© ATOM 2014 A STUDY GUIDE BY ROBERT LEWIS
http://www.metromagazine.com.au
ISBN: 978-1-74295-450-9 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au OVERVIEW
In 1902 two Australian soldiers were CURRICULUM arrested for killing prisoners, held in APPLICABILITY prison, allowed access to a lawyer to but his trial and hasty execution was Breaker Morant: The Retrial prepare their defence only one day a cover up for commanding officers is a resource that be used by before the trial started, denied access who issued orders to take no prison- middle and upper secondary to a key witness during the trial, found ers which they later denied. The high students in guilty, and sentenced to death. They command was imposing a program were executed one day after they were of murder and near genocide in a History: told they had been found guilty. campaign to subjugate the local Boer - The development of population in South Africa all for the Australian national identity Could this be a fair trial? purpose of controlling the newly dis- - Federation and the Early covered goldfields. Commonwealth Should an injustice be righted even - Australia and the Boer War after more than 100 years? This was the first war to be filmed by Legal Studies: the newly invented movie camera and - Law and Justice The two soldiers who were treated this the international telegraph meant that way were Lt Harry ‘Breaker’ Morant for the first time events across the Film Studies: and Lt Peter Handcock. world could be on the front page the - Documentary Film next day. The film Breaker Morant The Retrial (Gregory Miller And Nick Bleszynski, In this film fully dramatised scenes 2013, 2 x 52 minute episodes) expos- illustrate the complex story. Expert Morant story, and discovers why he es the heartless cruelty, and criminal opinion from historians and high-level came to be a scapegoat for the British SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 behaviour that was at the heart of legal practitioners are presented with Army’s scorched earth practices in the British military strategy and also new evidence revealed for the first South Africa War. It tells the full story throws a light into the darker corners time in this program. of the tireless naval lawyer, Jim Unkles of modern warfare. as he takes on the Australian and It is a journey of intrigue and mystery British Parliament seeking a pardon for Lieutenant Harry Harbord Morant as narrator Neil Pigot travels to three Morant. was charged with shooting prisoners continents to find out the real Breaker 2 BEFORE WATCHING THE FILM
»» UNDERSTANDING THE TIME AND THE EVENTS
Harry Morant was an Englishman, born in 1864, who migrated to Queensland in 1883.
His family background was disputed. He claimed to be the son, perhaps illegitimate, of Admiral Digby Morant, who denied that claim.
Morant spent many years as a horse breaker in Queensland before going to Adelaide enlist in the South Australian British India) adopted simi- Mounted Rifles who were on their way lar tactics to the Boers and were Britain created the new colony of the to take part in the Boer War. successful. Union of South Africa out of the cap- • The final phase of guerilla warfare tured Boer territories and the existing This was the war in southern Africa by Boers, including the wrecking of British ones. between October 1899 and May 1902 British supply trains even though with British and Empire forces fighting they carried Boer hostages, and Every Australian colony sent a contin- against the Boers (white farmers of the British response of creating gent of troops. After Australia feder- Dutch background) in the republics of a series of forts connected by ated in 1901 the new national force, the Transvaal and Orange Free State, barbed wire, to contain the Boers, the Australian Commonwealth Horse supported by many inhabitants of while their farms and crops were was formed. A contingent was sent to British Cape Colony and Natal. The destroyed in a ‘scorched earth’ fight but did not arrive before the war Dutch republics had refused to give policy to deny the Boers any had ended. the vote to the thousands of foreigners local support. This phase also or uitlanders, mainly British, who had included interning about 28 000 In 1901 Morant and others were poured in to the republics to search for Boer women and children and over charged with these crimes: gold. If they ahd been given the vote 100 000 Africans in ‘concentration they could have outvoted the Boers camps’, where disease and mal- 1 The killing of a Boer prisoner, Visser in their own land. Britain took the op- nutrition killed about 28 000 Boers – (Lt Morant found guilty) portunity to invade and seize the gold and 14 000 Africans. This period of and diamond rich republics. the war was also characterized by 2 The killing of 8 Boer prisoners who brutality by many soldiers on both had surrendered – (Lt Morant, Lt [See Item 1 on page 12] sides towards their enemy, includ- Handcock, Lt Witton found guilty) ing killing people after they had The war went through three main surrendered. 3 The killing of a missionary, Heese, stages: who had witnessed the killing of the This was the phase of the war involving 8 Boer prisoners – (Lt Morant and Lt • An initial stage when Boer farmers, Morant’s execution. He had originally Handcock found not guilty) SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 well-armed and on good horses, fought as part of the South Australian and familiar with the environment, contingent, but from 1901 was in the Morant and Handcock were executed defeated the invading British Bush Veldt Carbineers, a unit which by firing squad on 27 February 1902. troops in several battles. was not part of any specific nation’s • A second phase when British and army, but a volunteer irregular unit. Witton’s sentence was reduced to life colonial troops (including from the imprisonment, but he was set free in Australian colonies, Canada and The Boers finally surrendered, and 1904. 3 ITEM 2
THE MAIN HISTORICAL PARTICIPANTS
Harry Morant A Lieutenant in the Bushveldt Carbineers (BVC), an irregular (meaning not tied to any particular nation) force that was part of the British forces in northern Transvaal in 1901. Executed for the killing of Boer prisoners.
Lt Peter Handcock An Australian officer in the BVC. Executed for the killing of prisoners.
Josef Visser A Boer commando (citizen soldier) who was captured wearing part of a British uniform after the killing of Captain Hunt, and executed for his involvement in that killing on the orders of Morant.
Lt-Gen Horatio The British officer in charge of all British forces in 1901. Kitchener
Daniel Heese A British citizen trained as a missionary in Germany who was killed shortly after seeing the bodies of 8 executed Boer prisoners. Morant and Handcock were charged with and cleared of his murder.
Lt George Witton An Australian member of the BVC. He was found guilty of killing Boer prisoners, had his death sentence reduced to life imprisonment, and was freed in 1904. He eventually returned to Australia and wrote the book Scapegoats of Empire, which claimed that Morant and Handcock were unjustly killed.
Maj James Thomas A country solicitor with no experience of military law and courts martial, he was appointed the defence lawyer for Morant and the others.
Maj Robert Lenehan A commanding officer of the BVC who was court martialled for failing to report the killing of 3 Boers, and the murder of the Boer member of the BVC Van Buuren by Lt Handcock.
Private B J Van Buuren A Boer joiner, one who transferred from the Boer side to the British side, and who was distrusted by other BVC soldiers and officers.
Capt James Robertson A senior officer in the BVC who avoided prosecution by giving evidence about the criminal acts of other BVC officers.
Capt Alfred Taylor A civilian BVC intelligence officer whose nickname ‘Bulala’ meant killer. He ordered the killing of Boer SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 prisoners, and was tried for killing one African man though it is believed he killed several.
Col Ian Hamilton A staff officer of Kitchener.
Lt Col Francis Hall A senior British officer who failed to follow up on reports of murders by BVC officers.
4 EXPLORING IDEAS AND ISSUES IN THE FILM
Breaker Morant: The Retrial explores two main themes:
• Who was Breaker Morant? (mainly in Episode 1) and • The injustice of the court martials • the connection with Melville White that found Morant and Handcock • his cousin Charles in Australia guilty (mainly in Episode 2). • the hotel bill • the modern family in Hampshire • the empty envelope in the deeds »» EPISODE 1 box
Harry Morant 1.7 How strong is the evidence that he was Morant’s illegitimate son? 1.1 Who was ‘Breaker’ Morant? The quest The Boer War 1.2 What were his main qualities? 1.13 Why does Jim Unkles want to 1.8 What was the Boer War? see Morant pardoned? 1.3 Who was Daisy Bates? 1.9 What were the characteristics of 1.14 Who can do that? 1.4 For what did she become famous? that war?
His identity The Bushveldt Carbineers »» EPISODE 2
1.5 What was Morant’s name on his 1.10 How did this unit behave? This episode explores the crimes arrival in Queensland? in detail, and analyses the way the Kitchener evidence was presented in the court 1.6 He claimed to be the son, perhaps martial for the three charges. illegitimate, of Digby Morant. Discuss 1.11 What do we learn about Lord SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 how each piece of evidnce presented Kitchener’s character? The BVC at Fort Edward helps establish or not establish that claim: 1.12 What is the claim made in the 2.1 Identify where Fort Edward is on film about orders being given to kill this map [See Item 3 on page 12]. • the bible in Charters Towers prisoners? • the school fees in Bridgewater, 2.2 What is the order that Captain Somerset Taylor gives the BVC? Why is this 5 significant?
2.3 We are told that Handcock killed Trooper Van Buuren, a member of the BVC. Why was he killed? Why was Handcock not charged with this crime?
2.4 How did Captain Hunt’s posting to Fort Edward increase the BVC’s activities?
The killing of Hunt
2.5 How was Hunt killed?
2.6 What impact did that have on Morant? Kitchener to put a few men on trial? The killing of Visser The Court Martials 2.7 Why was Visser killed? 2.17 Summarise the key elements of 2.8 Summarise the evidence/argu- 2.12 Summarise the evidence/argu- the defence case. ment for guilt, and evidence/argument ment for guilt, and evidence/argument against guilt of Morant/Handcock for against guilt of Morant/Handcock for 2.18 Did they get a fair trial? this killing. [See item 4 on page 13] this killing [See item 6 on page 13 Summarise the features of the trial that were fair, and those that were unfair to The 8 Boer prisoners 2.13 What other killings were occur- the accused. [See item 7 on page 14 ] ring in the area at this time? 2.9 Why were these prisoners killed? Condonation 2.14 How do these influence you idea 2.10 Summarise the evidence/argu- of the guilt or innocence of Morant 2.19 What happened during Visser’s ment for guilt, and evidence/argument and Handcock for the charges against trial? against guilt of Morant/Handcock/ them? Whitton guilt for this killing [See item 5 2.20 Here is the law at the time on SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 on page 13] Kitchener condonation:
The killing of the 2.15 Why did Kitchener not try and The principle of condonation in missionary Heese stop the killings by the BVC? How did British military law is traced back it suit him for them to continue? to the “Memorandum on Corporal 2.11 Why was Heese killed? Punishment” issued by the Duke of 2.16 Why would it eventually suit Wellington on 4 March 1832: 6 “The performance of a duty of honour or of trust, not a re-hearing of the evidence, but after the knowledge of was a theoretical presentation of how an offence committed a stay of execution might have been by a soldier, ought to argued to allow time for an appeal convey a pardon for the against the way the court martial was offence.” conducted and the verdicts. What did and Taylor. Why is there doubt that the Court decide? According to Clode’s Military Forces there was an order from Kitchener? of the Crown (1869): 2.28 What legal impact, if any, does 2.22 Do you believe that the evidence this decision have? “The principle of condonation for Unkles presents shows that there was criminal offences is peculiar to the an order? 2.29 From the film’s presentation of Military Code, and is of compara- the case what do you now believe tively modern origin [viz., The Duke of 2.23 If there was no order, as about these key questions: Wellington’s Memorandum]. Sir Walter Hamilton asserted, why was Taylor not Raleigh served the Crown under charged with the crimes committed • Do you think an order existed? a special Commission, giving him while he was in charge of the BVC? • Was it a fair trial legally? Supreme Command, with the power • Did the men receive justice? of life and death over others, but he The vedicts • Do you think the men were scape- was afterwards executed upon his goats to shield Kitchener from former conviction – the doctrine then 2.24 Morant was found guilty of the criticism of the illegal and unjust laid down being “that the King might murder of Visser. Morant, Handcock way he prosecuted the war? use the service of any of his subjects and Witton were all found guilty of in what employment he pleased, and the murder of the 8 Boers. Morant Explain your reasons in each case. it should not be any dispensation for was found not guilty of the murder of former offences”. The rule is not so Heese. Why were they not allowed to 2.30 At the end of the nineteenth now, as applied to Military offences. get a stay of execution so that they century the bushman image was “The performance of a duty of honour could exercise their right to petition significant in shaping a sense of or of trust, after the knowledge of an the Crown? Australian identity. How did Morant fit offence committed, ought,” said the this image? late Duke of Wellington, “to convey a 2.25 The court recommended mercy, pardon for the offence”… that is, a reduction in the sen- 2.31 Would you consider Morant to tence from death to imprisonment, be someone who would be consid- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon_ for all three. Only Witton received ered relevant to Australian identity for_Morant,_Handcock_and_Witton a reprieve from death. Why did today? Explain your ideas. Kitchener not accept and act on that What do Unkles and Robertson say recommendation? 2.32 In 1915 the landing of the AIF should have been the effect of condo- at Gallipoli helped established the SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 nation on this trial? 2.26 Unkles charges that Morant and Anzac identity that is still important in Handcock were made ‘scapegoats’. Australia today. Do you think Morant, The order Explain this idea. although he predated the Anzac iden- tity, could be considered part of that 2.21 The order to kill prisoners The Moot Court Hearing identity? Explain your reasons. was supposed to have come from Kitchener and Hamilton to both Hunt 2.27 The Moot Court hearing was 7 MAKING A JUDGEMENT ABOUT THE FILM AS A REPRESENTATION OF
HISTORY Morant The Retrial do this? Here is one way of judging – look at this list Breaker Morant The Retrial is a 4 Present a clear and persuasive of people who make comments dur- representation of history – it is one analysis: Does it establish its mes- ing the film. Decide if they supported person’s version of what happened, sage by addressing fairly all main Unkles’ view about the injustice of the and reflects the filmmaker’s choice of aspects of all competing points of trials, or believed that Morant received what to include and exclude, what to view? justice. emphasise and what to downplay, and 5 Entertain and engage: Is the film how to present all elements that make constructed in a way that draws -- Geoffrey Roberston up the film. the viewer in? -- Charles Leach -- Louis Chavingnon The film is a partisan one that wants Has it done this? -- Peter Latta to persuade you that Morant’s trial for -- David Saul murder of several people during the Create a summary of ideas that will -- Susanna De Vries Boer War was unjust, and that Morant help you answer these questions. Start -- Nick Bleszynski should be posthumously found Not by putting down ideas that you have -- Roger Evans Guilty. already developed from the film. Then -- Edward Morant read the additional material and add to -- Harvey Wakeford To do this successfully the film must your summary. [See item 8 on page 14] -- Sir Laurence Street QC do five things. It must: -- Bob Charley -- Alex Hawke MP 1 Be historically accurate: Does »» SOME ADDITIONAL -- Greg Hunt MP it present all the important and INFORMATION -- Tim Fischer MP relevant facts? -- David Denton SC 2 Clearly establish the historical A -- Dan Mori SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 context: Does it explain the main -- Robert McClelland characteristics of the time and One key criterion above is historical -- Gerri Nash QC place clearly and fully? analysis. This means that the film, -- Sandy Street SC 3 Develop historical empathy: Does even though it argues for one side, -- Peter Costello & Judy Costello it give a sense of what it was like must fairly present the main evidence -- Brian Turley at the time for the people involved, of any opposing point of view if it is -- Neil Holland and for their society? to be fully convincing. Does Breaker -- Boer family descendants 8 B acquitted of this charge.) The film presents some evidence and interviews that challenge its 2 In 1902 a BVC member, Trooper argument. For example, it presents Frank Hall, wrote that the BVC mem- interviews with the descendants of the bers generally believed that the order Boer victims, and the historian David to kill prisoners had come from Taylor Saul who is not convinced that the and no higher than him, and that only Kitchener order existed. The film does the ‘very green’ new troops believed not, however, present the views of the that the orders were authentic. 6 The man who was responsible for most recent official Australian historian having Morant arrested and brought of the Boer War, Craig Wilcox. Wilcox 3 Wilcox questions why any order to to trial, the Australian intelligence has debated Unkles, and disagrees kill prisoners only seems to have been officer Captain Frederick Ramon de with the need or desirability of pardon- followed in the Spelonken area. He Bertodano, was also after Taylor. He ing Morant. He believes Morant was a says that ‘Taylor seems to have been was unable to gather enough evidence murderer and that justice was done in relying on headquarters’ failure to against Taylor to charge him, but the case. notice the crimes of the irregulars [the forced Taylor’s recall and resignation BVC]. Perhaps he was also respond- as an officer. Here is some additional evidence ing in his own cruel way to the first or argument that Wilcox provides in of Kitchener’s exhortations to wage a 7 Australian Robert Cochrane led 15 Australia’s Boer War. The War in South brutal war.’ fellow soldiers in writing to Colonel Africa 1899-1902, and which is not Hall to inform him about the crimes of included in the film. Discuss each 4 Wilcox describes incidents where the BVC officers. Robertson agreed piece of information, and decide if it Boers in the area had supposedly to give evidence against the officres successfully challenges Unkles’ posi- killed surrendered British soldiers, and in return from immunity from prosecu- tion or not. that the brutality of the BVC was in tion. As a result Lenehan, Morant, response to these acts. Handcock, Witton and Picton were all SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 1 In 1901 on his arrest Handcock arrested. had confessed to killing Heese, but 5 Wilcox claims that Visser was shot later withdrew his confession. In 1929 for wearing British uniform ‘six weeks 8 There were several trials: Witton confessed that Handcock before Kitchener’s order empowered privately admitted that he had killed senior officers to court-martial and • Morant, Handcock, Picton, and Heese on Morant’s suggestion. (Note execute Boers for wearing khaki Witton for Visser’s shooting – that Morant and Handcock were deceptively’. Three were found guilty, Picton 9 Africa went unnoticed and untended as usual.’ (368)
C
In 2010 Unkles and others appeared before the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Petitions. Here are some extracts from the evi- dence given during that hearing.
Jim Unkles:
I again state: this case is about an unsafe trial, according to the legal standards of proof and procedure, in accordance with the law of 1902 . . . What this case is about is holding the military authorities of 1902 to account against the legal standards of that time. (page 3)
This case has . . . to do with demon- strating to the public that due process and fairness are hallmarks of our democratic system. (page 5)
Dr Heriot from the Attorney gen- was cashiered out of the army obviously guilty of multiple murders eral’s Department commenting on • Lenehan for not reporting Van to be excused and were sentenced to what a ‘pardon’ would be consid- Buuren’s death – he was rep- death by firing squad, and as in most ered to mean in Australia today: rimanded and sent home to civil courts of the day there was no ap- Australia peal against a capital sentence. Still, A pardon would generally only be • Morant, Handcock and Witton for mercy was strongly recommended by recommended if the Attorney-General shooting the 8 Boer prisoners – all the court . . . [but Kitchener was de- were satisfied that the convicted per- found guilty termined to punish them, probably to son were both morally and technically • Taylor for killing an African and avenge Heese’s death and warn other innocent of the offence for which the ordering the shooting of 6 Boer irregulars to rein in their violence.‘ pardon was sought and there was no prisoners – he denied everything (page 293-4) remaining avenue of appeal. Morally and was acquitted. He returned to and technically innocent would de- the army. 11 Wilcox’s verdict is: Were they scribe a person who is innocent both • Morant and Handcock for shoot- scapegoats? ‘This [is] at best a half in law and in conscience, in contrast ing Heese – the trial collapsed truth. Through accidents and twists with a person who is culpable in con- because there were no white of legal process, through a deal done science but technically not guilty as a witnesses. with James Robertson, and possi- matter of law. (page 7) bly through deals done with Robert 9 The shooting of the 8 Boers was de- Cochrane and Alfred Taylor, two men Jim Unkles scribed by Kitchener’s legal adviser as had been executed for crimes that the ‘most serious’ of all the charges. others had joined in committing and The whole process was contaminated in most cases were like those being from the moment of arrest through to 10 Wilcox’s description of the courts committed by perhaps hundreds of execution–the arrest, the investigation, martial: ‘Witton later claimed the soldiers across South Africa. All the the trials. Fancy Major Thomas turning courts martial were ‘the greatest same, the crimes were real enough.’ up the day before the first trial think- SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 farce ever enacted outside a theatre’. (296) ing he is representing Major Lenehan, They were clumsy and severe, but also a lawyer, and then he gets to the they were not farces. Despite ingen- 12 ‘Morant’s champions [have] to trial to find, the day before, there are ious theories there is no evidence be content for the moment with the six of them on charges of murder, not that Kitchener harried the court to restoration of his grave – no small minor offences but capital offences. find Australians guilty . . . Morant, achievement, given that the graves of There is no support with an instructing Handcock and Witton were too hundreds of other Australians in South solicitor or friend, no support from the 10 Australian government, and he is told to represent six people–lots of con- flict of interest perhaps, no separate lawyers. From the moment these men were arrested in mid-October 1901, Justice Denied – The Trials Of Lieutenants Morant, the prosecution–lots of lawyers–had Handcock And Witton During The Boer War - 1902 three months to prepare their case, and these men were held in solitary I first became involved in this restoring justice that was denied to confinement. One of their complaints case in 2009. I am a lawyer of 30 these men. is that there were witnesses like years experience in military law, Lieutenant Colonel Hall who could appearing as counsel in courts Details about the case can be viewed have given evidence for the defence. martial and in civilian courts. at breakermorant.com What happened to Lieutenant Colonel Hall? He was conveniently posted I was concerned about the This petition is a chance for the out to India. This whole process is prosecution and sentencing of these public to help change history. A contaminated from beginning to end. three Australians for alleged war well-supported petition will send (page 33) crimes. I studied the case in detail a strong message to the Australian and concluded that the men were and English governments that the not tried in accordance with the law Australian people feel that its time CONCLUSIONS of 1902, had suffered great injustice justice was finally done in this and serious errors were made in the matter. Anyone can contribute 1 Do you think justice was done in the administration of justice. I believe to this case by signing the on line case of Morant and Handcock? they were not guilty of the offences petition below. of shooting prisoners of war. 2 Would you sign this petition? Explain On behalf of the descendants of your reasons. On 27th of February 1902, Morant Morant, Handcock and Witton, and Handcock were executed by thanks for your support of this Petition Background firing squad. George Witton was important case: (Preamble) sentenced to life imprisonment, [See inset this page] but was released from prison in Finally, after voting on the August 1904 following protests by petition, go to the web site www. http://breakermorant.com/ the Australian and South African breakermorant.com read about the index.php?option=com_ governments, British Members of case and vote on the poll question, wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=48 Parliament, including Winston Do You Support Pardons for Churchill and a petition signed by ‘Breaker’ Morant, Peter Handcock FILM STUDY 80, 000 Australians. and George Witton? There are aspects of the Courts Is Breaker Morant Please note my views about this martial proceedings that raise The Retrial a good matter are my own, authored as an concerns about the fairness, legal documentary? individual and do not necessarily process and sentencing of Morant, represent the opinions of the Handcock and Witton. After A documentary film uses a variety of Australian Defence Force and doing my own investigations of elements and strategies to have an Australian government. the evidence, the circumstances impact. that led to the Courts Martial and constructing points of appeal, I Consider the way the following ele- sent petitions to the Queen and ments are used in Breaker Morant The the Australian Parliament. The case Petition: Retrial. Use your own viewing of the for review has been rejected by the We, the undersigned, call on the film and the additional information that British government. I am currently British government to overturn the follows to summarise your ideas. [See preparing a case for judicial review. convictions of Morant, Handcock and item 9 on page 15] Witton and grant Crown pardons to the men thereby delivering justice that SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014 I think there are very strong You could also watch the 1980 feature has been denied to them and their grounds for posthumously film Breaker Morant and compare its descendants since 1902. ideas and representation of the events overturning the verdicts, quashing with Breaker Morant The Retrial. the sentences, granting pardons and
11 ITEM 1
Map of the general war area in the Transvaal and Orange Free State. Kit Denton, Closed File, Rigby, Adelaide, 1983
ITEM 3
The area of operations of the Bush Veld Carbineers.Kit Denton, Closed File, Rigby,
Adelaide, 1983 SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014
12 ITEM 4
EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT FOR GUILT EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT AGAINST GUILT
ITEM 5
EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT FOR GUILT EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT AGAINST GUILT
ITEM 6
EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT FOR GUILT EVIDENCE/ARGUMENT AGAINST GUILT SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014
13 ITEM 7
FAIR FEATURES OF THE TRIAL UNFAIR FEATURES OF THE TRIAL
ITEM 8
CRITERION NOTES
1 Historical accuracy
2 Historical context
3 Historical empathy
4 Persuasive analysis SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014
5 Engagement
14 ITEM 9
ASPECT COMMENTS
Structure of the film
Narration and script
Music
Reconstructions
Use of documents
Visits to actual sites
Editing
Lighting
Sound
Cinematography
Interviews with experts
Interviews with family members SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014
Any other features that you notice
15 SCREEN EDUCATION © ATOM 2014
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17 This study guide was produced by ATOM. (© ATOM 2014) ISBN: 978-1-74295-450-9 [email protected] For information on SCREEN EDUCATION magazine, or to download other study guides for assessment, visit
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