses biochimiques. Merci à l’équipe ZooTech, Tathan, JR et Matéheau pour les crevettes et l’aide à la mise en place des expérimentations animales. Merci à l’équipe du LIVE de l’UNC, en particulier Valérie Médevielle et Cyril Antheaume, pour l’aide matérielle et technique tout au cours de ces trois dernières années. Ich danke vielmals den Kollegen vom CeBiTec, mit euch arbeiten gehörte zu den besten Momente meiner Doktorarbeit und ich hoffe wir werden auch später kollaborieren können. Je remercie tout le personnel, Ifremer et CTA, de la Station Aquacole de Saint Vincent. Vous avez été des collègues « chocs ». Merci aux thésards et ex-thésards de l’UNC, Charlotte, Thomas, Laurent, Simon, Alex, Left et Ben pour de m’avoir rappelé lors de mes passages qu’on était plusieurs dans le même bateau. Un grand merci à ceux qui m’auront fait découvrir la Calédonie et permis de décompresser. Flav, JP et toute la bande merci pour les coups de chasse, de pêche et de fête. Je tiens à remercier ma famille pour leur soutien et leur compréhension, cela fait trop d’années que je suis loin. Terima kasih Sayang, saya telah terlalu jauh terlalu panjang. Akhirnya selesai, saya tidak sabar untuk kembali kepada anda. Sayang kamu. 2 Table des matières Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapitre I : Rappels bibliographiques ............................................................................................ 7 1. Probiotique ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Définition ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Modes d’action des probiotiques ............................................................................................ 9 1.2.1. Compétition avec la flore néfaste et/ou stabilisation de la flore bénéfique .................. 9 1.2.2. Atténuation de virulence des pathogènes .................................................................... 10 1.2.3. Stimulation du système immunitaire ............................................................................ 11 1.2.4. Amélioration de la nutrition .......................................................................................... 11 1.2.5. Amélioration de la qualité de l’eau ............................................................................... 12 1.3. Application en crevetticulture ............................................................................................... 12 1.3.1. Historique ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Utilisation de probiotiques d’origine terrestre ............................................................. 13 1.3.3. Utilisation de probiotiques issus d’animaux sains......................................................... 14 1.3.4. Utilisation de probiotique environnementaux .............................................................. 14 1.4. La crevetticulture en Nouvelle-Calédonie ............................................................................. 15 1.4.1. Pathologies en grossissement ....................................................................................... 15 1.4.2. Utilisation de probiotiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie ...................................................... 17 1.4.3. La souche NC201 : un probiotique potentiel ................................................................. 17 2. Le genre Pseudoalteromonas ........................................................................................................ 18 2.1. Caractéristiques générales .................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1. Classification, morphologie et propriétés métaboliques .............................................. 18 2.1.2. Etat de la phylogénie : émergence de 2 sous-genres .................................................... 18 2.1.3. Un symbiote récurrent .................................................................................................. 19 2.2. Activité antimicrobienne ....................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. Alcaloïdes ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.2. Polykétides .................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3. Peptides antimicrobiens ................................................................................................ 20 2.3. Espèces de Pseudoalteromonas pathogènes pour les élevages marins ............................... 21 3. La crevette bleue, Litopenaeus stylirostris .................................................................................... 21 3.1. Taxonomie ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.2. Cycle biologique .................................................................................................................... 22 3.3. Osmorégulation ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.4. Défense immunitaire chez les crevettes pénéides ................................................................ 25 3.4.1. Reconnaissance du non-soi ........................................................................................... 26 3 3.4.2. Réponse cellulaire ......................................................................................................... 27 3.4.3. Réponse humorale .......................................................................................................
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