TRADUCIR AL-ANDALUS: EL DISCURSO DEL OTRO EN EL ARABISMO ESPAÑOL [DE CONDE a GARCÍA GÓMEZ] Anna Gil Bardají Director: Ovidi

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TRADUCIR AL-ANDALUS: EL DISCURSO DEL OTRO EN EL ARABISMO ESPAÑOL [DE CONDE a GARCÍA GÓMEZ] Anna Gil Bardají Director: Ovidi Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona Departamento de Traducción e Interpretación TESIS DOCTORAL TRADUCIR AL-ANDALUS: EL DISCURSO DEL OTRO EN EL ARABISMO ESPAÑOL [DE CONDE a GARCÍA GÓMEZ] Anna Gil Bardají Director: Ovidi Carbonell i Cortés Barcelona, 2008 2 “Si hay un tema apasionante y de envergadura en los estudios internacionales, es el de la visión –la imaginería- que cada país forja de otros pueblos, nacionalidades y culturas” (Morales Lezcano 1988: 11). “Reflexionar sobre al-Andalus (…) significa en raíz, e inevitablemente, ponernos frente a una parte de “nosotros mismos” que es también, naturalmente, parte de un “otro”. Nos sitúa en una circunstancia dialéctica originalísima, muy poco habitual, al permitirnos percibir modalidades de identidad y de alteridad dentro de un mismo objeto y no en objetos diferentes (…). Por eso esta reflexión ha estado tan cargada también habitualmente de interferencias y connotaciones ideológicas” (Martínez Montávez 1994: 147). “Los libros de historia no son sólo historia de hechos pasados, sino que ellos mismos tienen su propia historia” (García Gómez 1976: 17). “Any attempt at locating, describing, studying or translating the Other usually fails; the attempt at making the other’s reality concrete usually ends up in a contradiction that reveals the relativity or contingency of what is supposed to be stable, integral, closed knowledge” (Carbonell 1997a: 249). 3 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Son muchas las personas que han contribuido, con su apoyo, a hacer posible esta Tesis. En primer lugar, quiero expresar mi más profunda gratitud a Ovidi Carbonell. Sin su desinteresada generosidad, su confianza incondicional y sus inagotables conocimientos este proyecto no habría visto la luz. También mi agradecimiento más sincero a Sara Rovira y Carme Bestué, por su amistad y sabios consejos; a Allison Beeby y Willy Neunzig, por la confianza depositada; a Mariana Orozco y Nicole Martínez, por permitirme compartir con ellas tiempo y espacio, y por todo lo que nos une; a mis compañeros de árabe, Lucía Molina y Hesham Abu-Sharar, por poder contar siempre con ellos; al Grup de Suport a la Recerca, por todo lo dado y recibido; a Natacha, Jesús y Matilde, por su amabilidad y eficacia; y a tantos otros que me dejo en el tintero y que sin duda merecen un lugar entre estas líneas. 5 6 A la memoria de mi padre 7 8 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN …………………………………………………….…....…… 17 1. Motivación ………………………………………………………………..……..…. 18 2. Objetivos ……………………………………………………………………….. 20 3. Hipótesis ………………………………………………………………….…………21 4. Metodología ……………………………………………………………….……. 22 5. Estructura de la tesis ………………………………………………….……….…… 22 6. Trascripción ……………………………………………………………….….… 26 PRIMERA PARTE EL ARABISMO ESPAÑOL EN EL DEBATE ORIENTALISTA: LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN DISCURSO ……………………………………….... 27 I. EL DEBATE ORIENTALISTA: DIAGNÓSTICO DE UNA CONTROVERSIA 1. Sobre los orígenes y significados del término “orientalismo” ………………… 31 2. Primeras críticas al orientalismo …………………………………………………… 34 2.1. Anouar Abdel-Malek y la crisis del orientalismo ………………………… 34 2.2. Abdul Latif Tibawi y el estudio del Islam en occidente …………………….…38 2.3. Talal Asad: orientalismo, colonialismo y antropología social …………… 40 2.4. Hichem Djaït: orientalismo y Europa ………………………………………… 42 2.5. Abdallah Laroui: el orientalismo como paradigma de la alteridad ….…… 44 3. Edward Said y su crítica al orientalismo …………………………...……………… 49 3.1. Principales elogios a la obra de Said ………………………..…………… 55 3.2. Principales críticas a la obra de Said ………………………………….……… 60 3.2.1. Ambigüedad del término “orientalismo” ………….……………… 61 3.2.2. Problemas de método …………………………………………….…… 64 3.2.3. El sesgo ideológico …………………………………………..…… 70 3.2.4. Esencialismo y rigor científico ……………………………..………… 71 3.3. La infuencia de Orientalismo en los estudios culturales ……..………… 73 9 4. Tres grandes ausencias en el debate orientalista ………………………………..… 74 4.1. La ausencia de traducciones en el análisis del texto orientalista ………… 74 4.2. La ausencia de referencias al orientalismo español …………………….…… 76 4.3. La ausencia de estudios que analicen el discurso académico sobre Oriente desde una hermenéutica de la alteridad ………………………………………….……… 77 5. Recapitulación …………………………………………………………...………… 78 II. ¿UN ORIENTALISMO ESPAÑOL? 1. Orientalismo, arabismo, africanismo: fronteras terminológicas y conceptuales.. 83 1.1. La perspectiva científica: arabismo español y orientalismo europeo ………… 86 1.1.1. El nacimiento del arabismo español como actividad intelectual y su posterior desarrollo histórico dentro del marco europeo ………………… 87 1.1.1.1. Los orígenes de una disciplina …………………………..…… 87 1.1.1.2. El desarrollo histórico del arabismo español en el marco europeo ………………………………………………………….… 89 1.1.2. El funcionamiento y organización del arabismo español como disciplina académica ………………………………………………………….………… 94 1.1.2.1. Funcionamiento y organización internos ………………… 94 1.1.2.2. Funcionamiento y organización externos ………….………… 96 1.1.3. El objeto de estudio del arabismo español ……………….………… 97 1.1.4. Los métodos científicos del arabismo español ……………………….. 100 1.2. La perspectiva colonial: africanismo vs. orientalismo franco-británico …..101 1.3. La perspectiva romántica: de la moda oriental en el marco andalusí ……..… 109 2. Recapitulación ………………………………………………………………… 113 III. EL ARABISMO ESPAÑOL: UNA APROXIMACIÓN CRÍTICA 1. El arabismo español a debate …………………………………...………………… 117 1.1. La vinculación del interés por los estudios árabes en España con los proyectos de expansión colonial ……………………………………………..………… 118 1.2. El prejuicio anti-árabe, anti-islámico y anti-bereber …….………………… 121 1.3. La interpretación de la historia de al-Andalus …………………………… 124 1.3.1. La abolición de la historia ……………………………………….……125 10 1.3.2. El falseamiento de la historia …………………………………… 126 1.3.3. La indiferencia hacia los estudios procedentes de otras disciplinas… 128 1.4. El sesgo ideológico: nacionalismo hispánico y nacionalismo andalusí ...130 1.5. El objeto de estudio: el ensimismamiento andalusista ………………….… 133 1.6. El carácter “gremial” y el “ostracismo universitario” del arabismo español universitario …………………………………………………………..……. 135 1.7. Los métodos del arabismo español ………………….……………………… 137 1.8. La falta de especialización del arabismo español ……………………… 138 2. Los distintos discursos arabistas y su vehiculación ……………………………… 141 3. Recapitulación ……………………………………………….……………… 143 IV. LA NOCIÓN DE DISCURSO EN LA INTERPRETACIÓN DEL OTRO 1. Sobre la noción de “discurso” ……………………………………….…………… 147 2. La noción de “discurso” en Foucault ………………………………………… 150 2.1. Definiciones del término “discurso” ………………………………………… 150 2.2. La relación entre discurso, verdad, poder y conocimiento …………….... 154 2.3. Enunciados, estructuras discursivas y análisis textual ………….…………… 159 3. Discurso e ideología …………………………………………………..……… 160 4. Otras aproximaciones al discurso: narrativas y mitos ………….………………… 162 5. El análisis del discurso orientalista …………………………………………… 165 5.1. Principales problemas en la aproximación saidiana del discurso …………… 165 5.2. La interpretación del Otro en el discurso orientalista …………………… 167 6. Recapitulación ……………………………………………………………….…… 168 SEGUNDA PARTE ARABISMO ESPAÑOL Y TRADUCCIÓN: AL-ANDALUS ANTE EL ESPEJO... 171 INTRODUCCIÓN …………………………………………………………..……… 173 V. EL PAPEL DE LA TRADUCCIÓN EN EL DESARROLLO DEL ARABISMO ESPAÑOL 1. La traducción en los orígenes del arabismo español ……………….………. 179 1.1. El scriptorium del monasterio de Santa María de Ripoll ………..………… 180 11 1.2. La Escuela de Traductores de Toledo …………………………………. 181 1.3. Alfonso X y los estudios árabes: la continuación de la labor traductora …… 184 1.4. El interés por la traducción del árabe para el Cristianismo …….…….…184 2. La traducción del árabe a partir del siglo XVIII ………………………………..… 186 2.1. El impulso romántico: traducir lo exótico ………………………..….… 188 2.2. El arabismo español del siglo XIX ………………………………………..… 190 2.2.1. José Antonio Conde: primer traductor de las fuentes árabes ….... 191 2.2.2. Pascual de Gayangos y la necesidad de traducir al-Andalus …..…… 195 2.2.3. Serafín Estébanez Calderón: la traducción romántica …………..199 2.2.4. Francisco Fernández González: la traducción del Libro de Alhadis y de las Historias de al-Andalus de Ibn ‘Adhārī ………………………………… 201 2.2.5. Francisco Javier Simonet y la Descripción del Reino de Granada ..202 2.2.6. Lafuente Alcántara y su Ajbar Machmua ………………………….… 206 2.2.7. Otras figuras destacadas del arabismo español del XIX …………208 2.3. La traducción en el siglo XX: la nueva escuela de arabistas ……………..… 210 2.3.1. Francisco Codera y Zaydín: editar para traducir ………………. 212 2.3.2. Julián Ribera y Tarragó: la traducción de Ibn al-Qūtiyya ………..… 214 2.3.3. Miguel Asín Palacios y la traducción de la mística islámica …..... 216 2.3.4. Ángel González Palencia: traducir los archivos …………………..… 218 2.3.5. Emilio García Gómez: la culminación de la traducción arabista .. 219 3. La traducción en el arabismo español contemporáneo ………………………...… 223 3.1. Panorámica general de la traducción del árabe en España de los ochenta a nuestros días ……………………………………………………………………. 224 3.2. El arabismo de hoy: quién traduce qué …………………………………..… 225 4. Recapitulación ………………………………………………………….…… 226 VI. TRADUCIR AL-ANDALUS: LA HISTORIA DE UN DISCURSO 1. Objetivos, enfoque, metodología y corpus de nuestro análisis ………..…… 231 1.1. Análisis del discurso: posicionamiento y modelos de representación ………. 233 1.2. El estudio de los paratextos ………………………………………… 235 1.3. Texto, contexto, pretexto
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