A Study Guide by Robert Lewis
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
© ATOM 2014 A STUDY GUIDE BY ROBERT LEWIS http://www.metromagazine.com.au ISBN: 978-1-74295-450-9 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au OVERVIEW In 1902 two Australian soldiers were CURRICULUM arrested for killing prisoners, held in APPLICABILITY prison, allowed access to a lawyer to but his trial and hasty execution was Breaker Morant: The Retrial prepare their defence only one day a cover up for commanding officers is a resource that be used by before the trial started, denied access who issued orders to take no prison- middle and upper secondary to a key witness during the trial, found ers which they later denied. The high students in guilty, and sentenced to death. They command was imposing a program were executed one day after they were of murder and near genocide in a History: told they had been found guilty. campaign to subjugate the local Boer - The development of population in South Africa all for the Australian national identity Could this be a fair trial? purpose of controlling the newly dis- - Federation and the Early covered goldfields. Commonwealth Should an injustice be righted even - Australia and the Boer War after more than 100 years? This was the first war to be filmed by Legal Studies: the newly invented movie camera and - Law and Justice The two soldiers who were treated this the international telegraph meant that way were Lt Harry ‘Breaker’ Morant for the first time events across the Film Studies: and Lt Peter Handcock. world could be on the front page the - Documentary Film next day. The film Breaker Morant The Retrial (Gregory Miller And Nick Bleszynski, In this film fully dramatised scenes 2013, 2 x 52 minute episodes) expos- illustrate the complex story. Expert Morant story, and discovers why he es the heartless cruelty, and criminal opinion from historians and high-level came to be a scapegoat for the British SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 behaviour that was at the heart of legal practitioners are presented with Army’s scorched earth practices in the British military strategy and also new evidence revealed for the first South Africa War. It tells the full story throws a light into the darker corners time in this program. of the tireless naval lawyer, Jim Unkles of modern warfare. as he takes on the Australian and It is a journey of intrigue and mystery British Parliament seeking a pardon for Lieutenant Harry Harbord Morant as narrator Neil Pigot travels to three Morant. was charged with shooting prisoners continents to find out the real Breaker 2 BEFORE WATCHING THE FILM » UNDERSTANDING THE TIME AND THE EVENTS Harry Morant was an Englishman, born in 1864, who migrated to Queensland in 1883. His family background was disputed. He claimed to be the son, perhaps illegitimate, of Admiral Digby Morant, who denied that claim. Morant spent many years as a horse breaker in Queensland before going to Adelaide enlist in the South Australian British India) adopted simi- Mounted Rifles who were on their way lar tactics to the Boers and were Britain created the new colony of the to take part in the Boer War. successful. Union of South Africa out of the cap- • The final phase of guerilla warfare tured Boer territories and the existing This was the war in southern Africa by Boers, including the wrecking of British ones. between October 1899 and May 1902 British supply trains even though with British and Empire forces fighting they carried Boer hostages, and Every Australian colony sent a contin- against the Boers (white farmers of the British response of creating gent of troops. After Australia feder- Dutch background) in the republics of a series of forts connected by ated in 1901 the new national force, the Transvaal and Orange Free State, barbed wire, to contain the Boers, the Australian Commonwealth Horse supported by many inhabitants of while their farms and crops were was formed. A contingent was sent to British Cape Colony and Natal. The destroyed in a ‘scorched earth’ fight but did not arrive before the war Dutch republics had refused to give policy to deny the Boers any had ended. the vote to the thousands of foreigners local support. This phase also or uitlanders, mainly British, who had included interning about 28 000 In 1901 Morant and others were poured in to the republics to search for Boer women and children and over charged with these crimes: gold. If they ahd been given the vote 100 000 Africans in ‘concentration they could have outvoted the Boers camps’, where disease and mal- 1 The killing of a Boer prisoner, Visser in their own land. Britain took the op- nutrition killed about 28 000 Boers – (Lt Morant found guilty) portunity to invade and seize the gold and 14 000 Africans. This period of and diamond rich republics. the war was also characterized by 2 The killing of 8 Boer prisoners who brutality by many soldiers on both had surrendered – (Lt Morant, Lt [See Item 1 on page 12] sides towards their enemy, includ- Handcock, Lt Witton found guilty) ing killing people after they had The war went through three main surrendered. 3 The killing of a missionary, Heese, stages: who had witnessed the killing of the This was the phase of the war involving 8 Boer prisoners – (Lt Morant and Lt • An initial stage when Boer farmers, Morant’s execution. He had originally Handcock found not guilty) SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 well-armed and on good horses, fought as part of the South Australian and familiar with the environment, contingent, but from 1901 was in the Morant and Handcock were executed defeated the invading British Bush Veldt Carbineers, a unit which by firing squad on 27 February 1902. troops in several battles. was not part of any specific nation’s • A second phase when British and army, but a volunteer irregular unit. Witton’s sentence was reduced to life colonial troops (including from the imprisonment, but he was set free in Australian colonies, Canada and The Boers finally surrendered, and 1904. 3 ITEM 2 THE MAIN HISTORICAL PARTICIPANTS Harry Morant A Lieutenant in the Bushveldt Carbineers (BVC), an irregular (meaning not tied to any particular nation) force that was part of the British forces in northern Transvaal in 1901. Executed for the killing of Boer prisoners. Lt Peter Handcock An Australian officer in the BVC. Executed for the killing of prisoners. Josef Visser A Boer commando (citizen soldier) who was captured wearing part of a British uniform after the killing of Captain Hunt, and executed for his involvement in that killing on the orders of Morant. Lt-Gen Horatio The British officer in charge of all British forces in 1901. Kitchener Daniel Heese A British citizen trained as a missionary in Germany who was killed shortly after seeing the bodies of 8 executed Boer prisoners. Morant and Handcock were charged with and cleared of his murder. Lt George Witton An Australian member of the BVC. He was found guilty of killing Boer prisoners, had his death sentence reduced to life imprisonment, and was freed in 1904. He eventually returned to Australia and wrote the book Scapegoats of Empire, which claimed that Morant and Handcock were unjustly killed. Maj James Thomas A country solicitor with no experience of military law and courts martial, he was appointed the defence lawyer for Morant and the others. Maj Robert Lenehan A commanding officer of the BVC who was court martialled for failing to report the killing of 3 Boers, and the murder of the Boer member of the BVC Van Buuren by Lt Handcock. Private B J Van Buuren A Boer joiner, one who transferred from the Boer side to the British side, and who was distrusted by other BVC soldiers and officers. Capt James Robertson A senior officer in the BVC who avoided prosecution by giving evidence about the criminal acts of other BVC officers. Capt Alfred Taylor A civilian BVC intelligence officer whose nickname ‘Bulala’ meant killer. He ordered the killing of Boer SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 prisoners, and was tried for killing one African man though it is believed he killed several. Col Ian Hamilton A staff officer of Kitchener. Lt Col Francis Hall A senior British officer who failed to follow up on reports of murders by BVC officers. 4 EXPLORING IDEAS AND ISSUES IN THE FILM Breaker Morant: The Retrial explores two main themes: • Who was Breaker Morant? (mainly in Episode 1) and • The injustice of the court martials • the connection with Melville White that found Morant and Handcock • his cousin Charles in Australia guilty (mainly in Episode 2). • the hotel bill • the modern family in Hampshire • the empty envelope in the deeds » EPISODE 1 box Harry Morant 1.7 How strong is the evidence that he was Morant’s illegitimate son? 1.1 Who was ‘Breaker’ Morant? The quest The Boer War 1.2 What were his main qualities? 1.13 Why does Jim Unkles want to 1.8 What was the Boer War? see Morant pardoned? 1.3 Who was Daisy Bates? 1.9 What were the characteristics of 1.14 Who can do that? 1.4 For what did she become famous? that war? His identity The Bushveldt Carbineers » EPISODE 2 1.5 What was Morant’s name on his 1.10 How did this unit behave? This episode explores the crimes arrival in Queensland? in detail, and analyses the way the Kitchener evidence was presented in the court 1.6 He claimed to be the son, perhaps martial for the three charges. illegitimate, of Digby Morant. Discuss 1.11 What do we learn about Lord SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 how each piece of evidnce presented Kitchener’s character? The BVC at Fort Edward helps establish or not establish that claim: 1.12 What is the claim made in the 2.1 Identify where Fort Edward is on film about orders being given to kill this map [See Item 3 on page 12].