Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL and EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Volume 35

Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Volume 35

Series Editor Atilla Ansal, School of Engineering, Ozyeg˘in€ University, Istanbul, Turkey

Editorial Advisory Board

Julian Bommer, Imperial College London, U.K. Jonathan D. Bray, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. Kyriazis Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Susumu Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, Japan

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6011 Fabio Taucer • Roberta Apostolska Editors

Experimental Research in Earthquake Engineering

EU-SERIES Concluding Workshop

2123 Editors Fabio Taucer Roberta Apostolska Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC), European Laboratory for Structural (IPSC), European Laboratory for Structural Assessment Unit, TP 480 Assessment Unit, TP 480 European Commission European Commission Ispra Ispra Varese Varese Italy Italy

ISSN 1573-6059 ISSN 1872-4671 (electronic) Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering ISBN 978-3-319-10135-4 ISBN 978-3-319-10136-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10136-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014956381

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com) Preface

The construction of earthquake resistant buildings was based for centuries on the observation of earthquake damage to the built environment and the adoption of cor- rective measures during reconstruction. As a result, the areas affected by earthquake disasters have served as large fields for testing construction practice, albeit in an uncontrolled way. The advent of laboratory-controlled experiments, in combination with field observations, allowed during the last decades a fast advancement towards what we know today as modern earthquake engineering, which required experimental tests to be representative of real conditions in the field. It meant the use of full- scale specimens, accurate control of boundary conditions and reliable readings of response, which implied continuous evolution of the infrastructure supporting the experimental tests, still today one of the main challenges in earthquake engineering. Shaking tables and reaction frames/walls coupled with hydraulic actuators have been in use for more than half a century for carrying out experimental tests in earthquake engineering. This has permitted the development of new design procedures and innovative technologies for earthquake protection, as well as the calibration of numerical models. In Europe, experimental testing has been at the fore-front of pre-Normative research in support of the European standards for construction, in particular of EN 1998 (Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance), through the participation of smaller scale labs, mostly for testing of sub-assemblag- es and components, up to large laboratories for full-scale validation and demonstra- tion tests. Geotechnical centrifuges have also been used in earthquake engineering for studying wave propagation and soil-structure interaction phenomena, for both surface and embedded structures. In an effort towards capitalizing on the existing infrastructures in Europe for experimental testing in earthquake engineering, the European Commission financed the SERIES Project (Seismic Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies, www.series.upatras.gr) under grant agreement n° 227887 of the Re- search Infrastructures Programme in the Seventh Framework Programme. The project was coordinated by Prof Michael N. Fardis of the University of Patras. It aimed at fostering a sustainable culture of co-operation among all research infrastructures, by taking advantage of their complementarities while at the same time bringing the less advanced infrastructures to the levels of the most advanced ones. A major part

v vi Preface of the project was devoted to transnational access of users to a world-class portfo- lio combining Europe’s largest facility for pseudo-dynamic testing, four diverse shake tables and two centrifuges. The project also envisioned joint research activities towards new fundamental technologies and innovative techniques, promoting efficient and joint use of the research infrastructures. In this volume, experts from Europe, USA and China present their work in the three areas addressed by the SERIES Project: networking, transnational access and joint research activities. The networking activities include the development of a public distributed database of past, present and future test results, distributed testing capabilities, hybrid simulation, telepresence, and protocols for qualification of Research Infrastructures. The results of transnational access activities are presented for a number of projects among the 27 carried out at the seven large-scale infrastructures of SERIES, ranging from the retrofit of existing to the design of new reinforced concrete, steel, masonry and wood structures, as well as soil-structure interaction and wave propagation. The joint research activities explored novel techniques for better control of fast tests or special applications, new sensing and instru- mentation systems, data assimilation in equipment-specimen models for better test control and optimisation of testing campaigns, as well as experimental studies of soil-structure interaction. The SERIES concluding workshop on “Earthquake Engineering Research In- frastructures” was held at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission at Ispra, Italy on May 28–30, 2013, jointly with the George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES, USA). The workshop attracted a large audience to listen to renowned experts from around the world presenting close to 55 invited contributions. The event was dedicated to the memory of Prof Roy Severn, who established and led the EQUALS facility at the University of Bristol and co-ordinated seismic infrastructure projects which preceded SERIES in past Framework Programmes, notably ECOEST I and II and ECOLEADER. We gratefully acknowledge the support of Ms Claudia Carniel from the Joint Research Centre, and Ms Vassia Vayenas and Dr Dionysis Biskinis from the Uni- versity of Patras for their contribution to the organisation of the SERIES Workshop at Ispra. In Memory of Prof Roy Severn

Professor Roy Severn CBE FREng FICE initiated and led the formation of the strong network of European earthquake engineering laboratories that has underpinned Eu- ropean research in this field for nearly 25 years, leading to EU funded projects including ECOEST1, ECOEST2, ECOLEADER, CASCADE, FUDIDCOEEF and SERIES. All these projects promoted the development and application of large scale shaking table, reaction wall and centrifuge experiments, enabling a large number of EU researchers to access a network of world class facilities. The resulting research has led to many advances and has underpinned the development of Eurocode 8. Roy joined the University of Bristol as a lecturer in 1956, becoming a Pro Vice Chancellor, twice Dean of Engineering, Head of the Department of Civil Engineer- ing and Director of the Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, before retiring in 1995. He was elected President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1990–1991. Roy Severn was born in Hucknall Nottinghamshire on 6th September 1929. He eventually moved with his family to Great Yarmouth, spending his final 6th form year at Great Yarmouth Grammar School. At the end of the war, in 1947, he read mathematics at the Royal College of Sci- ence in London. He played cricket, rugby and soccer and as a direct consequence met Professor Sammy Sparkes of Imperial College when they both played for the

vii viii In Memory of Prof Roy Severn

Wasps Rugby Club. Sparkes persuaded Roy that a career in Civil Engineering would be sensible. At that time Roy also met Deryck N. de G. Allen who was later to become his PhD supervisor at Imperial College. Allen was a student of Sir Rich- ard Southwell who was developing numerical relaxation techniques for the solution of large sets of equations. The Consulting Engineers, Binnie, Deacon and Gourley had a commission to design the Dokan Arch Dam near Baghdad. They asked Allen for help so he and Roy took on the task and spent many hours with hand calculators grinding out numerical stress analysis solutions. In 1956, after National Service with the Royal Engineers, during which he served as a 2nd Lieutenant in Egypt, Cyprus and Aden, Roy was offered a lectureship in civil engineering at Bristol. That same year, the Institution of Civil Engineers set up an Arch Dams Committee, chaired by Sir Angus Paton, to investigate the potential of the emerging finite element technique. Roy was the most junior member of the committee and was allocated the task of developing numerical earthquake response analysis techniques. This was the starting point of earthquake engineering research at the University of Bristol. Although a mathematician by background, Roy recognised the importance of large scale experimentation and prototype observations in seeding and validating theory and analysis. In 1981, he won the Telford Gold Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers with Alan Jeary and Brian Ellis of the Building Research Es- tablishment for their pioneering work on forced vibration testing of embankment dams using a novel eccentric mass exciter system. Then, in 1984, Roy became a member of the Civil Engineering Committee of the UK Science and Engineering Research Council. He won the bid from that committee to set up a 15 t capacity, six degree of freedom shaking table capable of testing large structural components and models with simulations of real earthquakes. At the same time, Roy promoted the SERC’s initial funding of the UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT). In 1990, the European Commission invited Roy to co-ordinate the large earthquake engineering facilities in LNEC (Lisbon), ISMES (Italy), NTU Athens and Bristol in a joint programme to calibrate and improve the performance of shaking tables. This project put Europe’s shaking table facilities amongst the best in the world and led to the sequence of EU funded projects listed above. The ELSA reaction wall facility at JRC Ispra, the shaking tables at CEA Saclay and EUCENTRE Pavia, and centrifuges at Cambridge and IFSTTAR Nantes subsequently joined the laboratory network, making their facilities available to researchers from across the EU. Roy continued to co-ordinate this European laboratory-based earthquake engineering research until 2005—some 10 years after his official retirement—leaving behind a thriving, world class, research community that continues to underpin im- provements in global earthquake safety. In 1981, Roy was elected a fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering. In 1992, he was awarded a CBE for services to Civil Engineering. In 1997 he delivered the 6th Mallet-Milne Lecture entitled “Structural Response Prediction Using Experimental Data”. In Memory of Prof Roy Severn ix

Roy was still working right to the end. His last big project was a book of the his- tory of the Faculty of Engineering at the University. He, very generously, funded its production and donated the royalties to the University to set up a scholarship fund for students. Roy Severn died on 25 November 2012, aged 83. He is survived by his wife Hil- ary, daughters Fiona and Elizabeth and his five grandchildren. The European Research Infrastructures on earthquake engineering will always remember Roy Severn as the initiator of a long and successful period of European research and collaboration. We all acknowledge Roy for his continuous leadership and European spirit. Bristol, UK Colin Taylor Patras, Greece Michael N. Fardis Ispra, Italy Artur V. Pinto August 2014 Acknowledgment

This volume has been prepared and published with the support of the Joint Research Centre, the European Commission’s in-house science service. As the Commission’s in-house science service, the Joint Research Centre’s mis- sion is to provide EU policies with independent, evidence-based scientiﬁc and technical support throughout the whole policy cycle. Working in close coopera- tion with policy Directorates-General, the JRC addresses key societal challenges while stimulating innovation through developing new methods, tools and standards, and sharing its know-how with the Member States, the scientiﬁc community and international partners.

xi Contents

1 The George E. Brown, Jr., Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES): Reducing the Impact of EQs and Tsunamis �� 1 Julio A. Ramirez

2 A Faceted Lightweight Ontology for Earthquake Engineering Research Projects and Experiments �� 11 Rashedul Hasan, Feroz Farazi, Oreste Salvatore Bursi and Md Shahin Reza

3 The SERIES Virtual Database: Architecture and Implementation �� 21 Ignacio Lamata Martínez, Ioannid Ioannidis, Christos Fidas, Martin S. Williams and Pierre Pegon

4 The SERIES Virtual Database: Exchange Data Format and Local/Central Databases �� 31 Anna Bosi, Ilias Kotinas, Ignacio Lamata Martínez, Stathis Bousias, Jean Louis Chazelas, Martin Dietz, Rashedul Hasan, Gopal S. P. Madabhushi, Andrea Prota, Anthony Blakeborough and Pierre Pegon

5 Qualification of Seismic Research Testing Facilities in Europe �� 49 Maurizio A. Zola and Fabio Taucer

6 Towards Faster Computations and Accurate Execution of Real-Time Hybrid Simulation �� 65 Khalid M. Mosalam and Selim Günay

7 Pseudo-Dynamic Testing Based on Non-linear Dynamic Substructuring of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge �� 83 Giuseppe Abbiati, Oreste Salvatore Bursi, Enrico Cazzador, Rosario Ceravolo, Zhu Mei, Fabrizio Paolacci and Pierre Pegon

xiii xiv Contents

8 Geographically Distributed Continuous Hybrid Simulation Tests Using Shaking Tables �� 99 Ferran Obón Santacana and Uwe E. Dorka

9 Hybrid Simulations of a Piping System Based on Model Reduction Techniques �� 117 Md Shanin Reza, Giuseppe Abbiati, Alessio Bonelli and Oreste S. Bursi

10 A Support Platform for Distributed Hybrid Testing �� 133 Ignacio Lamata Martínez, Ferran Obón Santacana, Martin S. Williams, Anthony Blakeborough and Uwe E. Dorka

11 Substructuring for Soil Structure Interaction Using a Shaking Table �� 141 Matthew Dietz, Zhenyun Tang, Colin Taylor and Zhenbao Li

12 On the Control of Shaking Tables in Acceleration Mode: An Adaptive Signal Processing Framework �� 159 Vasileios K. Dertimanis, Harris P. Mouzakis and Ioannis N. Psycharis

13 Refined and Simplified Numerical Models of an Isolated Old Highway Bridge for PsD Testing �� 173 Fabrizio Paolacci, Luigi Di Sarno, Raffaele De Risi, Giuseppe Abbiati, Arkam Mohammad Zeki Mohamad, Marialaura Malena and Daniele Corritore

14 Assessment of the Seismic Behaviour of a Retrofitted Old R.C. Highway Bridge Through PsD Testing �� 199 Fabrizio Paolacci, Luigi Di Sarno, Pierre Pegon, Francisco Javier Molina, Martin Poljansek, Oreste Salvatore Bursi, Giuseppe Abbiati, Rosario Ceravolo, Mustafa Erdik, Raffaele De Risi and Arkam Mohammad Zeki Mohamad

15 Full-scale Testing of Modern Unreinforced Thermal Insulation Clay Block Masonry Houses �� 229 Andreas Jäger, Suikai Lu, Hervé Degée, Christophe Mordant, Ambra Chioccariello, Zoran T. Rakicevic, Veronika Sendova, Luís Mendes, Paulo Candeias, Alfredo Campos Costa, António A. Correia and Ema Coelho

16 Assessment of Innovative Solutions for Non-Load Bearing Masonry Enclosures �� 247 João Leite, António A. Correia, Paulo B. Lourenço, Elizabeth Vintzileou, Vasiliki Palieraki, Paulo Candeias, Alfredo Campos Costa and Ema Coelho Contents xv

17 Seismic Behaviour of Thin-Bed Layered Unreinforced Clay Masonry Frames with T- or L-Shaped Piers �� 269 Christophe Mordant, Matthew Dietz, Colin Taylor and Hervé Degée

18 Shake Table Testing of a Half-Scaled RC-URM Wall Structure �� 295 Marco Tondelli, Sarah Petry, Igor Lanese, Simone Peloso and Katrin Beyer

19 Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Torsionally Irregular RC Shear Wall Buildings with Rutherma Breakers �� 307 Ahmet Yakut, Alain Le Maoult, Benjamin Richard, Gabriela M. Atanasiu, Frederic Ragueneau, Stefen Scheer and Seref Diler

20 Assessment of the Seismic Response of Concentrically- Braced Steel Frames �� 327 Brian M. Broderick, Jamie Goggins, Darko Beg, Ahmed Y. Elghazouli, Philippe Mongabure, Alain Le Maoult, Alan Hunt, Suhaib Salawdeh, Primoz Moze, Gerard O’Reilly and Franc Sinur

21 Shaking Table Test Design to Evaluate Earthquake Capacity of a 3-Storey Building Specimen Composed of Cast-In-Situ Concrete Walls �� 345 Salvador Ivorra, Dora Foti, Ilaria Ricci, Giada Gasparini, Stefano Silvestri and Tomaso Trombetti

22 High-Performance Composite-Reinforced Earthquake Resistant Buildings with Self-Aligning Capabilities �� 359 Bohumil Kasal, Tiberiu Polocoser, Pablo Guindos, Shota Urushadze, Stanislav Pospisil, Andreas Heiduschke, Norbert Rüther and Zbigniew Zembaty

23 Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Shear Wall with Joint Connecting Beam Under Cyclic Loadings �� 373 Xilin Lu, Dun Wang and Bin Zhao

24 The Importance of connections in Seismic Regions: Full-Scale Testing of a 3-Storey Precast Concrete Building �� 387 Dionysios Bournas, Paolo Negro and Francisco Javier Molina

25 Caisson Foundations Subjected to Seismic Faulting: Reduced-Scale Physical Modeling �� 405 Ioannis Anastasopoulos, Orestis Zarzouras, Vasileios Drosos and George Gazetas xvi Contents

26 Development of New Infinite Element for Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in Soil Media �� 423 Vlatko Sesov, Mihail Garevski, Kemal Edip and Julijana Bojadjieva

27 Analysis of the Dynamic Behaviour of Squat Silos Containing Grain-like Material Subjected to Shaking Table Tests—ASESGRAM Final Report �� 437 Dora Foti, Tomaso Trombetti, Stefano Silvestri, Laura Di Chiacchio, Salvador Ivorra, Colin Taylor and Matthew Dietz

28 Multi-Building Interactions and Site-City Effect: An Idealized Experimental Model �� 459 Logan Schwan, Claude Boutin, Matthew Dietz, Luis Padron, Pierre-Yves Bard, Erdin Ibraim, Orlando Maeso, Juan J. Aznárez and Colin Taylor

29 Centrifuge Modeling of Dynamic Behavior of Box Shaped Underground Structures in Sand �� 477 Deniz Ulgen, Selman Saglam, M. Yener Ozkan and Jean Louis Chazelas

30 Dynamic Response of Shallow Rectangular Tunnels in Sand by Centrifuge Testing �� 493 Grigorios Tsinidis, Emmanouil Rovithis, Kyriazis Pitilakis and Jean Louis Chazelas

31 Centrifuge Modelling of the Dynamic Behavior of Square Tunnels in Sand �� 509 Grigorios Tsinidis, Charles Heron, Kyriazis Pitilakis and Gopal S. P. Madabhushi

32 FLIQ: Experimental Verification of Shallow Foundation Performance Under Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction �� 525 George D. Bouckovalas, Dimitris K. Karamitros, Gopal S. P. Madabhushi, Ulas Cilingir, Achilleas G. Papadimitriou and Stuart K. Haigh

33 Centrifuge Modelling of Retaining Walls Embedded in Saturated Sand Under Seismic Actions �� 543 Stefano Aversa, Luca de Sanctis, Rosa Maria Stefania Maiorano, Michele Tricarico, Giulia Viggiani, Riccardo Conti and Gopal S. P. Madabhushi

34 Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Nonlinearity in Soils Using Advanced Laboratory-Scaled Models (ENINALS Project): From a Site-Test to a Centrifuge Model �� 563 Francesca Bozzano, Salvatore Martino, Alberto Prestininzi, Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza, Luis Fabian Bonilla, Alberto Bretschneider, Jean Louis Chazelas, Sandra Escoffier, Luca Lenti and Jean-François Semblat Contents xvii

35 Damping Estimation from Seismic Records �� 579 Dionisio Bernal

36 Development of Wireless Sensors for Shake Table and Full Scale Testing and Health Monitoring of Structures �� 595 Zoran T Rakicevic, Igor Markovski, Dejan Filipovski, Slobodan Micajkov and Mihail Garevski

Index �� 611 Contributors

Giuseppe Abbiati Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Ioannis Anastasopoulos Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Gabriela M. Atanasiu Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iasi, Iasi, Romania Stefano Aversa Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy Juan J. Aznárez University Institute SIANI, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain Pierre-Yves Bard ISTerre/IFSTTAR, Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France Darko Beg Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Dionisio Bernal Civil and Environmental Engineering, Center for Digital Signal Processing, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Katrin Beyer Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Laboratory (EESD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Earthquake Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland Anthony Blakeborough Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Julijana Bojadjieva Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Alessio Bonelli Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy

xix xx Contributors

Luis Fabian Bonilla Department of Geotechnics, Environment, Natural hazards and Earth sciences, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Marne la Vallée, France Anna Bosi Vienna Consulting Engineers ZT GmbH, Vienna, Austria George D. Bouckovalas National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece Dionysios Bournas Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Stathis Bousias University of Patras, Patras, Greece Claude Boutin ENTPE/LGCB – LTDS - CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, Vaulx-en-Velin, France Francesca Bozzano Department of Earth Sciences and Research Centre for Geological Risks (CERI), “Sapienza” University of Rome, Roma, Italy Alberto Bretschneider Department of Geotechnics, Environment, Natural hazards and Earth sciences, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Marne la Vallée, France Brian M. Broderick Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Oreste Salvatore Bursi Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Paulo Candeias Department of Structures, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Enrico Cazzador Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Rosario Ceravolo Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico of Turin, Turin, Italy Laura Di Chiacchio Department DICAM, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Ambra Chioccariello University of Genova, Genova, Italy Ulas Cilingir University of Cambridge (UCam), Cambridge, UK Ema Coelho Department of Structures, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Riccardo Conti Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano, Roma, Italy António A. Correia Department of Structures, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Contributors xxi

Daniele Corritore Department of Engineering, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Alfredo Campos Costa Department of Structures, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Raffaele De Risi Department of Structures for Engineering & Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy Luca de Sanctis Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy Hervé Degée University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Vasilis K. Dertimanis Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Luigi Di Sarno Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy Matthew Dietz Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Seref Diler SCHÖCK Company, Baden-Baden, Germany Uwe E. Dorka Steel and Composite Section, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany Vasileios Drosos Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Kemal Edip Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Ahmed Y. Elghazouli Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK Mustafa Erdik Department of Earthquake Engineering, KOERI, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey Sandra Escoffier Department of Geotechnics, Environment, Natural hazards and Earth sciences, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Marne la Vallée, France Feroz Farazi Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Christos Fidas University of Patras, Patras, Greece Dejan Filipovski Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Dora Foti Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Technical University of Bari, Bari, Italy xxii Contributors

Mihail Garevski Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Giada Gasparini Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy George Gazetas Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Jamie Goggins College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Pablo Guindos Fraunhofer Wilhelm Klauditz Institut (WKI), Braunschweig, Germany Selim Günay Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Stuart K. Haigh University of Cambridge (UCam), Cambridge, UK Rashedul Hasan Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Andreas Heiduschke HESS TIMBER GmbH & Co. KG, Kleinheubach, Germany Charles Heron Department of Engineering, Schofield Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Alan Hunt Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Erdin Ibraim Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. Ioannid Ioannidis University of Patras, Patras, Greece Salvador Ivorra Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain Andreas Jäger Wienerberger AG, Vienna, Austria Dimitris K. Karamitros National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece Bohumil Kasal Fraunhofer Wilhelm Klauditz Institut (WKI), Braunschweig, Germany Ilias Kotinas University of Patras, Patras, Greece Igor Lanese Eucentre—European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering, Pavia, PV, Italy Contributors xxiii

João Leite Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minho and ISISE, Guimarães, Portugal Alain Le Maoult CEA Saclay, DEN/DANS/DM2S/SEMT/EMSI, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Luca Lenti Department of Geotechnics, Environment, Natural hazards and Earth sciences, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Marne la Vallée, France Zhenbao Li Beijing Key Lab of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Retrofit, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China Jean Louis Chazelas Department of Geotechnics, Environment, Natural hazards and Earth sciences, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Marne la Vallée, France Paulo B. Lourenço Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal Suikai Lu Consulting Engineer, Vienna, Austria Xilin Lu State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Gopal S. P. Madabhushi SDepartment of Engineering, Schofield Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Orlando Maeso University Institute SIANI, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain Rosa Maria Stefania Maiorano Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy Marialaura Malena Department of Engineering, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Igor Markovski Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Ignacio Lamata Martínez Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Salvatore Martino Department of Earth Sciences and Research Centre for Geological Risks (CERI), “Sapienza” University of Rome, Roma, Italy Zhu Mei Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Luis Mendes Structures Department, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal xxiv Contributors

Slobodan Micajkov Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Arkam Mohammad Zeki Mohamad Department of Engineering, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Francisco Javier Molina Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Laboratory for Structural Assessment Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy Philippe Mongabure CEA Saclay, DEN/DANS/DM2S/SEMT/EMSI, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France Christophe Mordant University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Khalid M. Mosalam Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Harris P. Mouzakis Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Primoz Moze Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Paolo Negro Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Laboratory for Structural Assessment Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy Gerard O’Reilly College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Ferran Obón Santacana Steel and Composite Section, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany M. Yener Ozkan Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Luis Padron University Institute SIANI, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain Vasiliki Palieraki Department of Structural Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece Fabrizio Paolacci Department of Engineering, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy Achilleas G. Papadimitriou University of Thessaly (UTh), Volos, Greece Pierre Pegon Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Laboratory for Structural Assessment Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy Simone Peloso Eucentre—European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering, Pavia, PV, Italy Contributors xxv

Sarah Petry Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Laboratory (EESD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Earthquake Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland Kyriazis Pitilakis Department of Civil Engineering, Research Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Martin Poljansek Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Laboratory for Structural Assessment Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy Tiberiu Polocoser Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Stanislav Pospisil Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Alberto Prestininzi Department of Earth Sciences and Research Centre for Geological Risks (CERI), “Sapienza” University of Rome, Roma, Italy Andrea Prota University of Naples, Naples, Italy Ioannis N. Psycharis Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Frederic Ragueneau LMT-Cachan, ENS-Cachan/CNRS, Cachan, France Zoran T. Rakicevic Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Julio A. Ramirez NEEScomm Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Md Shahin Reza Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy Ilaria Ricci Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Benjamin Richard CEA, DEN, DANS, DM2S, SEMT, Laboratoire d’Etudes de Mécanique Sismique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Emmanouil Rovithis Institute of Engineering Seismology & Earthquake Engineering (EPPO-ITSAK) Dassyliou Str, Eleones, Pylaia, Thessaloniki, Greece Norbert Rüther Fraunhofer Wilhelm Klauditz Institut (WKI), Braunschweig, Germany Selman Saglam Department of Civil Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey Suhaib Salawdeh College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland xxvi Contributors

Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza Department of Earth Sciences and Research Centre for Geological Risks (CERI), “Sapienza” University of Rome, Roma, Italy Stefen Scheer SCHOECK France SARL, Entzheim, France Logan Schwan ENTPE/LGCB – LTDS - CNRS UMR 5513, Université de Lyon, Vaulx-en-Velin, France Jean-François Semblat Department of Geotechnics, Environment, Natural hazards and Earth sciences, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Marne la Vallée, France Veronika Sendova Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Vlatko Sesov Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, IZIIS, Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Stefano Silvestri Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Franc Sinur Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Zhenyun Tang Beijing Key Lab of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Retrofit, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China Fabio Taucer Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, European Laboratory for Structural Assessment Unit, European Commission, Ispra, Italy Colin Taylor Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Marco Tondelli Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Laboratory (EESD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Earthquake Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland Michele Tricarico Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Napoli Parthenope, Napoli, Italy Tomaso Trombetti Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Grigorios Tsinidis Department of Civil Engineering, Research Unit of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, Greece Deniz Ulgen Department of Civil Engineering, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey Shota Urushadze Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Contributors xxvii

Giulia Viggiani Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Elizabeth Vintzileou Department of Structural Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece Dun Wang Research institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Martin S. Williams Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Ahmet Yakut Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey Orestis Zarzouras Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Zbigniew Zembaty University of Technology, Opole, Poland Bin Zhao State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Maurizio A. Zola Consultants of P&P LMC, Seriate, BG, Italy