Las Dimensiones Populares De La Revolución ‘Abbásida

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Las Dimensiones Populares De La Revolución ‘Abbásida Las dimensiones populares de la Revolución ‘Abbásida: Un estudio de historia social del Islam Medieval Manuel Enrique López Brenes Roberto Marín Guzmán “Divulguemos la Historia para mejorar la sociedad” Las dimensiones populares de la Revolución ‘Abbásida: Un estudio de historia social del Islam Medieval © 2007, Palabra de Clío, A. C. 2007 Insurgentes Sur # 1814-101. Colonia Florida. C.P. 01030 Mexico, D.F. Coordinación editorial: José Luis Chong Diseño de portada y maquetación: Patricia Pérez Ramírez Foto de portada: La Mezquita al-Husayn de El Cairo, Manuel López-Brenes, diciembre de 2017. Cuidado de la edición: Víctor Cuchí Espada Primera edición: diciembre de 2018 ISBN: 978-607-98296-1-2 Impreso en Impresora litográfica Heva, S. A. Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser reproducida, ni en todo ni en parte, ni registrada en o transmitida por un sistema de recuperaciónde información en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea mecánico, fotomecánico, electrónico, magnético, electroóptico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro, sin el permiso por escrito de la editorial. www.palabradeclio.com.mx Impreso en México - Printed in Mexico ÍNDICE Prólogo ............................................... 5 Agradecimientos ........................................ 7 Advertencia ............................................ 9 Tabla de Transliteración ................................. 11 Prefacio ............................................... 13 Introducción: un enfoque metodológico ..................... 15 I. Introducción al problema .............................. 15 II. Identificación de varios grupos durante la revolución ‘abbásida 16 III. Algunas observaciones acerca de las fuentes ............... 19 A. Fuentes primarias árabes............................ 19 B. Obras secundarias ................................. 21 Capítulo I: El papel de las tribus árabes en los orígenes de la revolución ‘abbásida ................................. 25 I. Las tribus árabes: rivalidades y divisiones .................. 25 II. Política y gobierno durante el periodo omeya: administración del imperio y divisiones tribales ............ 38 Notas del capítulo I .................................... 46 Capítulo II: Impuestos, conversión y grupos religiosos: los orígenes de la revolución ‘abbásida ...................... 59 I. Impuestos y conversión: los orígenes de los malestares sociales, étnicos y económicos.......................... 60 II. Los grupos religiosos ................................. 65 Los chiítas ......................................... 66 Los Khawarij y el llamado a una comunidad de santos ....... 71 Los Qadariyyah y la noción del Libre Albedrío ............. 72 Notas del capítulo II.................................... 74 Capítulo III: Las dimensiones populares de la revolución ‘abbásida ................................... 83 I. Introducción ........................................ 83 II. Los medios de la revolución ‘abbásida: propaganda e ideología.................................. 84 III. La revolución armada: el papel de Abu Muslim ............ 97 IV. ¿Cambio o revolución? ............................... 102 V. Los ‘abbásidas en el poder: el problema de la legitimidad ...... 108 Notas del capítulo III ................................... 113 Conclusiones .......................................... 127 Glosario ............................................... 133 Bibliografía ............................................ 137 Fuentes Primarias...................................... 137 Manuscritos Árabes ................................. 137 Fuentes Primarias impresas ............................ 140 Fuentes Secundarias ................................. 151 Acerca de los autores..................................... 187 Índice ................................................. 189 Índice de Imágenes Mapa de poblaciones y tribus en arabia en el tiempo de Muhammad............................ 29 La Ka‘ba en La Meca, ciudad santa del Islam ................. 33 Vista parcial de la gran mezquita Omeya de Damasco........... 34 El minarete de la gramezquita de al-Mutawakkil en Samarra ..... 67 Una taberna en el mundo de la Edad Media. Miniatura de principios del siglo XIII .................... 88 Una escuela musulmana de la Edad Media. Miniatura de principios de siglo XIII ..................... 89 Portada del libro de Faruq Sa‘d, Ma‘a Bukhala‘al-Jahiz. Muestra una de las más jocosas anécdotas de la avaricia de los khurasanis, según el Kitad al-Bukhala‘ ................. 106 PRÓLOGO Me llena de placer y de satisfacción poder introducir la obra Las dimensiones populares de la revolución ‘abbásida: un estudio de historia social del islam medie- val, escrita conjuntamente por Roberto Marín Guzmán y Manuel Enrique López Brenes. Roberto tiene una larga lista de trabajos sobre el Islam y el Me- dio Oriente, pero además ha publicado como co-autor varios libros con Manuel y con quien escribe. Así que es una triple satisfacción poder introducir este ensayo de un amigo, un colega y un gran intelectual. La temática tratada en esta obra no es nueva. Muchos ensayos en el mun- do se han escrito sobre el periodo abasí, el más largo periodo de una dinastía islámica. Sin embargo, en América latina son escasos. Pero, el enfoque que los autores le dan a la obra, la hace única en su género a nivel internacional. Es cierto que hay muchos trabajos sobre los abásidas, pero no conozco ensayos que se han enfocado a un análisis que podemos sin error a equivocar- nos, llamarlo marxista y jalduniano1, por el estudio de las clases sociales, de las rivalidades tribales y de los intereses económicos en pugna, en particular en- tre los diferentes clanes. También, la profundidad de la introspección dentro de la política y del gobierno omeya nos permite entender los errores de la ad mi nis- tración de la primera dinastía islámica que finalmente conllevaron a su caída. Su profunda visión de los malestares sociales causados por los impuestos y las conversiones de los persas (mawali), no tratados con igualdad, permite entender los numerosos levantamientos surgidos durante el periodo de dominio de Damasco sobre el Islam. Muchos grupos religiosos se han levantado contra los omeyas, lo que fue un preludio a la revolución abbasida. Es interesante ver y entender las dimensiones populares que ha tenido la revolución abásida precisamente, aprovechando el descontento generalizado que ha tenido el gobierno omeya. El cambio dinástico no fue solamente una tomar de poder castrense, sino que aglutinó a muchas fuerzas sociales, reli- 1 En referencia a la metodología utilizada por Ibn Jaldún para analizar los procesos históricos en su obra magna, La Muqaddima. Introducción a la historia universal. 5 LAS DIMENSIONES POPULARES DE LA REVOLUCIÓN ‘ABBÁSIDA giosas, étnicas, clánicas, económicas, etc, y de ahí su carácter revolucionario. La lucha armada para derribar al poder de Damasco no era factible sin un amplio consenso contra la dinastía. Pero la obra de Marín y López, no es un simple elogio a la dinastía abási- da. Si bien es cierto que es una verdadera revolución en el sentido moderno de la palabra que logró movilizar a muchas fuerzas sociales. El análisis del pro- blema de la legitimidad de la dinastía abasí en el poder nos permite entender el límite de su dominio. Aunque duró medio milenio, nunca logró controlar todo el espacio islámico de su tiempo como lo hicieron los omeyas. Nominalmente una dinastía de 500 años, pero en la práctica su control del Islam fue muy li- mitado por los diferentes califas secesionistas (Córdoba en Andalucía o Fatimí en el Cairo), o por la pérdidas territoriales como lo fueron durante las cruzadas y sobre todo la primera que logró arrebatar Jerusalén y varios territorios del Le- vante al control abasí. Si el análisis de la revolución abásida por Marín y López tiene un impor- tante alcance por su originalidad, no podemos dejar de lado el uso de las fuentes. Generalmente en nuestro medio académico latinoamericano recurrimos a las fuentes secundarias o a obras publicadas en inglés o en francés. El perfecto do- mi nio del árabe de Roberto, le permite recurrir a las fuentes originales poco utili- zadas para el análisis de la realidad del Islam clásico, lo que le confiere a la obra Las dimensiones populares de la revolución ‘abbásida: un estudio de historia social del islam medieval, esta particularidad de reflejar el pensamiento de los autores musulmanes de la época. Por otra parte, el énfasis en la historia social del islam, nos remite a la mo- numental obra de Ibn Jaldún y a su metodología de un análisis socio-econó mi- co de la realidad de su tiempo. Podemos aventurarnos a decir que Marín y López han reanudado con esta visión compleja de la historia social del Islam que el filósofo e historiador magrebino han planteado en su Muqaddima. Pocas obras sobre el islam clásico publicados en nuestros días tienen esta profundidad de análisis jalduniano. En horabuena… Zidane Zeraoui, Tecnológico de Monterrey, México Octubre de 2018. 6 AGRADECIMIENTOS Para la investigación, así como para la recopilación de los materiales necesa- rios para la redacción de esta monografía, se recibe la ayuda de muchas perso- nas e instituciones a lo largo de los años. En primer lugar deseamos agradecer al doctor Rubén Chuaqui de El Colegio de México, especialista en los campos de los estudios islámicos y del Medio Oriente. Hacemos extensivo este agrade- cimiento a los doctores Benjamín Preciado, Romer Cornejo y Gilberto Conde, todos ellos de El Colegio de México, por su apoyo de tantos años
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