Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Cycle Diagram Worksheet
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Quantification of Water in Hydrous Ringwoodite
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 28 January 2015 EARTH SCIENCE doi: 10.3389/feart.2014.00038 Quantification of water in hydrous ringwoodite Sylvia-Monique Thomas 1*,StevenD.Jacobsen2, Craig R. Bina 2, Patrick Reichart 3, Marcus Moser 3, Erik H. Hauri 4, Monika Koch-Müller 5,JosephR.Smyth6 and Günther Dollinger 3 1 Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA 3 Department für Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik LRT2, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany 4 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, USA 5 Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany 6 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Edited by: Ringwoodite, γ-(Mg,Fe)2SiO4, in the lower 150 km of Earth’s mantle transition zone Mainak Mookherjee, Cornell (410–660 km depth) can incorporate up to 1.5–2wt% H2O as hydroxyl defects. We University, USA present a mineral-specific IR calibration for the absolute water content in hydrous Reviewed by: ringwoodite by combining results from Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass Geoffrey David Bromiley, University of Edinburgh, UK spectrometry (SIMS) and proton-proton (pp)-scattering on a suite of synthetic Mg- and Marc Blanchard, CNRS - Université Fe-bearing hydrous ringwoodites. H2O concentrations in the crystals studied here Pierre et Marie Curie, France range from 0.46 to 1.7wt% H2O (absolute methods), with the maximum H2Oin *Correspondence: the same sample giving 2.5 wt% by SIMS calibration. Anchoring our spectroscopic Sylvia-Monique Thomas, results to absolute H-atom concentrations from pp-scattering measurements, we report Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, frequency-dependent integrated IR-absorption coefficients for water in ringwoodite −1 −2 4505 S. -
Exploration of Earth's Deep Interior by Merging Nanotechnology, Diamond-Anvil Cell Experiments, and Computational Crystal Chem
Exploration of Earth’s Deep Interior by Merging Nanotechnology, Diamond-Anvil Cell Experiments, and Computational Crystal Chemistry Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey Scott Pigott, M.S. Graduate Program in Geological Sciences The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Professor Wendy R. Panero, Advisor Professor W. Berry Lyons Professor Michael Barton Professor David R. Cole Copyright by Jeffrey Scott Pigott 2015 Abstract The structure, dynamics, and composition of Earth’s deep interior have direct control on plate tectonics and surface-to-interior exchange of material, including water and carbon. To properly interpret geophysical data of the Earth’s interior, accurate and precise measurements of the material properties of the constituent mineral phases are required. Additionally, experimentally derived data need to be augmented by computational chemistry and modeling of physical properties to elucidate the effect of compositional variations and deep storage of volatile components (e.g. H2O and CO2) within the crystalline phases. This dissertation uses in situ high pressure, high-temperature experiments in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LHDAC) coupled with synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction. The thermal expansion and bulk modulus of Ni and SiO2 are measured to P = ~110 GPa and T = ~3000 K. Nickel is a significant component of the Earth’s core and SiO2 is the fundamental building block of the Earth’s mantle and crust. We have designed the first controlled-geometry samples of Ni and SiO2, manufactured using nanofabrication techniques, and specifically tuned to reduce systematic errors in the measurement. -
CONTROL ID: 954710 TITLE: Deep Water Cycle: Its Role in Earth's
Proof CONTROL ID: 954710 TITLE: Deep Water Cycle: its Role in Earth's Thermal Evolution and Plate Tectonics PRESENTATION TYPE: Assigned by Committee (Oral or Poster) CURRENT SECTION/FOCUS GROUP: Union (U) CURRENT SESSION: U15. Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection AUTHORS (FIRST NAME, LAST NAME): Thorsten W Becker1, John W Crowley2, Mélanie Gérault1, Tobias Höink3, Andrew J Schaeffer4, Peter H Barry5, Jenn Frost6, Jennifer Girard7, Maribel Nunez-Valdez8, Marc Hirschmann8, Saswata Hier-Majumder9, Richard J O'Connell2 INSTITUTIONS (ALL): 1. Earth Sciences, USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States. 3. Rice University, Houston, TX, United States. 4. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland. 5. Scripps, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States. 6. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. 7. Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States. 8. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States. 9. University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States. Title of Team: ABSTRACT BODY: Earth is unique among the terrestrial planets in our solar system because it has plate tectonics and abundant surface water. It has long been suggested that these two salient features are intimately related. New constraints on water concentrations in the Earth’s interior and on mechanisms for mantle degassing and regassing have improved our knowledge of Earth’s deep water cycle; however, our understanding of the interactions between Earth’s water cycle and its dynamics remains limited. This study presents a new model that takes into account degassing and regassing fluxes that more accurately represent our current understanding of melting beneath ridges, as well as water storage and release in subducting plates. -
Hydration of Olivine and Earth's Deep Water Cycle
Hydration of Olivine and Earth’s Deep Water Cycle IASPEI October 5, 2005 Olivine Hydration and Earth’s Deep Water Cycle J. R. Smyth, (University of Colorado) Dan Frost and Fabrizio Nestola (Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Germany) Financial support from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and US National Science Foundation Oceans cover 71% of the planet’s surface. 71% of the surface But only 0.025% of the mass Earth’s Deep Water Cycle • 0.15 percent H2O by weight in the top 10 km of the descending slab is sufficient to recycle the entire ocean volume once over 4.5 billion years at current subduction rates. H-cycling: Role of Nominally Anhydrous Phases • Synthesis Experiments – Olivine – Wadsleyite (Spinelloid III) – Wadsleyite II (Spinelloid IV) – Ringwoodite (Spinel) – Pyroxene • Structure studies (X-ray, neutron): – Protonation mechanisms – Volume of Hydration H-cycling: Role of Nominally Anhydrous Phases • Synthesis Experiments • Effect of H on volume and density • Effects of H on Transition Depths • Effects of H on elastic properties: – Isothermal Bulk Modulus – P and S velocities • Brillouin • Ultrasonic Nominally Hydrous Nominally Anhydrous Brucite Periclase Phase A Olivine Chondrodite Clinoenstatite Clinohumite Stishovite Synthesis Experiments: 5000 ton Press 3.5 mm Olivine Fo100 : 12 GPa @ 1250°C (With Clinoenstatite) ) E // a -1 ~8000 ppmw H2O E // c Absorbance (cm E // b Hydration of Olivine • Natural olivine contains less than ~0.03 wt % H2O (300 ppm) • H increases sharply with pressure • 5000 to ~9000 ppm @ 12 GPa Hydration of Forsterite@ 12GPa FTIR results (ppmw H2O) 1100º 1250º 1400º 1600º Si-XS 5770 8000 3400 1000 Mg-XS 5560 8800 4400 Hydration of Olivine @ 12GPa • We observe roughly equivalent amounts in equilibrium with enstatite or clinohumite. -
Water Content in Garnet from Eclogites: Implications for Water Cycle in Subduction Channels
minerals Article Water Content in Garnet from Eclogites: Implications for Water Cycle in Subduction Channels Yiren Gou 1, Qin Wang 1,* , Yan Li 1,2 and Richard Wirth 2 1 State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; [email protected] (Y.G.); [email protected] (Y.L.) 2 GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Section 3.5 Surface Geochemistry, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-25-83596887 Received: 21 March 2020; Accepted: 29 April 2020; Published: 30 April 2020 Abstract: Garnet from eclogites often shows very heterogenous and extremely high hydroxyl concentration. Eight eclogite samples were selected from the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane and the Sumdo high-pressure metamorphic belt (Lhasa). The mean hydroxyl concentration in pyrope-rich and almandine-rich garnet varies from 54 to 427 ppm H2O and increases with the retrogression degree of eclogites. TEM observations reveal nanometer-sized anthophyllite exsolutions and clinochlore inclusions in water-rich domains in garnet, where anthophyllite is partly replaced by clinochlore. Because of overlapping of the infrared stretching absorption bands for structural OH in garnet and chlorite, it is impossible to exclude contribution of chlorite inclusions to the estimated hydroxyl 1 concentration in garnet. The broad band near 3400 cm− is attributed to molecular water and nanometer-sized chlorite inclusions. Anthophyllite exsolutions may be formed by decomposition of hydrous garnet from ultrahigh-pressure eclogites during exhumation. Significant amounts of water can be stored in garnet from massif eclogites in the forms of hydroxyl in garnet and nanometer-sized inclusions of anthophyllite and clinochlore, as well as fluid inclusions. -
Implications of Subduction Rehydration for Earth's Deep Water
Implications of Subduction Rehydration for Earth’s Deep Water Cycle Lars Rüpke Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and SFB 574 Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones, Kiel, Germany Jason Phipps Morgan Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA and SFB 574 Volatiles and Fluids in Subduction Zones, Kiel, Germany Jacqueline Eaby Dixon RSMAS/MGG, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA The “standard model” for the genesis of the oceans is that they are exhalations from Earth’s deep interior continually rinsed through surface rocks by the global hydrologic cycle. No general consensus exists, however, on the water distribution within the deeper mantle of the Earth. Recently Dixon et al. [2002] estimated water concentrations for some of the major mantle components and concluded that the most primitive (FOZO) are significantly wetter than the recycling associated EM or HIMU mantle components and the even drier depleted mantle source that melts to form MORB. These findings are in striking agreement with the results of numerical modeling of the global water cycle that are presented here. We find that the Dixon et al. [2002] results are consistent with a global water cycle model in which the oceans have formed by efficient outgassing of the mantle. Present-day depleted mantle will contain a small volume fraction of more primitive wet mantle in addition to drier recycling related enriched components. This scenario is consis- tent with the observation that hotspots with a FOZO-component in their source will make wetter basalts than hotspots whose mantle sources contain a larger fraction of EM and HIMU components. -
FY 2011 LDRD Report to Congress
Department of Energy FY 2011 Report to Congress Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) at the DOE National Laboratories For additional information on the Department's Laboratory Directed Research and Development program, please see the Office of Science website: http://science.energy.gov/lpe/laboratory-directed-research-and-development/ or the National Nuclear Security Administration website: http://tri-lab.lanl.gov/ Formally, this Report responds to the Conference Report (H.R. Rep. No. 106-988 (Conf. Rep.)) accompanying the Fiscal Year (FY) 2001 Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act, which requested the DOE Chief Financial Officer “develop and execute a financial accounting report of LDRD expenditures by laboratory and weapons production plant.” It also responds to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (Pub. L. No. 104-201), which requires submission each year of “a report on the funds expended during the preceding fiscal year on [LDRD] activities […] to permit an assessment of the extent to which such activities support the national security mission of the Department of Energy.” Further, this Report addresses the requirement in the Conference Report (H.R. Rep. No. 107-258 (Conf. Rep.)) accompanying the FY 2002 Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act, which requests the Secretary of Energy include in the annual Report to Congress on LDRD expenditures “an affirmation that all LDRD activities derived from funds of other agencies have been conducted in a manner that support science and -
Deep Water Cycling and Sea Level Change Since the Breakup of Pangea
RESEARCH ARTICLE Deep Water Cycling and Sea Level Change Since the 10.1029/2019GC008232 Breakup of Pangea Key Points: 1 1 1 • An imbalance between water fluxes Krister S. Karlsen , Clinton P. Conrad , and Valentina Magni into the mantle at trenches and out of the mantle at ridges may have 1Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway changed sea level since Pangea time • We estimate ocean mass change from tectonic reconstructions using First-order variations in sea level exhibit amplitudes of ∼200 m over periods that coincide parameterizations of subduction Abstract water flux based on slab age and with those of supercontinental cycles (∼300–500 Myr). Proposed mechanisms for this sea level change velocity include processes that change the container volume of the ocean basins and the relative elevation of • Faster slabs during Pangea breakup continents. Here we investigate how unbalanced rates of water exchange between Earth's surface and transported extra water to the mantle, contributing to a sea level mantle interior, resulting from fluctuations in tectonic rates, can cause sea level changes. Previous drop of up to ∼130 m since 230 Ma modeling studies of subduction water fluxes suggest that the amount of water that reaches sub-arc depths is well correlated with the velocity and age of the subducting plate. We use these models to calibrate a Correspondence to: parameterization of the deep subduction water flux, which we together with a parameterization of K. S. Karlsen, mid-ocean ridge outgassing, then apply to reconstructions of Earth's tectonic history. This allows us to [email protected] estimate the global water fluxes between the oceans and mantle for the past 230 Myr and compute the associated sea level change. -
The Carbon Cycle High School Environmental Science Instructional Sequence
District of Columbia Office of the State Superintendent of Education The Carbon Cycle High School Environmental Science Instructional Sequence 1 This high school environmental science instructional sequence was created to support teaching the Next Generation Science Standards through the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) 5E instructional model. Developed by District of Columbia teachers, these lessons include real-world contexts for learning about environmental science through a lens that encourages student investigation of local issues. The lessons also support Scope and Sequence documents used by District local education agencies: Unit 1: Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy and Dynamics Advisory 1 and 2 Acknowledgements: Charlene Cummings, District of Columbia International School This curriculum resource can be downloaded online: https://osse.dc.gov/service/environmental-literacy-program-elp 2 Overview and Goal of the Lesson: In this sequence of lessons, students will go into depth via investigations about what processes drive the carbon cycle. Students are first introduced to the carbon cycle in an interactive game that triggers prior knowledge and touches on how carbon moves through Earth’s interconnected spheres. Students then investigate and gather evidence of the carbon transformation that carbon atoms encounter throughout the cycle. Since carbon is seen in students’ everyday lives, they will calculate their carbon footprint, calculate ways to deduct their carbon footprint, and trace carbon interaction throughout a typical school day. Essential Question(s): How are the cycles of matter and energy transferred in ecosystems? What processes drive the carbon cycle? NGSS Emphasized and Addressed in this Lesson Sequence: Carbon Cycle PERFORMANCE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DISCIPLINARY CORE IDEAS CROSSCUTTING CONCEPTS EXPECTATIONS PRACTICES HS-LS2-3. -
Ecological Succession and Biogeochemical Cycles
Chapter 10: Changes in Ecosystems Lesson 10.1: Ecological Succession and Biogeochemical Cycles Can a plant really grow in hardened lava? It can if it is very hardy and tenacious. And that is how succession starts. It begins with a plant that must be able to grow on new land with minimal soil or nutrients. Lesson Objectives ● Outline primary and secondary succession, and define climax community. ● Define biogeochemical cycles. ● Describe the water cycle and its processes. ● Give an overview of the carbon cycle. ● Outline the steps of the nitrogen cycle. ● Understand the phosphorus cycle. ● Describe the ecological importance of the oxygen cycle. Vocabulary ● biogeochemical cycle ● groundwater ● primary succession ● carbon cycle ● nitrogen cycle ● runoff ● climax community ● nitrogen fixation ● secondary succession ● condensation ● phosphorus cycle ● sublimation ● ecological succession ● pioneer species ● transpiration ● evaporation ● precipitation ● water cycle Introduction Communities are not usually static. The numbers and types of species that live in them generally change over time. This is called ecological succession. Important cases of succession are primary and secondary succession. In Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. A cycle is a series of change which comes back to the starting point and which can be repeated. The term "biogeochemical" tells us that biological, geological and chemical factors are all involved. The circulation of chemical nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water etc. through the biological and physical world are known as biogeochemical cycles. In effect, the element is recycled, although in some cycles there may be places (called reservoirs) where the element is accumulated or held for a long period of time (such as an ocean or lake for water). -
Cycles Worksheet Please Answer the Following Using the Words in the Text Box
Integrated Science Name ____________________________ Cycles worksheet Please answer the following using the words in the text box. Carbon Cycle Coal Oil Natural Gas burning of fossil fuels volcanoes Photosynthesis Respiration ocean sugar Greenhouse decayed 1. Plants use CO2 in the process of ___________________ to make ___________ and oxygen. 2. Animals use oxygen in the process of _______________ and make more CO2. 3. The ____________ is the main regulator of CO2 in the atmosphere because CO2 dissolves easily in it. 4. In the past, huge deposits of carbon were stored as dead plants and animals __________. 5. Today these deposits are burned as fossil fuels, which include _____________, _______________, and ______________. 6. More CO2 is released in the atmosphere today than in the past because of _________ ___________________ . 7. Another natural source for CO2 is __________________. 8. Too much CO2 in the atmosphere may be responsible for the _______________ effect. 9. Write the equation for photosynthesis. 10. Draw a simple diagram of the Carbon Cycle using the words in the text box above. Oxygen Cycle Photosynthesis Ozone Waste Crust Oceans Respiration 1. Plants release 430-470 billion tons of oxygen during process of _________________. 2. Atmospheric oxygen in the form of ___________ provides protection from harmful ultraviolet rays. 3. Oxygen is found everywhere on Earth, from Earth’s _____________ (rocks) to the ______________ where it is dissolved. 4. Oxygen is vital for ________________ by animals, a process which produces CO2.and water. 5. Oxygen is also necessary for the decomposition of ______________ into other elements necessary for life. 6. Write the equation for respiration. -
Global Oceanic and Atmospheric Oxygen Stability Considered In
..... ~- OCEANOLOGICA ACTA- VOL. 17- N°2 Global oceanic and atmospheric oxygen Air-sea ex ge CyC4 photosynthesis stability considered in relation to the Global change Oxygène carbon cycle and to different time scales Dioxide de carbone Échange air-mer Photosynthèse C3/C4 Changement global i, Egbert K. DUURSMA a and Michel P.R.M. BOISSON b 1 le ( a Résidence Les Marguerites, Appartement 15, 1305, Chemin des Revoires, 06320 La Turbie, France. '·•· b Service de l'Environnement, Ministère d'État, 3, avenue de Fontvieille, MC 98000 Monaco. Received 12/03/93, in revised form 20/01194, accepted 23/01/94. ABSTRACT This paper constitutes an overview and synthesis conceming atmospheric and oceanic oxygen and related carbon dioxide, particular attention being paid to potential regulation mechanisms on different time scales. The world atmospheric oxygen reserve is remarkably large, so that a lack of oxygen will not easily occur, whether in confined spaces or in major conurbations. On "short" scales, measured in hundreds or thousands of years, feedback processes with regard to oxygen regulation, solely based on atmospheric oxygen variations, would have to be so highly sensitive as to be barely conceivable. Only oxygen in the oceans can vary between zero and about twice the saturation - a fact which suggests that here, at !east potentially, there exist possibilities for a feedback based on oxygen changes. Atmospheric oxygen production began sorne 3.2 billion years ago, and has resul ted in a net total amount of 5.63 x 1020 mol (1.8 x 1022 g) of oxygen, of which 3.75 x I019 mol is present as free oxygen in the atmosphere and 3.1 x I017 mol as dissolved oxygen in the oceans, the remainder being stored in a large number of oxidized terrestrial and oceanic compounds.