What Do Names Tell Us About Our Former Occupations?

Home , Anthroponymy, Ferraro, Ferrero, Lefebvre, Sarti, Sartori

Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 UDC 811.163.42'373.232:81'373.237 Review

Dunja Brozovi} Ron~evi}

Linguistic Research Institute, Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia

ABSTRACT

The paper will analyze some linguistic, primarily onomastic evidence of still existent or extinct crafts and occupations within the framework of the former social structure. Many onetime crafts became extinct in the course of time, but traces of their former diffusion and importance can be reconstructed from their onomastic, primarily, anthro- ponomastic reflections. Similar surnames motivated by occupation can be found all across Europe. Some surname statistics in various European countries are given in the paper.

Key words: onomastics, anthroponymy, occupational surnames, Croatian surnames, crafts

Introduction

In many ways names express the iden- other members of the local community. tity of a community. From a historical Today, when we view Croatia that group perspective they bear witness to valuable of surnames covers about 10% of all fam- non-linguistic information on cultural, ily names1. Most of them originate from social, religious and other levels. So-cal- the period of the late Middle Ages, the led occupational surnames represent an age of a highly developed feudalism in especially interesting group of names found which craftsmen settled at market places all across Europe. Many former long for- and around medieval towns. At that time gotten occupations and local crafts are ex- they started to play an important role tinct, but the memory of their former im- within the framework of the feudal social portance is well preserved in onomastic structure. Since for centuries crafts and evidence, mostly in surnames. occupations were mostly hereditary, a Originally, in the »pre-surname« peri- group of family names motivated by them ods, names motivated by occupation used in most European countries developed to be a sort of nickname given to crafts- and hence they represent one of the earli- men in order to distinguish them among est groups of hereditary surnames. It is

Received for publication December 15, 2003

161 D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}: Names Based on Former Crafts, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 especially true for the period after the able to produce its own goods. In most vil- Council of Trent (1545–1563) when the lages, until the end of the 19th century, majority of family names obtained an offi- crafts often used to be just a complemen- cial status and gradually, throughout the tary seasonal activity in periods in which 16th and 17th century, became not only he- the farmers were not fully involved in reditary but also an obligatory part of the farming, or cattle breeding. From the 19th naming formula2. century onwards, in rural areas craftsmen gradually differentiated from farmers. Still, the market was too small to ini- The Development of Medieval tiate the growth of manufactures, and Crafts craftsmen mostly traded within their own In most of Europe, crafts gradually regions. In spite of their undefined sta- emerged by the end of the 10th and at the tus, or better, as a result of that status, beginning of the 11th century, a time in many of those »seasonal craftsmen« ob- which medieval towns developed into cen- tained nicknames that later became sur- ters of trade and manufacturing. From names, that differentiated them within the 11th to the 14th century, the urban set- their communities. It should be noted that tlements were in a constant rise all in the 18th and 19th centuries, the differ- across Europe. That situation was some- entiation of craftsmen in rural environ- what changed due to an economic and de- ments had a somewhat negative conno- mographic depression in the 14th century, tation3. Those were the people that be- but already by the middle of the 15th cen- came craftsmen not because of their skills tury many urban settlements were offi- but out of necessity since they had lost cially given a kind of an urban epithet their land. They were often treated with and that represented the culmination pe- contempt within their communities and riod of medieval crafts. However, the Ot- the nicknames motivated by crafts were toman army invasion in the 16th century, somewhat pejorative. and the Turkish conquest of the large por- Many craftsmen came to Croatia about tions of the South-Eastern Europe and the 13th century. In the northern part of Hungary, brought depression and stagna- Croatia, king Bela the Fourth (1235– tion of many former urban settlements. 1270) invited them to »his« territory as Well-established trade routes were sus- so-called »hospites«. Many of them were pended which in turn meant in many of foreign, often German origin* and most towns a downfall in production for crafts- medieval towns very soon became partly men. There were, however, European cit- cosmopolitan settlements. Shortly after- ies in which the crafts were kept from de- wards craftsmen started to form market cay almost in the continuity from the late districts within the cities and organize Antiquity until the present. This refers themselves into brotherhoods on an eth- mostly to Italy, but also to some of the nic or occupational basis. However, it Dalmatian cities that were under Byzan- seems that the first brotherhoods were tine and later Venetian rule. more religious and social organizations. The situation was, of course, quite dif- In Zagreb »the Croatian Brotherhood« is ferent in the rural communities where mentioned in historical records of 1355, the local population was for the most part »German« in 1357, and »Latin« in 13844.

* Many German craftsmen stayed in Croatia for centuries, and only at the beginning of the 20th century their number rapidly declined.

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At that time the term Latin was mostly by the responsible municipal authorities, referred to Italian builders, such as sto- or by the ruler, Croatian historical re- ne-carvers from Florence who came to cords give us valuable information on the Zagreb to build the cathedral. A memory importance of certain crafts and the order of that ethnic group is preserved in the in which they were established, until name of one of the major Zagreb streets, their abolishment in 1872. According to Vla{ka ulica, as well as in the name La{- historical records in the Zagreb region ~ina that used to be a village where the there were 28 guilds, most of them con- Italians had their properties. Germans, centrated in Gradec*, although the num- on the other hand were often shoe-mak- ber of various crafts that were present in ers so the district they settled was known the Croatian capital from the 13th to the as »German« or [o{tarska ves (Shoema- 19th century certainly surpasses that kers Lane). In later periods, when the number. In the 15th century Gradec regis- craftsmen suburban settlements became tered 38 different crafts, while the histor- integrated districts of the cities, a mem- ical records of Vienna from 1454, that at ory of their former importance is often, to the time had about 20,000 inhabitants, the present day, preserved in numerous list 68 different crafts that were orga- street or district names that were named nized within 55 guilds. The number of after them. Thus we find, for example in craftsmen is of course proportionally re- the Croatian capital Zagreb, street names lated to the level of the urban develop- like Koàrska (koàr 'leather-worker'), ment of a certain town. Lon~arska (lon~ar 'potter'), Mesni~ka The situation in Zagreb5 mostly corre- (mesar 'butcher'), Mlinarska (mlinar 'mil- sponds to the situation in other north ler'), [o{tarska ({o{tar 'shoe-maker' ¬ Croatian towns. For example, according Germ.), [loserska ({loser 'lock-smith' ¬ to a number of registered craftsmen in Germ.), Zvonarni~ka (zvonar 'bell-maker' Vara`din, the most numerous were but- used in the sense of bell workshop) and so chers, then came blacksmiths, shoe-mak- on. In Rijeka we had Uàrska (uàr ers, tailors, small shop-keepers, millers, 'rope-maker'), in Dubrovnik Crevljarska salt-producers or salt traders, weavers, (crevljar 'shoe-maker'), Zlatarska (zlatar bathers, goldsmiths, joiners, bow-makers, 'goldsmith'), in Zadar Kova~ka (kova~ armoires, strap-makers, furriers, carpen- 'blacksmith') etc. Since those names, that ters, organ makers, gun-smiths, stone- date back hundreds of years, very explic- carvers, barbers, vessel makers, cart itly bear witness to a historical develop- wrights, etc.6 ment of medieval towns, and represent The southern, coastal part of Croatia an important part of their history, they was in general, economically more pros- should not be renamed as they unfortu- perous then the north. The indigenous nately often are. Romance population of Dalmatian towns In the 15th century craftsmen began to was mostly assimilated before the coastal form guilds, occupational associations territory came under the political and ad- with the same or similar crafts that func- ministrative influence of Venice. The tioned as sort of medieval unions. Due to Croats, who originally lived outside the the fact the guilds had to be authorized city walls gradually entered the cities

* The capital of Croatia that was until 1860 divided into Gradec (the royal free city on basis of a charter granted in 1242 by King Bela IV), the capitular part of the town called Kaptol, and the Vlaška district that was under the Bishop's jurisdiction.

163 D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}: Names Based on Former Crafts, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 and started to participate in the urban surname geographical distribution we economic life. Craftsmen in Dalmatian can obtain very useful information for the towns were usually organized in brother- study of migrations from a historical per- hoods before those in the north of Croa- spective. tia7. They were able to develop some tech- Since it is not possible to list all sur- nologically more demanding production names motivated by crafts on this occa- as shipbuilding, shipping-trade, salt pro- sion, I shall single out the most indica- ducing etc. Medieval Dubrovnik was well tive, or the most numerous ones, accor- known for its production of very fine cloths, ding to the frequency list of all Croatian weavers and dyers (tinctoria)8. surnames. What can be said about crafts all over Croatia is that they were mostly oriented It is not surprising that among all oc- * to small, closed communities. For most cupational surnames in Croatia, the far towns it seems there were too many most wide-spread are those derived from craftsmen of the same branch, and in METAL WORKERS, like the word kova~ 'black- most cases they did not produce goods for smith', since from the time of the first his- trade outside their own town. In such a torical records we know that almost each situation there was hardly any need for settlement had to have a blacksmith. Ac- technical improvements. Furthermore, cording to the surname statistics it seams the Turkish invasion in the 16th century, that blacksmiths were mostly Croats and Ottoman plundering all across Cro- since the highest ranking are Kova~evi} atia, had a devastating impact on a still (2), Kova~i} (6) and Kova~ (12) while [mit th very feeble economic production and in (¬Germ.) is only on the 849 position. many territories caused almost a com- Other metal workers are not that numer- plete manufacturing breakdown. ous. Among spuriers and locksmiths most common are [poljari} (93) and [poljar (252), both from {poljar (¬ Germ. The Diffusion of Occupational Sporer, also 'locksmith'), while Croatian Surnames Motivated by Various Strugar 'spurier' is listed at the 1778th po- Crafts sition and Bravar 'locksmith' at the 6160th. Tinmen were of Turkish: Kalajdì} From the number of people bearing oc- (2313), Kalajì}, Kalaj ¬ kalajdìja (Tur. cupational surnames one can speculate kalayci), or German Klanfar (3690) (¬ over the diffusion of certain crafts and Germ. Klampner) origin. It seems that thus to a certain degree reconstruct the goldsmiths were mostly Muslims since former social structure of late mediaeval Kujundì} is listed 721 and Kulundì} towns. Furthermore, the anthroponymic (2915) ¬ kujundìja while from the Cro- data also show us what was the ethnic or- atian term zlatar we list only Zlatar igin of people bearing those surnames. (1422) and Zlatari} (4079). Specifically, the analysis of foreign ele- ments in occupational surnames clearly WOOD WORKERS' crafts terminology is indicates which ethnic communities were without doubt mostly German. The most mostly involved in certain crafts and oc- numerous are sawyers @agar (237) ¬ cupations in Croatia. Moreover, from the Germ. Säger, then joiners Ti{ljar (1259),

* For each of the listed family names the rank of surname at a national list (according to the 1991 census) is given in the parenthesis since it is very important for the study of the diffusion of certain late mediaeval crafts9. For the help in statistical elaboration I thank my brother, Hrvoje Brozoviæ.

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Ti{ljari} (4483), Ti{ljarec (8015) ¬ Germ. Worth mentioning are also soap-boilers Tischler and carpenters Cimerman Sapunar (6626) and rope-makers Uà- (3487) ¬ Germ. Zimmerman. Croatian revi} (2569) ¬ uàr, while surnames such terms pilar, tesar, stolar are poorly repre- as [trangar, [tranjgar etc. derived from sented in surnames except for the sur- the term {trangar of German origin are name Tesla (2323), as well as those de- very rare. On the contrary, very numer- rived from Ital. marangun (Marangon, ous are surnames representing coopers, Marangoni, Maranguni}). According to who were either mostly Germans or using surname statistics turners were not that German terminology: Pintari} (105), Pin- numerous. Less then hundred people tar (302), Pinter (2130) ¬ Germ. [Fab]- have names such as [iftar, [iptar derived binder, while the Croatian Ba~var has from the term {iftar ¬ Germ. Schifter. only 29 name bearers. Somewhat more Much better represented were cart- common are names derived from the term wrights and it seems that this occupa- buter ¬ Ital. bottaio, such as Buterin, tion was mostly reserved for the Croats Butijer, Butjer. since Kolar (80), Kolari} (99), Kolarek It seems that leather workers were of (1941), Kolarevi} (2240) derived from various origin. The most numerous were kolar are positioned fairly high among furriers, mostly Croats Krznari} (266), Croatian surnames. Less represented are Krznar (570), Krznarevi} (7950) ¬ krz- Kolesar (2851) and Kolesari} (7879) from nar, but also we register some less com- the synonimous term kolesar. Those of mon surnames such as ûr~i}, ûr~ija ¬ ¬ Hungarian Bognar (2703) bognár, Ger- ~ur~ija (Tur. kürkçü) and Pelicari} ¬ pe- ¬ man Vagner (4032) Wagner or Turkish licar (Ital. pellicciaio). Generic terms for ¬ 2 origin (Rabadìja, Raba|ija arabac ) leather-workers are not common in sur- are even less frequent. names, for example Koàr (2453), Koàri} Since they were needed in each (5857), Koùhar, [tavli} of Croatian, Le- ¬ HOUSE-HOLD potters were very numer- der, Lederer of Germ. and Sagradìja ( r2c2 ous according to the Croatian surname sa ) of Turkish origin. Here we should statistics: Lon~ar (25), Lon~ari} (98) Lon- also mention strap-makers Remenar ¬ ~arevi} (278) ¬ lon~ar are of the Croatian (1929), Sara~, Sara~evi} ( Tur. saraç) origin, while from geren~ar (¬ Hung. gö- and harness-makers such as Vuzdar, ¬ röncsér ¬ Slav.) Geren~ir is listed only at Vuzdari} uzdar. Far more numerous 5390th position. It seems that the other were saddlers. We register surnames de- vessel-makers were also mostly Croats: rived from the Croatian sedlar: Sedlar Sudar (491), Sudari} (3892), Sudarevi} (573) and from samardìja of Turkish ori- (4055) ¬ sudar, Stupar (743), Stupari} gin: Samardì} (317), Samardìja (333), (3433) ¬ stupar and Zdjelar (1493). The Samarìja (1008). same can be noticed for tub-makers Craftsmen involved in CLOTHING were Kablar (2813), trough-makers Koritar also of various origin. Weavers were most and kattle-makers Kotlar (4052), very often Croats whose surnames are derived few names Kazandìja, Kazandì} ¬ Tur. from the term tkalac: Tkalec (329), Tkal- etc. Regarding other craftsmen that ~ec (683), Tkal~evi} (1124), Tkal~i} (1339), supplied house-holds, we can single out Tkalac (4230) and through Hung. media- as the most numerous the riddle-mak- tion (¬ takács) Taka~ (845) or rarely Ger- ers Re{etar (535), sieve-makers Sitar mans: Weber, Veber. Although tailor's (1179) and much less common basket- terminology is to a large extent of Ger- makers Ko{ara~, Korpar (1170), Korbar man origin, and we register many varia- (3454) and Logoàr (3480) ¬ rogoàr. tions of Croatian surnames derived from

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{najder (¬ Germ. Schneider), they are Gumbas, Gombar, Gombovi} etc. are de- not as numerous as those of Croatian, rived from Hung. gomb. Hungarian or even Turkish origin. The highest ranking from those derived of Language Contacts According {najder are [najder (1366), @nidari} (2005), to Occupational Surnames @nidarec, [najdar, @nidar, @najder etc. The most numerous are those derived Throughout the centuries, due to its from Hung. szabó, such as Sabo (262), geographical position, Croatia has long Saboli} (404), Sabol (613) then Sabolovi}, been a borderland between different cul- Sabolek, Sabol~ec etc. Turkish term ter- tural, religious and political influences in zija (¬ terz2) is recorded in the surname this part of southeastern Europe. Since Terzi} ranking at the 351st position, while the Croatian territory has been very ac- surname Sartori of Italian origin has only tive with respect to migrations, various 26 name bearers. The Croatian Kraja~i} ethno-linguistic contacts are clearly re- ¬ kroja~ 'tailor' ranks only at the 422nd flected in onomastics, both in place- and position, and much less frequent are Kra- proper names. The level of phonological ja~, Kraja~ec etc. It seems that shoe- or orthographical adaptation of those makers were mostly Germans since not loanwords of Romance, Turkish, German only the terminology is German but also or Hungarian origin often bears witness a vast majority of surnames are derived to the period in which they were formed, from the term {uster (¬ Germ. Schuster). and thus represents important linguistic The highest ranking are [o{tari} (136), data for the history of the Croatian lan- [o{tar (1326) then [o{tarko, [o{tarec, guage and the study of language contacts. [uster, [ostari} etc. However, here we en- Over the centuries the Croatian lan- counter a similar situation as with tailors. guage received considerable lexical influ- Although we do not find Hung. varga ences from different non-Slavic langua- 'shoe-maker' as an appellative in stan- ges. Many of them are no longer pro- dard Croatian, surnames derived from it ductive in Standard Croatian but they are very numerous: Varga (85), Vargovi}, were onomastically productive at the Vargek, Vargi} etc. Much less frequent time when Croatian family names were are surnames Kaligari, Kaligari}, Kali- established. The present-day distribution garis, Kaliger derived from kaliger (¬ of surnames based on loanwords mostly Venet. caligher, Furl. Caligaris), while ac- corresponds to the historical domination cording to surnames îzmar, îzmadija, of various languages in different parts of îzmarevi} etc. it seems the Turks were Croatia. mostly making boot for the army. Cro- The most numerous non-Slavic ono- atian terms cipelar, postolar etc. are not mastic layer in Croatia is that of Ro- reflected in surnames. We register only mance origin, but it is mostly restricted to rarely wide-spread surnames like Opan- a coastal region and mostly to place-na- ~ar ¬ opanak 'traditional shoe from moun- mes. In the northern part of Croatia Ger- tanous regios', then êvljakovi}, Dretar. man and Hungarian made a considerable influx to Croatian anthroponymy, while However, it seems that Croats were in the hinterlands, and in Slavonia we the only hatters since the family name find a large number of surnames of Turk- Klobu~ar ranked at the 267th position, fol- ish origin. lowed by Klobu~ari}. According to sur- In some Dalmatian towns the first name statistics button-makers were not Croatian surnames were recorded as that common. The only rare surnames early as the 12th century, and thus made

166 D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}: Names Based on Former Crafts, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 the Croats the first of all Slavic peoples to through Hungarian mediation. Although adopt family names as a hereditary part some of presented surnames are very nu- of anthroponymic name formula. Al- merous they are certainly less diverse though the influence of Venice was espe- then those of German origin. According to cially prominent and aggressive in the the diffusion of occupational surnames it so-called cultural lexicon, for the reason seams that the Hungarians in Croatia that surnames became hereditary very were very often tailors (szabó) and shoe- early along the coast, loanwords of Ital- makers (varga). ian origin that refer to various occupa- Occupational anthroponymy of Turk- tions are not as represented in Croatian ish origin clearly reflects the type of mili- surnames as, for instance, German and tary rule that was imposed by force. Hungarian ones in the North, or Turkish Countless different terms for soldiers, ones in central Croatia and Slavonia. commanders of different ranks, military Among surnames of Romance origin I authorities, camps and military equip- shall single out just one maritime occupa- ment, all kinds of fire and side arms, cut- tion of shipbuilders (Kalafat, Kalafati}, ting, stabbing and slashing weapons can Kalafatovi} ¬ kalafat) and fairly numer- be recognized from numerous Croatian ous barbers (Barbir ¬ barbir). surnames of Turkish origin. Except for In the northern part of Croatia the those, there are many surnames that tes- German language had a huge impact on tify how manufacture and maintenance the cultural lexis of the Croatian lan- of military equipment and Turkish cav- guage, especially on crafts terminology. alry was economically very propulsive, As the Germans, or more precisely the especially in the regions of Slavonia, the Austrians were known as skilled crafts- Dalmatian hinterlands and Lika, the men, a lot of German words from that se- parts of Croatia that were for centuries mantic field have entered the Croatian under the Ottoman occupation. Very nu- anthroponymic system, and are often re- merous were saddlers (samardìja), tai- flected in occupationally motivated sur- lors (terzija), goldsmiths (kujundìja) and names. According to surname statistics, bootmakers (~izmar, ~izmedìja). Terms Germans were very often shoe-makers for other craftsmen such as ~ebedìja 'one ({uster) and tailors ({najder), locksmiths who makes blankets', }ur~ija 'furrier' and spurriers ({porer), tinmen (klanfar) dàmdìja 'glazier', kalajdìja 'tinman', and coopers (pintar), sawyers (àgar), kazandìja 'kettle-maker', rabadìja carpenters (cimerman), joiners (ti{ljar) 'cartwright' and so on, are only rarely and turners ({ifter). Many of them were found in Croatian surnames and they are also rope-makers ({trangar), glaziers much better attested in Bosnia. (glaàr) and bakers (fi{ter). From the given examples it is evident Eight centuries of political union of that most surnames of foreign origin are Croatia and Hungary, as well as the long well adapted to the Croatian phonological northern border, left a permanent trace system, although the foreign origin can in onomastics, especially in anthropony- often be recognized by the name suffix, my10. Occupational surnames of Hungar- for instance those of German origin usu- ian origin are usually derived from Hun- ally end in -er, the Turkish ones in -dìja garian stems, but often formed with Sla- etc. vic suffixes. Except for those direct Hun- Some occupations were traditionally garian loan-words, Croatian anthropony- related to certain ethnic groups. Further- my also contains many originally Ger- more, there are quite a few ethnonyms man or Turkish words that were adopted that have undergone certain semantic

167 D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}: Names Based on Former Crafts, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 shifts, and gradually became common countries clearly shows different tradi- nouns referring to a certain occupation. tion in naming patterns. In general, Many surnames were formed this way. Germanic countries show the dominance For example, in regions under the Aus- of occupational surnames. It is especially trian rule German was the official lan- true for Germany itself where the first guage, and officials from German-speak- ranking in the surname is Müller 'miller' ing countries, primarily from the provin- then Schmidt (2), Schneider 'tailor' (3), ces of Styria and Carniola, were usually Fischer 'fisherman' (4), Meyer 'estate ste- employed as clerks. In northern Croatia ward' (5), Weber 'weaver (6), Becker 'ba- the ethnonym Kranjac became a syno- ker (7), Wagner 'wagon-maker' (8), Schä- nym for 'clerk, office-worker', and thus fer 'shepherd (9), Schulz 'village repre- motivated many family names as Kra- sentative' (10), Hoffman 'regional admin- njec. Cincar was originaly an ethnic name istrator' (11), Bauer 'farmer' (12), Koch for Macedonian Rumanians. Since Cin- 'cook' (13), Klein 'small' (14), Schröder cars were mostly travelling merchants, 'tailor' (15), Schmitz 'blacksmith' (16), the ethnonym Cincar became an occupa- Schmitt 'blacksmith' (17), Schwarz 'black' tional term for 'merchant, miser', cinca- (18), Wolf 'wolf (19), Meier 'estate steward rija 'trash', and cincariti 'to split hairs; be (20), Neumann 'new-settler' (21), Schmid tight-fisted'. Croatian family names such 'blacksmith' (22), Braun 'brown' (23), as Cincar, Cincari}, should probably be Zimmerman 'carpanter' (24) etc. In Eng- interpreted in the light of those mean- land the first ranking of occupational sur- ings. names is Smith, then Taylor (5), Clark In conclusion, although surnames of (14), Baker (15), Wright (16) and Thurner foreign origin in many cases bear witness (20). The others are mostly patronymics to the ethnic origin of their primary bear- like Jones (2), Williams (4), Harris (7), ers, that assumption should by no means Wilson (8), Johnson (9), Martin (10), Da- be generalized. In the late Middle Ages, vies (12) Davis (17), Evans (18), Thomas many individuals were given surnames of (19) or nicknames like Brown (3), White foreign origin according to their occupa- (6), King (11), Green (13). In Scandinavia, tional, military or social status at the mo- however, almost all first ranking surna- ment of naming, and regardless of their mes are patronymic for the reason that actual ethnicity. Today, many people family names just recently became oblig- bearing these names have no idea of their atory and hereditary in those countries original meaning, and they should not be (and can be easily still changed). automatically identified with German, For completely different reason, patro- Italian, Hungarian or Turkish ethnic ori- nymics presents the vast majority of first gin. ranking surnames in most Mediterra- nean countries, although this part of the world was the first to introduce family Comparison with Some Surname names as the obligatory and hereditary Statistics in Other European part of naming formula. For example, Countries among the first 20 surnames in France, The ranking list of 20 the most fre- the highest ranking of occupational sur- quent surnames* in various European names is Lefebvre 'blacksmith' on the 15th

* Some surname statistics in different European countries were given by many contributors and gathered by Enzo Caffarelli (1998)11. The number in parenthesis is the rank of a surname at the national level.

168 D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}: Names Based on Former Crafts, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 position and then Fournier 'baker' at the If we compare some surname statis- 19th. The most numerous, however, are tics in various European countries we patronymics like Martin (1), Bernard (2), should not be surprised by the fact that Thomas (3) etc. and surnames of nick- first ranking in most European countries name origin like Petit 'small' (4), Moreau are of course surnames derived from 'dark' (7), Leroy 'king' (13), Roux 'reddish' terms for the blacksmith. In Croatia, few (16) etc. variants of surnames derived from an appellative kova~ 'blacksmith' all toge- In Italy*, which is of course much more ther make it the most common Croatian relevant for interpreting Croatian data, surname by far (the first ranking is eth- the best ranking of all occupational sur- nonymic surname Horvat). A similar situ- names at the national level are those de- ation can be noted among all Slavic peo- rived from a term meaning 'blacksmith' ples. In Russia it is Kuznjecov ¬ kuznjec, such as Ferrari (3), Fabbri (46), Ferraro (only in Moskow there are almost 100,000 (56), Ferrero (205), Ferrario (324) and Fa- people bearing that name), in Czech R. bris (480) then Barbieri 'barber' (21), Sar- Kovár, Poland Kowalczyc, Spain Herrera, tori 'tailor' (120), Molinari 'müller' (128), Italy Ferraro, France Ferris, in Germany Pastore 'shepherd' (156), Magnani (163) Schmidt, in England and USA Smith and 'smith', Vaccaro 'cowherd' (277), Carraro so on. 'cartwright' (333), Massaro (340) and Massari (495) 'peasant', Cavaliere 'horse- man' (384), Sarti 'tailor' (535) and so on. Conclusion Statistics on the diffusion of certain In Hungary, where surnames became surnames motivated by crafts and occu- th stable as late as the 18 century, we find pations often presents a valuable testi- highly ranked ethnonymic names (names mony on the everyday life of a certain his- based on ethnic or territorial origin) such torical period. For example, according to as the first ranking Tót(h) meaning Slo- a number of registered butchers, who vak or any Slav, then Horvát(h) 'Croat' were almost exclusively Croats, it seems (4), Német(h) 'German' (13), Török 'Turk' that in many medieval towns people used (16), Rác(z) 'Serb' (23). Occupational sur- to eat a lot of meat. But even in medieval names are also quite wide-spread, and times eating habits varied in different re- the most numerous is the 3rd ranking gions. Thus, in a north Croatian town Kovács(-ts) 'blacksmith' of Slavic origin, Vara`din, that in the 15th century used to then Szabó 'tailor' (5), Varga'shoemaker' have about 2500 inhabitants, there were (6), Molnár 'miller' (7), Szücs 'furrier' (10) 24 registered butchers, while in the Dal- then Pap(p) 'priest' (12), Takács 'weaver' matian town of Zadar, that at the same (14), Mészáros 'butcher' (17) all of Slavic time had about 8000 inhabitants, we have origin, followed by Juhász 'shepherder' only 8 butchers. They were, presumably, (21), Csizmadia 'boot-maker' (22) and so already at that time practicing healthy, on. The other surnames are originally fish oriented Mediterranean cooking. Of nicknames like Nagy 'big' (2), Kis(s) course, it may partly be due to a re- 'small' (8), Balog(h) 'left-handed' (11), Ve- stricted number for various professions res(s) 'red, reddish' (15) or patronymics. that was imposed by the municipal au-

* For more detailed statistics on Italian surnames I owe thanks to Enzo Caffarelli, editor-in-chief of Rivista Italiana di Onomastica.

169 D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}: Names Based on Former Crafts, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 161–170 thorities, but the distribution of sur- that is even today very common for a tai- names motivated by that occupation con- lor, especially in northern Croatia is not firms that almost all family names are that present in surnames, while the Ital- registered in the northern part of the ian tailors were non-existent at that ti- country. me. As we see, quite a different situation Another example. According to num- from the present one. ber of surnames derived from a Hungar- In conclusion, the purpose of this pa- ian szabó 'tailor', it is obvious that in the per was not to present an overall study of late Middle Ages that craft was largely occupational names in Croatia, but to reserved for the Hungarians, or people show one of the many ways linguists and who came from a territory under Hungar- anthropologists can use extensive ono- ian rule. [najder, a German loanword mastic data.

REFERENCES

1. SEKERE[, S., Zbornik za filologiju i lingvisti- Zadar pod mleta~kom upravom. (Narodni list – Filo- ku 29 (1986) 139. — 2. [IMUNOVI], P.: Hrvatska zofski fakultet, Zadar, 1987). —8. LUÎ], J.: Obrti i prezimena. (Golden marketing, Zagreb, 1995). — 3. usluge u Dubrovniku do po~etka XIV stolje}a. (Sve- BI]ANI], R.: Doba manufakture u Hrvatskoj i Sla- u~ili{te u Zagrebu i Institut za hrvatski jezik, Zagreb, voniji 1750–1860. (JAZU, Zagreb, 1951). — 4. [ER- 1979). — 9. ANI], V., D. BROZOVI]-RONÊVI], CAR, M.: Stari zagreba~ki obrti. (Povijesni muzej Hr- LJ. CIKOTA, I. GOLDSTEIN, S. GOLDSTEIN, LJ. vatske, Zagreb, 1991). — 5. KRIVO[I], S.: Zagreb i JOJI], R. MATASOVI], I. PRANJKOVI]: Hrvatski njegovo stanovni{tvo od najstarijih vremena do sredi- enciklopedijski rje~nik. (Novi liber, Zagreb, 2002). — ne XIX stolje}a. (JAZU, Zagreb, 1981). — 6. BUDAK, 10. FRANÎ], A., Folia onomastica Croatica 2 (1993) N.: Gradovi vara`dinske ùpanije u srednjem vijeku. 67. — 11.CAFFARELLI, E., Rivista Italiana di Ono- (Dr. Feletar, Zagreb-Koprivnica, 1994). — 7. RAU- mastica 4 (1998) 285. KAR, T. I. PETRICIOLI, F. [VELEC, [. PERIÎ]:

D. Brozovi} Ron~evi}

Linguistic Research Institute, Croatian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Ante Kova~i}a 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected]

[TO NAM GOVORE IMENA O NA[IM NEKADA[NJIM ZANIMANJIMA?

SA@ETAK

U ~lanku se obra|uje sloj hrvatskih prezimena motiviranih obrtnim zanimanjima te se na temelju jezi~nih, u prvome redu onomasti~kih podataka analizira dru{tveno i jezi~no okru`je unutar kojega su takva prezimena nastajala. Mnogi od neko} vrlo ras- prostranjenih obrta u dana{nje su doba gotovo izumrli, no tragovi njihove negda{nje rasprostranjenosti i va`nosti bjelodano se ogledaju u hrvatskoj antroponimiji, prven- stveno u prezimenskome korpusu. Prezimena motivirana zanimanjima nalazimo u gotovo svim europskim antroponimijskim sustavima te se u ~lanku sa`eto navode neki statisti~ki podaci o njihovoj rasprostranjenosti.

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