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Some new notes on

1. are not propositions, although they are logoi and thus combinations of terms (subjects and predicates) 2. From last time (lecture on On Interpretation): propositions and truth/falsity are basically combinatorial—an affirmation is true if and only if the referent of its predicate really belongs to the referent of its subject and false if not, and a negation is true if and only if the referent of its predicate really fails to belong to the referent of its subject and false if the referent of its predicate really does belong to the referent of its subject. So a true proposition is a mental image of reality. 3. Combination and the Forms—for the theory of Forms, the subject is a bit of matter, and it can participate to varying degrees in various forms, even opposite ones (because the variation in perspectives or points of view can never be resolved), so that contradictions can be true in the world of becoming. This seems to be a Socratic version of Anaxagoras’ doctrine that all things were (and remain) together (to varying degrees). 4. Combination without the Forms—requires the concept of accident as manifestation and the distinction potentiality/actuality. A true proposition pictures a potentiality that has become realized or manifest. 5. Substance: what exists as itself as opposed to as an aspect of something else. Attribute (traditionally, “accident”): what exists only as an aspect of something else. 6. In the theory of forms, substance is the Forms. For , there are various kinds of substances, both natural and super-natural. 7. The “categories” are substance and several kinds of accidents. 8. Categories: the kinds of questions that can be asked about a subject. 9. The kind of attributes a thing can have that can change (as opposed to genera and differentiae, that are also attributes in a sense, but are fixed). 10. These are the kinds of things that are “consignified” by inflections (?). 11. Accidents, as has been stated, are not independent or separate realities, but have only through substance. 12. The everlasting and immanent formulas (natures, souls) of natural kinds of substances, that are passed down from generation to generation, replace the Forms as the of living things. They serve to explain the meaning of propositions and also serve as the , as it were, of the universe. 13. “” is an internal principle of change and rest in things subject to such. 14. Terrestrial matter (stuff, unstructured) (earth, air, fire, water) is substance, is transmutable and is everlasting as matter (?), thus having an immutable nature. 15. Celestial matter is everlasting and indestructible, and thus has an immutable nature. 16. The (hypothetical) souls of the celestial orbs (spheres) are everlasting, and thus have immutable natures. 17. The intelligences that move the spheres are not natures but above natures, but they are immutable substances, in which there is no distinction of substance and accident. 18. The essences of accidents are contained in the essences of substances, because accidents are manifestations of substances.