A Case Study of Characteristics and Means of Person-To-Person Influence
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A CASE STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS AND MEANS OF PERSON-TO-PERSON INFLUENCE IN AMERICAN KODÁLY MUSIC EDUCATION: KATINKA SCIPIADES DÁNIEL Janice René Ferrell, B.F.A., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2003 APPROVED: Darhyl Ramsey, Major Professor Hildegard Froehlich, Committee Member Warren Henry, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of Music Education James C. Scott, Dean of the College of Music C. Neal Tate, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Ferrell, Janice René, A Case Study of Characteristics and Means of Person-to-Person Influence in American Kodály Music Education: Katinka Scipiades Dániel. Doctor of Philosophy (Music Education), May 2003, 274 pp., 1 table, references, 83 titles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and means of Katinka Dániel’s interpersonal influences through the perceptions of 20 selected students, protégés, and colleagues, and to study the behavioral and attitudinal changes they attributed to her influence. A case study design and structured interview questionnaire were used to study four variables coming from the social sciences’ literature on influence: legitimate authority, attractiveness, expert authority, and trustworthiness. Responses were qualitatively analyzed to determine the role those variables played in Dániel’s interpersonal influence. All interviewees were music teachers who used the Kodály method in their teaching and have studied or worked with Dániel. Two images of Dániel emerged from the interviews. The first, a business-like image, emanated from Dániel’s work in the classroom, and the second, a maternal image, came from personal relationships with her students and associates. Attractiveness (defined as a willingness to respond positively to the requests of an influential person because one respects that individual and wants to obtain that person’s approval) proved to be the principal characteristic of influence, followed by legitimate authority, then expertise. Trustworthiness played a lesser role. The greatest effect of Dániel’s influence was on the interviewees’ teaching. Among the factors interviewees described as influential were her expectation they would succeed, her position as role model, praise and encouragement, and gestures of generosity and concern. Interviewees were not in agreement as to whether she used persuasion or coercion. Direct verbal communication served a principal role in Dániel’s influence, and though her criticism was described as forthright and bluntly honest, interviewees often accepted it. This was because most believed she was focused on their best interest, because her motives were not considered self- serving, and because they saw the reasons for her criticism as stemming from her high ideals and the desire to see them improve as teachers. The dissertation includes a biography of Dániel. Copyright 2003 by Janice René Ferrell ii To my daughter, Shannon Michelle Ferrell iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the many people that made this dissertation possible: Katinka Dániel for many hours of interviews and for sharing stories and mementos. John Koegel, whose friendship, support, patience, and intelligence have helped me achieve my goal. The many interviewees who contributed time and memories. My family: Roy, Randy, and Christine Bean. Sister Lorna Zemke, for twenty-five years of influence and inspiration. Sister Mary Carol Kopecky, my teacher and role model. Vetta Uraine, for endless hours of typing transcripts and for support, patience, and friendship. My friends and colleagues in the Department of Performing Arts at California State University, Bakersfield, for support, generosity, and patience. iv CONTENTS DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1 Importance of the Study ......................................................................................................6 Purpose and Questions ......................................................................................................14 Terminology ......................................................................................................................15 2. BIOGRAPHY OF KATINKA DÁNIEL ..................................................................................16 Dániel in Hungary..............................................................................................................16 Education ..............................................................................................................17 Marriage, and Separation by the Iron Curtain ......................................................19 Dániel in America .............................................................................................................21 The Beginning of Dániel’s American Career .......................................................22 Katinka Dániel and Mary Helen Richards ............................................................26 Dániel’s Work at San Roque Catholic School ......................................................28 Spreading the Word of Kodály .............................................................................33 The Kodály Association of Southern California (KASC) ....................................35 Students, Protégés and Colleagues .......................................................................36 3. REVIEW OF SELECTED RESEARCH ON INFLUENTIAL BEHAVIOR ..........................44 Definitions of Influence and Power ..................................................................................48 Influence ...........................................................................................................................51 The Powerholder ...............................................................................................................63 v Sources of Power and Influence ........................................................................................71 Summary............................................................................................................................75 4. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................82 Collection of Biographical Data ........................................................................................82 Research Method ...............................................................................................................83 Main Study.........................................................................................................................84 Validity ..............................................................................................................................85 Reliability...........................................................................................................................89 The Interview Process........................................................................................................90 Development of the Database ............................................................................................92 5. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND MEANS OF DÁNIEL’S INFLUENCE ............................94 Influence Resulting from Legitimate Authority .................................................................97 Attractiveness ...................................................................................................................104 Expertise/Expert Power ....................................................................................................118 Trustworthiness ................................................................................................................128 Additional Means of Influence .........................................................................................133 Expectation, Motivation, Kindness, Persuasion, Rewards ...............................................154 Inducing Change through Teaching Techniques and Publications...................................171 6. THE IMPACT OF KATINKA DÁNIEL’S INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE ....................181 The Effects of Dániel’s Teaching Methods and Techniques on Selected Students, Protégés, and Colleagues .................................................................................................182 Dániel’s Influence as a Role Model.................................................................................188 The Effects of Dániel’s Ideologies or Philosophies on Selected Students, Protégés, and Colleagues........................................................................................................................193 vi Interviewees’Perceptions Regarding the Effects of Dániel’s Publications and Materials ..........................................................................................................................195 Interviewees Credit Dániel’s Influence for the Redirection of Their Jobs or Careers.....197 Dániel’s Ability to Empower Students, Protégés, and Colleagues..................................199 Interviewees’ Perceptions of Dániel’s Influence on American Kodály Education .........202