Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments Through 2015

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments Through 2015 PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 constituteproject.org Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments through 2015 Subsequently amended Translated for the Comparative Constitutions Project by M. Fernanda Gomez Aban This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 Table of contents TITLE ONE . 3 CHAPTER I: Human Rights and Guarantees . 3 CHAPTER II: Mexican Nationals . 41 CHAPTER III: The Foreigners . 43 CHAPTER IV: The Mexican citizens . 43 TITLE TWO . 46 CHAPTER I: National Sovereignty and form of State Governance . 46 CHAPTER II: Composition of the Federation and Mexican Territory . 56 TITLE THREE . 58 CHAPTER I: Division of Powers . 58 CHAPTER II: The Legislature . 58 Section I: Elections and Inauguration of the Congress . 58 Section II: Bills and Laws Enactment . 64 Section III: Powers of Congress . 66 Section IV: Permanent Committee . 78 Section V: The Federal Auditing Office . 79 CHAPTER III: The Federal Executive Branch . 82 CHAPTER IV: The Judicial Branch . 87 TITLE FOUR: Public Servants’ Accountability, Individuals related to Administrative Liabilities or Corruption Acts . 107 TITLE FIVE: Mexican States and the Federal District . 112 TITLE SIX: Labor and Social Security . 134 TITLE SEVEN: General Considerations . 144 TITLE EIGHT: Constitutional Reforms . 148 TITLE NINE: The Inviolability of the Constitution . 148 TRANSITORY ARTICLES . 148 Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 2 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 TITLE ONE CHAPTER I: Human Rights and Guarantees Article 1 • International law In the United Mexican States, all individuals shall be entitled to the human rights granted by this Constitution and the international treaties signed by the Mexican State, as well as to the guarantees for the protection of these rights. Such human rights shall not be restricted or suspended, except for the cases and under the conditions established by this Constitution itself. • International law The provisions relating to human rights shall be interpreted according to this Constitution and the international treaties on the subject, working in favor of the broader protection of people at all times. All authorities, in their areas of competence, are obliged to promote, respect, protect and guarantee Human Rights, in accordance with the principles of universality, interdependence, indivisibility and progressiveness. As a consequence, the State must prevent, investigate, penalize and rectify violations to Human Rights, according to the law. • Prohibition of slavery Slavery shall be forbidden in Mexico. Every individual who is considered as a slave at a foreign country shall be freed and protected under the law by just entering the country. • Human dignity • General guarantee of equality Any form of discrimination, based on ethnic or national origin, gender, age, • Equality regardless of gender disabilities, social status, medical conditions, religion, opinions, sexual orientation, • Equality regardless of creed or belief • Equality regardless of social status marital status, or any other form, which violates the human dignity or seeks to annul • Equality regardless of origin • Equality regardless of religion or diminish the rights and freedoms of the people, is prohibited. • Equality regardless of sexual orientation • Equality regardless of age • Equality for persons with disabilities Article 2 • Right to culture • Integration of ethnic communities The Mexican Nation is unique and indivisible. • Reference to country's history The nation is multicultural, based originally on its indigenous peoples, described as descendants of those inhabiting the country before colonization and that preserve their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, or some of them. Consciousness of indigenous identity will be the fundamental criteria to determine to whom apply the provisions on indigenous people. • Indigenous right to self governance An indigenous community is defined as the community that constitutes a cultural, economic and social unit settled in a territory and that recognizes its own authorities, according to their customs. Indigenous people’s right to self-determination shall be subjected to the Constitution in order to guarantee national unity. States’ and Federal District’s constitutions and laws must recognize indigenous peoples and communities, taking into account the general principles established in the previous paragraphs, as well as ethnic-linguistic and land settlement criteria. • Right to self determination A. This Constitution recognizes and protects the indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination and, consequently, the right to autonomy, so that they can: I. Decide their internal forms of coexistence, as well their social, economic, political and cultural organization. Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 3 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 • Indigenous right to self governance II. Apply their own legal systems to regulate and solve their internal conflicts, subjected to the general principles of this Constitution, respecting the fundamental rights, the human rights and, above all, the dignity and safety of women. The law shall establish the way in which judges and courts will validate the aforementioned regulations. • Indigenous right to self governance III. Elect, in accordance with their traditional rules, procedures and customs, their authorities or representatives to exercise their own form of internal government, guaranteeing the right to vote and being voted of indigenous women and men under equitable condition; as well as to guarantee the access to public office or elected positions to those citizens that have been elected or designated within a framework that respects the federal pact and the sovereignty of the states. In no case the communitarian practices shall limit the electoral or political rights of the citizens in the election of their municipal authorities. • Protection of language use IV. Preserve and enrich their languages, knowledge and all the elements that constitute their culture and identity. V. Maintain and improve their environment and lands, according to this Constitution. • Ownership of natural resources VI. Attain with preferential use of the natural resources of the sites inhabited by their indigenous communities, except for the strategic resources defined by this Constitution. The foregoing rights shall be exercised respecting the forms of property ownership and land possession established in this Constitution and in the laws on the matter as well as respecting third parties’ rights. To achieve these goals, indigenous communities may form partnerships under the terms established by the Law. • Indigenous right to vote • Indigenous right to representation VII. Elect indigenous representatives for the town council in those municipalities with indigenous population. The constitutions and laws of the States shall recognize and regulate these rights in the municipalities, with the purpose of strengthening indigenous peoples’ participation and political representation, in accordance with their traditions and regulations. • Trial in native language of accused VIII. Have full access to State jurisdiction. In order to protect this right, in all trials and proceedings that involve natives, individually or collectively, their customs and cultural practices must be taken into account, respecting the provisions established in this Constitution. Indigenous people have, at all times, the right to be assisted by interpreters and counsels, who are familiar to their language and culture. The constitutions and laws of the States and the Federal District shall establish those elements of self-determination and autonomy that may best express the conditions and aspirations of indigenous peoples in each State, as well as the rules, according to which indigenous communities will be defined as public interest entities. Mexico 1917 (rev. 2015) Page 4 constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 • Provisions for wealth redistribution B. In order to promote equal opportunities for indigenous people and to eliminate discriminatory practices, the Federation, the Federal District, the States and the local councils shall establish the necessary institutions and policies to guarantee indigenous people’s rights and comprehensive development of indigenous communities. Such institutions and policies shall be designed and operated together with them. In order to eliminate the scarcities and backwardness affecting indigenous towns and communities, authorities are obliged to: I. Stimulate regional development in indigenous areas with the purpose of strengthening local economies and improving the quality of life. To achieve this goal, the three levels of government and the indigenous communities must take part in a coordinated manner. Local governments shall equitably determine the budget that is to be directly managed by the indigenous communities for specific goals. II. Guarantee education and increase educational level of indigenous peoples, favoring bilingual and cross-cultural education, literacy, completion of the elementary and secondary education, technical training, high education and university education. Also, the authorities must establish a scholarship system for indigenous students at all grades, as well as define and carry out regional educational programs, according to indigenous
Recommended publications
  • The Pre-History of Self-Determination: Union and Disunion of States in Early Modern International Law
    THE PRE-HISTORY OF SELF-DETERMINATION: UNION AND DISUNION OF STATES IN EARLY MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW Han Liu* TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 2 I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 2 II. THE STATE AND THE NATION STATE ................................................................... 7 III. TERRITORIAL ACCESSION IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE ...................................... 9 A. The King and the Sovereign .......................................................................... 9 B. Land and Territory ....................................................................................... 15 1. Division of Realms ................................................................................... 17 2. Land and Sovereignty............................................................................... 18 3. Dynastic-Patrimonial Territoriality .......................................................... 20 4. Shape of Early Modern Territory ............................................................. 22 C. Aggregating Land: Conquest and Inheritance.............................................. 24 IV. OUTSIDE EUROPE: LAND APPROPRIATION AND COLONIAL EXPANSION........... 27 A. Just War as Civilizing Process: Vitoria’s Catholic Argument ..................... 29 B. Conquest or Settlement: Locke, Vattel, and the Protestant Argument ........ 31 V. THE JURIDICIAL
    [Show full text]
  • Metropolitan Management in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico: Between
    Metropolitan management in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico: between ... / L.A. SALINAS-ARREORTUA Metropolitan management in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico: between legality and political will Luis Alberto Salinas-Arreortua Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Abstract Metropolitan management is one of the great challenges because of the economic, social, and above all political complexity that it represents. In the case of Mexico, it is an issue that attracts attention, however, there is no consensus on the most efficient type of metropolitan government, which, if we bear in mind, is the need for metropolitan management. However, it is important to mention that the formation of an administrative structure that manages a metropolitan area based on political-administrative boundaries and on a certain scale has been a problem for urban and metropolitan management. The objective of this text is to provide elements for the discussion of a metropolitan management for the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico, considering mechanisms for the construction of relationships and actors at different scales, under the current legal conditions. Key words: Metropolitan management, metropolitan government, scale policy, legal conditions and political will. Resumen Gestión metropolitana en la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México: entre la legalidad y la voluntad política La gestión metropolitana constituye uno de los grandes desafíos por la complejidad económica, social, y sobretodo política que representa. Para el caso de México, es un tema que suscita aten- ción, sin embargo, no hay un consenso sobre el tipo de gobierno metropolitano más eficiente, lo que si se tiene presente, es la necesidad de una gestión metropolitana.
    [Show full text]
  • LGBTI Rights Before the European Court of Human Rights: One Step at a Time
    LGBTI RigHTS BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COUrt OF HUMAN RigHTS: ONE STEP AT A tiME Through the lens of key cases Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, December 2013 / N°624f - © DIMITAR DILKOFF /AFP December 2013 / N°624f - © DIMITAR 2 / Titre du rapport – FIDH Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 I – Equality in the family ------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 A) Access to marriage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1) Inclusion of same-sex marriage in the scope of
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Economic and Social Council on Its 2017 Session
    General Assembly A/72/3 Official Records Seventy-second Session Supplement No. 3 Report of the Economic and Social Council on its 2017 session (New York, 28 July 2016-27 July 2017) United Nations New York, 2017 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. ISSN 0082-8203 [17 August 2017] Contents Chapter Page I. Matters calling for action by or brought to the attention of the General Assembly .......... 6 II. Special meetings of the Economic and Social Council at the seventy-first session of the General Assembly .............................................................. 33 III. Special meeting of the Economic and Social Council on international cooperation in tax matters ....................................................................... 36 IV. Multi-stakeholder forum on science, technology and innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals ............................................................. 40 V. Economic and Social Council forum on financing for development follow-up ............. 41 VI. High-level segment ............................................................. 43 A. Ministerial meeting of the high-level political forum on sustainable development convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council ................... 45 B. High-level policy dialogue with international financial and trade institutions .......... 45 C. Thematic discussion .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Contrainteligencia
    ISSN: 1390-4299 1390-3691 No. 26 Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad Contrainteligencia Red Latinoamericana de Análisis de Seguridad y Delincuencia Organizada (RELASEDOR) FLACSO Sede Ecuador • Enero 2020 Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad Red Latinoamericana de Análisis de Seguridad y Delincuencia Organizada (RELASEDOR) y FLACSO Sede Ecuador ISSN 1390-4299 (en línea) y 1390-3691 - Enero 2020 - No. 26 URVIO está incluida en los siguientes índices, bases de datos y catálogos: • Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). Índice del Master Journal List de Thomson Reuters. • SciELO Ecuador. Biblioteca electrónica. • Redalyc. Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal. • ERIH PLUS, European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences. Índice de referencias. • JournalTOCS. Base de datos. • Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI). Directorio. • Actualidad Iberoamericana. Índice internacional de revistas. • CLASE, Citas Latinoamericanas en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades. Base de datos bibliográfica. • Directorio LATINDEX, Sistema Regional de Información en Línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal. • DIALNET, Universidad de La Rioja. Plataforma de recursos y servicios documentales. • EBSCO. Base de datos de investigación. • FLACSO-ANDES, Centro digital de vanguardia para la investigación en ciencias socia- les - Región Andina y América Latina - FLACSO, Ecuador. Plataforma y repositorio. • REDIB, Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico. Plataforma. • MIAR (Matriz de Información para el Análisis de Revistas). Base de datos. • LatAm Studies. Estudios Latinoamericanos. Base de datos. • Google académico. Buscador especializado en documentación académica y científica. URVIO, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad Número 25, enero 2020 Quito - Ecuador ISSN 1390-4299 (en línea) y 1390-3691 URVIO, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, es una publicación electrónica semestral de FLACSO, sede Ecuador, fundada en el año 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Well-Being Indicators for Policy Making: State of Morelos, Mexico
    Using well-being indicators for policy making: State of Morelos, Mexico HOW’S LIFE IN YOUR REGION? MEASURING REGIONAL AND LOCAL WELL-BEING FOR POLICY MAKING © OECD 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 3 Table of contents Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... 5 Well-being in Morelos: A picture .................................................................................................... 9 Income levels and inequalities in Morelos are far from the OECD average, but in line with other Mexican states ............................................................................................................................. 11 Employment outcomes are relatively high and improving in the recent period .......................... 13 Quality of life is relatively high, but some dimensions need particular attention ....................... 14 The level of environmental quality is a development asset and should be preserved ................. 16 Health outcomes have been improving, but challenges remain .................................................. 17 Education outcomes are low, as is the national average, but significantly improving ................ 18 Access to services is in line with the national average ................................................................ 20 Housing outcomes improved, but a stronger connection to urban development policy is needed ......... 20 Using well-being metrics in policy making in Morelos ..............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 28. Rights Defense and New Citizen's Movement
    JOBNAME: EE10 Biddulph PAGE: 1 SESS: 3 OUTPUT: Fri May 10 14:09:18 2019 28. Rights defense and new citizen’s movement Teng Biao 28.1 THE RISE OF THE RIGHTS DEFENSE MOVEMENT The ‘Rights Defense Movement’ (weiquan yundong) emerged in the early 2000s as a new focus of the Chinese democracy movement, succeeding the Xidan Democracy Wall movement of the late 1970s and the Tiananmen Democracy movement of 1989. It is a social movement ‘involving all social strata throughout the country and covering every aspect of human rights’ (Feng Chongyi 2009, p. 151), one in which Chinese citizens assert their constitutional and legal rights through lawful means and within the legal framework of the country. As Benney (2013, p. 12) notes, the term ‘weiquan’is used by different people to refer to different things in different contexts. Although Chinese rights defense lawyers have played a key role in defining and providing leadership to this emerging weiquan movement (Carnes 2006; Pils 2016), numerous non-lawyer activists and organizations are also involved in it. The discourse and activities of ‘rights defense’ (weiquan) originated in the 1990s, when some citizens began using the law to defend consumer rights. The 1990s also saw the early development of rural anti-tax movements, labor rights campaigns, women’s rights campaigns and an environmental movement. However, in a narrow sense as well as from a historical perspective, the term weiquan movement only refers to the rights campaigns that emerged after the Sun Zhigang incident in 2003 (Zhu Han 2016, pp. 55, 60). The Sun Zhigang incident not only marks the beginning of the rights defense movement; it also can be seen as one of its few successes.
    [Show full text]
  • Nathalia Martínez SONORA QUIERE SU CORONA: LA EMPRESARIA Y MODELO VA CON TODO PARA DARLE a SU ESTADO LA MERECIDA PRESEA EN LA FINAL DE MEXICANA UNIVERSAL 2020
    | NÚMERO 22 | AGOSTO 2020 | Nathalia Martínez SONORA QUIERE SU CORONA: LA EMPRESARIA Y MODELO VA CON TODO PARA DARLE A SU ESTADO LA MERECIDA PRESEA EN LA FINAL DE MEXICANA UNIVERSAL 2020. ABRE TU MUNDO A OTRAS EXPERIENCIAS ÉSTE ES TU MOMENTO | CELEBRACIÓN ESTILO ITALIANO | EL SHOW CONTINÚA DISEÑOS PARA LA NUEVA NORMALIDAD | VINICULTURA A LA AMERICANA | LOS HELADOS MÁS MEXICANOS Contenido La moda evoluciona Editorial Así presentan las nuevas colecciones ................. 10 colección de la reconocida casa de 'The Californian way' moda que presentó recientemente Muestra de vinicultura a la americana ................ 16 La belleza su propuesta para vestir la próxima nos rodea temporada. El show continúa Disfrutar de las opciones de Adaptación de los eventos sociales .................. 20 Poco a poco el mundo está entretenimiento, aún en este tiempo reactivándose bajo una Nueva de desconcierto, es disfrutable Sobran las excusas Normalidad; asimismo, volvemos y posible: nuestro colaborador Asegúrate a ti, tu activo más valioso .................. 22 a echar un vistazo al exterior, en estilo de vida, Adrián Xavier a observar lo que nos rodea, lo Tena, habla sobre cómo se están venidero y algunas otras cosas reanudando los eventos en México y que pasaban desapercibidas por el mundo. el desasosiego de este tiempo. Cuidar de ti y de los tuyos es otra Esta edición está dedicada a toda forma de vivir la belleza, nuestra esa belleza que nos envuelve: en colaboradora y asesora patrimonial Es tu momento el exterior, en otras personas y en Ana Lucía Sandoval, presenta el HORA DE AGREGAR UN nosotros mismos. seguro de vida como una opción 'SMARTWATCH' A TU ESTILO.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for a New Constitutional Model for East-Central Europe
    The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law CUA Law Scholarship Repository Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions Faculty Scholarship 1991 Searching for a New Constitutional Model for East-Central Europe Rett R. Ludwikowski The Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.edu/scholar Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Rett. R. Ludwikowski, Searching for a New Constitutional Model for East-Central Europe, 17 SYRACUSE J. INT’L L. & COM. 91 (1991). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at CUA Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarly Articles and Other Contributions by an authorized administrator of CUA Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEARCHING FOR A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL MODEL FOR EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE Rett R. Ludwikowski* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 92 II. CONSTITUTIONAL TRADITIONS: THE OVERVIEW ....... 93 A. Polish Constitutional Traditions .................... 93 1. The Constitution of May 3, 1791 ............... 94 2. Polish Constitutions in the Period of the Partitions ...................................... 96 3. Constitutions of the Restored Polish State After World War 1 (1918-1939) ...................... 100 B. Soviet Constitutions ................................ 102 1. Constitutional Legacy of Tsarist Russia ......... 102 2. The Soviet Revolutionary Constitution of 1918.. 104 3. The First Post-Revolutionary Constitution of 1924 ........................................... 107 4. The Stalin Constitution of 1936 ................ 109 5. The Post-Stalinist Constitution of 1977 ......... 112 C. Outline of the Constitutional History of Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary ............. 114 III. CONSTITUTIONAL LEGACY: CONFRONTATION OF EAST AND W EST ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sistema De Salud De México
    ARTÍCULO D E R E VISIÓN Gómez-Dantés O y col. Sistema de salud de México Octavio Gómez Dantés, MC, MSP,(1) Sergio Sesma, Lic en Ec, M en Ec, (2) Victor M. Becerril, Lic en Ec, M en Soc,(1) Felicia M. Knaul, PhD,(3) Héctor Arreola, Lic en Ec, M en Ec,(4) Julio Frenk, MC, PhD.(3) Gómez-Dantés O, Sesma S, Becerril VM, Gómez-Dantés O, Sesma S, Becerril VM, Knaul FM, Arreola H, Frenk J. Knaul FM, Arreola H, Frenk J. Sistema de salud de México. The health system of Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2011;53 supl 2:S220-S232. Salud Publica Mex 2011;53 suppl 2:S220-S232. Resumen Abstract En este trabajo se describe el sistema mexicano de salud. This paper describes the Mexican health system. In part En la primera parte se discuten las condiciones de salud one, the health conditions of the Mexican population are de la población mexicana, con énfasis en los padecimientos discussed, with emphasis in those emerging diseases that emergentes que constituyen las principales causas de muerte: are now the main causes of death, both in men and women: diabetes, enfermedades isquémicas del corazón, padeci- diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases mientos cerebrovasculares y cáncer. En la segunda parte se and cancer. Part two is devoted to the description of the basic describe la estructura básica del sistema: las instituciones que structure of the system: its main institutions, the population lo conforman, la población a la que cubre, los beneficios que coverage, the health benefits of those affiliated to the different reciben los afiliados de las distintas instituciones, las fuentes heath institutions, its financial sources, the levels of financial de financiamiento del sistema, los niveles de protección finan- protection in health, the availability of physical, material and ciera alcanzados, los recursos físicos, materiales y humanos human resources for health, and the stewardship functions con los que cuenta y las principales tareas de rectoría que displayed by the Ministry of Health and other actors.
    [Show full text]
  • Emily Edmonds-Poli and David A. Shirk 2009- Contemporary Mexican Politics
    CONTEMPORARY MEXICAN POLITICS EMILY EDMONDS-POLI and DAVID A. SHIRK ContempMexPolPBK.indd 1 10/16/08 12:23:29 PM #/.4%-0/2!29 -%8)#!.0/,)4)#3 CONTEMPORARY MEXIC AN POLITICS Emily Edmonds-Poli and David A. Shirk ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Emily. Contemporary Mexican politics / Emily Edmonds-Poli and David A. Shirk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4048-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4048-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4049-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4049-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Mexico--Politics and government--2000- I. Shirk, David A., 1971- II. Title. F1236.7.E36 2009 320.972--dc22 2008031594 Printed in the United States of America ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitutional and Political Implications of the 1995 Natural Gas Regulations Danielle Homant
    Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law Volume 4 | Issue 2 Article 4 Spring 3-1-1997 Mexico: Constitutional and Political Implications of the 1995 Natural Gas Regulations Danielle Homant Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Danielle Homant, Mexico: Constitutional and Political Implications of the 1995 Natural Gas Regulations, 4 Tulsa J. Comp. & Int'l L. 233 (1996). Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/tjcil/vol4/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law by an authorized administrator of TU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MEXICO: CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE 1995 NATURAL GAS REGULATIONS Danielle Homant* For the first time in sixty years, a new implementing regulation to Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution permits foreign investment in natural gas distribution, transmission, and storage. It allows foreign investors to compete for new energy projects triggered by Mexico's energy shortages, impending clean air mandates, and a desire to develop its immense and relatively untapped natural gas reserves. Foreign ener- gy companies are pondering what level of legal certainty exists under the new law, and how new natural gas projects are going to make eco- nomic sense in Mexican markets.' With power consumption in Mexico growing at over twice the United States rate and its leaders gradually opening up the power sector to foreign investors, Mexico has long been viewed as a promised land for United States energy companies.' Power consumption in Mexico has grown by an average annual rate of five percent in the last ten * J.D., California Western School of Law, San Diego, California (1996); Certified Investi- gator, California State (1989); B.A., San Diego State University, San Diego, California (1982).
    [Show full text]